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b(to)g(Read)g(This)h(Document)195 2740 y FS(This)j(document)h(is)f(de\256nitely)h(not)f(intended)h(to)g(serv)o (e)g(as)h(an)f(introduction)e(to)i(description)195 2796 y(logics;)d(readers)h (without)d(prior)i(kno)o(wledge)f(about)g(description)g(logics)g(should)g (\256rst)h(consult)p eop %%Page: 3 9 3 8 bop 135 50 a FL(1.2.)28 b(QUICK)12 b(INST)l(ALLA)-5 b(TION)11 b(GUIDE)809 b FS(3)135 199 y(some)8 b(introductory)g(literature)h(\(like)f (e.g.,)828 195 y([)843 199 y(Brachman)i(and)f(Schmolze,)h(1985)1408 195 y(])1422 199 y(,)1443 195 y([)1459 199 y(Nebel,)f(1990)1680 195 y(])135 256 y(or)186 252 y([)201 256 y(Nebel)k(and)f(Peltason,)i(1990)673 252 y(])687 256 y(\))f(to)f(get)h(a)g(feeling)g(for)g(such)f(notions)f(as)i (\252concept\272,)h(\252role\272,)135 312 y(\252classi\256cation\272)c(or)g (\252terminology\272.)15 b(Ha)o(ving)10 b(acquired)g(this)f(basic)h(kno)o (wledge,)g(readers)g(may)135 369 y(either)i(e)o(xplore)g(terminological)e 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FS(5)f(in)f(an)g(application,)g(should)135 820 y(read)17 b(\256rst)f(the)f(appendix)h(describing)f(the)h(installation)e (of)i FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)p FS(.)31 b(Chapter)17 b(2)f(may)f(then)h(be)135 877 y(used)e(as)h(some)f(kind)g(of)h(informal)f(reference)i(manual)e(to)g (the)h(language)f(of)h FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)p FS(.)27 b(Detailed)135 933 y(information)13 b(about)i(the)f FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)e(V)p FS(5)j (representation)g(language)g(as)f(well)h(as)g(its)f(semantics)g(can)135 990 y(then)d(be)h(looked)e(up)h(in)g(Chapter)h(3)f(and)g(the)h(appendices.) 135 1136 y FG(1.2)58 b(Quick)15 b(Installation)h(Guide)135 1240 y FS(A)h(quick)f(installation)f(of)i(the)f FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)d(V)p FS(5)k(system)e(may)i(be)g(realized)g(through)f(the)h(follo)o(wing)135 1296 y(sequence.)25 b(A)14 b(more)g(detailed)g(description)f(of)h(the)g (installation)e(procedure)i(can)h(be)f(found)f(in)135 1353 y(the)e(appendix.)203 1447 y FJ(\017)23 b FS(Ensure)11 b(that)g(Quintus)f (Prolog)h(is)g(installed)f(on)h(your)g(local)g(site.)203 1541 y FJ(\017)23 b FS(Uncompress)7 b(the)h(\256le)h(`B)n(A)n(CK.tar)m(.Z',)i(and) d(untar)g(afterwards)h(the)f(\256le)g(`B)n(A)n(CK.tar')j(with)249 1597 y(the)g(command)f(`tar)i(-xf)g(B)n(A)n(CK.tar'.)19 b(Y)-5 b(ou)11 b(should)f(do)h(this)g(in)g(a)g(separate)h(directory)m(.)203 1691 y FJ(\017)23 b FS(The)10 b(\256le)g(`Readme.Back51')j(contains)c (further)i(informations)d(ho)o(w)i(to)g(install)f FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)j(V)p FS(5)249 1747 y(for)f(Quintus.)135 1894 y FG(1.3)58 b(Disclaimer)135 1998 y FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)10 b FS(is)f(still)f(strictly)g(an)i(e)o(xperimental)f (prototype.)15 b(It')m(s)10 b(main)f(purpose)g(is)g(to)g(demonstrate)f(the) 135 2054 y(functionality)13 b(of)h(a)h(fairly)f(comprehensi)o(v)o(e)g (implementation)e(of)i(description)g(logics.)25 b(There)135 2111 y(are)16 b(bound)f(to)g(be)g(situations)f(where)i(it)e(will)h(be)g(too)g (inef)o(\256cient)h(for)f(practical)h(applications.)135 2167 y(Also,)f(there)f(are)h(still)e(b)o(ugs,)i(and)f(in)g(certain)h(cases)g 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b(A)12 b(list)f(of)i(such)f(de\256nitions)f(is)g(often)i(called)f FH(terminology)p FS(.)18 b(All)195 1166 y(DLs)10 b(pro)o(vide)g(two)g(types)g (of)h(terms,)f(namely)g FH(concepts)g FS(\(unary)h(predicates\))g(and)f FH(r)n(oles)g FS(\(binary)195 1223 y(predicates\),)17 b(b)o(ut)e(the)o(y)g (dif)o(fer)g(with)g(respect)g(to)g(the)g(term-forming)f(operators)h(the)o(y)h (support.)195 1279 y(Common)d(concept-forming)g(operators)h(are:)g (conjunction)e(\()p FE(c)1227 1286 y FC(1)1260 1279 y FT(and)i FE(c)1367 1286 y FC(2)1386 1279 y FS(\),)h(disjunction)d(\()p FE(c)1679 1286 y FC(1)1712 1279 y FT(or)195 1336 y FE(c)215 1343 y FC(2)234 1336 y FS(\),)i(and)e(ne)o(gation)g(\()p FT(not)p FS(\()p FE(c)p FS(\)\),)j(as)e(well)f(as)h(quanti\256ed)g(restrictions)e (such)i(as)g(v)o(alue)f(restrictions)195 1392 y(\()p FT(all)p FS(\()p FE(r)q FS(,)p FE(c)p FS(\)\),)20 b(which)d(stipulate)g(that)g(all)h (\256llers)f(for)i(a)f(role)g FE(r)g FS(must)e(be)i(of)g(type)g FE(c)p FS(,)i(or)d(number)195 1449 y(restrictions)9 b(\()p FT(atleast)p FS(\(n,)p FE(r)q FS(,)p FE(c)p FS(\))i(or)f FT(atmost)p FS(\(n,)p FE(r)q FS(,)p FE(c)p FS(\),)i(stipulating)c(that)i(there)g(are)h (at)g(least)f(or)g(at)g(most)195 1505 y FM(n)h FS(role-\256llers)f(of)g(type) g FE(c)h FS(for)f FE(r)q FS(.)16 b(Role-forming)10 b(operators,)g(besides)g (conjunction,)g(disjunction,)195 1562 y(and)i(ne)o(gation,)h(are)g(role)f (composition)e(\()p FE(r)875 1569 y FC(1)906 1562 y FT(comp)i FE(r)1041 1569 y FC(2)1059 1562 y FS(\),)i(transiti)o(v)o(e)d(closure)h(\()p FT(trans)p FS(\()p FE(r)q FS(\)\),)i(in)n(v)o(erse)195 1618 y(roles)d(\()p FT(in)n(v)p FS(\()p FE(r)q FS(\)\))h(and)g(domain)e(or)i (range)g(restrictions)e(\()p FT(domain)p FS(\()p FE(c)p FS(\))j(or)f FT(range)p FS(\()p FE(c)p FS(\)\).)18 b(In)12 b(a)g(descrip-)195 1675 y(tion,)d(an)h(object)f(is)g(described)h(as)f(being)g(an)h(instance)f (of)h(a)g(concept)f(\()p FE(o)h FS(::)f FE(c)p FS(\),)i(or)e(as)h(being)f (related)195 1731 y(to)15 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b(a)h(model)f(is)g(re)o(garded)h(as)f(a)h(set)f(of)h (formulae.)32 b(Gi)o(v)o(en)16 b(the)g(formal)g(semantics)g(of)135 1398 y(a)g(DL,)g(such)f(a)h(set)g(of)f(formulae)h(will)f(entail)g(other)g (formulae.)30 b(No)o(w)15 b(the)g(service)h(pro)o(vided)135 1455 y(by)11 b(terminological)e(representation)i(systems)f(is)h(basically)f (to)h(answer)g(queries)g(whether)h(some)135 1511 y(formula)f(is)g(entailed)g (by)g(a)h(modeling.)j(The)c(follo)o(wing)f(types)h(of)h(queries)f(can)h(be)f (answered:)203 1590 y FJ(\017)23 b FE(t)265 1597 y FC(1)295 1590 y FS(?)p FM(<)12 b FE(t)378 1597 y FC(2)249 1647 y FS(Is)k(term)h FE(t)415 1654 y FC(1)451 1647 y FS(more)g(speci\256c)g(than)f FE(t)829 1654 y FC(2)848 1647 y FS(,)j(i.e.,)g(is)e FE(t)1027 1654 y FC(1)1063 1647 y FH(subsumed)f FS(by)g FE(t)1338 1654 y FC(2)1357 1647 y FS(?)33 b(High)16 b(risk)h(plant)249 1703 y(subsumes)10 b(chemical)h(plant,)g(i.e.,)i(e)o(v)o(ery)f(chemical)f(plant)g (is)g(a)g(high)g(risk)g(plant.)203 1791 y FJ(\017)23 b FE(t)265 1798 y FC(1)295 1791 y FT(and)12 b FE(t)396 1798 y FC(2)427 1791 y FS(?)p FM(<)g FT(nothing)249 1848 y FS(Are)f(two)e(terms)h FE(t)534 1855 y FC(1)564 1848 y FS(and)g FE(t)656 1855 y FC(2)685 1848 y FS(disjoint?)15 b(The)10 b(concepts)h(chemical)f(product)g(and)g (biological)249 1904 y(product)h(are)h(disjoint,)e(i.e.,)i(no)f(object)g(can) h(be)g(both.)203 1992 y FJ(\017)23 b FE(o)11 b FS(?:)16 b FE(c)249 2048 y FS(Is)i(an)g(object)g FE(o)g FS(an)g(instance)g(of)h(concept)f FE(c)g FS(\(object)g(classi\256cation\)?)37 b(T)l(oxiplant)18 b(is)249 2105 y(recognized)11 b(as)h(a)g(chemical)f(plant.)203 2193 y FJ(\017)23 b FE(o)272 2200 y FC(1)301 2193 y FS(?:)17 b FE(r)q FS(:)p FE(o)404 2200 y FC(2)249 2249 y FS(Are)h(two)e(objects)h FE(o)590 2256 y FC(1)609 2249 y FS(,)p FE(o)643 2256 y FC(2)679 2249 y FS(related)h(by)f(a)h(role)f FE(r)q FS(,)i(i.e.,)h(is)d FE(o)1214 2256 y FC(2)1250 2249 y FS(a)h(role-\256ller)g(for)g FE(r)g FS(at)f FE(o)1656 2256 y FC(1)1675 2249 y FS(?)249 2306 y(T)l(oxipharm)10 b(is)h(a)h(role-\256ller)g(for)f(the)h(role)f(produces)g (at)h(toxiplant.)203 2393 y FJ(\017)23 b FT(getall)p FS(\()p FE(c)p FS(\))249 2450 y(Which)8 b(objects)g(are)h(instances)e(of)i(a)g (concept)f FE(c)h FS(\(retrie)o(v)o(al\)?)16 b(Chemoplant)7 b(and)i(toxiplant)249 2506 y(are)j(retrie)o(v)o(ed)g(as)f(instances)g(of)g (the)h(concept)f(high)g(risk)g(plant.)203 2594 y FJ(\017)23 b FE(o)272 2601 y FC(1)301 2594 y FS(::)16 b FE(r)q FS(:)p FE(o)396 2601 y FC(2)425 2594 y FS(rejected)249 2651 y(Is)g(a)h(description)f FE(o)578 2658 y FC(1)613 2651 y FS(::)26 b FE(r)q FS(:)p FE(o)718 2658 y FC(2)752 2651 y FS(inconsistent)14 b(\(consistenc)o(y)j(check\)?)32 b(The)17 b(description)249 2707 y(chemoplant)i(::)33 b(produces)20 b(:)34 b(biograin)19 b(is)h(inconsistent,)h(i.e.,)j(biograin)19 b(cannot)h(be)249 2764 y(produced)11 b(by)g(chemoplant.)p eop %%Page: 6 12 6 11 bop 195 50 a FS(6)893 b FL(CHAPTER)13 b(2.)28 b(B)n(A)n(CK)13 b(TUT)o(ORIAL)195 199 y FG(2.1)58 b(A)14 b(T)-5 b(utorial)15 b(Example)195 303 y FS(The)k(e)o(xample)f(we)h(use)g(throughout)e(this)h (chapter)h(will)e(be)i(risk)f(assessment)g(of)g(industrial)195 359 y(plants,)10 b(or)g(more)g(precisely)g(the)g(classi\256cation)f(of)i (plants)e(into)g(risk)g(classes,)i(depending)e(on)h(the)195 416 y(security)g(of)g(the)g(production)f(process)h(and)g(the)g (\252harmfulness\272)g(of)h(the)f(waste)f(produced)h(by)g(the)195 472 y(plant.)17 b(Plants,)12 b(products,)g(waste,)g(and)g(risks)f(are)h (\256rst)g(class)g(objects)f(in)g(the)h(e)o(xample)g(domain.)195 529 y(Let)f(our)h(description)e(start)h(with)g(the)g(types)g(of)g(plants)g (we)g(like)g(to)g(model.)266 585 y(Industrial)19 b(plants)g(can)h(be)g (distinguished)e(on)h(dif)o(ferent)h(scales:)g(the)g(type)f(of)h(product)195 642 y(produced)15 b(by)g(the)g(plant,)h(the)f(structure)g(of)g(its)f (products,)i(the)f(type)g(of)g(machines)g(used,)h(etc.)195 698 y(Primarily)m(,)9 b(we)g(distinguish)d(plants)i(in)g(the)h(follo)o(wing)e (on)h(the)h(basis)f(of)h(the)f(type)g(of)h(thing)f(a)h(plant)195 755 y(produces.)19 b(These)12 b(types)g(of)g(things)f(may)h(be)g (distinguished)e(into)h(mechanical,)i(biological,)e(or)195 811 y(chemical)g(products,)g(or)h(ener)o(gy)m(,)g(which)f(can)h(be)f (informally)g(characterized)h(as:)195 904 y FT(mechanical)g(pr)o(oducts)25 b FS(are)16 b(products)f(produced)h(in)g(a)g(mechanical)g(fashion,)g(e.g.,)i (scre)o(ws,)309 960 y(paper)n(,)12 b(desks,)f(computers,)g(cars.)195 1053 y FT(biological)f(pr)o(oducts)25 b FS(are)11 b(produced)g(by)g (biological)e(means)i(or)g(by)g(modi\256cation)e(of)i(biologi-)309 1110 y(cal)g(products,)g(e.g.,)i(sugar)e(cubes,)h(instant)e(soup,)h(beer)n(,) i(lemonade,)e(insulin,)f(bacteria.)195 1203 y FT(chemical)i(pr)o(oducts)24 b FS(are)7 b(produced)g(by)g(chemical)g(reactions)g(or)g(by)g(modi\256cation) g(of)g(chemical)309 1259 y(substances,)k(e.g.,)i(PVC,)f(cleaning)f (substances,)g(gasoline,)g(painting)f(colors.)195 1352 y(A)17 b(secondary)g(distinction)d(we)j(use)g(concerns)g(the)f(structure)h(of)f(the) h(products)f(produced)g(in)195 1408 y(the)i(plant,)h(whether)f(the)o(y)g (consist)e(of)i(a)g(single)f(material)h(\(e.g.,)j(scre)o(ws,)f(sugar)d(cubes) h(and)195 1465 y(PVC\),)h(whether)f(the)o(y)g(are)g(compound)f(products)g (made-up)g(from)h(se)o(v)o(eral)g(materials)f(\(e.g.,)195 1521 y(books,)9 b(cigarettes,)g(instant)f(soup,)g(painting)g(color\),)h(or)g (whether)g(the)o(y)f(are)i(assembled)e(products)195 1578 y(consisting)i(of)h (single)g(and)g(compound)f(products)h(\(e.g.,)i(bikes,)e(computers,)g(cars,)h (plants\).)266 1634 y(Unfortunately)m(,)d(plants)f(can)h(break)h(do)o(wn.)15 b(That)9 b(means)f(the)h(production)f(process)h(does)g(not)195 1691 y(work)i(properly)h(an)o(ymore.)18 b(Ev)o(en)12 b(worse,)g(such)f(a)i (breakdo)o(wn)e(can)h(pollute)f(the)h(en)n(vironment.)195 1747 y(Our)j(goal)h(is)e(the)i(classi\256cation)f(of)g(plants)g(according)g(to)g (the)g(risk)g(the)o(y)h(represent)g(for)f(their)195 1804 y(en)n(vironment.)g (Hence,)d(we)e(are)h(primarily)e(interested)g(in)h(plants)f(which)h(do)f(not) h(work)f(properly)195 1860 y(and)f(which)g(may)g(interact)h(in)f(an)g (unpredicted)g(way)g(with)f(their)i(en)n(vironment)e(\(e.g.,)j(a)f(plant)f (with)195 1917 y(a)j(broken)g(pipeline)f(spilling)f(oil,)i(or)g(a)g(nuclear)h (po)o(wer)f(plant)f(polluting)f(its)h(en)n(vironment\).)16 b(W)l(e)195 1973 y(adopt)10 b(a)g(simpli\256ed)f(model)g(where)i(the)f (status)g(of)g(a)g(plant)g(is)f(distinguished)f(into)i(the)g(follo)o(wing)195 2029 y(classes:)195 2122 y FT(unmonitor)o(ed)25 b FS(which)13 b(means)h(that)f(the)h(plant)f(is)g(working)g(\256ne)h(and)g(is)f(monitored)g (by)g(auto-)309 2178 y(matic)e(de)o(vices.)195 2272 y FT(monitor)o(ed)24 b FS(which)17 b(means)g(that)g(the)h(production)e(process)i(has)f(broken)g (do)o(wn,)i(b)o(ut)e(no)g(in-)309 2328 y(teraction)g(with)f(the)h(en)n (vironment)f(has)i(occurred)g(yet.)34 b(The)17 b(plant)g(is)f(monitored)g(by) 309 2385 y(humans.)195 2478 y FT(alert)23 b FS(which)10 b(means)h(the)f (production)f(process)i(has)g(broken)f(do)o(wn)f(and)i(an)g(unpredicted)f (inter)o(-)309 2534 y(action)h(of)g(the)g(plant)g(with)g(its)f(en)n (vironment)h(has)g(taken)g(place.)195 2627 y(Each)f(of)f(these)h(classes)f (has)h(an)f(associated)g(risk.)16 b(Unmonitored)8 b(plants)h(ha)o(v)o(e)h (the)f(risk)h(to)f(break)195 2683 y(do)o(wn)14 b(and)h(pollute)f(the)h(en)n (vironment)f(with)h(waste)f(which)h(is)f(produced)h(during)g(the)g(normal)195 2740 y(production)g(process.)29 b(Monitored)15 b(plants)f(ha)o(v)o(e)j (additionally)c(the)j(risk)f(of)h(interacting)f(with)195 2796 y(their)e(en)n(vironment)f(in)h(an)h(unpredictable)f(way)m(.)22 b(Plants)13 b(in)g(the)h(status)e(alert)i(ha)o(v)o(e)g(the)f(further)p eop %%Page: 7 13 7 12 bop 135 50 a FL(2.1.)28 b(A)12 b(TUT)o(ORIAL)g(EXAMPLE)941 b FS(7)135 199 y(risk)11 b(of)g(polluting)d(their)j(en)n(vironment)f(with)g (substances)h(which)f(are)i(encapsulated)f(during)f(the)135 256 y(normal)h(production)f(process.)206 312 y(A)f(plant)f(not)g(only)h (produces)g(useful)f(products,)i(it)e(also)h(produces)g(waste.)15 b(Products)9 b(as)g(well)135 369 y(as)14 b(waste)f(may)g(occur)i(with)d(dif)o (ferent)i(de)o(grees)h(of)f(\252harmfulness\272:)20 b(as)14 b(non-toxic)f(pollution,)135 425 y(as)j(toxic)f(or)h(radioacti)o(v)o(e)h (contamination,)e(as)h(mechanical)g(pollution)e(in)i(the)g(form)g(of)g(noise) 135 482 y(and)d(heat.)24 b(Products)13 b(and)g(waste)g(can)h(be)g (distinguished)d(on)i(at)g(least)h(three)f(scales)h(according)135 538 y(to)e(their)h(direct)g(or)g(indirect)f(polluting)f(in\257uence,)k (according)d(to)h(the)g(duration)f(of)h(a)g(polluting)135 594 y(in\257uence,)f(and)g(according)f(to)g(the)g(\252victim\272)g(of)g(a)h (pollution.)206 651 y(Direct)c(in\257uence)g(here)g(means)g(that)g(a)g(poll)o (utio)o(n)g(af)o(fects)g(so)o(mebody)f(or)h(s)o(omethi)o(ng)f(witho)o(ut)135 707 y(intermediate)16 b(states)g(\(e.g.,)j(direct)d(contamination)f(with)h(a) g(radioacti)o(v)o(e)h(material,)h(or)e(direct)135 764 y(raise)d(of)f(the)h (temperature)f(of)h(a)f(ri)o(v)o(er)h(through)f(cooling)f(water\).)21 b(On)12 b(the)g(other)h(side,)g(indirect)135 820 y(in\257uence)20 b(means)f(that)h(the)f(pollution)f(goes)h(through)g(intermediate)g(states)g (\(e.g.,)24 b(indirect)135 877 y(accumulation)17 b(of)h(radioacti)o(vity)e (via)i(food,)h(or)f(indirect)g(rise)f(of)h(temperature)g(through)f(the)135 933 y(green-house-ef)o(fect\).)206 990 y(Dependent)7 b(on)g(the)h(required)g (de)o(gree)h(of)e(granularity)g(the)h(duration)f(of)h(an)f(in\257uence)i(may) e(be)135 1046 y(measured)k(on)f(dif)o(ferent)h(scales.)17 b(W)l(e)11 b(use)f(here)i(a)f(v)o(ery)g(course-grained)g(scale)g(and)g(distinguish)135 1103 y(between)17 b(short-,)h(medium-,)g(and)e(long-term)g(in\257uences.)34 b(An)16 b(e)o(xplosion)g(or)h(contact)g(with)135 1159 y(poisoning)c(gas)i (are)i(e)o(xamples)e(of)g(short-term)g(in\257uences,)i(destruction)d(of)h (the)g(ozone)h(layer)135 1215 y(and)11 b(intoxication)f(of)i(a)g(ri)o(v)o(er) f(are)i(medium-term)d(in\257uences,)i(while)f(radioacti)o(v)o(e)h(pollution)d (of)135 1272 y(the)i(en)n(vironment)g(and)g(the)h(green-house-ef)o(fect)g (are)h(considered)e(as)h(e)o(xamples)f(for)h(long-term)135 1328 y(in\257uences.)206 1385 y(The)g(\252victim\272)g(of)h(a)g(pollution)e (can)i(be)g(distinguished)d(into)i(li)o(ving)f(things)h(\(e.g.,)j(animals,) 135 1441 y(humans,)c(v)o(e)o(getation\))g(and)h(the)f(non-li)o(ving)e(en)n (vironment)i(\(e.g.,)i(water)n(,)f(earth,)g(atmosphere\).)206 1498 y(The)d(\252harmfulness\272)g(of)g(the)g(waste)g(depends)g(on)g(these)g (scales)g(and)g(may)g(be)h(determined)e(by)135 1554 y(an)i(appropriate)g (function.)16 b(F)o(or)10 b(e)o(xample,)h(a)f(pollution)e(of)i(a)g(small)f (re)o(gion)h(of)g(the)g(en)n(vironment)135 1611 y(with)h(a)h(high-toxic)e (chemical)i(substance)f(with)g(a)h(small)e(half-life)i(period)f(will)g(not)g (be)h(as)f(risk)o(y)135 1667 y(as)k(a)g(long)f(term)h(pollution)d(of)j(the)g (atmosphere)f(with)g(a)i(non-toxic)d(material)i(destroying)e(the)135 1724 y(ozone)f(layer)m(.)18 b(Ho)o(we)o(v)o(er)n(,)13 b(we)f(just)e(use)i(a)g (simple)e(model)h(here)h(and)g(do)f(not)g(worry)g(much)h(about)135 1780 y(the)h(appropriateness)h(of)f(functions)g(combining)f(these)h(scales)h (of)g(harmfulness)e(into)h(a)h(single)135 1836 y(measure)e(of)f(the)g(waste') m(s)h(risk.)206 1893 y(These)f(dif)o(ferent)g(risks,)g(the)f(risk)h(of)g(the) g(waste)g(produced)g(during)f(the)h(normal)f(production)135 1949 y(process,)g(the)f(risk)g(for)g(a)g(plant)g(not)f(to)h(work)g(properly)m (,)g(and)g(the)g(risk)g(to)g(pollute)f(its)g(en)n(vironment)135 2006 y(may)15 b(be)g(combined)f(into)h(a)g(single)g(o)o(v)o(erall)g(risk)g(v) o(alue)g(for)g(the)g(plant.)28 b(W)l(e)16 b(assume)f(for)g(this)135 2062 y(purpose)g(a)h(simple)f(function,)h(which)f(combines)g(the)h(dif)o (ferent)f(risks)g(into)g(\256v)o(e)i(risk)e(v)o(alues:)135 2119 y(high,)e(lar)o(ge,)i(medium,)e(small,)g(and)h(null.)22 b(This)12 b(risk)h(v)o(alue)g(is)g(used)g(for)h(the)f(classi\256cation)g(of) 135 2175 y(plants)g(into)h(high)g(risk)f(plants)h(\(e.g.,)j(nuclear)o(-po)o (wer)e(plants,)f(molecular)g(biological)f(plants\),)135 2232 y(medium)c(risk)g(plants)g(\(e.g.,)j(automobile)d(factories,)h(chemical)g (plants\),)g(and)g(plants)f(with)g(small)135 2288 y(or)i(null)g(risk)g (\(e.g.,)i(scre)o(w)f(factories,)f(furniture)g(plants,)g(or)h(food)f (production\).)p eop %%Page: 8 14 8 13 bop 195 50 a FS(8)893 b FL(CHAPTER)13 b(2.)28 b(B)n(A)n(CK)13 b(TUT)o(ORIAL)195 199 y FG(2.2)58 b(Modeling)15 b(a)g(T)-5 b(erminology)195 314 y FS(The)10 b(purpose)f(of)h(a)g(terminology)e(or)i (taxonomy)f(is)g(the)h(or)o(ganization)f(of)h(concepts)g(and)f(roles)h(of)195 371 y(a)i(domain)e(dependent)i(on)f(their)g(de)o(gree)i(of)e(speci\256city)m (.)17 b(Intuiti)o(v)o(ely)m(,)11 b(a)g(po)o(wer)h(plant)f(is)g(a)h(plant)195 427 y(and)j(thus)e(the)i(term)f(`po)o(wer)h(plant')f(should)g(be)g(more)h (speci\256c)g(than)f(the)h(term)f(`plant'.)27 b(But,)195 484 y(ho)o(w)15 b(can)g(this)g(be)g(realized?)29 b(Just)14 b(looking)g(at)i(the)f (strings)f(representing)h(the)g(concepts)g(will)195 540 y(surely)d(not)f(suf) o(\256ce.)19 b(Of)12 b(course,)g(we)h(could)e(e)o(xplicitly)g(enumerate)h (all)f(the)h(objects)f(belonging)195 597 y(to)h(these)h(concepts)f(and)h (compare)g(set-theoretical)f(their)h(e)o(xtensions,)f(b)o(ut)h(clearly)g (this)e(would)195 653 y(be)j(a)g(tough)f(task.)25 b(Not)13 b(only)g(can)i(these)f(e)o(xtensional)f(sets)g(be)i(in\256nite,)f(b)o(ut)f (also)h(can)g(we)h(not)195 709 y(assume)i(that)g(all)g(objects)g(are)h(kno)o (wn)f(in)g(adv)o(ance.)36 b(Thus,)18 b(e)o(xplicit)f(enumeration)g(is)g(only) 195 766 y(feasible)11 b(for)h(concepts)f(representing)g(a)h(small,)f (\256nite)g(set)g(of)h(objects)f(kno)o(wn)f(in)h(adv)o(ance.)266 828 y(The)c(usual)g(way)g(adopted)g(in)g(descriptio)o(n)g(logi)o(cs)g(is)g(t) o(he)g(intensi)o(onal)g(de\256niti)o(on)g(of)g(concepts.)195 885 y(This)14 b(can)i(be)f(achie)o(v)o(ed)h(by)f(describing)f(concepts)h(and) g(roles)g(in)g(relation)g(to)f(other)h(concepts)195 941 y(resp.)e(roles.)22 b(The)13 b(automatic)f(or)o(ganization)g(of)h(concepts)g(and)f(roles)h(into)f (a)h(terminology)f(can)195 997 y(then)g(be)g(realized)g(for)g(terminological) f(languages)g(by)h(a)g(subsumption)d(algorithm)i(comparing)195 1054 y(term)g(structures.)17 b(This)10 b(algorithm)g(is)h(usually)f(called)i FH(classi\256er)p FS(.)266 1116 y(So)i(let)g(us)g(see)h(ho)o(w)f(the)g(term)h (`po)o(wer)f(plant')g(can)h(be)g(de\256ned)g(intensionally)m(.)24 b(A)14 b(po)o(wer)195 1173 y(plant)g(is)h(a)g(plant)g(and)g(it)f(is)h (producing)f(po)o(wer)m(.)28 b(Thus,)16 b(we)g(can)f(relate)h(the)e(concepts) h(`plant')195 1229 y(and)g(`po)o(wer')g(by)g(a)g(role)g(`produces')g(to)g (de\256ne)g(the)g(more)g(speci\256c)g(concept)g(`po)o(wer)g(plant'.)195 1285 y(Clearly)m(,)c(we)g(can)f(no)o(w)g(quite)g(easily)f(infer)i(by)e(term)h 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y(2.4)i(we)h(describe)f(ho)o (w)f(assertional)h(information)f(can)h(be)g(e)o(xpressed.)35 b(Section)17 b(2.5)g(sho)o(ws)195 2257 y(ho)o(w)10 b(terminological)f(and)i (assertional)f(information)g(can)h(be)g(retrie)o(v)o(ed,)h(and)e(ho)o(w)h (tests)f(can)h(be)195 2313 y(performed.)195 2472 y FF(2.2.1)50 b(Built-in)11 b(Concepts)195 2570 y FS(At)h(least)g(two)f(terms)h(are)g(of)h (special)f(interest:)f(a)h(term)g(for)h(denoting)e(all)g(objects)h(of)g(a)h (domain,)195 2627 y(called)18 b FT(anything)p FS(,)j(and)d(a)g(term)g(for)h (denoting)e(the)g(empty)h(or)g(incoherent)g(concept,)i(called)195 2683 y FT(nothing)p FS(.)35 b(These)18 b(terms)e(are)j(b)o(uilt-in)c (concepts)j(of)f FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)p FS(.)35 b FT(Anything)18 b FS(denotes)f(the)g(most)195 2740 y(general)10 b(concept)g(which)g(subsumes)e (all)i(other)f(concepts;)h FT(nothing)h FS(denotes)e(the)h(most)e(speci\256c) 195 2796 y(concept)j(which)g(is)g(subsumed)f(by)h(e)o(v)o(ery)h(concept.)p eop %%Page: 9 15 9 14 bop 135 50 a FL(2.2.)28 b(MODELING)11 b(A)h(TERMINOLOGY)806 b FS(9)135 199 y FF(2.2.2)50 b(Primitive)12 b(Concepts)135 287 y FS(Primiti)o(v)o(e)h(concepts)h(are)g(used)g(to)f(represent)h(the)g (natural)f(kinds)g(of)h(a)g(domain)f(which)g(cannot)135 343 y(be)f(or)h(should)e(not)g(be)i(further)f(de\256ned.)20 b(The)o(y)12 b(are)h(taken)f(as)g(the)o(y)g(are,)i(which)e(means)f(that)h(the)135 399 y(classi\256er)i(will)e(not)h(change)h(their)f(position)f(within)g(the)i (taxonomy)m(.)22 b(The)13 b(right-hand)g(side)g(of)135 456 y(a)i(primiti)o(v)o(e)e(concept)h(declaration)g(represents)g(necessary)h (conditions)e(for)h(the)h(classi\256cation)135 512 y(process.)135 617 y FT(Example)f(1:)22 b FS(The)14 b(terms)f(`plant')g(and)h(`product')g (represent)g(natural)g(kinds)e(of)i(our)g(e)o(xample)135 673 y(domain,)d(hence)h(we)g(de\256ne)g(them)f(as)h(primiti)o(v)o(e)e(concepts.) 17 b(And)12 b(because)g(these)f(are)i(the)e(most)135 730 y(general)h(terms)f (in)g(our)g(domain)f(the)o(y)i(are)g(directly)f(subsumed)f(by)h(the)g (concept)h FT(anything)p FS(.)245 835 y(plant)59 b(:)p FM(<)12 b FS(an)o(ything.)245 891 y(product)f(:)p FM(<)h FS(an)o(ything.)135 996 y(Clearly)m(,)k(if)d(we)i(e)o(xtend)f(the)g(representation)f(we)h(could)g (state)g(necessary)g(and)g(suf)o(\256cient)g(con-)135 1052 y(ditions)e(for)i(determining)f(whether)h(an)g(object)f(is)h(a)g(plant)f (resp.)h(a)h(product.)23 b(These)14 b(concepts)135 1108 y(could)g(then)h(be)g (introduced)f(equally)g(well)h(as)g(de\256ned)g(concepts)1218 1092 y FC(1)1237 1108 y FS(.)27 b(But)15 b(note)g(that)f(since)h(we)135 1165 y(cannot)h(completely)f(de\256ne)i(all)e(the)h(concepts)g(of)g(a)g (domain,)h(some)f(de\256ned)g(concepts)g(will)135 1221 y(always)10 b(be)i(based)f(on)g(primiti)o(v)o(e)f(concepts)836 1205 y FC(2)855 1221 y FS(.)135 1326 y(Of)i(course,)g(there)g(are)g(other)f(necessary)h (conditions)e(plants)h(as)g(well)g(as)h(products)f(must)f(ful\256ll.)135 1382 y(A)g(`plant)f(has)h(a)g(location',)g(it)f(`is)h(o)o(wned)f(by)h (somebody',)f(it)h(`produces)g(products',)g(`consumes)135 1439 y(material)e(and)h(ener)o(gy',)h(a)f(`product)g(has)g(a)g(weight)f(and)g(a)h (price',)i(`consists)c(of)i(parts')g(etc.)16 b(Some)135 1495 y(of)11 b(these)h(properties)f(will)f(be)i(introduced)e(as)i(roles)f(belo)o (w)m(.)1096 1479 y FC(3)206 1600 y FS(F)o(or)20 b(the)f(purpose)g(of)g(our)h (e)o(xample)f(domain)f(these)i(concepts)f(are)h(still)e(quite)h(general)135 1656 y(because)d(we)f(like)f(to)h(distinguish)e(between)i(mechanical,)i (biological)c(and)i(chemical)g(plants,)135 1713 y(waste)c(and)g(products.)16 b(Thus,)c(we)f(re\256ne)i(these)e(primiti)o(v)o(e)f(concepts)h(in)g(the)g (follo)o(wing)f(way:)135 1818 y FT(Example)15 b(2:)22 b FS(Mechanical,)15 b(biological,)f(or)g(chemical)h(plants)e(are)i(plants.)24 b(Products)14 b(can)h(be)135 1874 y(distinguished)g(into)i(mechanical)h(products,)g (chemical)g(products,)h(biological)d(products,)j(or)135 1930 y(ener)o(gy)m(.)29 b(Material)15 b(and)g(waste)g(can)g(be)h(considered)f(as)g (a)h(kind)e(of)h(product.)28 b(W)l(aste)16 b(may)f(be)135 1987 y(toxic)d(or)h(non-toxic.)19 b(Radioacti)o(v)o(e)13 b(material)g(is)f(a)h (material,)g(and)f(nuclear)h(waste)f(is)h(a)g(form)f(of)135 2043 y(toxic)f(waste.)245 2148 y(mechanical)p 456 2148 14 2 v 17 w(plant)62 b(:)p FM(<)11 b FS(plant.)245 2204 y(biological)p 432 2204 V 15 w(plant)88 b(:)p FM(<)11 b FS(plant.)245 2261 y(chemical)p 413 2261 V 17 w(plant)105 b(:)p FM(<)11 b FS(plant.)245 2317 y(mechanical)p 456 2317 V 17 w(product)j(:)p FM(<)d FS(product.)245 2374 y(biological)p 432 2374 V 15 w(product)40 b(:)p FM(<)11 b FS(product.)245 2430 y(chemical)p 413 2430 V 17 w(product)57 b(:)p FM(<)11 b FS(product.)p 135 2477 624 2 v 188 2505 a Fw(1)202 2521 y Fv(De\256ned)d(concepts)f(will)j(be)f(introduced)f(further)i(belo)o(w) n(,)f(after)h(we)e(ha)o(v)o(e)h(b)o(uild-up)g(some)f(initial)j(terminology)n (.)188 2551 y Fw(2)202 2567 y Fv(The)i(decision)f(which)g(concepts)f(should)h (be)h(introduced)f(as)h(primiti)o(v)o(es)h(is)g(be)o(yond)d(the)i(scope)f(of) h(termino-)135 2613 y(logical)d(modeling,)g(since)f(this)h(decision)f(about)g (concept)g(granularity)h(depends)d(on)j(the)g(domain)f(and)g(the)h(intended) 135 2659 y(application.)188 2689 y Fw(3)202 2705 y Fv(Just)e(for)h(the)g (purpose)e(of)i(this)f(tutorial,)j(we)d(start)h(with)g(most)g(general)e (descriptions,)h(and)g(e)o(xtend)g(concepts)e(and)135 2751 y(roles)12 b(step)g(by)g(step.)23 b(W)m(e)12 b(note)g(that)h(this)g(modeling) e(process)g(is)i(not)f(practical)g(as)g(long)g(as)g(the)g(domain)g(was)f(not) 135 2796 y(analyzed)c(in)j(adv)o(ance.)h(Instead,)d(a)h(thorough)g(analysis)e (of)j(the)f(domain)f(should)g(precede)g(an)o(y)g(modeling)h(acti)o(vity)n(.)p eop %%Page: 10 16 10 15 bop 195 50 a FS(10)870 b FL(CHAPTER)13 b(2.)28 b(B)n(A)n(CK)13 b(TUT)o(ORIAL)305 199 y FS(ener)o(gy)256 b(:)p FM(<)11 b FS(product.)305 256 y(material)229 b(:)p FM(<)11 b FS(product.)305 312 y(waste)275 b(:)p FM(<)11 b FS(product.)305 369 y(radioacti)o(v)o(e)p 509 369 14 2 v 17 w(material)g(:)p FM(<)g FS(material.)305 425 y(toxic)p 400 425 V 16 w(waste)167 b(:)p FM(<)11 b FS(waste.)305 482 y(non)p 377 482 V 16 w(toxic)p 485 482 V 16 w(waste)82 b(:)p FM(<)11 b FS(waste.)305 538 y(nuclear)p 442 538 V 17 w(waste)124 b(:)p FM(<)11 b FS(toxic)p 838 538 V 16 w(waste.)195 642 y(Although)17 b(we)i(can)g(model)f(a)h(whole)f(taxonomy)f(just)h(with)g (primiti)o(v)o(e)f(concepts,)k(it)d(is)g(not)195 699 y(wise)13 b(to)f(do)h(so.)21 b(Since)14 b(primiti)o(v)o(e)e(concepts)g(do)h(not)f(e)o (xpress)i(suf)o(\256cient)f(conditions,)f(it)g(is)h(not)195 755 y(possible)c(to)h(classify)g(them)f(automatically)m(.)15 b(Thus,)c(the)f(user)g(has)h(the)f(complete)f(responsibility)195 812 y(to)k(or)o(ganize)i(the)e(primiti)o(v)o(e)g(concepts)h(of)g(a)g (taxonomy)m(.)23 b(Ho)o(we)o(v)o(er)n(,)16 b(as)e(we)g(will)f(see)h(after)h (we)195 868 y(ha)o(v)o(e)d(introduced)f(roles,)g(some)g(of)h(these)f (concepts)g(can)h(be)f(introduced)g(as)h(de\256ned)f(concepts.)195 993 y FF(2.2.3)50 b(Primitive)12 b(Roles)195 1080 y FS(Roles)c(are)h(used)f (to)g(represent)h(binary)f(relations.)15 b(In)9 b(analogy)e(to)h(primiti)o(v) o(e)f(concepts,)i(primiti)o(v)o(e)195 1137 y(roles)20 b(are)h(used)e(to)h (de\256ne)h(basic)f(relations)f(and)h(represent)h(\261)e(like)h(primiti)o(v)o (e)e(concepts)i(\261)195 1193 y(necessary)12 b(conditions)e(for)h(the)g (classi\256cation)g(process.)195 1297 y FT(Example)j(3:)20 b FS(Plants)13 b(produce)g(products)g(and)g(need)g(ener)o(gy)m(.)23 b(The)o(y)13 b(also)g(co)p 1466 1297 V 17 w(produce)g(waste.)195 1354 y(Products)e(may)g(directly)g(contain)g(other)g(products.)305 1458 y(produces)155 b(:)p FM(<)11 b FS(domain\(plant\))59 b(and)11 b(range\(product\).)305 1515 y(needs)216 b(:)p FM(<)11 b FS(domain\(plant\)) 59 b(and)11 b(range\(ener)o(gy\).)305 1571 y(co)p 351 1571 V 17 w(produces)95 b(:)p FM(<)11 b FS(domain\(plant\))59 b(and)11 b(range\(waste\).)305 1628 y(directly)p 448 1628 V 16 w(contains)g(:)p FM(<)g FS(domain\(product\))g(and)g(range\(product\).)195 1732 y(The)16 b(ke)o(yword)f FT(and)i FS(is)e(used)h(to)f(conjoin)g(terms.)31 b(Note)15 b(that)h(in)f FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)i FS(we)f(denote)g(with)f(the)195 1789 y(term)c FT(range)i FS(what)e(is)g(usually)f(called)i(in)f (object-oriented)g(models)g(\252domain)g(of)g(an)h(attrib)o(ute\272.)195 1845 y(Although)j(the)i Fx(directly)p 591 1845 13 2 v 14 w(contains)f FS(role)h(states)f(that)g(a)h(product)g(may)f(directly)g(contain)g(other)195 1901 y(products,)f(it)f(does)g(not)f(model)h(yet)g(the)g(transiti)o(v)o(e)g (closure)g(of)g(the)g(role)h Fx(contains)p FS(,)g(which)f(we)195 1958 y(like)k(to)h(represent)h(and)f(which)g(will)g(be)g(introduced)g(later)m (.)41 b(Ho)o(we)o(v)o(er)n(,)23 b(because)d(we)f(ha)o(v)o(e)195 2014 y(introduced)13 b Fx(mater)q(ial)h FS(and)g Fx(w)o(aste)g FS(as)g(a)g(kind)f(of)i Fx(product)p FS(,)f(the)g 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y(place)6 b(:)p FM(<)13 b FS(an)o(ything.)305 2723 y(type)24 b(:)p FM(<)12 b FS(an)o(ything.)305 2779 y(plant)f(:)p FM(<)h FS(an)o(ything)e(and)h(all\(located)p 911 2779 14 2 v 17 w(at,place\))h(and)f (all\(is)p 1264 2779 V 16 w(of)p 1318 2779 V 17 w(type,type\).)p eop %%Page: 11 17 11 16 bop 135 50 a FL(2.2.)28 b(MODELING)11 b(A)h(TERMINOLOGY)783 b FS(11)135 199 y(These)12 b(de\256nitions)f(ha)o(v)o(e)h(the)g(follo)o(wing) e(consequences:)h(First,)i(since)e(the)h(concept)g Fx(plant)f FS(was)135 256 y(already)g(introduced)e(before,)j(it)d(is)h(re)o(vised)g(no)o (w)g(with)f(this)g(ne)o(w)h(de\256nition.)16 b(Second,)11 b(the)f(roles)135 312 y Fx(located)p 271 312 13 2 v 15 w(at)e FS(and)g Fx(is)p 433 312 V 15 w(of)p 483 312 V 15 w(type)p FS(,)h(which)f(were)h(not)f (introduced)g(before,)i(are)g(introduced)e(no)o(w)g(\(this)g(is)135 369 y(called)k(`forward)g(introduction'\).)17 b(Third,)12 b(the)g(concept)f FT(anything)i FS(becomes)f(the)f(domain)g(and)135 425 y(range)c(of)g(the)g (ne)o(wly)g(introduced)g(roles.)17 b(And)7 b(fourth,)h(the)f(operator)g FT(all)g FS(restricts)g(the)g(introduced)135 482 y(role)13 b(locally)g(at)g(the)g(concept)h(to)e(the)h(concept)h(mentioned)e(in)h(the)g (second)g(ar)o(gument.)22 b(This)13 b(is)135 538 y(called)e(a)h FH(value)f(r)n(estriction)f FS(and)i(will)e(be)i(e)o(xplained)f(in)g(more)g (detail)g(belo)o(w)m(.)135 660 y FF(2.2.4)50 b(De\256ned)12 b(Concepts)135 747 y FS(Besides)20 b(the)g(de\256nition)g(of)g(primiti)o(v)o (e)f(concepts,)k(concepts)d(may)g(also)g(be)g(de\256ned.)44 b(F)o(or)135 804 y(de\256ned)18 b(concepts)f(the)g(right-hand)f(side)h(of)g (the)h(concept)f(de\256nition)f(represents)i(necessary)135 860 y(and)c(suf)o(\256cient)g(conditions)e(for)j(concept)f(classi\256cation.) 24 b(The)14 b(classi\256er)g(will)f(automatically)135 917 y(determine)e(the)g (right)f(place)i(in)f(the)g(taxonomy)e(where)j(the)f(concept)g(has)g(to)g(be) g(inte)o(grated,)h(and)135 973 y(will)e(automatically)g(recognize)i(objects)f (which)g(are)h(instances)f(of)h(a)f(de\256ned)h(concept.)135 1059 y FT(Example)17 b(5:)26 b FS(Let)16 b(us)f(declare)i(the)f(concepts)g Fx(w)o(ater)p 1020 1059 V 15 w(energy)p 1162 1059 V 15 w(plant)g FS(and)g Fx(wind)p 1450 1059 V 15 w(energy)p 1592 1059 V 15 w(plant)135 1115 y FS(as)f(primiti)o(v)o(e)e(plants)h(producing)g(ener)o(gy)m (.)27 b(A)15 b(plant)f(producing)g(po)o(wer)h(from)f(wind)g(or)h(water)135 1172 y(is)j(a)h(mechanical)g(plant)f(and)g(at)h(the)f(same)h(time)e(it)h(is)h (a)g(wind)e(resp.)j(water)e(ener)o(gy)h(plant,)135 1228 y(this)d (de\256nition)g(is)g(suf)o(\256cient)h(to)f(classify)h(an)o(y)g Fx(wind)p 1021 1228 V 15 w(po)o(wer)p 1148 1228 V 15 w(plant)g FS(and)g Fx(w)o(ater)p 1454 1228 V 15 w(po)o(wer)p 1581 1228 V 15 w(plant)p FS(.)135 1285 y(W)l(e)e(may)f(also)g(like)f(to)h(use)h(the)f (de\256ned)h(concept)f(of)g(a)h Fx(mechanical)p 1272 1285 V 15 w(energy)p 1414 1285 V 15 w(plant)f FS(for)h(some)135 1341 y(reason,)d(which)f(can)h(be)f(de\256ned)h(as)g(a)f(mechanical)h(plant)e (producing)h(ener)o(gy)m(.)245 1427 y(wind)p 340 1427 14 2 v 16 w(ener)o(gy)p 479 1427 V 17 w(plant)127 b(:)p FM(<)12 b FS(plant)f(and)g(all\(produces,ener)o(gy\).)245 1483 y(water)p 349 1483 V 17 w(ener)o(gy)p 489 1483 V 17 w(plant)117 b(:)p FM(<)12 b FS(plant)f(and)g(all\(produces,ener)o(gy\).)245 1540 y(wind)p 340 1540 V 16 w(po)o(wer)p 469 1540 V 16 w(plant)138 b(:=)21 b(mechanical)p 983 1540 V 16 w(plant)11 b(and)g(wind)p 1271 1540 V 16 w(ener)o(gy)p 1410 1540 V 17 w(plant.)245 1596 y(water)p 349 1596 V 17 w(po)o(wer)p 479 1596 V 16 w(plant)128 b(:=)21 b(mechanical)p 983 1596 V 16 w(plant)11 b(and)g(water)p 1280 1596 V 17 w(ener)o(gy)p 1420 1596 V 17 w(plant.)245 1652 y(mechanical)p 456 1652 V 17 w(ener)o(gy)p 596 1652 V 17 w(plant)f(:=)21 b(mechanical)p 983 1652 V 16 w(plant)11 b(and)g(all\(produces,ener)o(gy\).) 135 1738 y(The)22 b(classi\256er)h(will)e(determine)h(the)g(proper)h (position)d(in)i(the)g(taxonomy)f(w)m(.r)m(.t.)j(concept)135 1795 y(subsumption)13 b(and)i(will)f(detect)h(that)g(the)g(introduced)f (concepts)h Fx(wind)p 1302 1795 13 2 v 16 w(po)o(wer)p 1430 1795 V 14 w(plant)h FS(and)f Fx(w)o(a-)135 1851 y(ter)p 186 1851 V 14 w(po)o(wer)p 312 1851 V 15 w(plant)8 b FS(ha)o(v)o(e)h(to)e(be)h (subsumed)f(by)h(the)f(concept)h Fx(mechanical)p 1280 1851 V 15 w(energy)p 1422 1851 V 15 w(plant)p FS(,)h(which)f(is)135 1908 y(subsumed)h(by)i(the)f(concept)h Fx(mechanical)p 816 1908 V 15 w(plant)p FS(.)16 b(Additionally)m(,)9 b(the)i(classi\256er)g(will) f(recognize)135 1964 y(objects)h(subsumed)f(by)h(the)g(abo)o(v)o(e)h (de\256ned)g(concepts.)135 2050 y FT(Example)19 b(6:)31 b FS(De\256ned)20 b(concepts)e(can)h(also)f(be)h(used)g(to)f(introduce)g(synon)o(ym)f(names)i (for)135 2106 y(concepts.)d(F)o(or)10 b(e)o(xample,)g(if)g(we)g(like)e(to)h (use)g(the)h(terms)e Fx(f)o(actor)q(y)h FS(or)g Fx(wor)q(kshop)f FS(instead)h(of)h Fx(plant)p FS(,)135 2163 y(we)i(can)f(declare)i(them)d(as)i (synon)o(ym)e(as)i(follo)o(ws:)245 2248 y(factory)62 b(:=)11 b(plant.)245 2305 y(workshop)f(:=)h(plant.)135 2427 y FF(2.2.5)50 b(Re)o(vision)13 b(of)f(Concepts)135 2514 y FS(Since)f(we)f(ha)o(v)o(e)h (roles)f(a)o(v)o(ailable)g(for)g(relating)g(concepts,)g(we)h(can)f(re)o(vise) g(\261)g(as)g(promised)f(abo)o(v)o(e)135 2570 y(\261)19 b(some)g(of)g(the)g (pre)o(viously)f(introduced)g(primiti)o(v)o(e)g(concepts)h(and)g(introduce)g (them)f(more)135 2627 y(precisely)12 b(as)g(de\256ned)g(concepts.)19 b(Although)11 b(the)h(meaning)f(of)h(a)g(de\256ned)h(concept)f(is)f(stronger) 135 2683 y(than)k(the)g(meaning)g(of)g(a)h(primiti)o(v)o(e)e(concept,)i(the)f (former)h(ha)o(v)o(e)g(the)f(nice)g(property)g(that)g(the)135 2740 y(classi\256er)d(will)e(determine)i(their)f(proper)h(position)d(in)i (the)h(taxonomy)e(automatically)m(,)h(and)g(as)h(a)135 2796 y(consequence,)g(can)g(automatically)e(recognize)i(their)f(object)g (instances.)p eop %%Page: 12 18 12 17 bop 195 50 a FS(12)870 b FL(CHAPTER)13 b(2.)28 b(B)n(A)n(CK)13 b(TUT)o(ORIAL)195 199 y FT(Example)j(7:)23 b FS(A)15 b(mechanical,)h (biological,)f(or)g(chemical)g(plant)g(is)f(a)h(plant)g(which)f(produces)195 256 y(mechanical,)e(biological,)e(resp.)i(chemical)f(products.)305 376 y(mechanical)p 516 376 14 2 v 17 w(plant)f(:=)h(plant)g(and)g (all\(produces,mechanical)p 1310 376 V 17 w(product\).)305 432 y(biological)p 492 432 V 15 w(plant)36 b(:=)11 b(plant)g(and)g (all\(produces,biological)p 1286 432 V 16 w(product\).)305 489 y(chemical)p 473 489 V 17 w(plant)53 b(:=)11 b(plant)g(and)g (all\(produces,chemical)p 1267 489 V 17 w(product\).)195 608 y(Again)i(it)f(should)h(be)g(noted)g(that)g(if)g(we)h(would)e(declare)i Fx(mechanical)p FS(,)g Fx(biological)p FS(,)h(and)f Fx(chem-)195 665 y(ical)k FS(as)g(primiti)o(v)o(e)e(concepts,)k(we)d(could)h(equally)f (well)g(introduce)g(the)h(concepts)f Fx(mechani-)195 721 y(cal)p 250 721 13 2 v 15 w(product)p FS(,)11 b Fx(biological)p 598 721 V 16 w(product)g FS(and)g Fx(chemical)p 1005 721 V 15 w(product)g FS(as)g(de\256ned)h(concepts.)266 781 y(As)g(should)g(be)h(clear)h(from)f (the)g(pre)o(vious)f(re)o(vision)g(of)h(the)g(concept)g Fx(plant)g FS(and)g(the)g(abo)o(v)o(e)195 837 y(re)o(visions,)f(we)g(can)h(not)f(only)g (re)o(vise)g(primiti)o(v)o(e)f(concepts,)i(b)o(ut)f(also)g(a)g(primiti)o(v)o (e)f(concept)i(can)195 893 y(be)d(re)o(vised)f(into)g(a)h(de\256ned)g(one,)h (and)f(vice)f(v)o(ersa.)17 b(The)10 b(same)g(holds)e(for)i(roles.)17 b(An)9 b(e)o(xample)h(of)195 950 y(role)h(re)o(vision)f(will)g(occur)h (further)h(belo)o(w)m(.)k(Note)11 b(ho)o(we)o(v)o(er)n(,)h(that)e(a)h (concept)g(cannot)g(be)g(re)o(vised)195 1006 y(into)f(a)i(role)g(or)f(vice)h (v)o(ersa.)195 1147 y FF(2.2.6)50 b(Disjoint)12 b(Concepts)195 1240 y FS(In)d(the)f(be)o(ginning)g(we)h(introduced)f(the)g(concepts)h Fx(energy)f FS(and)h Fx(mater)q(ial)f FS(as)h(primiti)o(v)o(e)e(concepts.)195 1297 y(W)l(e)15 b(ha)o(v)o(e)f(also)g(seen)g(that)f(concepts)h(can)g(be)g (conjoined.)24 b(Thus,)14 b(we)g(could)g(also)f(formulate)h(a)195 1353 y(concept)e(which)f(is)g(both)g(`ener)o(gy)h(and)f(material'.)18 b(Although)10 b(this)g(will)h(perfectly)h(make)f(sense)195 1410 y(for)h(a)f(physician,)g(it)g(does)g(not)g(make)g(much)g(sense)g(in)g (our)g(risk)g(assessment)g(domain.)16 b(Because)195 1466 y(of)e(the)h (intended)e(le)o(v)o(el)i(of)f(granularity)g(we)h(will)e(ne)o(v)o(er)i (encounter)f(an)h(object)f(which)g(is)g(both)195 1522 y(ener)o(gy)k(and)f (material)f(at)h(the)g(same)g(time.)34 b(Thus,)18 b(we)f(should)f(re)o(vise)h (these)g(concepts)g(and)195 1579 y(should)10 b(declare)i(them)f(more)g (precisely)h(as)f(disjoint.)195 1702 y FT(Example)e(8:)15 b Fx(Energy)7 b FS(and)h Fx(mater)q(ial)p FS(,)h(as)f(well)g(as)g Fx(energy)g FS(and)g Fx(w)o(aste)g FS(are)h(clearly)f(distinguished)195 1758 y(concepts,)k(for)f(which)g(no)g(common)g(instance)g(will)f(e)o(xist)h (in)g(the)g(e)o(xample)h(domain.)305 1878 y(ener)o(gy)38 b(:)p FM(<)12 b FS(product.)305 1934 y(material)f(:)p FM(<)h FS(product)f(and)g (not\(ener)o(gy\).)305 1991 y(waste)57 b(:)p FM(<)12 b FS(product)f(and)g (not\(ener)o(gy\).)195 2111 y(The)j(concept)f(operator)h FT(not)g FS(can)g(only)f(be)g(applied)g(to)g(primiti)o(v)o(e)g(concepts.)23 b(Note)13 b(that)g(these)195 2167 y(de\256nitions)g(do)g(not)g(declare)i(the) e(concepts)h Fx(mater)q(ial)f FS(and)g Fx(w)o(aste)h FS(as)g(disjoint.)22 b(Thus,)14 b(objects)195 2224 y(which)d(are)i(both)e Fx(mater)q(ial)g FS(and)h Fx(w)o(aste)g FS(are)h(still)d(representable.)19 b(Although)10 b(we)i(could)g(equally)195 2280 y(well)g(declare)i(the)f(concepts)f Fx(plant)h FS(and)g Fx(product)f FS(as)h(disjoint,)f(we)h(would)e(e)o(xclude) j(that)e(plants)195 2337 y(can)i(be)g(considered)f(as)h(product)f(resp.)h (that)f(plants)g(can)h(be)f(produced)h(in)f(a)h(plant.)23 b(Again)13 b(we)195 2393 y(note)f(that)g(the)g(decision)g(which)g(concepts)h(need)f(to)g (be)h(declared)g(as)g(disjoint)d(is)i(dependent)g(on)195 2449 y(the)f(domain)g(we)g(like)g(to)g(model)f(as)i(well)f(as)g(on)g(the)g (intended)g(application.)195 2591 y FF(2.2.7)50 b(De\256ned)12 b(Roles)195 2683 y FS(W)l(e)17 b(can)g(also)f(construct)g(de\256ned)h(roles)f (from)h(primiti)o(v)o(e)e(ones.)32 b(As)16 b(for)h(de\256ned)g(concepts,)195 2740 y(the)f(right-hand)f(side)h(of)g(a)g(de\256ned)h(role)f(declaration)g (represents)g(necessary)g(and)g(suf)o(\256cient)195 2796 y(conditions.)p eop %%Page: 13 19 13 18 bop 135 50 a FL(2.2.)28 b(MODELING)11 b(A)h(TERMINOLOGY)783 b FS(13)135 199 y FT(Example)13 b(9:)19 b FS(Plants)13 b(produce)f(products.) 20 b(If)13 b(we)g(need)g(to)g(represent)g(the)f(information)f(which)135 256 y(product)j(is)f Fx(produced)p 508 256 13 2 v 15 w(b)o(y)i FS(a)f(certain)h(plant,)f(we)h(can)f(de\256ne)h(this)f(role)g(as)g(in)n(v)o (erse)h(of)f(the)g(role)135 312 y Fx(produces)p FS(.)35 b(If)18 b(products)f(should)f(contain)h(products)g(we)h(need)g(to)f(represent)h(the)f (transiti)o(v)o(e)135 369 y(closure)h(of)g Fx(directly)p 475 369 V 14 w(contains)p FS(.)36 b(A)18 b(plant)f(also)h(uses)f(up)h(materials)f (during)g(the)h(production)135 425 y(process.)e(A)9 b Fx(uses)p 431 425 V 15 w(up)g FS(role)g(depends)f(on)h(the)f(products)h(produced)g(and) f(the)h(materials)f(contained)135 482 y(in)j(these)g(products,)g(thus)g(it)g (can)g(be)h(de\256ned)g(in)f(terms)g(of)g(a)h(role)f(composition.)245 588 y(produced)p 418 588 14 2 v 17 w(by)g(:=)g(in)n(v\(produces\).)245 645 y(contains)91 b(:=)11 b(trans\(directly)p 786 645 V 16 w(contains\).)245 701 y(uses)p 327 701 V 16 w(up)103 b(:=)11 b(produces)g(comp)g(contains)f(and)i(range\(material\).)135 808 y(As)g(should)f(be)h(ob)o(vious,)g(the)g FT(in)n(v)h FS(operator)f (constructs)f(the)i(in)n(v)o(erse)f(role,)h(the)f FT(trans)h FS(operator)135 864 y(the)e(transiti)o(v)o(e)g(closure,)g(and)h FT(comp)g FS(constructs)e(the)i(role)f(composition.)135 989 y FF(2.2.8)50 b(Closed)13 b(Attrib)o(ute)d(Domains)135 1077 y FS(Sometimes)f(we)i(want)e(to)h(describe)g(concepts)g(by)g(unstructured)g (atomic)f(v)o(alues.)16 b(These)10 b(v)o(alues)135 1133 y(are)17 b(called)f FH(attrib)o(utes)508 1117 y FC(4)541 1133 y FS(in)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)p FS(,)j(and)d(a)g(set)g(of)g(such)g(v)o(alues)g(forms)g(an)g FH(attrib)o(ute)f(domain)p FS(.)135 1190 y(W)l(e)d(distinguish)c(mainly)i (between)i(two)e(types)g(of)h(attrib)o(ute)g(domains:)e(closed)i(and)g(open)g (ones.)135 1246 y(Attrib)o(utes)g(of)i(closed)f(attrib)o(ute)g(domains)f (must)h(be)g(gi)o(v)o(en)h(at)f(declaration-time)g(and)h(are)g(con-)135 1303 y(sidered)e(to)g(be)h(ordered.)135 1409 y FT(Example)g(10:)k FS(A)11 b(risk)f(in)h(our)g(domain)f(may)g(take)h(on)g(the)g(v)o(alues)f Fx(high)p FS(,)i Fx(large)p FS(,)g Fx(medium)p FS(,)f Fx(small)135 1466 y FS(or)i Fx(null)p FS(.)23 b(The)13 b(duration)f(of)i(a)f(pollution)e (may)i(be)g Fx(long)p FS(,)i Fx(medium)e FS(or)g Fx(shor)r(t)p FS(,)g(while)g(a)g(plant)g(can)135 1522 y(be)f(in)e(the)i(states:)e Fx(aler)r(t)p FS(,)h Fx(monitored)g FS(and)h Fx(unmonitored)p FS(.)245 1629 y(risk)95 b(:=)11 b(attrib)o(ute)p 614 1629 V 16 w(domain\([high,lar)o(ge,medium,small,null]\).)245 1685 y(duration)g(:=)g(attrib)o(ute)p 614 1685 V 16 w (domain\([long,medium,short]\).)245 1742 y(state)80 b(:=)11 b(attrib)o(ute)p 614 1742 V 16 w(domain\([monitored,alert,unmonitored]\).)135 1848 y(Closed)k(attrib)o(ute)f(domains)g(are)h(implicitly)e(ordered)i(from)g (left)g(to)f(right,)h(so)g(that)f(subranges)135 1905 y(can)9 b(be)h(constructed)e(out)h(of)g(them.)15 b(If)10 b(an)f(attrib)o(ute)f(is)h (encountered)g(which)f(was)h(not)f(pre)o(viously)135 1961 y(declared)k(to)f (belong)g(to)g(a)g(closed)g(attrib)o(ute)g(domain,)g(an)g(error)i(will)d(be)i (reported.)135 2086 y FF(2.2.9)50 b(Open)12 b(Attrib)o(ute)f(Domains)135 2174 y FS(It)19 b(may)f(be)h(the)g(case)g(that)f(we)h(cannot)g(specify)g(the) f(attrib)o(utes)g(belonging)f(to)i(an)g(attrib)o(ute)135 2230 y(domain)14 b(at)h(declaration-time;)g(only)f(at)h(run-time)f(the)o(y)h(may)g (be)g(a)o(v)o(ailable.)27 b(In)15 b(this)e(case)j(an)135 2287 y(open)d(attrib)o(ute)g(domain)f(has)h(to)g(be)g(declared,)i(which)e(allo)o (ws)f(us)h(to)g(collect)g(during)g(run-time)135 2343 y(the)e(occurring)h (attrib)o(ute)e(v)o(alues.)17 b(Open)11 b(attrib)o(ute)g(domains)f(are)i(re)o (garded)g(to)f(be)h(unordered.)135 2450 y FT(Example)j(11:)22 b FS(In)14 b(the)h(conte)o(xt)f(of)g(risk)g(assessment,)g(we)h(may)f(like)f (to)h(relate)h(a)g(plant)e(to)h(the)135 2506 y(\256nal)9 b(judgement)e(about) h(the)g(risk)g(it)g(represents.)16 b(These)9 b(judgements)e(may)h(stem)g (from)g(dif)o(ferent)135 2563 y(sources)15 b(and)g(may)g(be)g(described)g(in) g(dif)o(ferent)g(terms.)28 b(F)o(or)16 b(e)o(xample,)g(judgements)e(may)h(be) 135 2619 y(described)d(by)g(attrib)o(utes)f(like)h Fx(saf)o(e)p FS(,)g Fx(secure)p FS(,)g Fx(reliab)o(le)p FS(,)i Fx(r)q(iskless)p FS(,)e Fx(har)q(mless)f FS(etc.)20 b(Ho)o(we)o(v)o(er)n(,)13 b(at)135 2676 y(declaration)e(time)g(we)h(do)f(not)f(kno)o(w)h(which)g (attrib)o(utes)g(will)f(be)i(used.)p 135 2707 624 2 v 188 2735 a Fw(4)202 2751 y Fv(Note)f(that)h(the)f(term)h Fu(attrib)o(ute)f Fv(is)h(used)d(in)j(other)f(terminological)h(representation)e(systems)f(to)j (denote)e(a)h(role)135 2796 y(which)e(is)g(functional)g(and)f(total)i(on)e (its)i(domain.)p eop %%Page: 14 20 14 19 bop 195 50 a FS(14)870 b FL(CHAPTER)13 b(2.)28 b(B)n(A)n(CK)13 b(TUT)o(ORIAL)305 199 y FS(judgement)e(:=)20 b(attrib)o(ute)p 724 199 14 2 v 16 w(domain.)195 277 y(If)d(it)f(can)g(be)h(determined)f(from) g(the)g(conte)o(xt)h(that)e(an)i(attrib)o(ute)f(has)g(to)g(belong)g(to)g(an)g (open)195 333 y(attrib)o(ute)9 b(domain,)h(the)g(corresponding)f(attrib)o (ute)g(domain)g(is)h(automatically)e(e)o(xtended)i(by)g(this)195 390 y(attrib)o(ute.)195 511 y FF(2.2.10)50 b(Attrib)o(ute)11 b(Sets)195 598 y FS(Sometimes)d(we)g(like)g(to)f(use)h(a)f(subset)g(of)h (attri)o(b)o(utes)g(from)f(an)h(att)o(rib)o(ute)f(domain)g(or)h(s)o(ets)g(ob) o(tained)195 654 y(from)i(set)g(theoretical)f(operations)h(on)g(two)f(attrib) o(ute)g(domains,)h(e.g.,)h FT(union)p FS(,)h FT(intersection)f FS(and)195 711 y(subtraction)f(\(denoted)g FT(without)i FS(in)e FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)p FS(\).)17 b(Subsets)11 b(of)f(attrib)o(ute)h(domains)e(can)i (be)g(chosen)f(in)195 767 y FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)i FS(with)f(the)g FT(aset)g FS(operator)m(.)195 845 y FT(Example)f(12:)15 b FS(The)10 b(term)f Fx(r)q(isky)g FS(may)g(refer)h(to)f(the)h(range)g(of)f(risks)g (between)h Fx(high)g FS(and)f Fx(medium)p FS(,)195 901 y(and)j(the)f(term)h Fx(unr)q(isky)f FS(to)g(the)h(risks)f Fx(small)h FS(and)g Fx(null)p FS(.)18 b Fx(Controlled)p 1264 901 13 2 v 15 w(b)o(y)p 1322 901 V 15 w(humans)12 b FS(should)e(consist)195 958 y(of)17 b(the)g(subset)g(of)g(v)o(alues)g(of)g(the)h(attrib)o(ute)e(domain)g Fx(state)h FS(which)g(indicate)g(that)f(a)i(plant)f(is)195 1014 y(monitored)d(by)g(humans,)h(whereas)h Fx(automatically)p 1037 1014 V 14 w(controlled)f FS(should)f(be)h(used)f(to)h(represent)195 1071 y(the)c(opposite)f(case)i(that)f(the)h(plant)e(is)h(monitored)f(by)h (automatic)g(de)o(vices.)305 1148 y(risk)o(y)371 b(:=)11 b (aset\(high..medium,risk\).)305 1205 y(unrisk)o(y)325 b(:=)11 b(aset\(small..null,risk\).)305 1261 y(controlled)p 494 1261 14 2 v 16 w(by)p 556 1261 V 16 w(humans)55 b(:=)11 b (aset\([alert,monitored],state\).)305 1318 y(automatically)p 558 1318 V 15 w(controlled)g(:=)g(aset\([unmonitored],state\).)195 1395 y(As)h(described)g(abo)o(v)o(e)h(closed)f(attrib)o(ute)g(domains)f(are)i (implicitly)d(ordered)j(from)f(left)g(to)g(right.)195 1452 y(Note)f(that)f(the)g(use)h(of)g(the)g(range)g(operator)g(`..)m(')17 b(is)10 b(not)h(appropriate)f(and)h(may)g(result)f(in)g(strange)195 1508 y(subranges,)i(if)f(in)g(an)h(application)e(domain)h(attrib)o(utes)f (are)j(considered)e(to)g(be)h(unordered.)17 b(Fur)o(-)195 1564 y(thermore,)11 b(the)g(range)h(operator)f(applied)f(to)h(an)g(open)g(attrib)o (ute)f(domain,)h(which)g(is)f(considered)195 1621 y(to)k(be)g(unordered,)i (may)d(result)h(in)g(strange)g(subranges.)25 b(Attrib)o(ute)13 b(sets)h(can)g(also)g(be)h(de\256ned)195 1677 y(by)10 b(the)h(set)f (theoretical)g(operators)h(mentioned)e(abo)o(v)o(e;)i(ho)o(we)o(v)o(er)n(,)h (in)e(our)h(e)o(xample)f(domain)g(we)195 1734 y(ha)o(v)o(e)i(no)f (interesting)f(e)o(xample)i(for)f(their)h(use.)195 1855 y FF(2.2.11)50 b(Number)13 b(Ranges)195 1942 y FS(Besides)18 b(nominal)e(attrib)o(ute)h (domains,)h(it)f(is)g(also)g(possible)g(to)g(use)g(numbers)g(and)g(number)195 1998 y(interv)o(als.)23 b(Interv)o(als)14 b(can)g(be)g(constructed)f(by)h (the)f(number)g(operators)h FT(intersection)h FS(and)f(`..)m(')195 2055 y(which)e(are)h(used)f(to)g(specify)h(and)f(to)g(compute)g(an)g(interv)o (al.)20 b(The)12 b(operators)h FT(lt)f FS(\(less)g(than\),)h FT(gt)195 2111 y FS(\(greater)g(than\),)f FT(le)g FS(\(less)f(equal\),)h(and) g FT(ge)g FS(\(greater)h(equal\))e(can)i(be)e(used)h(to)f(specify)h(a)g (range)g(of)195 2168 y(numbers)f(belo)o(w)g(or)g(abo)o(v)o(e)h(a)g(certain)f (threshold.)195 2245 y FT(Example)i(13:)k FS(The)c(term)e Fx(har)q(mfulness)h FS(may)g(be)g(de\256ned)g(by)g(a)h(numerical)e(range)i(between)f(0)195 2302 y(and)d(10.)15 b(A)9 b(harmfulness)f(between)h(5)g(and)f(10)h(will)e(be) i(termed)g Fx(dangerous)p FS(.)16 b(If)9 b(the)g(harmfulness)195 2358 y(of)i(the)h(waste)f(is)f(less)h(than)g(3)h(we)f(call)h(it)e Fx(saf)o(e)p FS(.)305 2436 y(harmfulness)h(:=)g(0..10.)305 2492 y(dangerous)47 b(:=)11 b(harmfulness)f(intersection)h(gt\(5\).)305 2549 y(safe)162 b(:=)11 b(lt\(3\).)195 2626 y(Note)g(that)g(numbers)f(are)i (not)f(restricted)g(to)g(inte)o(gers,)g(although)f(the)h(abo)o(v)o(e)h(e)o (xamples)f(seem)g(to)195 2683 y(imply)f(this.)17 b(Simple)11 b(numbers)g(can)h(always)e(be)i(used)f(instead)g(of)h(a)g(number)f(range)h (N..N;)g(N)g(is)195 2739 y(equi)o(v)o(alent)g(to)g(`N..N',)j(so)d(that)g(no)h (problems)f(arise)h(if)f(the)h(intersection)f(of)h(an)g(interv)o(al)f(and)h (a)195 2796 y(number)e(is)g(constructed.)p eop %%Page: 15 21 15 20 bop 135 50 a FL(2.2.)28 b(MODELING)11 b(A)h(TERMINOLOGY)783 b FS(15)135 199 y FF(2.2.12)50 b(Extended)12 b(Role)g(De\256nitions)135 287 y FS(Let)i(us)g(return)g(once)g(more)g(to)g(role)g(de\256nitions.)24 b(Abo)o(v)o(e)14 b(we)g(ha)o(v)o(e)h(discussed)e(primiti)o(v)o(e)g(and)135 343 y(de\256ned)h(roles)f(whose)g(ranges)h(were)g(restricted)g(to)f(concepts) g(only)m(.)23 b(Ho)o(we)o(v)o(er)n(,)15 b(we)e(also)g(ha)o(v)o(e)135 400 y(the)e(possibility)e(to)h(restrict)i(the)f(range)g(of)h(roles)f(to)g (attrib)o(ute)f(domains,)h(numbers,)g(and)g(strings.)135 507 y FT(Example)i(14:)18 b FS(Plants)12 b(ha)o(v)o(e)h(a)g(risk)e(to)h(break)h (do)o(wn)f(and)g(a)h(risk)e(to)h(pollute)f(the)i(en)n(vironment.)135 563 y(Plants)h(also)g(operate)g(in)g(some)g(mode,)g(which)g(can)h(take)e(on)h (v)o(alues)g(of)g(the)g(attrib)o(ute)p 1545 563 14 2 v 16 w(domain)135 620 y Fx(state)p FS(.)23 b(Products)13 b(may)g(ha)o(v)o(e)i(a)f(de)o(gree)g (of)g(harmfulness.)23 b(Products)13 b(usually)g(ha)o(v)o(e)h(an)g(identi-)135 676 y(\256cation)f(code,)h(which)f(can)h(be)f(considered)g(as)g(an)h (unstructured)e(string.)21 b(These)13 b(roles)g(can)h(be)135 733 y(e)o(xpressed)e(as)f(follo)o(ws:)245 840 y(breakdo)o(wn)g(:)p FM(<)h FS(domain\(plant\))58 b(and)12 b(range\(risk\).)245 896 y(pollution)46 b(:)p FM(<)12 b FS(domain\(plant\))58 b(and)12 b(range\(risk\).)245 953 y(op)p 294 953 V 16 w(mode)49 b(:)p FM(<)12 b FS(domain\(plant\))58 b(and)12 b(range\(state\).)245 1009 y(de)o(gree)93 b(:)p FM(<)12 b FS(domain\(product\))e(and)i (range\(harmfulness\).)245 1066 y(id)p 284 1066 V 16 w(code)75 b(:)p FM(<)12 b FS(domain\(product\))e(and)i(range\(string\).)135 1177 y(Whereas)i(the)g(range)f(may)h(be)f(a)h(concept,)h(attrib)o(ute)d (domain,)i(aset,)g(number)n(,)g(or)g FT(string)1595 1161 y FC(5)1614 1177 y FS(,)g(the)135 1234 y(domain)c(can)i(only)f(be)g(a)h (concept.)135 1359 y FF(2.2.13)50 b(Re)o(vising)13 b(Roles)135 1447 y FS(Although)j(these)h(role)h(de\256nitions)e(represent)i(already)g (the)f(intended)g(domains)f(and)i(ranges)135 1504 y(correctly)m(,)13 b(there)f(is)g(still)f(some)g(information)g(missing.)17 b(F)o(or)c(e)o (xample,)g(a)f(product)g(usually)f(has)135 1560 y(at)17 b(most)e(one)i (identi\256cation)f(code,)j(thus)d(the)g(role)h Fx(id)p 1034 1560 13 2 v 15 w(code)g FS(needs)g(to)f(be)h(functional)f(on)h(its)135 1616 y(domain.)25 b(And)14 b(further)n(,)i(since)f(we)f(like)g(to)g(assign)g (to)g(a)g(plant)g(at)h(most)e(one)h(breakdo)o(wn)h(risk)135 1673 y(and)h(one)g(pollution)e(risk,)j(and)f(since)g(a)h(plant)e(can)i(be)f (in)f(at)h(most)f(one)h(mode)g(of)g(operation,)135 1729 y(the)e (corresponding)f(roles)g(should)g(be)h(functional)f(as)g(well.)24 b(Thus)13 b(we)h(re)o(vise)g(the)g(abo)o(v)o(e)g(role)135 1786 y(de\256nitions)c(as)i(follo)o(ws:)245 1893 y(breakdo)o(wn)f(:)p FM(<)h FS(domain\(plant\))58 b(and)12 b(range\(risk\))166 b(type)11 b(feature.)245 1949 y(pollution)46 b(:)p FM(<)12 b FS(domain\(plant\))58 b(and)12 b(range\(risk\))166 b(type)11 b(feature.)245 2006 y(op)p 294 2006 14 2 v 16 w(mode)49 b(:)p FM(<)12 b FS(domain\(plant\))58 b(and)12 b(range\(state\))151 b(type)11 b(feature.)245 2062 y(de)o(gree)93 b(:)p FM(<)12 b FS(domain\(product\))e(and)i (range\(harmfulness\))f(type)g(feature.)245 2119 y(id)p 284 2119 V 16 w(code)75 b(:)p FM(<)12 b FS(domain\(product\))e(and)i (range\(string\))130 b(type)11 b(feature.)135 2226 y(The)20 b(modi\256er)g FT(type)g(featur)o(e)i FS(declares)e(roles)g(to)f(be)h (functional)f(on)h(their)g(domain.)41 b(The)135 2282 y(declaration)12 b(of)f(a)h(role)g(as)g(a)g(feature)g(has)f(the)h(ef)o(fect)g(that)g(all)f (number)g(restrictions)g(for)h(the)f(role)135 2339 y(are)h(uni\256ed)f(with)g ([0,1],)h(which)f(will)g(be)g(e)o(xplained)h(belo)o(w)m(.)135 2465 y FF(2.2.14)50 b(V)-5 b(alue)13 b(Restrictions)135 2552 y FS(As)g(we)h(ha)o(v)o(e)f(mentioned)g(already)g(abo)o(v)o(e,)i(the)e(local) g(range)h(of)f(a)h(role)f(attached)h(to)e(a)i(concept)135 2609 y(can)9 b(be)g(restricted)f(at)g(declaration)h(time)f(of)g(the)h(concept.)15 b(W)l(e)10 b(refer)f(to)f(this)g(as)h FH(value)f(r)n(estriction)p FS(.)135 2665 y(The)j(attached)h(v)o(alue)f(restriction)g(becomes)g(a)h (de\256nitional)e(part)h(of)h(the)f(concept.)p 135 2706 624 2 v 188 2735 a Fw(5)202 2751 y Fv(Although)e(the)h(ke)o(yword)f Ft(string)g Fv(could)g(be)g(re)o(garded)g(as)g(analogous)f(to)i(a)g (prede\256ned)d(open)i(attrib)o(ute)i(domain)135 2796 y(of)e(strings,)h(it)g (actually)f(is)g(not)g(an)f(attrib)o(ute)j(domain.)h(In)e(other)f(words,)g (no)f(subset)g(of)i Ft(string)e Fv(can)h(be)f(formed.)p eop %%Page: 16 22 16 21 bop 195 50 a FS(16)870 b FL(CHAPTER)13 b(2.)28 b(B)n(A)n(CK)13 b(TUT)o(ORIAL)195 199 y FT(Example)i(15:)22 b FS(Let)14 b(us)g(introduce)g (some)g(additional)f(concepts)h(which)g(restrict)g(the)g(range)h(of)195 256 y(roles)8 b(locally)m(.)15 b(W)l(e)9 b(can)g(de\256ne)g(the)f(concept)h Fx(energy)p 1044 256 13 2 v 15 w(plant)f FS(as)h(a)f(plant)g(which)g (produces)g(ener)o(gy)m(.)195 312 y(The)i(concept)g(of)g(a)h Fx(nuclear)p 645 312 V 14 w(po)o(wer)p 771 312 V 15 w(plant)f FS(can)h(be)f(de\256ned)h(as)f(an)g Fx(energy)p 1386 312 V 15 w(plant)g FS(which)g(uses)f(up)195 369 y(radioacti)o(v)o(e)h(material)f (and)g(co)p 686 369 14 2 v 17 w(produces)g(nuclear)h(waste.)16 b(W)l(e)10 b(can)g(also)f(de\256ne)h(more)f(comple)o(x)195 425 y(concepts)i(like,)g(e.g.,)i(a)f Fx(dangerous)p 776 425 13 2 v 15 w(plant)p FS(,)f(which)g(is)g(a)h(plant)f(producing)f(some)h (products)g(with)195 482 y(a)g(dangerous)f(de)o(gree)i(of)f(harmfulness,)f (or)h(a)g Fx(r)q(isky)p 1019 482 V 14 w(chemical)p 1197 482 V 14 w(plant)p FS(,)h(which)e(can)h(be)g(de\256ned)g(as)195 538 y(a)h(plant)e(which)h(only)g(produces)g(chemical)h(products)e(and)i (whose)f(breakdo)o(wn)g(risk)g(is)g Fx(r)q(isky)p FS(.)305 640 y(ener)o(gy)p 431 640 14 2 v 17 w(plant)159 b(:=)11 b(plant)g(and)g (all\(produces,ener)o(gy\).)305 697 y(nuclear)p 442 697 V 17 w(po)o(wer)p 572 697 V 17 w(plant)18 b(:=)11 b(ener)o(gy)p 872 697 V 17 w(plant)g(and)746 753 y(all\(uses)p 889 753 V 16 w(up,radioacti)o(v)o(e)p 1163 753 V 17 w(material\))746 810 y(all\(co)p 853 810 V 17 w(produces,nuclear)p 1180 810 V 17 w(waste\).)305 866 y(dangerous)p 496 866 V 16 w(plant)95 b(:=)11 b(plant)g(and)746 923 y(some\(produces,some\(de)o (gree,dangerous\)\).)305 979 y(risk)o(y)p 399 979 V 16 w(chemical)p 580 979 V 17 w(plant)f(:=)h(plant)g(and)746 1035 y(all\(produces,chemical)p 1151 1035 V 17 w(product\))g(and)746 1092 y(all\(breakdo)o(wn,risk)o(y\).)195 1194 y FT(some)18 b FS(is)g(a)g(prede\256ned)h(macro)g(in)e FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)i FS(with)f(the)g(meaning)f(`atleast\(1,r)i(and)f (range\(c\)\)',)195 1251 y(which)11 b(e)o(xpresses)g(that)f(there)i(is)e(at)h (least)g(one)g(role-\256ller)g(for)g(r)h(of)f(type)f(c.)17 b(As)11 b(the)g(de\256nition)f(of)195 1307 y Fx(dangerous)p 393 1307 13 2 v 15 w(plant)i FS(indicates,)g(v)o(alue)g(restrictions)f(do)h (not)f(ha)o(v)o(e)i(to)f(be)g(atomic)f(b)o(ut)h(can)g(consist)195 1364 y(of)f(comple)o(x)g(terms.)195 1488 y FF(2.2.15)50 b(Number)13 b(Restrictions)195 1575 y FS(A)i(concept)g(may)g(be)h(related)f(o)o(v)o(er)h (roles)f(to)g(other)g(concepts;)i(this)d(is)h(usually)f(e)o(xpressed)h(by)195 1632 y(v)o(alue)c(restrictions.)17 b(Ho)o(we)o(v)o(er)n(,)c(a)f(role)f(may)h (ha)o(v)o(e)g(only)f(a)h(certain)g(number)f(of)g(allo)o(wed)h(\256llers.)195 1688 y(Such)g(a)g(constraint)f(on)g(the)h(cardinality)f(of)h(potential)f (objects)g(\256lling)g(a)h(role)f(is)h(called)f FH(number)195 1744 y(r)n(estriction)p FS(.)24 b(Number)14 b(restrictions)f(represent)i (either)f(a)h(minimal)d(or)j(a)f(maximal)f(number)h(of)195 1801 y(role-\256llers,)f(thus)e(the)o(y)h(are)g(distinguished)e(into)h FH(minimum)g FS(resp.)h FH(maximum)f(r)n(estrictions)p FS(.)17 b(An)195 1857 y(e)o(xact)8 b(number)f(of)h(\256llers)g(may)f(be)h(modeled)f (if)g(the)h(minimum)d(restriction)i(equals)g(the)h(maximum)195 1914 y(restriction.)195 2016 y FT(Example)14 b(16:)21 b FS(A)13 b(plant)g(producing)g(e)o(xactly)h(one)f(product,)i(called)e(a)h Fx(mono)p 1465 2016 V 15 w(plant)p FS(,)g(can)g(ha)o(v)o(e)195 2073 y(e)o(xactly)9 b(one)h(\256ller)f(belonging)f(to)h(the)g(concept)g Fx(product)g FS(in)f(its)h Fx(produces)g FS(role.)16 b(A)9 b Fx(brok)o(en)p 1652 2073 V 15 w(plant)195 2129 y FS(does)h(not)f(produce)h (an)o(ything,)g(thus)f(the)g(number)h(of)g(\256llers)f(of)h(its)f Fx(produces)h FS(roles)g(is)f(zero.)17 b(The)195 2185 y(concept)e(of)g(a)g Fx(to)o(xic)p 527 2185 V 14 w(w)o(aste)p 649 2185 V 15 w(plant)f FS(can)h(be)g(de\256ned)h(as)e(a)i(plant,)f(which)f(co)p 1430 2185 14 2 v 17 w(produces)h(at)f(least)195 2242 y(one)h(type)f(of)h(toxic)g (waste.)26 b(A)15 b Fx(solid)p 805 2242 13 2 v 16 w(product)f FS(contains)g(only)g(objects)g(of)h(type)g Fx(mater)q(ial)f FS(and)195 2298 y(contains)e(e)o(xactly)i(one)f(object,)g(while)g(a)g Fx(compound)p 1064 2298 V 15 w(product)f FS(contains)h(also)f(only)h(objects) f(of)195 2355 y(type)c Fx(mater)q(ial)p FS(,)h(b)o(ut)g(needs)f(to)h(contain) f(at)h(least)f(two)g(of)h(those)f(objects.)15 b(An)9 b Fx(assemb)o(led)p 1604 2355 V 15 w(product)195 2411 y FS(contains)g(at)h(least)g(one)f (product,)i(hence)f(its)f Fx(contains)g FS(role)h(needs)g(to)g(be)g(\256lled) f(with)h(at)f(least)h(one)195 2468 y(product.)16 b(These)c(concepts)f(may)g (be)h(de\256ned)f(as:)305 2570 y(mono)p 413 2570 14 2 v 16 w(plant)147 b(:=)11 b(plant)g(and)715 2626 y(atleast\(1,produces\))h(and)715 2683 y(atmost\(1,produces\).)305 2739 y(broken)p 435 2739 V 16 w(plant)125 b(:=)11 b(plant)g(and)g(atmost\(0,produces\).)305 2796 y(toxic)p 400 2796 V 16 w(waste)p 520 2796 V 16 w(plant)40 b(:=)11 b(plant)g(and)p eop %%Page: 17 23 17 22 bop 135 50 a FL(2.2.)28 b(MODELING)11 b(A)h(TERMINOLOGY)783 b FS(17)655 199 y(atleast\(1,co)p 867 199 14 2 v 17 w(produces,toxic)p 1152 199 V 16 w(waste\).)245 256 y(solid)p 338 256 V 16 w(product)114 b(:=)11 b(product)g(and)h(all\(contains,material\))e(and)655 312 y(e)o(xactly\(1,contains\).)245 369 y(compound)p 442 369 V 16 w(product)g(:=)h(product)g(and)h(all\(contains,material\))e(and)655 425 y(atleast\(2,contains\).)245 482 y(assembled)p 439 482 V 16 w(product)j(:=)e(product)g(and)h(atleast\(1,contains\).)135 601 y(If)e(no)f(number)h(restrictions)e(are)j(speci\256ed)f(for)g(a)g(role)f (the)h(minimum)d(restriction)i(is)g(set)g(to)h(0)f(and)135 658 y(the)j(maximum)d(restriction)i(is)h(set)f(to)g(`in\256nite'.)18 b(This)11 b(amounts)f(in)h(saying,)h(that)f(the)h(role)f(may)135 714 y(ha)o(v)o(e)e(an)f(arbitrary)g(number)g(of)g(\256llers.)16 b(The)8 b(e)o(xpression)g FT(atleast)f Fx(\(1,co)p 1280 714 13 2 v 15 w(produces)o(,to)o(xic)p 1562 714 V 13 w(w)o(aste\))135 771 y FS(uses)16 b(the)h(prede\256ned)g(macro)g FT(atleast)p FS(\(n,r)n(,c\))h(of)f FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)25 b FS(which)17 b(is)f(e)o(xpanded)h (into)f(the)g(more)135 827 y(comple)o(x)8 b(e)o(xpression)h(`atleast\(n,r)g (and)g(range\(c\)\)'.)17 b FT(Exactly)p FS(\(n,r\))10 b(is)e(also)g(a)h (prede\256ned)h(macro)135 884 y(with)h(the)g(meaning)f(`atleast\(n,r\))j(and) e(atmost\(n,r\)'.)135 1003 y(Note)j(that)g(there)g(e)o(xist)g(small)f (semantical)h(dif)o(ferences)h(between)f(de\256nitions)f(which)h(seem)g(\261) 135 1060 y(on)g(the)g(\256rst)g(sight)g(\261)g(to)g(e)o(xpress)g(the)g(same)g (statement.)25 b(F)o(or)15 b(e)o(xample,)g(while)f(a)h(term)f(of)g(the)135 1116 y(form)f(`atleast\(n,r\))h(and)g(all\(r)n(,c\)')h(states)e(that)g(all)g (role-\256llers)g(for)h(r)g(are)g(restricted)f(to)g(range)h(c,)135 1173 y(and)e(that)g(there)h(are)g(at)g(least)f(n)h(role-\256llers)f(for)h(r)n 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(electric-)135 1754 y(ity)m(.)24 b(A)15 b Fx(nuclear)p 402 1754 V 14 w(po)o(wer)p 528 1754 V 15 w(plant)f(uses)p 735 1754 V 15 w(up)g FS(\261)g(besides)g(other)g(materials)f(\261)h(at)g(least)g(one)g Fx(radioac-)135 1810 y(tiv)o(e)p 201 1810 V 14 w(mater)q(ial)i FS(and)g Fx(co)p 506 1810 V 15 w(produces)g FS(\261)h(besides)e(other)i (waste)e(\261)i(at)f(least)g Fx(nuclear)p 1453 1810 V 15 w(w)o(aste)p FS(.)31 b(And)135 1866 y(\256nally)m(,)12 b(a)f Fx(r)q(isky)p 392 1866 V 14 w(chemical)p 570 1866 V 15 w(plant)g FS(produces)h(at)f(least)g (one)g Fx(chemical)p 1243 1866 V 15 w(product)p FS(.)245 1989 y(plant)299 b(:)p FM(<)12 b FS(an)o(ything)e(and)696 2045 y(all\(located)p 892 2045 14 2 v 16 w(at,place\))i(and)696 2102 y(e)o(xactly\(1,located)p 1011 2102 V 17 w(at\))f(and)696 2158 y(all\(is)p 791 2158 V 16 w(of)p 845 2158 V 16 w(type,type\))g(and)696 2215 y(e)o(xactly\(1,is)p 910 2215 V 16 w(of)p 964 2215 V 17 w(type\).)245 2271 y(ener)o(gy)p 371 2271 V 17 w(plant)159 b(:=)21 b(plant)11 b(and)696 2328 y(all\(produces,ener)o(gy\))h(and)696 2384 y(atmost\(2,produces\).)245 2441 y(nuclear)p 382 2441 V 17 w(po)o(wer)p 512 2441 V 17 w(plant)18 b(:=)j(ener)o(gy)p 822 2441 V 17 w(plant)10 b(and)696 2497 y(atleast\(1,uses)p 944 2497 V 16 w(up,radioacti)o(v)o(e)p 1218 2497 V 17 w(material\))h(and)696 2553 y(atleast\(1,co)p 908 2553 V 17 w(produces,nuclear)p 1235 2553 V 17 w(waste\).)245 2610 y(risk)o(y)p 339 2610 V 16 w(chemical)p 520 2610 V 17 w(plant)f(:=)21 b(plant)11 b(and)696 2666 y(all\(produces,chemical)p 1101 2666 V 16 w(product\))g(and)696 2723 y(atleast\(1,produces\))g(and)696 2779 y(all\(breakdo)o(wn,risk)o(y\).)p eop %%Page: 18 24 18 23 bop 195 50 a FS(18)870 b FL(CHAPTER)13 b(2.)28 b(B)n(A)n(CK)13 b(TUT)o(ORIAL)195 199 y FG(2.3)58 b(Non-De\256nitional)17 b(Inf)o(ormation) 195 303 y FS(Abo)o(v)o(e)11 b(we)f(ha)o(v)o(e)h(considered)f(one)h(part)f(of) g(terminological)f(modeling.)15 b(Ho)o(we)o(v)o(er)n(,)d(sometimes)195 359 y(concepts)17 b(are)i(not)d(only)h(related)h(o)o(v)o(er)g(their)f (de\256nition,)i(b)o(ut)e(also)g(by)g(non-de\256nitional)f(in-)195 416 y(formation.)21 b(Such)13 b(information)f(can)h(sometimes)f(be)h (represented)g(by)g(implications)e(between)195 472 y(concepts)g(\(I-links,)g (rules\).)195 574 y FT(Example)e(18:)15 b FS(If)9 b(a)g Fx(plant)g(co)p 665 574 13 2 v 15 w(produces)g(to)o(xic)p 945 574 V 14 w(w)o(aste)p FS(,)h(we)f(want)f(to)g(infer)h(that)f(its)g(pollution)f(risk)195 631 y(is)h Fx(r)q(isky)p FS(.)15 b(If)8 b(we)h(kno)o(w)f(that)f(a)i Fx(plant)f FS(is)g(in)g(mode)g Fx(controlled)p 1134 631 V 15 w(b)o(y)p 1192 631 V 15 w(humans)p FS(,)h(we)f(can)h(in)f(accordance)195 687 y(with)h(the)h(intended)f(meaning)g(of)h(the)g(state)g(attrib)o(utes)f Fx(monitored)h FS(and)f Fx(aler)r(t)h FS(conclude)g(that)f(it)h(is)195 744 y(necessarily)h(a)g Fx(brok)o(en)p 568 744 V 15 w(plant)p FS(.)17 b(Or)11 b(as)g(another)g(e)o(xample,)g(consider)g(fast)f(breeders:)i (if)e(we)i(kno)o(w)195 800 y(that)i(a)h(certain)f(nuclear)h(po)o(wer)f(plant) g(is)g(of)g(that)g(type,)i(we)e(may)g(like)g(to)g(conclude)g(for)h(some)195 857 y(reason)d(that)f(it)f(is)h(a)h Fx(dangerous)p 714 857 V 15 w(plant)p FS(.)305 958 y(some\(co)p 463 958 14 2 v 16 w(produces,toxic)p 747 958 V 16 w(waste\))337 b(=)p FM(>)12 b FS(all\(pollution,risk)o(y\).)305 1015 y(plant)f(and)g(all\(op)p 595 1015 V 16 w(mode,controlled)p 910 1015 V 16 w(by)p 972 1015 V 16 w(humans\))73 b(=)p FM(>)12 b FS(broken)p 1419 1015 V 16 w(plant.)305 1071 y(nuclear)p 442 1071 V 17 w(po)o(wer)p 572 1071 V 17 w(plant)e(and)i(is)p 800 1071 V 16 w(of)p 854 1071 V 16 w(type)f(:)16 b(fast)p 1055 1071 V 16 w(breeder)c(=)p FM(>)g FS(dangerous)p 1480 1071 V 16 w(plant.)195 1173 y(As)f(we)h(see)f (from)h(these)f(e)o(xamples,)g(the)h(left-hand)f(side)g(of)g(the)g(`=)p FM(>)p FS(')h(operator)g(represents)f(the)195 1230 y(premise)i(of)h(a)g(rule) 510 1213 y FC(6)529 1230 y FS(,)g(while)f(the)h(right-hand)f(side)g (represents)h(the)f(rule')m(s)h(conclusion.)23 b(These)195 1286 y(rules)15 b(ha)o(v)o(e)h(the)f(ef)o(fect)h(that)f(if)g(an)g(object)g (is)f(asserted)1092 1270 y FC(7)1126 1286 y FS(as)i(an)f(instance)g(of)g(the) g(premise,)h(the)195 1343 y(rule)10 b(is)g(e)o(x)o(ecuted,)i(and)e(the)g (object)g(description)f(is)h(e)o(xtended)g(by)g(the)g(rule')m(s)h (conclusion.)k(In)10 b(the)195 1399 y(\256rst)j(rule)g(we)g(ha)o(v)o(e)h (used)f(the)f FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)i FS(macro)f FT(some)p FS(,)h(which)e(is)h (prede\256ned)h(as)f(`atleast\(1,r)g(and)195 1456 y(range\(c\)\)'.)20 b(The)12 b(last)f(two)g(e)o(xamples)h(sho)o(w)f(that)g(an)o(y)i(well-formed)e (concept)h(e)o(xpression)g(can)195 1512 y(be)g(used)g(as)h(a)f(premise.)20 b(The)12 b(last)g(rule)g(uses)g(a)g FH(\256ller)g(e)o(xpr)n(ession)g FS(\()h Fx(is)p 1334 1512 13 2 v 14 w(of)p 1383 1512 V 15 w(type)f(:)17 b(f)o(ast)p 1585 1512 V 14 w(breeder)p FS(\))195 1568 y(which)11 b(e)o(xpresses)h(that)f(the)g(role)h Fx(is)p 766 1568 V 15 w(of)p 816 1568 V 15 w(type)f FS(is)g(\256lled)g(with)g(an)g(the)h(object)f Fx(f)o(ast)p 1473 1568 V 14 w(breeder)p FS(.)17 b(Filler)195 1625 y(e)o(xpressions)11 b(will)f(be)i(described)f(further)h(belo)o(w)m(.)195 1727 y FT(Example)19 b(19:)29 b FS(Let)18 b(us)g(assume)g(as)g(a)g(further)g (rule:)g(if)g(a)h Fx(dangerous)p 1388 1727 V 15 w(plant)f FS(is)f(broken)h (we)195 1783 y(conclude)11 b(that)g(its)g(pollution)e(risk)i(is)g Fx(high)p FS(.)17 b(Although)10 b(this)g(rule)i(represents)f(more)g(a)h (`default',)195 1840 y(we)g(assume)f(that)g(in)g(the)h(risk)f(assessment)f (domain)h(it)g(represents)h(a)g(hard)f(fact,)h(because)h(of)e(the)195 1896 y(intended)g(application.)305 1998 y(broken)p 435 1998 14 2 v 16 w(plant)g(and)g(dangerous)p 819 1998 V 16 w(plant)g(=)p FM(>)h FS(pollution)d(:)16 b(high.)195 2100 y(In)10 b(conjunction)e(with)h (the)h(last)f(two)g(rules)g(of)h(the)g(pre)o(vious)f(e)o(xample)h(an)g (assertion)f(of)g(an)h(object)195 2157 y(has)h(the)h(consequence)f(that)g 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(logical)g(constraints.)248 2780 y Fw(7)262 2796 y Fv(Ho)o(w)g(objects)f(are) h(created)g(as)f(instances)f(of)j(concepts)d(will)j(be)f(described)e(in)j (the)f(ne)o(xt)g(section.)p eop %%Page: 19 25 19 24 bop 135 50 a FL(2.4.)28 b(REPRESENTING)13 b(A)f(WORLD)857 b FS(19)135 199 y(Of)13 b(course,)i(terminology)c(is)i(not)g(enough;)g(we)g (want)g(to)g(use)g(it)g(to)f(describe)i(concrete)g(objects)135 256 y(and)d(relations.)206 313 y(Before)16 b(we)g(can)g(do)f(an)o(ything)f (with)h(objects)g(and)g(relations)g(we)g(ha)o(v)o(e)h(to)f(put)g(them)g(into) 135 370 y(e)o(xistence.)32 b(Thus,)18 b(we)e(need)h(a)f(way)h(for)f (asserting)g(objects)g(and)g(relations)g(as)g(instances)g(of)135 426 y(concepts)d(and)g(roles.)23 b(The)13 b(possible)f(assertion)h(and)g (retraction)g(operations)g(of)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)i FS(will)d(be)135 483 y(described)k(in)f(this)f(section,)j(while)e(the)g(ne)o(xt)h(section)f (is)g(de)o(v)o(oted)g(to)g(queries)h(which)f(can)h(be)135 539 y(answered)c(by)f FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)p FS(.)135 670 y FF(2.4.1)50 b(Cr)o(eating)12 b(Named)h(Objects)135 760 y FS(W)l(e)g(describe)g(a)f (situation)f(of)i(the)f(real)h(world)e(usually)h(with)f(some)h(named)g (objects)g(which)g(are)135 816 y(instances)i(of)h(some)f(concepts.)28 b(Since)15 b(an)g(object)f(is)h(an)g(instance)f(of)h(a)g(concept,)i(we)e (need)g(a)135 873 y(way)c(of)g(creating)h(named)f(concept)h(instances.)135 986 y FT(Example)h(20:)20 b Fx(Three)13 b(Miles)g(Island)f FS(is)g(the)h(well-kno)o(wn)f(nuclear)h(po)o(wer)g(plant)f(near)i(Harris-)135 1042 y(b)o(ur)o(g.)i(F)o(or)10 b(accessing)f(the)g(risk)g Fx(Three)h(Miles)f (Island)g FS(represents)g(for)g(the)g(en)n(vironment)f(we)i(need)135 1099 y(to)h(create)h(an)g(instance)f(of)g(the)h(concept)f Fx(nuclear)p 926 1099 13 2 v 15 w(po)o(wer)p 1053 1099 V 15 w(plant)p FS(.)245 1210 y('Three)h(Miles)f(Island')g(::)16 b(nuclear)p 811 1210 14 2 v 17 w(po)o(wer)p 941 1210 V 16 w(plant)11 b(and)g(located)p 1269 1210 V 17 w(at)g(:)16 b('Harrisb)o(ur)o(g'.)135 1322 y(Note)g(that)f (upper)h(case)h(names)e(\(i.e.)i('Three)g(Miles)e(Island')h(and)g('Harrisb)o (ur)o(g'\))g(need)g(to)g(be)135 1378 y(quoted)i(in)g(Prolog,)j(because)e (otherwise)f(the)o(y)g(are)i(re)o(garded)f(as)g(v)o(ariables.)38 b(Such)18 b(an)h(ob-)135 1435 y(ject)d(description)f(triggers)h(the)g (creation)h(of)f(a)h(named)f(object)g(instance)g(of)g(the)g(concept)g Fx(nu-)135 1491 y(clear)p 227 1491 13 2 v 15 w(po)o(wer)p 354 1491 V 15 w(plant)p FS(,)11 b(and)g(\256lls)g(its)f Fx(located)p 826 1491 V 15 w(at)g FS(role)h(with)f(the)h(v)o(alue)g('Harrisb)o(ur)o(g'.)17 b(Additional,)135 1548 y(information)12 b(from)h(the)g(concept)g (de\256nition)f(is)h(inherited)f(to)h(the)g(object:)g Fx(Three)g(Miles)g (Island)135 1604 y(uses)p 225 1604 V 15 w(up)f(radioactiv)o(e)p 498 1604 V 14 w(mater)q(ial)p FS(,)f Fx(co)p 727 1604 V 15 w(produces)h(nuclear)p 1061 1604 V 14 w(w)o(aste)g FS(and)f Fx(produces)h(energy)p FS(.)18 b(Also)135 1661 y(ne)o(w)9 b(information)f(is) h(inferred)h(by)f(the)g(classi\256er)n(,)h(e.g.)h(that)d('Harrisb)o(ur)o(g')i (must)e(be)i(some)e Fx(place)p FS(,)135 1717 y(etc.)28 b(Furthermore)15 b(some)g(of)g(the)g(rules)g(are)g(triggered)g(which)g(add)g(ne)o(w)g (information)f(to)g(the)135 1774 y(object,)e(e.g.)h(that)f(the)g(pollution)e (risk)h(of)i('Three)f(Mile)g(Island')g(is)f Fx(r)q(isky)p FS(.)18 b(The)12 b(names)g(used)g(for)135 1830 y(objects)e(must)g(follo)o(w)g(the)g (`unique)g(names)h(assumption',)e(i.e.,)j(e)o(v)o(ery)g(name)e(can)i(only)d (be)i(used)135 1887 y(to)i(name)h(one)g(object)f(at)h(a)g(time,)f(and)h (objects)f(ha)o(ving)g(dif)o(ferent)h(names)f(are)i(supposed)e(to)g(be)135 1943 y(dif)o(ferent)e(objects.)135 2055 y FT(Example)17 b(21:)27 b FS(If)18 b(we)f(kno)o(w)f(that)g('Three)i(Miles)d(Island')i(is)f(a)h(fast)g (breeder)n(,)i(then)e(we)g(can)135 2111 y(e)o(xtend)d(the)g(object)f (description)g(with)g(this)g(ne)o(w)h(information.)23 b(Of)14 b(course,)i(we)e(also)f(need)h(to)135 2168 y(update)e(the)g(description)g(of) g(the)g(object)g Fx(Three)h(Miles)f(Island)h FS(if)f(an)g(accident)h(occurs)g (in)f(Three)135 2224 y(Miles)e(Island.)17 b(Let)11 b(us)g(assume)g(that)g Fx(Three)h(Miles)f(Island)g FS(is)g(broken)g(in)g(the)g(sense)h(that)e(it)h (does)135 2281 y(not)g(produce)g(ener)o(gy)h(an)o(y)g(longer)n(,)f(and)h (that)f(it)g Fx(co)p 953 2281 V 14 w(produces)g FS(some)g(nuclear)h(waste.) 245 2392 y('Three)g(Miles)f(Island')g(::)16 b(is)p 708 2392 14 2 v 16 w(of)p 762 2392 V 16 w(type)11 b(:)17 b(fast)p 964 2392 V 15 w(breeder)m(.)245 2449 y('Three)12 b(Miles)f(Island')g(::)16 b(broken)p 804 2449 V 16 w(plant.)135 2560 y(While)f(the)g(\256rst)g(update)g (only)g(adds)g(ne)o(w)g(information)f(to)g Fx(Three)i(Miles)f(Island)p FS(,)h(the)f(second)135 2617 y(update)k(additionally)e(no)o(w)h(triggers)g (another)h(non-terminological)e(rule.)39 b(Thus,)21 b(after)e(the)135 2673 y(second)12 b(update,)h(the)f(maximum)e(restriction)i(of)g(its)f Fx(produces)h FS(role)g(is)g(set)g(to)g(0,)g(which)g(means)135 2730 y(that)c Fx(Three)i(Miles)f(Island)g FS(produces)f(nothing,)h(and)g(the) f Fx(pollution)i FS(role)f(will)e(be)i(\256lled)g(with)f(v)o(alue)135 2786 y Fx(high)k FS(deri)o(v)o(ed)f(from)h(the)f(corresponding)f(rule)i(sho)o (wn)e(abo)o(v)o(e.)p eop %%Page: 20 26 20 25 bop 195 50 a FS(20)870 b FL(CHAPTER)13 b(2.)28 b(B)n(A)n(CK)13 b(TUT)o(ORIAL)195 199 y FF(2.4.2)50 b(Retracting)12 b(Partial)f(Descriptions) 195 287 y FS(Further)16 b(non-terminological)f(rules)g(may)h(be)g(triggered)g (if)g(ne)o(w)g(information)f(about)g(an)h(ob-)195 343 y(ject)g(arri)o(v)o (es.)32 b(Ho)o(we)o(v)o(er)n(,)18 b(it)e(may)g(also)g(happen)g(that)g(we)g (ha)o(v)o(e)h(to)f(retract)g(pre)o(viously)f(gi)o(v)o(en)195 399 y(information)10 b(in)h(later)h(modeling)d(steps.)195 496 y FT(Example)17 b(22:)26 b Fx(Three)17 b(Miles)f(Island)g FS(will)f(be)i (surely)f(repaired)h(one)f(day)g(or)h(the)f(other)n(,)i(and)195 553 y(thus)e(we)g(ha)o(v)o(e)h(to)f(update)g(the)g(object)g(again.)32 b(Let)16 b(us)g(assume)g(that)g Fx(Three)g(Miles)g(Island)h FS(is)195 609 y(repaired,)c(that)f(it)g(again)g(produces)g(ener)o(gy)m(,)h (and)f(that)g(its)g(production)f(of)h(nuclear)h(waste)e(again)195 666 y(is)g(\252normal\272,)h(Then)f(we)h(need)f(to)g(retract)h(the)f (information)f(that)h(it)g(is)g(a)h Fx(brok)o(en)p 1485 666 13 2 v 15 w(plant)p FS(.)305 762 y(backtell\(for)o(get\('Three)h(Miles)d (Island')h(::)16 b(broken)p 1147 762 14 2 v 16 w(plant\)\).)195 859 y(Note)10 b(that)h(only)e(user)o(-told)h(facts)h(about)f(objects)g(and)h (rules)f(can)h(be)g(retracted)g(by)f(the)h(user)m(.)17 b(The)195 916 y(system,)d(ho)o(we)o(v)o(er)g(will)f(not)g(only)g(retract)i(this)e (information,,)h(b)o(ut)f(also)g(information)g(deri)o(v)o(ed)195 972 y(from)j Fx(Three)g(Miles)f(Island)g FS(being)h(a)g(broken)f(plant,)i (i.e.,)h(the)d(information)g(that)g(it)g(produces)195 1029 y(nothing)10 b(and)h(that)g(its)g(pollution)e(risk)i(is)g(high.)195 1125 y(Although)f(the)i FT(backtell)g FS(command)f(is)g(the)g(usual)g (command)g(for)h(asserting)f(ne)o(w)g(information)195 1182 y(in)j FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)p FS(,)i(we)f(ha)o(v)o(e)g(not)e(used)i(it)e(in)h(the)g (pre)o(vious)g(e)o(xamples.)25 b(This)14 b(was)g(possible)f(since)h(the)195 1238 y(operators)g(':)p FM(<)p FS(',)h(':=',)g('=)p FM(>)p FS(',)g('::',)g('?)p FM(<)p FS(')g(and)f('?:')22 b(are)14 b(recognized)h(as)e FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)i FS(tell-)f(resp.)g(ask-)195 1295 y(e)o(xpressions.)h(The)8 b(only)f(e)o(xceptional)g(operator)h(is)f('=',)i(which)f(needs)f(always)g(to) g(be)h(enclosed)f(in)195 1351 y(a)k FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(,)j(since)c(it)h(is)f(prede\256ned)i(in)e(Prolog.)17 b(F)o(or)12 b(deciding)e(where)h(to)g(use)g(a)g FT(backtell)p FS(,)195 1408 y FT(backask)p FS(,)k(or)f FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)h FS(command)d(the)i (follo)o(wing)d(rule)j(of)f(thumb)f(may)h(be)h(useful:)e FH(if)h(a)195 1464 y(command)c(consists)g(of)g(a)h(Pr)n(olog)e(pr)n(edicate)i(r)o(ather)f (than)g(an)h(oper)o(ator)-5 b(,)9 b(it)h(should)e(be)i(enclosed)195 1521 y(in)h(a)g FT(backtell)p FH(,)i FT(backask)p FH(,)f(or)f FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(.)195 1644 y FF(2.4.3)50 b(Re)o(vising)13 b(and)f(Retracting)f(Objects)195 1731 y FS(Clearly)m(,)e(if)e(we)g(can)g (retract)g(partial)g(descriptions)g(of)g(objects)g(we)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(the)g (opportunity)g(to)g(re)o(vise)195 1788 y(them)j(follo)o(wing)g(the)h(motto:)e (re)o(vision)h(=)h(subtraction)f(+)h(addition.)k(But)c(since)g(object)g(re)o (vision)195 1844 y(and)19 b(retraction)g(via)g(a)h(sequence)g(of)f(single)f (retraction)h(operations)g(is)g(a)g(time)g(consuming)195 1901 y(process,)12 b(the)f(representation)g(language)g(of)h FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)g FS(includes)f(abbre)o(viating)f(constructs.)195 1998 y FT(Example)j(23:)20 b FS(Suppose)13 b(we)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(created)h(an)f Fx(Erroneous)f(Input)h FS(object)f(in)h(two)f(steps)g(as)h(an)195 2054 y(instance)i(of)h(the)f (concepts)g Fx(to)o(xic)p 747 2054 13 2 v 15 w(w)o(aste)g FS(and)g Fx(wind)p 1051 2054 V 16 w(po)o(wer)p 1179 2054 V 15 w(plant)p FS(.)29 b(Once)16 b(we)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(detected)195 2111 y(that)e(this)f (object)h(makes)f(no)h(sense)g(in)g(our)g(application)f(we)h(could)g(re)o (vise)g(it)f(in)h(two)f(separate)195 2167 y(steps.)j(Ho)o(we)o(v)o(er)n(,)d (it)d(is)h(computationally)f(cheaper)i(to)f(do)g(this)f(in)h(one)h (operation.)305 2264 y('Erroneous)g(Input')f(::)k(toxic)p 779 2264 14 2 v 16 w(waste.)305 2320 y('Erroneous)d(Input')f(::)k(wind)p 779 2320 V 16 w(po)o(wer)p 908 2320 V 17 w(plant.)305 2377 y(backtell\(redescribe\('Erroneous)d(Input')f(::)16 b(mechanical)p 1258 2377 V 16 w(product)11 b(and)1047 2433 y(wind)p 1142 2433 V 16 w(po)o(wer)p 1271 2433 V 16 w(plant\)\).)195 2530 y(A)i(redescription)g (is)g(computationally)f(cheaper)i(since)f(an)h(update)f(of)h(the)f(ABox)g (needs)h(to)f(be)195 2586 y(performed)e(only)f(once.)16 b(This)10 b(will)g(pay)g(of)o(f)h(if)g(se)o(v)o(eral)g(other)f(objects)g(must)g(be)g (updated)g(which)195 2643 y(are)i(connected)g(o)o(v)o(er)g(roles)f(to)g(the)g (re)o(vised)g(object.)195 2740 y FT(Example)h(24:)k FS(Suppose)11 b(we)h(notice)e(later)i(that)e(we)i(do)f(not)f(need)i(the)f(object)g Fx(Erroneous)g(Input)195 2796 y FS(at)g(all.)17 b(W)l(e)12 b(can)g(retract)g(it)f(completely)f(with)h(a)g FT(f)o(orget)h FS(operation.)p eop %%Page: 21 27 21 26 bop 135 50 a FL(2.4.)28 b(REPRESENTING)13 b(A)f(WORLD)857 b FS(21)245 199 y(backtell\(for)o(get\('Erroneous)12 b(Input'\)\).)135 306 y(A)e(complete)f(retraction)h(is)f(computationally)f(cheaper)j(than)e (retracting)h(e)o(v)o(ery)g(partial)g(descrip-)135 363 y(tion)g(in)h (isolation.)135 488 y FF(2.4.4)50 b(Cr)o(eating)12 b(Unnamed)g(Objects)g(and) g(Filling)f(Roles)135 576 y FS(Sometimes)e(we)i(need)g(to)f(represent)h(an)f (object,)h(b)o(ut)f(ha)o(v)o(e)h(no)f(name)g(for)h(it.)16 b(Either)10 b(because)h(we)135 632 y(actually)f(do)g(not)f(kno)o(w)h(its)f(name,)i(or)f (because)h(temporarily)e(we)i(do)f(not)f(kno)o(w)h(its)f(name.)17 b(Such)135 689 y(situations)d(occur)i(frequently)f(in)g(the)g(conte)o(xt)h (of)f(`hypothetical)g(reasoning',)h(if)g(we)g(assume)135 745 y(that)10 b(there)h(e)o(xists)f(an)g(object)g(with)g(such)g(and)h(such)f (properties,)h(b)o(ut)f(we)h(cannot)f(identify)f(which)135 802 y(object)i(it)g(is.)135 909 y FT(Example)17 b(25:)28 b FS(Let)17 b(us)f(assume)h(we)g(recei)o(v)o(e)h(the)f(incomplete)f (information)f(that)i(`an)g(en)n(vi-)135 965 y(ronmental)11 b(pollution)e(happened)j(with)f(the)g(toxical)g(chemical)g(waste)g(`Dioxin')g (in)g(a)h(chemical)135 1022 y(plant'.)k(Although)9 b(we)i(do)f(not)g(kno)o(w) g(yet)g(the)g(name)g(of)h(the)f(plant,)h(we)f(need)h(to)f(represent)h(it)f (for)135 1078 y(determining)g(preliminary)h(information)f(about)g(the)i(risk) f(of)g(this)f(e)o(v)o(ent.)245 1185 y('Dioxin')h(::)16 b(toxic)p 551 1185 14 2 v 16 w(waste)11 b(and)g(chemical)p 924 1185 V 16 w(product)245 1241 y(X)136 b(::)16 b(chemical)p 624 1241 V 16 w(plant)11 b(and)g(co)p 863 1241 V 17 w(produces)g(:)16 b('Dioxin'.)135 1348 y(This)7 b(description)g(creates)h(an)g(object)f(as)h (instance)f(of)h Fx(chemical)p 1154 1348 13 2 v 15 w(plant)g FS(and)f(\256lls)h(its)e Fx(co)p 1511 1348 V 15 w(produces)135 1405 y FS(role)18 b(with)g(the)g(\256ller)h Fx(Dio)o(xin)p FS(.)38 b(The)18 b(object)h(is)e(in)h(turn)g(recognized)h(by)f(the)g (classi\256er)h(as)g(a)135 1461 y Fx(to)o(xic)p 222 1461 V 14 w(w)o(aste)p 344 1461 V 15 w(plant)p FS(,)12 b(because)g Fx(Dio)o(xin)g FS(was)f(pre)o(viously)g(introduced)g(as)g(a)h(form)g(of)g Fx(to)o(xic)p 1564 1461 V 14 w(w)o(aste)p FS(.)135 1518 y(The)h(X)h (represents)f(a)g(Prolog)h(v)o(ariable)f(which)g(is)f(bound)h(after)h(the)f (creation)g(of)h(the)f(object)f(to)135 1574 y(a)j(unique)g(constant)f FM(uc)p FK(\()p FM(i)p FK(\))g FS(generated)h(by)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)p FS(,)i(which)e(can)g(be)h(used)e(to)h(refer)h(later)f(to)g(this)135 1631 y(object.)206 1737 y(The)c(unique)f(identi\256er)h(generated)h(by)f(the) g(abo)o(v)o(e)h(object)e(description)g(can)i(be)f(used)g(either)135 1794 y(to)g(e)o(xtend)g(the)h(object)f(description)f(or)h(to)g(name)h(the)f (object)g(later)g(on.)135 1901 y FT(Example)19 b(26:)30 b FS(Let)18 b(us)g(assume)g(that)g(in)f(the)i(last)e(e)o(xample)i FM(uc)p FK(\()p FS(261)p FK(\))d FS(was)i(generated)h(and)135 1957 y(that)d(we)g(recei)o(v)o(e)h(the)f(information)f(that)h(the)g(chemical)g (accident)g(happened)g(in)g(plant)f(17)h(of)135 2014 y(ChemoPharm,)f(then)f (we)h(can)f(easily)g(update)g(the)g(object)f(description,)i(so)e(that)h(we)g (can)h(later)135 2070 y(refer)e(to)e(this)f(object)h(with)g(the)g(name)g Fx(ChemoPhar)q(m)g(Plant)g(17)p FS(.)245 2177 y(backtell\(name\()p FM(uc)p FK(\()p FS(261)p FK(\))p FS(,)m('ChemoPharm)g(Plant)g(17'\)\).)135 2284 y(It)d(should)g(be)g(ob)o(vious)g(that)g(the)g(number)g(associated)h (with)e(an)i(unique)f(constant)g(depends)g(on)g(the)135 2341 y(order)j(in)g(which)g(unnamed)f(objects)h(were)g(processed.)17 b(Thus,)11 b(if)g(the)g(formalization)f(preceding)135 2397 y(this)j(e)o(xample)g(is)g(slightly)f(modi\256ed,)i(e.g.)h(an)e(additional)g (unnamed)g(object)g(is)g(introduced)g(or)135 2454 y(the)f(order)g(in)g(which) g(unnamed)f(objects)g(were)i(created)g(has)f(changed,)h(we)f(cannot)g(e)o (xpect)h(that)135 2510 y(the)e(abo)o(v)o(e)h FM(uc)f FS(denotes)g(the)h (right)e(object.)135 2617 y(Although)f(this)h(e)o(xample)h(in)g(isolation)e (seems)i(to)f(suggest)g(that)h(the)g(user)g(could)f(also)h(introduce)135 2673 y FM(uc)p FS(')m(s)j(as)g(names)g(for)g(other)g FM(uc)p FS(')m(s,)h(this)e(is)h(not)f(possible)g(in)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)p FS(.)26 b FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)14 b FS(will)f(check)i(whether)135 2730 y(the)d(second)f(ar)o(gument)h(of)g(the)g FT(name)g FS(command)f (corresponds)h(to)f(an)h(identi\256er)g(starting)f(with)135 2786 y FM(uc)p FS(.)17 b(In)11 b(this)f(case)i(the)g FT(name)g FS(command)e(will)h(fail,)g(since)g FM(uc)p FS(')m(s)h(are)g(generated)g (only)e(by)h FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)p FS(.)p eop %%Page: 22 28 22 27 bop 195 50 a FS(22)870 b FL(CHAPTER)13 b(2.)28 b(B)n(A)n(CK)13 b(TUT)o(ORIAL)195 199 y FF(2.4.5)50 b(Indir)o(ectly)12 b(Refer)o(encing)g (Objects)195 287 y FS(If)e(we)h(neither)e(kno)o(w)h(the)g(name)f(of)h(an)h (object)e(nor)h(a)g(unique)f(constant)h(denoting)e(it,)j(we)f(can)g(use)195 343 y(\261)e(in)g(some)g(situations)f(\261)h(as)g(a)h(further)g(possibility)c (for)k(referring)g(to)f(objects)g FH(indir)n(ect)g(r)n(efer)n(ences)p FS(,)195 399 y(where)k(an)f(indirect)g(reference)j(is)d(a)g(description)g (which)g(identi\256es)f(an)i(object)f(uniquely)m(.)195 498 y FT(Example)i(27:)k FS(Let)12 b(us)g(return)g(to)g(the)g(broken)f(plant)h (near)h(Harrisb)o(ur)o(g.)19 b(W)l(e)13 b(can)f(imagine)g(that)195 554 y(se)o(v)o(eral)e(nuclear)f(po)o(wer)g(plants)f(are)i(represented)g(in)e (our)h(kno)o(wledge)g(base)g(under)g(which)g Fx(Three)195 611 y(Miles)15 b(Island)g FS(is)f(at)h(the)g(moment)f(the)h(only)f(one)h(which)g (is)f(broken.)27 b(Thus,)16 b(to)f(represent)g(the)195 667 y(information)10 b(that)h(the)g(broken)g(nuclear)h(po)o(wer)f(plant)g(uses)p 1162 667 14 2 v 16 w(up)g(uranium,)g(we)h(can)f(assert:)305 766 y(thekno)o(wn\(nuclear)p 637 766 V 16 w(po)o(wer)p 766 766 V 17 w(plant)f(and)i(broken)p 1090 766 V 16 w(plant\))f(::)499 822 y(uses)p 581 822 V 17 w(up)g(:)16 b(\('Uranium')11 b(::)16 b(radioacti)o(v)o(e)p 1146 822 V 17 w(material\).)195 921 y(Note)g(that)f (indirect)h(referencing)h(with)e(the)g(construct)h FT(theknown)h FS(requires)f(that)g(the)f(object)195 977 y(is)f(uniquely)f(determinable.)25 b(If)15 b(none)f(or)g(se)o(v)o(eral)h(objects)e(are)j(determinable)d(under)h (indirect)195 1034 y(referencing,)f FT(theknown)g FS(will)d(fail.)195 1158 y FF(2.4.6)50 b(Asserting)13 b(Unnamed)f(Objects)g(in)g(Nested)g (Descriptions)195 1245 y FS(As)h(for)g(roles)f(during)g(the)h(modeling)e(of)i (the)g(terminology)e(we)i(can)h(also)e(nest)g(descriptions)g(of)195 1301 y(role-\256llers.)19 b(This)12 b(is)g(especially)f(useful)h(if)g(we)h (ha)o(v)o(e)f(to)g(\256ll)g(a)h(role)f(at)g(the)g(end)g(of)g(a)h(role)f (chain)195 1358 y(and)f(don')o(t)g(kno)o(w)g(yet)g(an)o(y)h(of)f(the)h (intermediate)e(objects)h(in)g(the)g(chain.)195 1457 y FT(Example)20 b(28:)31 b FS(W)l(e)20 b(may)f(ha)o(v)o(e)g(to)g(represent)g(the)g (information)f(that)g(a)i(mechanical)f(plant)195 1513 y(produces)12 b(something)e(which)i(contains)f(a)h(subcomponent,)f(which)g(itself)h (contains)f(chloro\257u-)195 1569 y(orocarbon)h(\(CFC\).)305 1668 y('CFC')h(::)j(material)11 b(and)h(chemical)p 882 1668 V 16 w(product.)305 1724 y(X)95 b(::)16 b(mechanical)p 686 1724 V 17 w(plant)10 b(and)475 1781 y(produces)i(:)k(\(Y)11 b(::)16 b(contains)11 b(:)16 b(\(Z)c(::)j(contains)c(:)16 b('CFC'\)\).)195 1879 y(Instead)j(of)h(v)o(ariables)f(in)g(nested)g(e)o(xpressions)g(we)h(can) g(also)f(use)g(unique)g(constants)f(\(if)i(a)195 1936 y(corresponding)11 b FM(uc)g FS(was)g(already)h(created\))g(or)f(an)h(indirect)f(reference.)195 2060 y FF(2.4.7)50 b(Closing)12 b(Roles)195 2147 y FS(Usually)d(we)i(ha)o(v)o (e)f(the)g(possibility)e(to)h(e)o(xtend)i(an)f(object)g(by)f(an)i(arbitrary)f (number)g(of)g(relations)195 2203 y(to)h(other)g(objects.)17 b(Ho)o(we)o(v)o(er)n(,)12 b(in)f(certain)h(situations)e(we)h(can)h(be)g(sure) f(that)g(an)h(object)f(can)h(only)195 2260 y(be)17 b(related)g(to)f(a)h (certain,)h(\256x)o(ed)g(number)e(of)h(other)f(objects,)i(and)f(that)f(an)g (e)o(xtension)g(of)h(the)195 2316 y(object')m(s)11 b(role-\256llers)g(would)f (be)h(an)g(error)m(.)18 b(T)l(o)11 b(\256x)g(the)g(number)g(of)g (role-\256llers)g(at)g(an)g(object)g(we)195 2373 y(ha)o(v)o(e)h(to)f FT(close)g FS(the)g(role.)195 2471 y FT(Example)16 b(29:)25 b FS(Let)16 b(us)f(assume)h(a)g(plant)f(producing)g(hair)g(spray)m(.)30 b(Each)16 b(atomizer)g(contains)195 2528 y(some)e(gas)g(and)g(the)g(product)g (which)g(should)f(be)h(sprayed.)26 b(That)14 b(are)h(all)f(components)f (inside)195 2584 y(the)e(atomizer)n(,)h(and)f(thus)g(we)h(can)f(close)h(the)f Fx(contains)g FS(role.)305 2683 y(hair)p 379 2683 V 17 w(spray)g(::)16 b(material)11 b(and)g(chemical)p 951 2683 V 17 w(product.)305 2739 y(X)165 b(::)16 b(compound)p 742 2739 V 15 w(product)11 b(and)545 2796 y(contains)g(:)16 b(close\('CFC')d(and)e(hair)p 1126 2796 V 17 w(spray\).)p eop %%Page: 23 29 23 28 bop 135 50 a FL(2.4.)28 b(REPRESENTING)13 b(A)f(WORLD)857 b FS(23)135 199 y(Closing)12 b(a)i(role)f(has)g(the)g(ef)o(fect)h(that)f(an)h (atmost)e(restriction)g(is)h(added)g(to)g(the)g(object)g(descrip-)135 256 y(tion)h(which)g(depends)h(on)g(the)f(number)h(of)g(role-\256llers)g(gi)o (v)o(en)f(to)h FT(close)f FS(as)h(ar)o(gument.)27 b(Thus,)135 312 y(with)15 b(closing)f(the)h(role-\256llers)h(of)f Fx(contains)p FS(,)i(we)f(state)f(that)g(only)f(the)i(mentioned)e(\256llers)h(are)135 369 y(related)g(to)f(the)g(object,)i(and)e(no)h(further)f(\256llers)h(can)g (occur)m(.)27 b(An)15 b(equi)o(v)o(alent)e(way)i(to)f(e)o(xpress)135 425 y(this)g(is)h(to)g(write)g(`X)g(::)24 b(compound)p 732 425 14 2 v 15 w(product)15 b(and)g(contains)f(:)24 b(\('CFC')17 b(and)e(hair)p 1486 425 V 17 w(spray\))g(and)135 482 y (atmost\(2,contains\)'.)135 588 y FT(Example)26 b(30:)43 b FS(Let)25 b(us)g(assume,)j(we)d(describe)h(an)f(atomizer)f(incorrectly)h(as)g (a)h Fx(com-)135 644 y(pound)p 252 644 13 2 v 15 w(product)16 b FS(which)h(only)f(contains)g Fx(CFC)p FS(;)g(then)h(this)e(object)i (description)e(is)h(clearly)h(in-)135 701 y(consistent)11 b(w)m(.r)m(.t.)j (the)e(de\256nition)g(of)g(a)h Fx(compound)p 967 701 V 15 w(product)f FS(which)g(needs)g(to)g(contain)g(at)g(least)135 757 y(two)e(products.)245 863 y(X)i(::)k(compound)p 529 863 14 2 v 15 w(product)11 b(and)g (close\(contains)g(:)16 b('CFC'\).)135 970 y(This)d(object)h(is)f(not)g (recognized)h(as)g Fx(compound)p 934 970 13 2 v 15 w(product)p FS(.)24 b(Because)15 b(it)e(has)h(not)f(the)h(required)135 1026 y(number)d(of)g(role-\256llers,)h(it)f(is)g(rejected.)135 1151 y FF(2.4.8)50 b(Filling)12 b(a)h(Role)f(with)g(a)g(Set)g(of)g(Objects) 135 1238 y FS(It)f(may)f(happen)h(that)g(we)g(need)g(to)f(\256ll)h(a)g(role)g (with)f(all)h(kno)o(wn)f(objects)g(at)h(a)g(particular)g(point)f(of)135 1295 y(time.)23 b(F)o(or)15 b(e)o(xample,)g(if)f(we)g(like)f(to)g(b)o(uild)g (a)h(concept)g(which)f(is)h(de\256ned)g(on)g(the)f(basis)g(of)h(all)135 1351 y(kno)o(wn)d(objects)f(of)i(a)f(particular)h(type.)135 1458 y FT(Example)k(31:)25 b FS(Let)16 b(us)f(assume)h(that)f(`NNPPCD')i(is)f (the)f(`National)g(Nuclear)i(Po)o(wer)f(Plant)135 1514 y(Controlling)i (Department',)k(which)e(is)f(responsible)f(for)i(controlling)f(all)g(e)o (xisting)g(nuclear)135 1570 y(po)o(wer)11 b(plants.)245 1677 y('NNPPCD')i(::)j(controlling)p 714 1677 14 2 v 15 w(department)11 b(and)509 1733 y(responsible)g(:)16 b(allkno)o(wn\(nuclear)p 1080 1733 V 16 w(po)o(wer)p 1209 1733 V 16 w(plants\).)135 1839 y(Do)f(not)f(worry)g(at)h(the)f(moment)g(ho)o(w)g(the)h(concept)g Fx(controlling)p 1196 1839 13 2 v 15 w(depar)r(tment)e FS(is)h(de\256ned,)j (we)135 1896 y(will)c(de\256ne)i(it)f(immediately)f(belo)o(w)m(.)25 b(Here)16 b FT(allknown)e FS(does)g(the)g(job:)g(it)f(determines)h(all)g(the) 135 1952 y(role-\256llers)i(which)f(are)i(instances)e(of)h Fx(nuclear)p 915 1952 V 14 w(po)o(wer)p 1041 1952 V 15 w(plants)g FS(at)g(in)n(v)o(ocation)e(time,)j(and)e(\256lls)135 2009 y(the)e Fx(responsib)o(le)h FS(role)g(with)f(this)f(set.)23 b(Note)13 b(that)g FT(allknown)h FS(is)f(nothing)f(more)h(then)g(a)h(macro)135 2065 y(facility:)9 b(if)h(after)i(the)e(use)g(of)h FT(allknown)f FS(ne)o(w)g(nuclear)h(po)o(wer)g(plants)e(are)j(added,)f(the)o(y)f(will)g (not)135 2122 y(be)i(recognized)f(as)h(role-\256llers)f(for)h Fx(NNPPCD)p FS(.)206 2228 y(W)l(e)i(can)h(restrict)f(a)g(role)h(\256lled)f (with)f FT(allknown)h FS(by)g(closing)f(the)h(role.)25 b(This)13 b(restricts)h(its)135 2284 y(\256llers)g(to)f(only)g(the)h(objects)f(that)g (are)i(kno)o(wn)e(at)h(closing)e(time.)24 b(Thus,)14 b(the)g(responsibility)d (of)135 2341 y(the)g(of)o(\256ce)h(can)g(be)g(restricted)f(to)g(only)g(the)g (plants)f(that)h(are)h(currently)g(kno)o(wn.)135 2447 y FT(Example)18 b(32:)28 b FS(Let)17 b(us)g(assume)g(that)g(no)g(further)g(nuclear)h(po)o (wer)f(plants)f(will)h(be)g(b)o(uild)f(in)135 2504 y(the)e(future.)25 b(Thus,)15 b(we)f(can)h(close)f(the)g Fx(responsib)o(le)g FS(role)h(of)f Fx(NNPPCD)p FS(,)g(which)f(restricts)h(the)135 2560 y(responsibility)j(of)h Fx(NNPPCD)h FS(to)f(all)h(and)f(only)g(the)h(kno)o(wn)f(nuclear)h(po)o(wer)g (plants)f(at)h(the)135 2617 y(moment.)245 2723 y('NNPPCD')13 b(::)j(controlling)p 714 2723 14 2 v 15 w(department)11 b(and)509 2779 y(responsible)g(:)16 b(close\(allkno)o(wn\(nuclear)p 1189 2779 V 16 w(po)o(wer)p 1318 2779 V 16 w(plants\)\).)p eop %%Page: 24 30 24 29 bop 195 50 a FS(24)870 b FL(CHAPTER)13 b(2.)28 b(B)n(A)n(CK)13 b(TUT)o(ORIAL)195 199 y FF(2.4.9)50 b(De\256ning)12 b(Concepts)g(by)g(a)g (Set)g(of)g(Objects)195 287 y FS(In)k(the)f(be)o(ginning)f(of)i(Section)f (2.2,)i(we)f(ha)o(v)o(e)g(mentioned)e(that)h(in)g(some)g(situations)f(we)i (can)195 343 y(de\256ne)f(concepts)g(e)o(xtensionally)e(by)h(enumerating)g (all)h(of)f(their)h(instances)f(if)g(the)h(number)f(of)195 399 y(objects)j(constituting)f(such)i(a)g(concept)g(is)g(reasonably)g(small.) 35 b(Since)19 b(in)e(such)h(de\256nitions)195 456 y(objects)9 b(will)h(play)f(a)i(role,)f(we)h(need)f(to)g(return)g(once)g(more)g(to)g(the) f(de\256nition)h(of)g(concepts.)16 b(The)195 512 y(follo)o(wing)10 b(illustrates)g(ho)o(w)h(primiti)o(v)o(e)f(and)h(de\256ned)h(concept)f(can)h (be)g(de\256ned)g(e)o(xtensionally)m(.)195 612 y FT(Example)h(33:)19 b FS(Let)12 b(us)g(assume)g(that)g(the)g(number)g(of)h(controlling)e (departments)h(in)g(a)g(go)o(v)o(ern-)195 668 y(ment)k(is)g(small.)31 b(This)15 b(set)i(of)f(objects)g(also)g(does)g(not)g(change)h(v)o(ery)g (often.)31 b(Thus,)18 b(we)f(can)195 725 y(represent)12 b(it)f(as)g(an)h(e)o (xtensional)e(concept.)305 824 y(controlling)p 510 824 14 2 v 15 w(department)h(:)p FM(<)g FS(oneof\(['NNPPCD',)j('CIA)-5 b(',)13 b FM(:)8 b(:)g(:)e FS(,)11 b(police]\))h(and)798 880 y(atleast\(1,responsible\).)195 980 y(As)h(should)g(be)g(ob)o(vious)g FT(oneof)h FS(can)g(be)g(re)o(garded)g(as)g(a)f(set)h(construction)e(from)h (an)h(e)o(xplicitly)195 1036 y(gi)o(v)o(en)g(list)g(of)g(objects.)26 b(Although)13 b(it)h(seems)g(that)g(such)g(a)h(set)f(is)g(similar)f(to)h(an)h (attrib)o(ute)f(set,)195 1092 y(there)h(is)f(one)g(major)g(dif)o(ference)i (between)f(both.)25 b(Objects)14 b(are)h(structured,)h(thus)d(the)i(objects) 195 1149 y(in)f(a)i FT(oneof)f FS(term)g(can)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(roles)g(and)g (\256llers)g(on)g(their)f(o)o(wn,)i(the)o(y)f(are)g(classi\256ed)g(as)g (usual,)195 1205 y(and)h(information)e(about)i(them)f(can)h(be)h(asserted)f (and)f(retracted.)32 b(This)15 b(is)g(not)g(the)h(case)h(for)195 1262 y(attrib)o(utes,)11 b(which)g(are)h(re)o(garded)g(as)g(`atomic)f(v)o (alues'.)195 1407 y FG(2.5)58 b(Querying)15 b(the)g(System)195 1511 y FS(Of)8 b(course,)i(once)e(we)h(ha)o(v)o(e)g(created)g(a)g (terminology)d(and)i(asserted)h(some)e(objects)h(and)g(relations,)195 1568 y(we)13 b(want)g(to)g(use)g(this)f(information.)21 b(There)13 b(are)h(dif)o(ferent)g(possibilities)c(for)j(querying)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)p FS(.)195 1624 y(First,)i(because)f(of)g(the)g(distinction)e(between)i (terminological)f(and)h(assertional)f(information.)195 1681 y(Second,)f(we)f(can)h(distinguish)c(dif)o(ferent)k(forms)e(of)h(queries:)16 b(boolean)11 b(queries,)g(which)g(deli)o(v)o(er)195 1737 y(only)f(a)h(truth)f (v)o(alue,)h(and)f(retrie)o(v)o(al)h(queries,)g(where)g(we)g(actually)g(like) e(to)i(get)f(some)g(result.)16 b(W)l(e)195 1793 y(refer)c(in)f(the)g(follo)o (wing)f(with)h(the)g(term)g FH(testing)f FS(to)h(the)g(\256rst)g(query)h (type)f(and)g(with)f FH(r)n(etrie)o(val)h FS(to)195 1850 y(the)g(latter)g (type.)266 1906 y(W)l(e)17 b(like)e(to)h(point)f(out)g(here)i(that)f FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)p FS(')m(s)h(representation)f(language)h(for)f(concepts)g(and) 195 1963 y(role-\256llers)11 b(is)f(not)f(yet)i(completely)e(described.)17 b(There)11 b(are)g(three)f(language)h(constructs)e(which)195 2019 y(can)16 b(only)f(be)h(used)f(in)g(queries.)30 b(Ho)o(we)o(v)o(er)n(,)18 b(because)e(of)f(didactical)h(reasons,)h(we)f(delay)f(the)195 2076 y(description)e(of)h(these)g(constructs)f(until)f(the)i(end)g(of)g(this) f(section.)24 b(In)14 b(the)g(follo)o(wing)e(we)i(use)195 2132 y(the)f(term)g FH(entity)463 2116 y FC(8)494 2132 y FS(in)f(a)i(v)o(ery)f (broad)g(sense)g(to)g(denote)f(nearly)h(e)o(v)o(erything,)h(from)f(a)g (concept)g(or)195 2189 y(role,)f(o)o(v)o(er)g(a)g(macro)f(or)h(attrib)o(ute)e (set,)i(to)f(a)h(v)o(alue)f(and)g(object.)195 2313 y FF(2.5.1)50 b(Retrie)o(ving)12 b(Entities)195 2400 y FS(Retrie)o(v)o(al)e(of)g(objects)f (can)i(be)f(realized)g(with)f(the)h FT(getall)f FS(construct,)h(which)g(can)g (be)g(re)o(garded)h(as)195 2456 y(the)h FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)h FS(analogue)f(to)g(a) h(combination)e(of)h(the)g(`from')h(and)f(`where')h(modi\256ers)f(in)g(a)h (`select')195 2513 y(command)e(of)g(con)n(v)o(entional,)g(relational)g (database)h(systems.)195 2612 y FT(Example)i(34:)20 b FS(W)l(e)15 b(may)e(like)f(to)h(retrie)o(v)o(e)h(e.g.)h(all)e Fx(nuclear)p 1186 2612 13 2 v 15 w(po)o(wer)p 1313 2612 V 15 w(plants)p FS(,)h(all)f(plants)f(which)195 2668 y(are)g(co)p 308 2668 14 2 v 17 w(producing)e(some)h(toxic)g(waste,)g(or)g(all)g(products)g(which)g (contain)g(the)g(material)g(`CFC'.)p 195 2707 624 2 v 248 2735 a Fw(8)262 2751 y Fv(F)o(or)i(a)f(more)g(precise)f(description)h(what)g(an)f (entity)i(can)e(be,)i(see)e(the)h(graphical)f(hierarchy)g(in)i(Figure)f(3.1)g (in)195 2796 y(Chapter)d(3.)p eop %%Page: 25 31 25 30 bop 135 50 a FL(2.5.)28 b(QUER)m(YING)12 b(THE)f(SYSTEM)891 b FS(25)245 199 y(backretrie)o(v)o(e\(getall\(nuclear)p 737 199 14 2 v 18 w(po)o(wer)p 868 199 V 16 w(plant\)\).)245 256 y(backretrie)o(v)o(e\(getall\(plant)12 b(and)f(some\(co)p 939 256 V 16 w(produces,toxic)p 1223 256 V 16 w(waste\)\)\).)245 312 y(backretrie)o(v)o(e\(getall\(product)h(and)f(contains)g(:)16 b('CFC'\)\).)135 424 y(The)d FT(getall)f FS(construct)g(simply)f(retrie)o(v)o (es)i(all)g(objects)f(belonging)f(to)i(the)f(mentioned)g(concept.)135 480 y(F)o(or)g(retrie)o(ving)f(further)h(information)e(about)h(these)g (objects)g FT(getall)g FS(is)g(usually)f(combined)h(with)135 537 y(some)h(output)f(formatting)g(constructs,)h(which)g(will)g(be)g (described)h(in)f(more)g(detail)g(belo)o(w)m(.)19 b(As)135 593 y(can)c(be)g(seen)f(from)h(these)f(e)o(xamples,)i FT(getall)e FS(can)h(be)f(used)h(to)f(formulate)g(comple)o(x)g(retrie)o(v)o(al)135 650 y(queries.)206 762 y(All)c(retrie)o(v)o(al)h(commands)f(described)i(in)e (the)h(follo)o(wing)f(may)h(occur)h(in)f(two)f(forms,)h(either)135 818 y(pre\256x)o(ed)i(with)e(a)h(v)o(ariable)g(assignment)e(\(X)i(=\))g(or)g (without)f(such)g(a)h(pre\256x.)1355 802 y FC(9)1393 818 y FS(In)g(the)g(latter)f(case)135 874 y(the)j(retrie)o(v)o(ed)h(information)e (is)h(just)f(pretty)h(printed)g(to)g(the)g(current)h(output)e(stream,)j (while)d(in)135 931 y(the)d(former)h(case)g(the)f(Prolog)h(v)o(ariable)f(is)g (bound)g(to)g(the)g(retrie)o(v)o(ed)h(result.)16 b(Just)9 b(for)i(bre)o(vity) f(we)135 987 y(describe)i(only)e(the)h(non-pre\256x)o(ed)h(v)o(ersion.)135 1119 y FF(2.5.2)50 b(Describing)13 b(Entities)135 1208 y FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)g FS(pro)o(vides)f(se)o(v)o(eral)h(means)g(\(called)f FH(output)g(functions)f FS(or)h FH(actions)p FS(\))g(to)g(retrie)o(v)o(e)h(dif)o(ferent)135 1265 y(kinds)8 b(of)i(information)d(for)j(entities,)f(co)o(v)o(ering)h(more)f (general)g(information)f(such)h(as)h(an)f(entities)135 1321 y(de\256nition,)i(and)g(more)g(speci\256c)g(information)f(such)h(as)g(an)g (entities)f(\256ller)i(for)f(a)g(particular)h(role.)135 1378 y(W)l(e)d(start)e(with)h(the)f(action)h FT(describe)h FS(which)f(is)f(used)h (to)g(retrie)o(v)o(e)g(the)g(most)f(speci\256c)h(information)135 1434 y(kno)o(wn)h(about)g(an)h(entity)m(.)15 b(The)10 b(easiest)f(way)g(to)g (use)h FT(describe)h FS(is)e(to)g(apply)g(it)g(to)g(a)h(simple)f(entity)m(.) 135 1547 y FT(Example)k(35:)18 b FS(Let)12 b(us)f(assume)h(we)g(want)g(to)g (inspect)f(the)h(description)f(of)h(the)g(object)g Fx('Dio)o(xin')p FS(.)135 1604 y(This)f(can)g(be)h(realized)g(by)f(the)g(follo)o(wing)f (command:)245 1715 y(backretrie)o(v)o(e\(describe)j('Dioxin'\).)245 1827 y FM(>>>)g FS('Dioxin')363 1884 y(describe:)j(chemical)p 712 1884 V 16 w(product)544 1940 y(and)11 b(toxic)p 716 1940 V 16 w(waste)544 1996 y(and)g(\(in)n(v\(prim\(co)p 856 1996 V 16 w(produces\)\))h(and)637 2053 y(domain\(toxic)p 885 2053 V 15 w(waste\))f(and)g(range\(plant\))621 2109 y(\))h(:)k('ChemoPharm)c (Plant)f(17')544 2166 y(and)g(oneof\(['Dioxin']\))135 2278 y(Note,)d(that)f(the)g(retrie)o(v)o(ed)g(description)g(\261)g(like)g(the)g (retrie)o(v)o(ed)g(descriptions)g(belo)o(w)g(\261)g(may)g(contain)135 2334 y(so)14 b(called)h(`primiti)o(v)o(e)f(components'.)25 b(Intuiti)o(v)o(ely)m(,)15 b(`primiti)o(v)o(e)e(components')h(of)g(a)h (primiti)o(v)o(e)135 2391 y(concept)f(are)h(e)o(xactly)g(those)e(components)g (which)h(make)g(it)f(primiti)o(v)o(e,)h(i.e.,)i(the)e(components)135 2447 y(the)j(user)h(cannot)f(\(or)g(does)g(not)g(want)g(to\))g(de\256ne)h (further)m(.)36 b(Although)15 b FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)p FS(')m(s)k(parser)f(will)135 2503 y(recognize)13 b(primiti)o(v)o(e)f(components,)g(so)h(that)f (de\256nitions)g(obtained)g(by)h(a)g(retrie)o(v)o(al)g(query)g(can)135 2560 y(be)i(read)h(by)f FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)p FS(,)i(the)e(user)g(can)h(use)f(a)g (`primiti)o(v)o(e)f(component')g(only)h(if)g(it)f(was)h(pre)o(viouly)135 2616 y(introduced)9 b(by)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)p FS(.)16 b(Thus,)10 b(the)f(user)g(cannot)g(construct)g(arbitrary)h(`primiti)o(v)o(e)e (components'.)p 135 2661 624 2 v 188 2689 a Fw(9)202 2705 y Fv(In)k(contrast)f(to)h(other)g(interaction)g(operations)e(described)g(abo)o (v)o(e,)i(we)f(need)g(to)h(enclose)e(retrie)o(v)o(al)i(queries)f(in)135 2751 y(a)g Fu(bac)o(kr)o(etrie)o(ve)d Fv(command.)19 b(This)11 b(depends)d(on)j(the)g(de\256nition)g(of)g(=/2)h(in)f(Prolog)g(as)g(an)g (operator)g(with)g(a)g(certain)135 2796 y(precedence,)c(which)h(cannot)g(be)h (changed)e(without)i(major)h(modi\256cations)d(in)j(the)f(used)f(Quintus)g (libraries.)p eop %%Page: 26 32 26 31 bop 195 50 a FS(26)870 b FL(CHAPTER)13 b(2.)28 b(B)n(A)n(CK)13 b(TUT)o(ORIAL)195 199 y FF(2.5.3)50 b(A)o(pplying)11 b(Output)g(Functions)g (to)h(Multiple)g(Entities)195 289 y FS(The)d(action)g FT(describe)i FS(\261)e(as)g(well)g(as)h(all)f(other)g(actions)g(and)g(output)f(functions)g (described)i(belo)o(w)195 346 y(\261)h(can)g(also)f(be)h(applied)g(to)f (multiple)f(entities.)16 b(Instead)11 b(of)g(a)g(simple)e(entity)m(,)i(a)g (list)f(of)h(entities)f(is)195 402 y(gi)o(v)o(en)h(as)h(ar)o(gument,)f(and)g (the)h(action)f(is)f(applied)h(to)g(each)h(element)f(of)h(the)f(list.)195 517 y FT(Example)16 b(36:)26 b FS(Let)16 b(us)f(assume)h(that)f(we)i(need)f (to)f(inspect)h(some)f(concepts)h(and)g(objects)f(at)195 574 y(once,)f(e.g.)g Fx('Three)f(Miles)g(Island')p FS(,)g(the)g(kno)o(wn)f (chemical)h(plant)f(which)g Fx(co)p 1426 574 13 2 v 15 w(produces)g('Dio)o (xin')195 630 y FS(and)f(the)h(concept)f(of)g(a)h(mechanical)f(plant.)305 743 y(backretrie)o(v)o(e\(describe)i(['Three)f(Miles)f(Island',)723 800 y(thekno)o(wn\(chemical)p 1086 800 14 2 v 16 w(plant)f(and)i(co)p 1325 800 V 16 w(produces)f(:)17 b('Dioxin'\),)723 856 y(mechanical)p 934 856 V 17 w(plant]\).)305 970 y FM(>>>)c FS('Three)f(Miles)e(Island')423 1026 y(describe:)16 b(broken)p 734 1026 V 16 w(plant)604 1083 y(and)11 b(dangerous)p 872 1083 V 17 w(plant)604 1139 y(and)g(nuclear)p 818 1139 V 17 w(po)o(wer)p 948 1139 V 17 w(plant)604 1196 y(and)g(is)p 715 1196 V 16 w(of)p 769 1196 V 17 w(type)g(:)16 b(fast)p 971 1196 V 16 w(breeder)604 1252 y(and)11 b(located)p 816 1252 V 17 w(at)g(:)16 b('Harrisb)o(ur)o(g')604 1308 y(and)11 b (all\(pollution,risk)o(y\))604 1365 y(and)g(pollution)f(:)16 b(high)604 1421 y(and)11 b(uses)p 763 1421 V 17 w(up)g(:)16 b('Uranium')604 1478 y(and)11 b(in)n(v\(responsible\))g(:)16 b('NNPPCD')604 1534 y(and)11 b(oneof\(['Three)i(Miles)d(Island']\))305 1647 y FM(>>>)j FS(thekno)o(wn\(chemical)p 786 1647 V 15 w(plant)e(and)g(co)p 1024 1647 V 17 w(produces:'Dioxin'\))423 1704 y(describe:)16 b(chemical)p 772 1704 V 16 w(plant)604 1760 y(and)11 b(toxic)p 776 1760 V 16 w(waste)p 896 1760 V 16 w(plant)604 1817 y(and)g (all\(pollution,risk)o(y\))604 1873 y(and)g(\()h(co)p 754 1873 V 17 w(produces)f(and)g(range\(toxic)p 1232 1873 V 17 w(waste\))g(\))g(:)17 b('Dioxin')604 1929 y(and)11 b(oneof\(['ChemoPharm)i(Plant)e(17']\))305 2042 y FM(>>>)i FS(mechanical)p 634 2042 V 16 w(plant)423 2099 y(describe:)j(plant)604 2155 y(and)11 b(all\(produces,mechanical)p 1129 2155 V 17 w(product\))266 2269 y(Another)i(possibility)e(e)o(xists)i (for)h(the)g(retrie)o(v)o(al)g(of)g(information)e(related)i(to)f(objects.)24 b(The)195 2325 y(application)19 b(of)i(actions)e(or)i(output)e(functions)g (can)i(be)g(combined)e(with)h FT(getall)p FS(.)43 b(Such)21 b(a)195 2382 y(combined)15 b(retrie)o(v)o(al)h(e)o(xpression)g(is)f(e)o(v)o (aluated)h(by)g(\256rst)g(determining)f(the)h(result)f(set)h(of)g(the)195 2438 y FT(getall)i FS(query)h(follo)o(wed)f(by)g(an)h(application)f(of)h(the) f(action)h(\(resp.)g(output)f(function\),)i(e.g.)195 2495 y FT(describe)p FS(,)13 b(to)e(each)h(object)f(in)g(the)g(result)g(list.)195 2609 y FT(Example)j(37:)21 b FS(Let)13 b(us)h(assume)f(that)g(we)h(are)g (interested)f(in)g(the)h(retrie)o(v)o(al)f(of)h(descriptions)e(of)195 2666 y(all)f(instances)g(of)g(materials)g(which)g(are)h(chemical)p 1017 2666 V 17 w(products.)305 2779 y(backretrie)o(v)o(e\(describe)h (getall\(material)e(and)g(chemical)p 1231 2779 V 16 w(product\)\).)p eop %%Page: 27 33 27 32 bop 135 50 a FL(2.5.)28 b(QUER)m(YING)12 b(THE)f(SYSTEM)891 b FS(27)245 199 y(Instance)12 b(#1)f(of)g(getall\(material)g(and)g(chemical)p 1038 199 14 2 v 17 w(product\))363 256 y(describe:)16 b(chemical)p 712 256 V 16 w(product)544 312 y(and)11 b(material)544 369 y(and)g(\(trans\(in)n(v\(directly)p 955 369 V 16 w(contains\)\))g(and)637 425 y(domain\(material\))f(and)h(range\(product\))621 482 y(\))h(:)k (\(uc\(268\))c(and)f(uc\(265\))h(and)f(uc\(264\)\))544 538 y(and)g(in)n(v\(uses)p 775 538 V 16 w(up\))h(:)k(uc\(266\))544 594 y(and)11 b(oneof\(['CFC']\))245 707 y(Instance)h(#2)f(of)g (getall\(material)g(and)g(chemical)p 1038 707 V 17 w(product\))363 764 y(describe:)16 b(chemical)p 712 764 V 16 w(product)544 820 y(and)11 b(material)544 877 y(and)g(\(trans\(in)n(v\(directly)p 955 877 V 16 w(contains\)\))g(and)637 933 y(domain\(material\))f(and)h (range\(product\))h(\))g(:)k(uc\(268\))544 990 y(and)11 b(oneof\([hair)p 829 990 V 17 w(spray]\))135 1111 y(Here)e FT(getall)f FS(produces)g(the)g (desired)h(ef)o(fect)g(of)f(retrie)o(ving)g(all)g(instances)g(of)g(materials) g(which)g(are)135 1167 y Fx(chemical)p 301 1167 13 2 v 15 w(products)p FS(,)14 b(while)f(the)g FT(describe)i FS(action)f(produces)f(their)h (description.)23 b(In)13 b(contrast)135 1224 y(to)d(the)g(pre)o(vious)f (retrie)o(v)o(al)i(e)o(xamples)f(where)h(the)f(entity)f(to)h(be)g(described)h (was)f(gi)o(v)o(en,)g(the)g(term)135 1280 y FT(getall)h FS(is)g(e)o(v)o (aluated)g(in)g(this)f(e)o(xample)i(\256rst,)g(and)f(the)g(obtained)g(set)g (of)g(entities)g(is)g(described.)135 1423 y FF(2.5.4)50 b(Disambiguating)12 b(Entities)135 1516 y FS(Although)g(the)i(retrie)o(v)o(al)f(mechanism)g(is)g (quite)g(po)o(werful,)h(under)g(certain)f(circumstances)h(we)135 1573 y(must)9 b(disambiguate)f(the)i(entity)f(we)i(want)e(to)g(retrie)o(v)o (e.)18 b(I.e.,)12 b(disambiguation)7 b(via)j(the)g(operator)135 1629 y(`/')18 b(has)f(to)h(be)f(used)h(if)g(some)f(objects,)i(concepts,)g (and)f(attrib)o(ute)f(domains)f(ha)o(v)o(e)j(the)e(same)135 1686 y(name.)24 b(If)15 b(there)f(are)g(se)o(v)o(eral)h(entities)e(with)g (the)g(same)h(name)g(and)g(the)g(retrie)o(v)o(al)f(query)h(is)g(not)135 1742 y(disambiguated)9 b(the)h(query)h(will)e(produce)i(an)f(error)i(message) e(and)g(will)g(fail.)16 b(Ho)o(we)o(v)o(er)n(,)11 b(it)f(may)135 1799 y(happen)e(that)f(the)h(user)f(can)i(not)e(remember)h(whether)f(the)h (entity)f(to)g(be)h(retrie)o(v)o(ed)g(was)g(introduced)135 1855 y(as)13 b(concept,)h(role,)g(aset,)g(attrib)o(ute)p 700 1855 14 2 v 16 w(domain,)f(or)g(object.)22 b(In)13 b(this)f(case)i FT(intr)o(oduced)p 1506 1855 V 19 w(as)e FS(can)i(be)135 1911 y(used)d(to)g(disambiguate)f(the)h(entity)m(.)135 2036 y FT(Example)17 b(38:)25 b FS(Let)16 b(us)g(assume)f(that)h(the)g(name)g Fx(Three)g(Miles)g (Island)g FS(is)f(ambiguous)g(and)h(a)135 2092 y(preceding)d(retrie)o(v)o(al) f(query)g(which)g(was)g(not)g(disambiguated)f(failed.)19 b(Let)13 b(us)f(further)h(assume)135 2149 y(that)d(the)g(name)h(was)f(introduced)g(as) h(a)f(concept,)i(an)e(object,)h(and)g(an)f(attrib)o(ute)g(of)h(an)g(aset.)16 b(Then)135 2205 y(a)c(disambiguation)d(via)i FT(intr)o(oduced)p 740 2205 V 19 w(as)g FS(will)f(produce)i(the)f(follo)o(wing)f(output:)245 2326 y(backretrie)o(v)o(e\(X)j(=)e(introduced)p 765 2326 V 16 w(as)g('Three)h(Miles)f(Island'\),)245 2383 y(X)h(=)f ([[[conc]-[conc,aset]]])135 2504 y(The)e(output)e(produced)i(by)g FT(intr)o(oduced)p 787 2504 V 19 w(as)f FS(consists)g(of)g(two)g(lists)g(of)h (descriptors)f(separated)h(by)135 2560 y('-'.)17 b(The)12 b(\256rst)f(list)f (contains)g(at)h(most)f(two)h(elements)f(describing)g(for)i(which)f (\252class\272)g(the)g(name)135 2617 y(in)i(question)f(was)i(de\256ned.)23 b(Here)15 b FT(conc)f FS(indicates)f(that)g Fx(Three)h(Miles)f(Island)h FS(was)f(de\256ned)h(as)135 2673 y(concept.)19 b(The)13 b(second)f(list)f (describes)h(the)g(classes)g(for)h(which)f(an)g(\252instance\272)h(with)e (the)h(name)135 2730 y(in)e(question)g(e)o(xists.)16 b(Here)c FT(conc)f FS(indicates)f(that)h Fx(Three)g(Miles)g(Island)g FS(is)f(an)h(object)f(instance)h(of)135 2786 y(a)h(concept,)g(while)e FT(aset)i FS(indicates)f(that)g(it)f(is)h(an)h(attrib)o(ute)e(instance)h(of)h (an)f(aset.)p eop %%Page: 28 34 28 33 bop 195 50 a FS(28)870 b FL(CHAPTER)13 b(2.)28 b(B)n(A)n(CK)13 b(TUT)o(ORIAL)195 199 y FF(2.5.5)50 b(Full)13 b(Description)e(of)h(Entities) 195 287 y FS(The)f(follo)o(wing)f(retrie)o(v)o(al)h(actions)g(can)g(be)h (used)f(like)f(the)h(abo)o(v)o(e)h FT(describe)g FS(action)f(in)g(dif)o (ferent)195 343 y(forms,)g(either)h(for)f(retrie)o(ving)g(information)f (about)h(just)f(one)i(entity)m(,)f(about)f(se)o(v)o(eral)i(entities,)f(or)195 399 y(for)h(all)f(objects)g(belonging)f(to)h(a)h(concept.)18 b(Like)10 b(stated)h(abo)o(v)o(e,)i(pre\256x)o(ed)g(with)d(a)i(v)o(ariable,)g (the)195 456 y(v)o(ariable)i(will)f(be)h(bound)g(to)f(the)h(retrie)o(v)o(ed)h (description.)24 b(W)n(ithout)13 b(pre\256x)h(the)g(result)g(will)f(be)195 512 y(pretty)e(printed.)266 569 y(While)e(the)i(pre)o(viously)e(described)h (action)g FT(describe)h FS(produces)g(a)f(minimal)f(description)g(of)195 625 y(an)h(entity)m(,)f(a)h(full,)g(possibly)e(redundant)i(description)e(of)i (an)g(entity)f(is)g(produced)h(with)f(the)g(action)195 682 y FT(describe)p 359 682 14 2 v 18 w(fully)p FS(.)195 787 y FT(Example)18 b(39:)28 b FS(Let)17 b(us)g(describe)h(some)f(concepts)g(and)g (objects)g(of)g(the)g(pre)o(vious)g(describe)195 843 y(e)o(xamples)i(to)g (see)h(ho)o(w)f(a)g(full)g(description)f(of)i(them)e(looks)h(like.)40 b(Since)19 b FT(describe)p 1651 843 V 18 w(fully)195 899 y FS(produces)11 b(rather)h(lengthy)e(output,)h(we)g(ha)o(v)o(e)h(e)o(xcluded)f (the)h(full)e(description)h(of)g(`Three)h(Miles)195 956 y(Island'.)295 1054 y FB(backretrie)o(v)o(e\(describe)p 652 1054 13 2 v 16 w(fully)d('Dioxin'\).)295 1104 y FA(>>>)j FB('Dioxin')403 1154 y(describe)p 543 1154 V 15 w(fully:)h(an)o(ything)567 1204 y(and)e(prim\(product\))567 1253 y(and)g(prim\(chemical)p 882 1253 V 15 w(product\))567 1303 y(and)g(prim\(waste\))567 1353 y(and)g(prim\(toxic)p 817 1353 V 13 w(waste\))567 1403 y(and)g(not\(ener)o (gy\))567 1453 y(and)g(all\(in)n(v\(co)p 801 1453 V 13 w(produces\),plant\)) 567 1502 y(and)g(atleast\(1,in)n(v\(co)p 896 1502 V 14 w(produces\)\))567 1552 y(and)g(in)n(v\(co)p 745 1552 V 14 w(produces\))f(:)15 b('ChemoPharm)10 b(Plant)g(17')567 1602 y(and)h(all\(in)n(v\(prim\(co)p 894 1602 V 13 w(produces\)\))e(and)693 1652 y(domain\(toxic)p 918 1652 V 13 w(waste\))i(and)f(range\(plant\),)g(plant\))567 1702 y(and)h(atleast\(1,in)n(v\(prim\(co)p 989 1702 V 13 w(produces\)\))f (and)789 1752 y(domain\(toxic)p 1014 1752 V 13 w(waste\))g(and)h (range\(plant\)\))567 1801 y(and)g(\()f(in)n(v\(prim\(co)p 862 1801 V 13 w(produces\)\))g(and)662 1851 y(domain\(toxic)p 887 1851 V 13 w(waste\))h(and)f(range\(plant\))f(\))h(:)15 b('ChemoPharm)10 b(Plant)g(17')567 1901 y(and)h(oneof\(['Dioxin']\))295 1999 y(backretrie)o(v)o(e\(describe)p 652 1999 V 16 w(fully)e([thekno)o (wn\(chemical)p 1098 1999 V 14 w(plant)g(and)h(co)p 1314 1999 V 16 w(produces)g(:)k('Dioxin'\),)768 2049 y(mechanical)p 958 2049 V 16 w(plant]\).)295 2099 y FA(>>>)e FB(thekno)o(wn\(chemical)p 732 2099 V 14 w(plant)d(and)i(co)p 949 2099 V 15 w(produces:'Dioxin'\))403 2149 y(describe)p 543 2149 V 15 w(fully:)i(an)o(ything)567 2198 y(and)e(prim\(plant\))567 2248 y(and)g(all\(is)p 724 2248 V 14 w(of)p 773 2248 V 14 w(type,type\))567 2298 y(and)g(atleast\(1,is)p 819 2298 V 14 w(of)p 868 2298 V 15 w(type\))567 2348 y(and)g(atmost\(1,is)p 824 2348 V 14 w(of)p 873 2348 V 15 w(type\))567 2398 y(and)g(all\(located)p 816 2398 V 14 w(at,place\))567 2447 y(and)g(atleast\(1,located)p 911 2447 V 15 w(at\))567 2497 y(and)g(atmost\(1,located)p 916 2497 V 14 w(at\))567 2547 y(and)g(all\(co)p 735 2547 V 14 w(produces,waste\)) 567 2597 y(and)g(atleast\(1,co)p 830 2597 V 15 w(produces\))567 2647 y(and)g(co)p 679 2647 V 15 w(produces)f(:)15 b('Dioxin')567 2697 y(and)c(all\(polluti)o(on,risk)o(y\))567 2746 y(and)g (atmost\(1,pollution)o(\))567 2796 y(and)g(all\(produces,chemical)p 1005 2796 V 15 w(product\))p eop %%Page: 29 35 29 34 bop 135 50 a FL(2.5.)28 b(QUER)m(YING)12 b(THE)f(SYSTEM)891 b FS(29)507 199 y FB(and)11 b(all\(co)p 675 199 13 2 v 14 w(produces)f(and)h (range\(toxic)p 1110 199 V 14 w(waste\),toxic)p 1326 199 V 14 w(waste\))507 249 y(and)g(atleast\(1,co)p 770 249 V 15 w(produces)f(and)g (range\(toxic)p 1205 249 V 14 w(waste\)\))507 299 y(and)h(\(co)p 633 299 V 15 w(produces)f(and)g(range\(toxic)p 1068 299 V 14 w(waste\)\))g(:)15 b('Dioxin')507 349 y(and)c(oneof\(['ChemoPharm)e(Plant)h (17']\))235 429 y FA(>>>)i FB(mechanical)p 533 429 V 16 w(plant)343 479 y(describe)p 483 479 V 15 w(fully:)h(an)o(ything)507 529 y(and)e(prim\(plant\))507 578 y(and)g(all\(is)p 664 578 V 14 w(of)p 713 578 V 14 w(type,type\))507 628 y(and)g(atleast\(1,is)p 759 628 V 14 w(of)p 808 628 V 15 w(type\))507 678 y(and)g(atmost\(1,is)p 764 678 V 14 w(of)p 813 678 V 15 w(type\))507 728 y(and)g(all\(located)p 756 728 V 14 w(at,place\))507 778 y(and)g(atleast\(1,located)p 851 778 V 15 w(at\))507 827 y(and)g(atmost\(1,located)p 856 827 V 14 w(at\))507 877 y(and)g(all\(produces,mechanical)p 984 877 V 15 w(product\))235 958 y(backretrie)o(v)o(e\(describe)p 592 958 V 16 w(fully)e(getall\(material)g(and)h(chemical)p 1168 958 V 16 w(product\)\).)235 1007 y(Instance)h(#1)f(of)g (getall\(material)f(and)i(chemical)p 955 1007 V 15 w(product\))343 1057 y(describe)p 483 1057 V 15 w(fully:)i(an)o(ything)507 1107 y(and)e(prim\(product\))507 1157 y(and)g(prim\(chemical)p 822 1157 V 15 w(product\))507 1207 y(and)g(prim\(material\))507 1256 y(and)g(not\(ener)o(gy\))507 1306 y(and)g(all\(in)n (v\(contains\),product\))507 1356 y(and)g(atleast\(3,in)n(v\(contains\)\))507 1406 y(and)g(in)n(v\(contains\))d(:)15 b(\(uc\(268\))9 b(and)i(uc\(265\))e (and)h(uc\(264\)\))507 1456 y(and)h(all\(trans\(in)n(v\(directly)p 925 1456 V 12 w(contains\)\))e(and)633 1505 y(domain\(material\))h(and)g (range\(product\),)f(product\))507 1555 y(and)i(atleast\(3,trans\(in)n (v\(directly)p 1020 1555 V 12 w(contains\)\))f(and)729 1605 y(domain\(material\))f(and)i(range\(product\)\))507 1655 y(and)g(\(trans\(in) n(v\(directly)p 883 1655 V 12 w(contains\)\))e(and)592 1705 y(domain\(material\))g(and)h(range\(product\))578 1755 y(\))g(:)k (\(uc\(268\))c(and)g(uc\(265\))g(and)g(uc\(264\)\))507 1804 y(and)h(all\(in)n(v\(uses)p 773 1804 V 14 w(up\),plant\))507 1854 y(and)g(atleast\(1,in)n(v\(uses)p 868 1854 V 14 w(up\)\))507 1904 y(and)g(in)n(v\(uses)p 717 1904 V 14 w(up\))f(:)15 b(uc\(266\))507 1954 y(and)c(oneof\(['CFC']\))235 2034 y(Instance)g(#2)f(of)g (getall\(material)f(and)i(chemical)p 955 2034 V 15 w(product\))343 2084 y(describe)p 483 2084 V 15 w(fully:)i(an)o(ything)507 2134 y(and)e(prim\(product\))507 2183 y(and)g(prim\(chemical)p 822 2183 V 15 w(product\))507 2233 y(and)g(prim\(material\))507 2283 y(and)g(not\(ener)o(gy\))507 2333 y(and)g(all\(in)n (v\(contains\),product\))507 2383 y(and)g(atleast\(1,in)n(v\(contains\)\))507 2433 y(and)g(in)n(v\(contains\))d(:)15 b(uc\(268\))507 2482 y(and)c(all\(trans\(in)n(v\(directly)p 925 2482 V 12 w(contains\)\))e(and)633 2532 y(domain\(material\))h(and)g(range\(product\),)f(product\))507 2582 y(and)i(atleast\(1,trans\(in)n(v\(directly)p 1020 2582 V 12 w(contains\)\))f(and)729 2632 y(domain\(material\))f(and)i (range\(product\)\))507 2682 y(and)g(\()f(trans\(in)n(v\(directly)p 893 2682 V 12 w(contains\)\))g(and)602 2731 y(domain\(material\))f(and)i (range\(product\))e(\))h(:)15 b(uc\(268\))507 2781 y(and)c(oneof\([hair)p 768 2781 V 13 w(spray]\))p eop %%Page: 30 36 30 35 bop 195 50 a FS(30)870 b FL(CHAPTER)13 b(2.)28 b(B)n(A)n(CK)13 b(TUT)o(ORIAL)195 199 y FF(2.5.6)50 b(Retrie)o(ving)12 b(User)n(-Given)f (Descriptions)195 294 y FS(The)h(abo)o(v)o(e)i(discussed)d(retrie)o(v)o(al)h (actions)g(returned)h(not)e(only)h(the)g(description)f(the)i(user)f(ga)o(v)o (e,)195 350 y(b)o(ut)f(also)g(information)g(that)g(was)g(inferred)h(by)f FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)p FS(.)19 b(Ho)o(we)o(v)o(er)n(,)12 b(the)g(user)o(-gi)o(v)o (en)f(descriptions)195 407 y(can)h(be)f(retrie)o(v)o(ed)h(in)f(isolation)f (with)g(the)i(action)f FT(de\256ned)p 1138 407 14 2 v 18 w(as)g FS(as)h(well.)195 536 y FT(Example)i(40:)20 b FS(Let)13 b(us)g(use)g(the)g (concepts)g(of)g(the)g(last)g(e)o(xamples)g(to)g(sho)o(w)f(ho)o(w)h(the)g (retrie)o(v)o(al)195 592 y(of)e(user)o(-gi)o(v)o(en)h(descriptions)e(dif)o (fers)h(from)h(the)f(abo)o(v)o(e)h(two)e(e)o(xplained)i(retrie)o(v)o(al)f (forms.)305 717 y(backretrie)o(v)o(e\(de\256ned)p 680 717 V 18 w(as)h('Dioxin'\).)305 830 y FM(>>>)h FS('Dioxin')423 887 y(de\256ned)p 560 887 V 17 w(as:)j('Dioxin')11 b(::)k(chemical)p 1019 887 V 17 w(product)c(and)g(toxic)p 1356 887 V 16 w(waste)305 1012 y(backretrie)o(v)o(e\(de\256ned)p 680 1012 V 18 w(as)h(['Three)g(Miles)e (Island',)760 1068 y(thekno)o(wn\()g(chemical)p 1133 1068 V 17 w(plant)g(and)965 1125 y(co)p 1011 1125 V 17 w(produces)h(:)16 b('Dioxin'\),)760 1181 y(mechanical)p 971 1181 V 16 w(plant]\).)305 1294 y FM(>>>)d FS('Three)f(Miles)e(Island')423 1351 y(de\256ned)p 560 1351 V 17 w(as:)16 b('Three)c(Miles)e(Island')i(::)84 b(broken)p 1268 1351 V 16 w(plant)11 b(and)1138 1407 y(nuclear)p 1275 1407 V 17 w(po)o(wer)p 1405 1407 V 16 w(plant)g(and)1138 1463 y(is)p 1172 1463 V 16 w(of)p 1226 1463 V 16 w(type)h(:)k(fast)p 1428 1463 V 16 w(breeder)c(and)1138 1520 y(located)p 1273 1520 V 16 w(at)g(:)k('Harrisb)o(ur)o(g')c(and)1138 1576 y(uses)p 1220 1576 V 16 w(up)f(:)16 b('Uranium')305 1689 y FM(>>>)d FS(thekno)o(wn\(chemical)p 786 1689 V 15 w(plant)e(and)g(co)p 1024 1689 V 17 w(produces:'Dioxin'\))423 1746 y(de\256ned)p 560 1746 V 17 w(as:)16 b('ChemoPharm)c(Plant)f(17')g(::)16 b(chemical)p 1306 1746 V 16 w(plant)11 b(and)1138 1802 y(co)p 1184 1802 V 17 w(produces)g(:)16 b('Dioxin')305 1915 y FM(>>>)d FS(mechanical)p 634 1915 V 16 w(plant)423 1972 y(de\256ned)p 560 1972 V 17 w(as:)j(mechanical)p 852 1972 V 16 w(plant)11 b(:=)g(plant)g(and)1018 2028 y(all\(produces,mechanical)p 1466 2028 V 16 w(product\))305 2153 y(backretrie)o(v)o(e\(de\256ned)p 680 2153 V 18 w(as)h(getall\()f(material)g(and)g(chemical)p 1279 2153 V 16 w(product\)\).)305 2266 y(Instance)h(#1)f(of)g (getall\(material)g(and)g(chemical)p 1098 2266 V 17 w(product\))423 2322 y(de\256ned)p 560 2322 V 17 w(as:)16 b('CFC')d(::)j(chemical)p 979 2322 V 16 w(product)11 b(and)g(material)305 2435 y(Instance)h(#2)f(of)g (getall\(material)g(and)g(chemical)p 1098 2435 V 17 w(product\))423 2492 y(de\256ned)p 560 2492 V 17 w(as:)16 b(hair)p 715 2492 V 16 w(spray)c(::)k(chemical)p 1049 2492 V 16 w(product)11 b(and)g(material)195 2617 y(Retrie)o(ving)17 b(the)f(user)o(-gi)o(v)o(en)h (description)f(of)h(terminological)e(entities)h(results)g(in)h(retrie)o(ving) 195 2673 y(the)12 b(current)h(acti)o(v)o(e)f(description,)g(because)h (terminological)d(entities)h(can)i(be)f(redescribed)h(\(i.e.)195 2730 y(o)o(v)o(erwritten)18 b(with)e(a)i(ne)o(w)f(de\256nition\).)35 b(F)o(or)18 b(objects,)h(the)e(union)g(of)g(all)g(user)o(-gi)o(v)o(en)h(acti) o(v)o(e)195 2786 y(descriptions)10 b(is)h(retrie)o(v)o(ed.)p eop %%Page: 31 37 31 36 bop 135 50 a FL(2.5.)28 b(QUER)m(YING)12 b(THE)f(SYSTEM)891 b FS(31)135 199 y FF(2.5.7)50 b(Retrie)o(ving)12 b(Combined)g(Inf)o(ormation) 135 287 y FS(While)7 b(the)h(abo)o(v)o(e)h(retrie)o(v)o(al)e(operations)g (produced)h(one)g(description)e(per)j(entity)m(,)f(we)g(sometimes)135 343 y(need)i(to)f(retrie)o(v)o(e)h(the)f(names)g(of)h(certain)g(entities)e (occurring)i(in)f(other)g(entities.)15 b(Sometimes)9 b(we)135 399 y(also)g(need)g(to)g(retrie)o(v)o(e)h(combined)f(information)f(about)g (an)i(entity)m(.)15 b(F)o(or)10 b(e)o(xample,)g(we)g(may)f(need)135 456 y(to)i(inspect)g(at)h(the)f(same)h(time)f(the)g(user)h(gi)o(v)o(en)f (de\256nition)g(of)g(an)h(entity)m(,)f(the)h(v)o(alue)f(restrictions)135 512 y(of)g(a)f(particular)h(role,)g(and)g(its)e(associated)h(number)h (restrictions.)k(F)o(or)c(these)g(purposes)f(the)g(user)135 569 y(has)h(the)g(possibility)e(of)j(combining)d(v)o(arious)i(output)f (functions.)135 674 y FT(Example)17 b(41:)27 b FS(Let)17 b(us)f(consider)h (plants)f(of)h(our)f(formalization.)32 b(W)l(e)18 b(may)e(need)h(to)g(kno)o (w)135 730 y(the)c(names)g(of)h(all)f(currently)g(kno)o(wn)g(plants,)h(the)f (most)f(speci\256c)i(concept)g(under)f(which)g(the)o(y)135 787 y(are)19 b(subsumed,)h(the)e(v)o(alue)g(restriction)g(of)h(their)f Fx(uses)p 1067 787 13 2 v 15 w(up)g FS(role,)j(their)d(associated)h(number) 135 843 y(restrictions,)11 b(or)g(all)g(objects)g Fx(used)p 700 843 V 15 w(up)h FS(by)f(these)g(plants.)245 948 y(backretrie)o(v)o (e\([describe])157 b(for)12 b(getall\(plant\)\).)245 1005 y(backretrie)o(v)o (e\([describe)p 653 1005 14 2 v 18 w(fully])52 b(for)12 b(getall\(plant\)\).) 245 1061 y(backretrie)o(v)o(e\([de\256ne)p 612 1061 V 19 w(as])141 b(for)12 b(getall\(plant\)\).)245 1117 y(backretrie)o(v)o(e\([introduced)p 697 1117 V 17 w(as])58 b(for)12 b(getall\(plant\)\).)245 1174 y(backretrie)o(v)o(e\([self])243 b(for)12 b(getall\(plant\)\).)245 1230 y(backretrie)o(v)o(e\([msc])235 b(for)12 b(getall\(plant\)\).)245 1287 y(backretrie)o(v)o(e\([vr\(uses)p 633 1287 V 18 w(up\)])98 b(for)12 b(getall\(plant\)\).)245 1343 y(backretrie)o(v)o(e\([nr\(uses)p 633 1343 V 18 w(up\)])98 b(for)12 b(getall\(plant\)\).)245 1400 y(backretrie)o(v)o(e\([rf\(uses)p 625 1400 V 18 w(up\)])106 b(for)12 b(getall\(plant\)\).)245 1456 y(backretrie)o(v)o(e\([vr\(in)n (v\(uses)p 705 1456 V 18 w(up\)\)])f(for)h(getall\(product\)\).)245 1513 y(backretrie)o(v)o(e\([nr\(in)n(v\(uses)p 705 1513 V 18 w(up\)\)])f(for)h(getall\(product\)\).)245 1569 y(backretrie)o(v)o (e\([rf\(in)n(v\(uses)p 697 1569 V 18 w(up\)\)])19 b(for)12 b(getall\(product\)\).)135 1674 y(While)j(the)h(\256rst)g(four)g(actions)f (return)h(e)o(xactly)g(the)g(same)g(information)e(as)i(described)g(in)f(the) 135 1730 y(pre)o(vious)8 b(sections,)h(the)g(output)e(function)h FT(self)h FS(returns)g(a)g(list)f(of)h(plant)f(names,)h(and)g FT(msc)g FS(returns)135 1787 y(a)h(list)f(of)h(possibly)e(incomplete)g(most)h (speci\256c)h(concept)g(names)g(\(that)f(is)g(a)h(list)f(of)h(most)f (speci\256c)135 1843 y(direct)j(super)f(concepts\).)18 b(The)12 b(other)f(output)g(functions)f(are)j(used)e(for)h(retrie)o(ving)f (information)135 1900 y(about)e(roles)g(resp.)g(in)n(v)o(erse)h(roles:)f FT(vr)g FS(retrie)o(v)o(es)h(the)f(v)o(alue)g(restriction)f(of)i(the)f (speci\256ed)g(role,)h FT(nr)135 1956 y FS(its)g(number)g(restrictions,)h (and)g FT(rf)g FS(retrie)o(v)o(es)g(the)g(role-\256llers.)17 b(The)11 b(last)f(three)h(output)f(functions)135 2013 y(return)h(the)h FT(nr)p FS(,)g FT(nr)g FS(resp.)g FT(vr)g FS(of)f(the)g(in)n(v)o(erse)h(role) g(of)f Fs(uses)p 1090 2013 V 17 w(up)p FS(.)206 2118 y(W)n(ith)h(a)g (combination)f(of)i(the)f(abo)o(v)o(e)i(described)e(output)f(functions)h(we)h (can)g(also)f(produce)135 2174 y(more)i(comple)o(x)h(results,)g(e.g.,)h(a)f (list)e(of)i(object/\256ller)f(tuples)g(for)h(a)g(certain)f(role,)i(or)f(a)g (list)e(of)135 2231 y(msc')m(s)e(for)h(the)f(\256llers)h(of)f(a)h(certain)g (role.)135 2336 y FT(Example)17 b(42:)26 b FS(W)l(e)17 b(want)e(to)h(kno)o(w) f(which)h(plant)g(co)p 1041 2336 V 16 w(produces)g(which)g(toxic)g(waste.)30 b(And)135 2392 y(further)14 b(we)h(like)e(to)h(retrie)o(v)o(e)g(all)g(most)f (speci\256c)i(concepts)f(of)g(all)g(materials)f(contained)h(in)f(all)135 2448 y(kno)o(wn)e Fx(compound)p 466 2448 13 2 v 14 w(products)p FS(.)245 2553 y(backretrie)o(v)o(e\(X)i(=)e([self,rf\(co)p 749 2553 14 2 v 18 w(produces\)])g(for)566 2610 y(getall\(all\(co)p 790 2610 V 16 w(produces,toxic)p 1074 2610 V 16 w(waste\)\)\).)245 2723 y(backretrie)o(v)o(e\(X)i(=)e([self,msc])h(for)f(getall)566 2779 y(in)n(v\(contains\))f(:)17 b(allkno)o(wn\(compound)p 1228 2779 V 14 w(product\)\).)p eop %%Page: 32 38 32 37 bop 195 50 a FS(32)870 b FL(CHAPTER)13 b(2.)28 b(B)n(A)n(CK)13 b(TUT)o(ORIAL)195 199 y FS(In)c(the)g(\256rst)f(case)i(the)f(retrie)o(v)o(al) f(result)h(is)f(a)h(list)f(of)h(tuples)f(describing)g(in)g(the)h(\256rst)g (place)g(the)g(plant)195 256 y(and)k(in)g(the)g(second)g(place)g(the)g Fx(to)o(xic)p 797 256 13 2 v 14 w(w)o(aste)g FS(it)g(produces.)22 b(The)13 b(second)g(retrie)o(v)o(al)g(results)f(in)h(a)195 312 y(list)e(of)h(tuples)g(describing)f(in)h(the)g(\256rst)g(place)h(the)f (material)g(and)g(in)g(the)g(second)g(place)g(a)h(list)e(of)195 369 y(the)g(material')m(s)g(msc.)16 b(The)c(operator)f FT(allknown)g FS(will)f(be)h(discussed)f(belo)o(w)h(in)f(Section)h(2.5.13.)195 522 y FF(2.5.8)50 b(T)-5 b(esting)13 b(Subsumption)195 618 y FS(One)c(of)f(the)g(main)g(services)h(of)f(a)h(terminological)e (representation)h(system)f(is)h(the)g(determination)195 675 y(of)j(subsumption)e(relations)i(between)h(terms)e(by)h(the)h(classi\256er)m (.)195 810 y FT(Example)d(43:)15 b FS(W)l(e)10 b(ha)o(v)o(e)g(de\256ned)f (abo)o(v)o(e)g Fx(nuclear)p 1012 810 V 15 w(w)o(aste)g FS(as)g(a)g(primiti)o (v)o(e)e(form)i(of)g Fx(to)o(xic)p 1624 810 V 14 w(w)o(aste)p FS(,)195 866 y(and)f(a)h Fx(nuclear)p 436 866 V 15 w(po)o(wer)p 563 866 V 15 w(plant)f FS(as)h(a)g(kind)f(of)g Fx(energy)p 1015 866 V 15 w(plant)h FS(which)f Fx(co)p 1293 866 V 14 w(produces)h (nuclear)p 1623 866 V 15 w(w)o(aste)p FS(.)195 922 y(W)l(e)k(can)g(determine) f(whether)g(such)g(a)h(plant)e(is)h(also)g(a)h Fx(to)o(xic)p 1178 922 V 14 w(w)o(aste)p 1300 922 V 14 w(plant)p FS(,)g(if)g(we)f(test)g (whether)195 979 y(a)17 b(subsumption)e(relation)i(e)o(xists)f(between)h (these)g(terms.)34 b(In)17 b(addition,)h(we)f(can)g(determine)195 1035 y(by)e(a)h(subsumption)c(test)j(whether)g Fx(to)o(xic)p 868 1035 V 14 w(w)o(aste)g FS(is)g(also)g(a)h Fx(product)p FS(,)g(and)f(whether)g(all)g Fx(plants)195 1092 y(co)p 241 1092 V 15 w(producing)d(w)o(aste)f FS(are)h(producing)f(products.)305 1222 y(nuclear)p 442 1222 14 2 v 17 w(po)o(wer)p 572 1222 V 17 w(plant)54 b(?)p FM(<)12 b FS(toxic)p 894 1222 V 16 w(waste)p 1014 1222 V 16 w(plant.)305 1278 y(toxic)p 400 1278 V 16 w(waste)215 b(?)p FM(<)12 b FS(product.)305 1335 y(all\(co)p 412 1335 V 17 w(produces,waste\))f(?)p FM(<)h FS(all\(produces,product\).)195 1465 y(Although)h(the)h(correct)h(answer)f(`yes')h(to)e(the)h(latter)h(two)e (questions)g(seems)g(to)h(be)g(strange,)i(it)195 1521 y(is)f(a)i(consequence) f(of)g(the)f(formalization)g(we)h(made)g(abo)o(v)o(e.)31 b(Instead)16 b(of)g(term)1533 1528 y FC(1)1567 1521 y FT(?)p FM(<)g FS(term)1725 1528 y FC(2)1744 1521 y FS(,)195 1577 y(also)10 b FT(backask)p FS(\()p FT(subsumes)p FS(\(term)739 1584 y FC(2)760 1577 y FS(,term)855 1584 y FC(1)874 1577 y FS(\)\))h(can)g(be)g(used)g(to)g(test)f (subsumption.)k(Note)d(that)f(the)195 1634 y(ar)o(gument)h(order)h(is)f(dif)o (ferent.)195 1787 y FF(2.5.9)50 b(T)-5 b(esting)13 b(Equivalence)195 1884 y FS(Because)g(subsumption)c(is)i(a)h(partial)f(order)h(relation,)f(we)h (can)g(easily)f(determine)g(whether)h(two)195 1940 y(concepts)d(or)g(roles)g (are)h(equi)o(v)o(alent.)15 b(Here)10 b(we)f(just)g(sho)o(w)f(a)h(simple)f(e) o(xample)i(ho)o(w)e(equi)o(v)o(alence)195 1997 y(queries)14 b(can)g(be)h(made.)24 b(More)14 b(comple)o(x)g(tests)f(can)h(be)h(stated)e (also,)i(b)o(ut)e(we)i(a)o(v)o(oid)e(them)h(for)195 2053 y(briefness.)195 2188 y FT(Example)i(44:)24 b FS(In)15 b(the)h(early)f(be)o(ginning)f(of)i (this)e(chapter)n(,)j(we)f(ha)o(v)o(e)g(introduced)e(synon)o(yms)195 2244 y(for)g(the)g(term)f Fx(plant)p FS(.)24 b(W)l(as)15 b Fx(f)o(actor)q(y)d FS(a)i(synon)o(ym)f(for)h Fx(plant)p FS(?)23 b(And)14 b(was)f Fx(manuf)o(actor)q(y)f FS(another)195 2301 y(synon)o(ym?)305 2431 y(backask\(equi)o(v)o(alent\(factory)m(,plant\)\).)305 2487 y(backask\(equi)o(v)o(alent\(manufactory)m(,plant\)\).)195 2617 y(Note)k(that)g(an)h FT(equivalent)f FS(test)g(needs)g(to)g(be)g (enclosed)h(by)f(the)g(command)f FT(backask)p FS(.)33 b(The)195 2673 y(former)10 b(test)f(succeeds)g(and)h(yields)e(the)i(result)f(`yes',)h (thus)f(both)g(terms)g(are)h(synon)o(ym.)15 b(Because)195 2730 y Fx(manuf)o(actor)q(y)8 b FS(was)i(not)f(yet)h(introduced,)h(the)f(last)f (query)h(is)g(e)o(v)o(aluated)g(to)g(`no'.)16 b(Thus,)10 b(the)g(term)195 2786 y Fx(manuf)o(actor)q(y)f FS(cannot)j(be)f(equi)o(v)o(alent)f(to)h Fx(plant)p FS(.)p eop %%Page: 33 39 33 38 bop 135 50 a FL(2.5.)28 b(QUER)m(YING)12 b(THE)f(SYSTEM)891 b FS(33)135 199 y FF(2.5.10)50 b(T)-5 b(esting)13 b(Incoher)o(ence)g(and)e (Disjointness)135 287 y FS(Sometimes)i(the)g(creation)h(of)f(an)h(object)f (leads)g(to)g(an)h(error)g(if)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)g FS(can)g(determine)f(that)g (the)135 343 y(object)f(is)g(subsumed)g(by)g(an)h(incoherent)f(concept.)21 b(Thus,)13 b(it)f(may)g(be)h(useful)f(to)g(determine)g(in)135 399 y(adv)o(ance)i(whether)f(some)f(concepts)h(or)h(roles)f(are)h (incoherent.)22 b(This)12 b(can)i(easily)e(be)i(achie)o(v)o(ed)135 456 y(by)h(determining)g(either)g(whether)h(the)f(concept)h(in)f(question)g (is)g(subsumed)f(by)h FT(nothing)p FS(,)j(by)135 512 y(querying)13 b(whether)h(the)g(concept)g(is)f FT(incoher)o(ent)p FS(,)k(or)d(by)g(testing) f(whether)h(two)f(concepts)g(are)135 569 y FT(disjoint)p FS(.)135 663 y FT(Example)18 b(45:)27 b FS(Let)17 b(us)g(assume)g(we)g(want)g(to)f (create)i(an)g(object)e(which)h(is)g(ener)o(gy)g(as)g(well)135 719 y(as)f(material)g(and)g(are)g(surprised)g(that)f FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)i FS(rejects)f(this)f(object.)31 b(Thus,)16 b(we)h(should)e(check)135 776 y(whether)10 b(it)g(is)g(in)g(general)h(possible)e(to)h(use)g(a)h (concept)f(which)g(is)g(both)g(ener)o(gy)g(and)h(material.)16 b(A)135 832 y(further)d(incoherence)h(concerns)f(products.)21 b(F)o(or)13 b(e)o(xample,)h(can)g(their)e(be)h(a)h(product)e(which)h(is)135 889 y(a)f Fx(solid)p 254 889 13 2 v 15 w(product)f FS(as)g(well)g(as)h(a)f Fx(compound)p 833 889 V 15 w(product)p FS(?)245 983 y(ener)o(gy)h(and)g (material)f(?)p FM(<)h FS(nothing.)245 1039 y(backask\(disjoint\(ener)o(gy)m (,material\)\).)245 1096 y(backask\(incoherent\(solid)p 708 1096 14 2 v 16 w(product)f(and)g(compound)p 1146 1096 V 15 w(product\)\).)135 1190 y(Like)e(an)h FT(equivalent)g FS(test,)g(tests)g(for) g(disjointness)d(and)j(incoherence)h(need)f(to)f(be)i(enclosed)e(in)h(a)135 1246 y FT(backask)h FS(command.)16 b(The)10 b(\256rst)g(e)o(xample)g(is)f (incoherent)h(because)h(ener)o(gy)f(and)h(material)e(were)135 1303 y(declared)16 b(disjoint;)g(the)f(second)g(disjointness)f(query)h (succeeds)h(for)g(the)f(same)g(reason.)30 b(The)135 1359 y(last)13 b(e)o(xample)g(is)g(incoherent)g(because)h(of)g(con\257icting)f(number)f (restrictions.)22 b(These)14 b(are)g(just)135 1416 y(simple)8 b(cases;)j(more)e(often)g(we)h(will)f(encounter)h(more)f(dif)o(\256cult)g (cases)h(where)g(the)f(incoherence)135 1472 y(is)16 b(not)g(so)g(ob)o(vious.) 30 b(Note)16 b(that)g(the)h(creation)f(of)g(an)h(object)f(as)g(instance)g(of) h(an)f(incoherent)135 1528 y(concept)11 b(is)g(not)g(possible;)f FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)i FS(will)e(reject)i(it.)135 1652 y FF(2.5.11)50 b(T)-5 b(esting)13 b(Concept)f(Membership)135 1739 y FS(It)7 b(may)g(be)g(necessary)g(to)g(test)g(whether)g(an)g(object)g(is)g(an)g (instance)g(of)g(a)g(certain)g(concept.)15 b(Because)135 1795 y(we)h(ha)o(v)o(e)h(se)o(v)o(eral)f(ways)g(of)g(creating)g(objects)f (\(named,)j(unique,)e(and)g(indirect)g(referenced\),)135 1852 y FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)c FS(of)o(fers)g(dif)o(ferent)f(possibilities)e(for)j (checking)f(concept)g(membership.)135 1946 y FT(Example)17 b(46:)26 b FS(Is)16 b Fx(Three)g(Miles)g(Island)g FS(a)g(broken)g(plant?)30 b(Is)16 b FM(uc)p FK(\()p FS(266)p FK(\))f FS(an)h(instance)g(of)g(the)135 2002 y(concept)11 b Fx(mechanical)p 500 2002 13 2 v 15 w(plant)p FS(?)17 b(Is)11 b(the)h(kno)o(wn)e(plant)h(co)p 1035 2002 14 2 v 16 w(producing)g Fx(Dio)o(xin)h FS(a)f Fx(chemical)p 1568 2002 13 2 v 15 w(plant)p FS(?)245 2096 y('Three)h(Miles)f(Island')447 b(?:)17 b(broken)p 1248 2096 14 2 v 16 w(plant.)245 2153 y FM(uc)p FK(\()p FS(266)p FK(\))672 b FS(?:)17 b(mechanical)p 1329 2153 V 16 w(plant.)245 2209 y(thekno)o(wn\(plant)10 b(and)i(co)p 666 2209 V 16 w(produces)f(:)17 b('Dioxin'\))10 b(?:)17 b(chemical)p 1286 2209 V 16 w(plant.)135 2333 y FF(2.5.12)50 b(Retrie)o(ving)12 b(the)g(Differ)o(ence)g(between)g(Entities)135 2420 y FS(F)o(or)17 b(the)g(purpose)f(of)g(inspection)g(and)g(correction,)j(it)d(is)g(sometimes)f (useful)h(to)g(retrie)o(v)o(e)h(the)135 2476 y(dif)o(ference)12 b(between)g(two)e(entities)h(of)g(the)g(same)h(type.)135 2570 y FT(Example)e(47:)15 b FS(Suppose)9 b(at)h(a)f(certain)h(stage)f(in)g(the)g (modeling)f(process)h(we)h(are)g(confused)f(what)135 2627 y(we)f(intended)g (to)f(represent)h(with)g(the)f(concepts)h Fx(compound)p 1097 2627 13 2 v 15 w(product)f FS(and)h Fx(assemb)o(led)p 1532 2627 V 15 w(product)p FS(.)135 2683 y(Although)j(we)i(can)g(inspect)e(both)h (descriptions,)g(another)g(way)h(of)f(\256nding)g(out)g(the)g(dif)o(ference) 135 2740 y(between)20 b(these)g(concepts)g(is)f(the)h(determination)f(of)h (their)f(\252conceptual)h(distance\272.)43 b(The)135 2796 y FT(differ)o(ence)14 b FS(operator)d(is)g(used)g(for)h(this)e(purpose.)p eop %%Page: 34 40 34 39 bop 195 50 a FS(34)870 b FL(CHAPTER)13 b(2.)28 b(B)n(A)n(CK)13 b(TUT)o(ORIAL)305 199 y FS(backretrie)o(v)o(e\(X)g(=)e(dif)o (ference\(compound)p 1021 199 14 2 v 16 w(product,assembled)p 1379 199 V 16 w(product\)\).)305 256 y(X)h(=)f([an)o (ything,atleast\(2,contains\))g(and)g(all\(contains,material\)])195 341 y(The)e(result)g(bound)f(to)h(X)g(has)g(to)g(be)g(interpreted)g(as)g (follo)o(ws:)f(The)h(\256rst)g(element)g(of)g(the)g(list)f(must)195 397 y(be)k(added)g(to)g(the)g(entity)f(of)i(the)f(\256rst)g(ar)o(gument,)g (and)g(the)g(second)g(element)g(must)f(be)h(added)g(to)195 454 y(the)f(entity)g(of)g(the)g(second)h(element,)f(to)g(make)g(both)f (semantically)h(equi)o(v)o(alent.)195 576 y FF(2.5.13)50 b(Language)12 b(Constructs)g(Restricted)g(to)g(Queries)195 663 y FS(As)c(promised)f(in)h (the)g(be)o(ginning)f(of)i(this)e(section)h(we)g(return)h(no)o(w)e(to)h (three)h(language)f(constructs)195 720 y(which)k(still)e(need)j(to)e(be)h (described.)19 b(While)12 b(the)g(language)f(constructs)h(introduced)f(in)h (section)195 776 y(2.2)17 b(and)g(2.4)h(can)f(be)g(used)g(arbitrarily)g (either)g(for)h(modeling)d(or)j(querying,)g(the)f(constructs)195 832 y FT(or)i FS(and)f FT(someknown)h FS(are)g(restricted)f(to)g(queries)h (only)m(.)37 b(The)o(y)18 b(are)i(not)d(a)o(v)o(ailable)i(for)f(the)195 889 y(construction)10 b(of)i(concepts)f(and)g(the)h(assertion)e(of)i (objects.)k(Ho)o(we)o(v)o(er)n(,)d(the)o(y)e(can)h(be)f(e)o(v)o(aluated)195 945 y(at)g(query-time.)266 1002 y(The)17 b(use)g(of)h(the)f FT(or)g FS(operator)h(is)f(restricted)g(to)g(queries)g(only;)j(more)d (precisely)m(,)i(to)e(the)195 1058 y(outermost)10 b(le)o(v)o(el)h(of)h (ABox-queries)f(and)h(to)f(\256ller)g(e)o(xpressions)g(of)h(ABox)f(queries.) 195 1143 y FT(Example)17 b(48:)28 b FS(W)l(e)17 b(can)h(use)e FT(or)h FS(to)g(test,)h(whether)f Fx(Three)g(Miles)f(Island)h FS(is)f(an)h(instance)g(of)195 1200 y(a)f Fx(chemical)p 397 1200 13 2 v 15 w(plant)g FS(or)g(a)g Fx(nuclear)p 744 1200 V 14 w(po)o(wer)p 870 1200 V 15 w(plant)p FS(,)i(and)d(we)i(can)f(retrie)o(v) o(e)g(all)g(plants)f(which)g(are)195 1256 y Fx(r)q(isky)p 284 1256 V 14 w(chemical)p 462 1256 V 15 w(plants)c FS(or)g(dangerous)g Fx(nuclear)p 983 1256 V 15 w(po)o(wer)p 1110 1256 V 15 w(plants)p FS(.)305 1342 y('Three)h(Miles)f(Island')g(?:)17 b(chemical)p 910 1342 14 2 v 16 w(plant)11 b(or)g(nuclear)p 1212 1342 V 17 w(po)o(wer)p 1342 1342 V 16 w(plant.)305 1398 y(backretrie)o(v)o(e\(X)i(=) e([self])h(for)f(getall\(risk)o(y)p 1009 1398 V 16 w(chemical)p 1190 1398 V 16 w(plant)g(or)915 1455 y(\(dangerous)p 1121 1455 V 16 w(plant)g(and)g(nuclear)p 1451 1455 V 17 w(po)o(wer)p 1581 1455 V 17 w(plant\)\)\).)195 1540 y(Note)j(that)g FT(or)h FS(can)g(only)f(be)h(used)f(for)h(the)f(retrie)o(v)o(al)g(of)h(objects)f (with)g FT(getall)g FS(and)g(for)h(testing)195 1596 y(whether)c(an)h(object)f (is)g(an)g(instance)g(of)h(a)g(concept)f(term)g(\(see)h(?:\).)266 1681 y(The)d(concept)g FT(or)g FS(of)g(the)f(pre)o(vious)g(e)o(xample)h (\256nds)g(its)f(ABox)h(counterpart)g(in)g(the)g(role-\256ller)195 1738 y FT(or)p FS(,)j(which)f(can)h(be)f(used)g(to)g(query)h(for)f(disjuncti) o(v)o(e)f(role-\256ller)i(e)o(xpressions.)195 1823 y FT(Example)k(49:)25 b FS(Does)15 b Fx(ChemoPhar)q(m)g(Plant)g(17)h FS(produce)f Fx(Dio)o(xin)h FS(or)g(somekno)o(wn)e(product,)195 1880 y(which)d(contains)g Fx(CFC)p FS(?)h(Retrie)o(v)o(e)g(all)f(objects,)g(which)g(contain)g Fx(Dio)o(xin)h FS(or)f Fx(CFC)p FS(.)305 1965 y('ChemoPharm)h(Plant)f(17')h (?:)k(co)p 856 1965 V 17 w(produces)11 b(:)16 b(\('Dioxin')11 b(or)1090 2021 y(somekno)o(wn\(contains)f(:)16 b('CFC'\)\))305 2078 y(backretrie)o(v)o(e\(X)d(=)e([self])h(for)f(getall\(contains)g(:)16 b(\('Dioxin')11 b(or)g('CFC'\)\)\).)266 2163 y(Of)h(course,)g(if)g(the)f (number)g(of)h(alternati)o(v)o(es)g(in)f(an)h FT(or)p FS(-query)g(is)f(lar)o (ge)h(it)f(is)h(dif)o(\256cult)f(to)g(list)195 2219 y(all)e(alternati)o(v)o (es.)16 b(And)9 b(e)o(v)o(en)h(if)f(the)g(number)g(of)g(alternati)o(v)o(es)g (is)g(small)f(it)h(is)g(sometimes)f(dif)o(\256cult)195 2276 y(to)j(remember)g(them.)17 b(Thus,)11 b FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)h FS(contains)f(a)g (language)h(construct,)f(which)g(can)h(be)f(re)o(garded)195 2332 y(as)g(a)h(generalized)g(form)f(of)h(the)f FT(or)g FS(operator)n(,)i (the)e(construct:)f FT(someknown)p FS(.)195 2418 y FT(Example)g(50:)15 b FS(Let)9 b(us)f(look)h(again)g(at)g(the)g(e)o(xample)g(of)g Fx(ChemoPhar)q(m)f(Plant)h(17)h(co)p 1560 2418 13 2 v 15 w(producing)195 2474 y(Dio)o(xin)j FS(introduced)f(abo)o(v)o(e.)22 b(If)13 b(we)g(want)g(to)f(\256nd)h(out)f(whether)h(this)f(object)g Fx(co)p 1493 2474 V 15 w(produces)h FS(an)o(y)195 2531 y(kind)e(of)g Fx(to)o(xic)p 424 2531 V 14 w(w)o(aste)p FS(,)h(we)f(can)h(use)f(the)h(follo) o(wing)e(query)m(.)305 2616 y('ChemoPharm)i(Plant)f(17')h(?:)k(co)p 856 2616 14 2 v 17 w(produces)11 b(:)16 b(somekno)o(wn\(toxic)p 1406 2616 V 15 w(waste\).)195 2701 y(Ob)o(viously)m(,)10 b(the)h FT(someknown)h FS(operator)f(makes)g(only)f(sense)h(in)g(an)g(ABox)h(query)m (,)f(since)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)195 2757 y FS(allo)o(ws)f(disjuncti)o(v)o(e)g (role-\256ller)i(e)o(xpressions)f(only)g(in)g(queries.)p eop %%Page: 35 41 35 40 bop 135 511 a FI(Chapter)20 b(3)135 718 y FN(Back)26 b(Manual)135 941 y FS(This)8 b(chapter)g(describes)h(the)f(syntax)f(of)i FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)j(V)p FS(5)d(in)e(detail.)16 b(Because)9 b(some)f(of)h(the)f (syntactical)135 997 y(constructs)i(\(i.e.)h(entities\))f(are)h(used)g (frequently)f(in)g(this)g(chapter)n(,)h(we)g(summarize)f(them)g(by)g(the)135 1054 y(hierarchy)15 b(of)h(entities)e(sho)o(wn)g(in)h(Figure)g(3.1)g(for)h(a) o(v)o(oiding)e(redundant)h(descriptions)e(in)i(the)135 1110 y(manual')m(s)i(entries.)32 b(In)16 b(general,)j(e)o(v)o(ery)e(entry)g(in)f (this)g(manual)g(consists)f(of)h(a)h(heading)g(line)769 1267 y(entity)401 1506 y(term)1095 1510 y(v)o(alue)319 1741 y(conceptual-type)224 1687 y(role)612 1682 y(macro)189 1979 y(concept)344 2044 y(aset)51 b(number)616 1978 y FT(string)1335 1626 y FS(attrib)o(ute-name)1218 1687 y(number)o(-instance)1145 1739 y(string-instance)999 1800 y(obj-ref)1155 2036 y(object-name)815 2037 y FT(uc\()p FM(i)p FT(\))877 2096 y(theknown)p FS(\(concept\))440 1462 y Fr(\010)481 1441 y(\010)523 1421 y(\010)564 1400 y(\010)606 1379 y(\010)647 1358 y(\010)689 1338 y(\010)717 1323 y(\010)-42 b(*)1095 1459 y(Q)1054 1431 y(Q)1012 1404 y(Q)971 1376 y(Q)929 1348 y(Q)897 1327 y(Q)g(k)257 1642 y(\032)298 1611 y(\032)340 1580 y(\032)363 1563 y(\032)g(>)p 438 1695 4 166 v 440 1572 a(6)611 1642 y(Q)569 1615 y(Q)528 1587 y(Q)486 1559 y(Q)484 1558 y(Q)g(k)242 1935 y(\023)273 1893 y(\023)304 1852 y(\023)335 1811 y(\023)-31 b(7)632 1937 y(@)590 1896 y(@)549 1854 y(@)508 1814 y(@)-42 b(I)1355 1577 y(P)1313 1563 y(P)1272 1550 y(P)1230 1536 y(P)1216 1531 y(P)g(i)1210 1642 y(A)1190 1601 y(A)1175 1572 y(A)-21 b(K)1063 1763 y(\003)1073 1722 y(\003)1084 1680 y(\003)1094 1639 y(\003)1104 1597 y(\003)1112 1569 y(\003)-10 b(\027)859 1999 y(\000)901 1958 y(\000)942 1916 y(\000)984 1875 y(\000)992 1867 y(\000)-42 b(\022)p 1061 2056 4 237 v 1063 1861 a(6)1222 1997 y(@)1181 1955 y(@)1139 1914 y(@)1098 1872 y(@)1092 1867 y(@)g(I)363 1999 y(\002)377 1958 y(\002)391 1916 y(\002)405 1875 y(\002)418 1833 y(\002)426 1811 y(\002)-14 b(\016)518 1999 y(B)504 1958 y(B)490 1916 y(B)476 1875 y(B)462 1833 y(B)455 1811 y(B)g(M)p 1147 1701 4 178 v 1148 1566 a(6)642 2272 y FB(Figure)10 b(3.1:)15 b(Hierarchy)10 b(of)g(Entities)135 2377 y FS(consisting)h(of)i(the) g(construct')m(s)g(name)763 2361 y FC(1)794 2377 y FS(and)g(a)g(grouping)f (ke)o(yword.)21 b(In)13 b(the)g(case)g(that)g(se)o(v)o(eral)135 2433 y(constructs)k(ha)o(v)o(e)h(the)f(same)g(name)h(\(e.g.)g FT(or)p FS(\))g(we)g(group)f(them)g(together)m(.)35 b(Ev)o(ery)18 b(subentry)135 2490 y(will)c(then)h(be)g(distinguished)e(by)h(the)h(name)g (and)g(a)h(grouping)e(ke)o(yword.)27 b(Entries)14 b(consist)g(of)135 2546 y(a)g(short)f(summary)f(of)i(the)f(construct,)h(its)e(syntax)h(in)g(BNF) l(,)i(its)e(formal)g(semantics,)h(a)f(detailed)135 2603 y(description)h(of)g (the)h(construct,)g(some)f(e)o(xamples,)h(a)g(short)f(description)g(of)h(the) f(dif)o(ference)h(to)135 2659 y FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)d(V)p FS(4,)g(and)g(the)f (construct')m(s)g(idiosyncrasies.)p 135 2707 624 2 v 188 2735 a Fw(1)202 2751 y Fv(F)o(or)h(some)e(operators)g(like)h(`..)m(',)i(`:)p Fq(<)p Fv(')g(etc.)e(we)f(use)g(their)i(Prolog)e(functor)h(as)g(name.)18 b(A)11 b(functor)g(consists)e(of)i(a)135 2796 y(predicate)d(symbol)h(and)f (the)h(number)f(of)i(it')n(s)g(ar)o(guments)e(separated)g(by)g(`/'.)892 2921 y FS(35)p eop %%Page: 36 42 36 41 bop 195 50 a FS(36)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y Fp(:)p Fo(<)p FG(/2)1074 b(T)-5 b(ell)14 b(Expr)o(ession)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Introduction)10 b(or)i(re)o(vision)e(of)i(primiti)o(v)o(e)e(term-names.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(de\256nition)6 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FJ(h)p FH(concept-)p FQ(N)o(AME)8 b FJ(i)j FS(:)p FM(<)h FJ(h)p FH(concept)7 b FJ(i)810 526 y(j)50 b(h)p FH(r)n(ole-)p FQ(N)o(AME)8 b FJ(i)j FS(:)p FM(<)g FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)c FJ(i)197 650 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FJ(M)12 b(j)-8 b FK(=)13 b FE(t)638 657 y FD(n)675 650 y FS(:)p FM(<)g FE(t)e FS(if)o(f)h FK([)-8 b([)p FE(t)851 657 y FD(n)874 650 y FK(])g(])892 634 y Fn(I)928 650 y FJ(\022)13 b FK([)-8 b([)p FE(t)p FK(])g(])1028 634 y Fn(I)197 771 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(The)9 b(operator)h(:)p FM(<)p FT(/2)f FS(is)g(used)g(to)f(introduce)h FH(primitive)f FS(terms)h(into)g(the)g(kno)o(wl-)502 828 y(edge)g(base.)17 b(F)o(or)9 b(primiti)o(v)o(e)f(terms)h(only)f(necessary)h(b)o(ut)g(no)f(suf)o (\256cient)h(condi-)502 884 y(tions)f(are)j(gi)o(v)o(en.)k(Internally)m(,)10 b(an)g(introduction)d(of)j(a)g(primiti)o(v)o(e)e(concept)h(c)h(:)p FM(<)502 941 y FT(anything)15 b FS(is)g(transformed)f(into)g(the)h(equi)o(v)o (alent)f(de\256nition)g(c)h(:=)f FT(prim)p FS(\(c\))502 997 y FT(and)g(anything)g FS(\(analogously)e(for)i(primiti)o(v)o(e)e(roles\).)23 b FT(prim)p FS(\(c\))14 b(is)f(called)h(a)502 1054 y FH(primitive)f (component)882 1037 y FC(2)914 1054 y FS(and)h(represents)h(the)f (information)e(contained)i(in)g(c)502 1110 y(which)f(is)g(not)g(completely)f (speci\256ed)i(by)f(the)h(user)n(,)g(i.e.,)h(which)f(makes)e(the)502 1166 y(term)f(primiti)o(v)o(e.)502 1269 y(T)l(o)g(re)o(vise)h(a)f(primiti)o (v)o(e)f(introduction,)g(one)h(simply)f(has)h(to)g(gi)o(v)o(e)g(a)g(ne)o(w)g (de\256-)502 1325 y(nition)c(for)h(a)h(term:)f(if)g(a)g(terminology)f (contains)g(more)i(than)f(one)g(introduction)502 1382 y(of)j(a)h(term-name)f (t)805 1389 y FD(n)839 1382 y FS(:)p FM(<)h FS(t)912 1389 y FC(1)930 1382 y FS(,)g FM(:)c(:)g(:)d FS(,)12 b(t)1049 1389 y FD(n)1083 1382 y FS(:)p FM(<)g FS(t)1156 1389 y FD(i)1169 1382 y FS(,)g(the)f(last)g(introduction)e(is)i(taken)f(to)502 1438 y(be)i(the)f(actual)g(one;)g(earlier)h(introductions)e(are)i(simply)e(o) o(v)o(erwritten.)197 1559 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(plant)192 b(:)p FM(<)12 b FT(anything)p FS(.)502 1615 y(chemical)p 670 1615 14 2 v 16 w(plant)f(:)p FM(<)h FS(plant.)502 1672 y(produces)119 b(:)p FM(<)12 b FT(domain)p FS(\(plant\))f FT(and)h(range)p FS(\(product\).)197 1792 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(The)11 b(description)e(of)i(a)g(primiti)o(v)o(e)e(term)i(contains)f(its)f(primiti)o (v)o(e)h(component,)502 1849 y(i.e.,)17 b(plant)d(is)g(described)g(by)h(the)f (system)f(as)i FT(prim)p FS(\(plant\))g FT(and)g(anything)p FS(.)502 1905 y(This)9 b(is)g(to)h(ensure)g(that)f(the)h(term)f(returned)h (as)g(description)f(is)g(indeed)g(equi)o(v-)502 1962 y(alent)14 b(to)g(the)g(term)h(being)e(described.)26 b(Note)14 b(that)g(a)h(primiti)o(v) o(e)e(component)502 2018 y(is)18 b(only)g(accepted)h(in)f(a)h(de\256nition)f (of)g(a)h(term)f(with)g(the)g(same)h(name)f(as)502 2075 y(the)d(name)g (occurring)g(within)e(the)i(primiti)o(v)o(e)f(component.)26 b(Thus)14 b(plant)h FT(:=)502 2131 y(prim)p FS(\(plant\))c FT(and)g(anything)h FS(is)e(accepted,)i(while)e(dummy)g FT(:=)h(prim)p FS(\(plant\))502 2188 y FT(and)h(anything)g FS(is)f(rejected)h(by)f(the)g (system.)197 2308 y FT(See)h(also:)136 b FS(:)p FK(=)p FT(/2)p 195 2753 624 2 v 248 2780 a Fw(2)262 2796 y Fv(See)326 2793 y([)338 2796 y(Nebel,)9 b(1990)522 2793 y(])542 2796 y(for)h(the)f(technical) f(details)h(of)h(introducing)e(primiti)o(v)o(e)j(components.)p eop %%Page: 37 43 37 42 bop 1649 50 a FS(37)135 199 y Fp(:)p Fm(=)p FG(/2)1074 b(T)-5 b(ell)14 b(Expr)o(ession)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Introduction)10 b(or)i(re)o(vision)e(of)i(de\256ned)f(term-names.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(de\256nition)6 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FJ(h)p FH(term-)p FQ(N)o(AME)8 b FJ(i)j FS(:)p FK(=)h FJ(h)p FH(term)7 b FJ(i)137 590 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FJ(M)12 b(j)-8 b FK(=)13 b FE(t)578 597 y FD(n)615 590 y FS(:)p FK(=)g FE(t)e FS(if)o(f)h FK([)-8 b([)p FE(t)791 597 y FD(n)814 590 y FK(])g(])832 574 y Fn(I)868 590 y FK(=)13 b([)-8 b([)p FE(t)p FK(])g(])968 574 y Fn(I)137 711 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(The)12 b(operator)h(:)p FK(=)p FT(/2)f FS(is)g(used)g(to)f(introduce)h FH(de\256ned)g FS(terms)g(into)g(the)g(kno)o(wl-)442 767 y(edge)17 b(base.)33 b(A)17 b(term-name)g(is)f(de\256ned)h(and)g(can)g(subsequently)e (be)i(used)442 824 y(as)e(an)f(abbre)o(viation)g(of)g(the)g(term)h(gi)o(v)o (en)f(as)g(its)g(de\256nition.)25 b(Unlike)13 b(in)h(the)442 880 y(case)j(of)f(primiti)o(v)o(e)f(terms)h(the)g(de\256nition)f(is)h(taken)f (to)h(contain)g(necessary)442 937 y(and)11 b(suf)o(\256cient)h(conditions,)e (i.e.,)j(e)o(v)o(ery)f(instance)f(satisfying)f(the)h(de\256nition)442 993 y(is)g(taken)g(to)g(be)g(an)h(instance)f(of)g(the)h(de\256ned)f(name.)442 1095 y(T)l(o)j(re)o(vise)g(a)h(de\256nition,)f(one)g(simply)e(has)i(to)g(gi)o (v)o(e)g(a)g(ne)o(w)g(de\256nition)f(for)i(a)442 1152 y(term:)e(if)g(a)h (terminology)d(contains)i(more)g(than)g(one)g(de\256nition)g(for)g(a)h(term-) 442 1208 y(name)c(t)564 1215 y FD(n)598 1208 y FS(:)p FK(=)g FS(t)669 1215 y FC(1)688 1208 y FS(,)h FM(:)d(:)g(:)d FS(,)11 b(t)805 1215 y FD(n)839 1208 y FS(:)p FK(=)f FS(t)910 1215 y FD(i)924 1208 y FS(,)h(the)f(last)g(de\256nition)f(is)h(taken)g(to)f(be)i (the)f(actual)442 1265 y(one;)h(earlier)h(de\256nitions)e(are)j(simply)c(o)o (v)o(erwritten.)137 1386 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(mechanical)p 653 1386 14 2 v 16 w(plant)11 b(:=)g(plant)g FT(and)h(all)p FS(\(produces,mechanical)p 1458 1386 V 16 w(product\).)442 1442 y(co)p 488 1442 V 17 w(produces)102 b(:=)11 b(produces)g FT(and)h(range)p FS(\(waste\).)442 1498 y(contains)174 b(:=)11 b FT(trans)p FS(\(directly)p 1078 1498 V 17 w(contains\).)137 1619 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(In)15 b(V4)g(only)e(the)i (de\256nition)f(of)h(concepts)f(was)h(supported,)g(whereas)g(roles)442 1676 y(could)i(only)g(be)h(introduced)f(as)g(primiti)o(v)o(e,)h(i.e.,)j (de\256ned)d(roles)f(were)i(not)442 1732 y(allo)o(wed.)137 1853 y FT(See)12 b(also:)136 b FS(:)p FM(<)p FT(/2)p eop %%Page: 38 44 38 43 bop 195 50 a FS(38)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y Fm(=)p Fo(>)p FG(/2)1044 b(T)-5 b(ell)14 b(Expr)o(ession)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Speci\256cation)12 b(of)f(a)h(rule.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(rule)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FJ(h)p FH(concept)7 b FJ(i)k FK(=)p FM(>)h FJ(h)p FH(concept)7 b FJ(i)197 590 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FJ(M)12 b(j)-8 b FK(=)13 b FE(c)642 597 y FC(1)674 590 y FK(=)p FM(>)g FE(c)777 597 y FC(2)807 590 y FS(if)o(f)f FK([)-8 b([)p FE(c)899 597 y FC(1)917 590 y FK(])g(])935 574 y Fn(I)971 590 y FJ(\022)13 b FK([)-8 b([)p FE(c)1057 597 y FC(2)1076 590 y FK(])g(])1094 574 y Fn(I)197 711 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(A)11 b(rule)g(or)g(constraint)g (is)f(speci\256ed:)h(all)g(instances)g(of)g FE(c)1401 718 y FC(1)1431 711 y FS(are)h(constrained)e(to)502 767 y(be)h(also)f(instances)g (of)h FE(c)887 774 y FC(2)906 767 y FS(.)16 b(Rules)11 b(are)g(taken)f(into)g (account)h(for)g(subsumption)502 824 y(queries)k(unless)f FT(noibox)h FS(is)f(speci\256ed.)27 b(Both)15 b FE(c)1294 831 y FC(1)1328 824 y FS(and)g FE(c)1429 831 y FC(2)1462 824 y FS(can)g(be)g(comple)o(x)502 880 y(concept)d(terms.)k(Rules)11 b(between)h(roles)f(are)h(not)f(supported,) g(ho)o(we)o(v)o(er)m(.)197 1001 y FT(Example:)118 b(some)p FS(\(co)p 662 1001 14 2 v 17 w(produces,toxical)p 980 1001 V 16 w(waste\))11 b FK(=)p FM(>)h FT(all)p FS(\(pollution,high\).)502 1058 y(nuclear)p 639 1058 V 17 w(po)o(wer)p 769 1058 V 16 w(plant)f FT(and)502 1114 y(all)p FS(\(is)p 600 1114 V 15 w(of)p 653 1114 V 17 w(type,)m('Tschernobyl'\))95 b FK(=)p FM(>)12 b FS(dangerous)p 1396 1114 V 16 w(plant.)197 1235 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(Cyclic)17 b(rules,)g(such)f(as)h FE(c)f FK(=)p FM(>)h FT(all)p FS(\()p FE(r)q FS(,)p FE(c)p FS(\))f(are)h(accepted)g(b)o(ut)f(inferences)h(for)502 1291 y(subsumption)9 b(are)j(incomplete)e(w)m(.r)m(.t.)j(them.)502 1393 y(Another)c(incompleteness)f(results)h(from)g(the)g(fact)h(that)f(rules) g(are)h(not)f(treated)502 1450 y(as)19 b(material)g(implications)d(b)o(ut)j (only)f(as)h(forward)g(chaining)f(rules:)g(if)h(an)502 1506 y(object)13 b(is)g(kno)o(wn)g(to)g(be)h(a)g FE(c)968 1513 y FC(1)1001 1506 y FS(it)f(will)f(be)i(inferred)g(that)f(it)g(is)h(also)f(a)h FE(c)1646 1513 y FC(2)1665 1506 y FS(.)23 b(No)502 1563 y(contraposition)10 b(or)h(reasoning)g(by)g(case)h(is)f(employed.)502 1665 y(Furthermore,)j (rules)e(are)h(not)f(applied)g(to)h(v)o(alue)f(restrictions.)19 b(Thus,)13 b(a)g(rule)502 1721 y FE(c)522 1728 y FC(1)550 1721 y FK(=)p FM(>)c FE(c)649 1728 y FC(2)677 1721 y FS(does)g(not)f(yield)g(a)h (subsumption)e(between)i FT(all)p FS(\()p FE(r)q FS(,)p FE(c)1482 1728 y FC(1)1500 1721 y FS(\))g(and)f FT(all)p FS(\()p FE(r)q FS(,)p FE(c)1710 1728 y FC(2)1728 1721 y FS(\).)p eop %%Page: 39 45 39 44 bop 1649 50 a FS(39)135 199 y FG(::/2)1098 b(T)-5 b(ell)14 b(Expr)o(ession)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Enter)11 b(ne)o(w)h(facts)f (into)f(the)i(kno)o(wledge)e(base.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(description)6 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FJ(h)p FH(obj-r)n(ef)6 b FJ(i)12 b FS(::)e FJ(h)p FH(concept)e FJ(i)783 526 y(j)50 b FQ(PR)o(OLOG)p FS(-)p FQ(V)-5 b(AR)14 b FS(::)d FJ(h)p FH(concept)c FJ(i)137 642 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(The)22 b(operator)f FT(::/2)h FS(is)e(used)i(to)f(enter)g(ne)o(w)h(facts)f(into)g(the)g(kno)o (wledge)442 699 y(base,)g(and)d(to)g(create)h(ne)o(w)g(objects.)37 b(The)18 b(left)h(hand)f(side,)i FJ(h)p FH(obj-r)n(ef)7 b FJ(i)18 b FS(or)442 755 y FQ(PR)o(OLOG)p FS(-)p FQ(V)-5 b(AR)p FS(,)20 b(determines)14 b(whether)h(the)g(information)f(of)h(the)g(right)f(hand)442 812 y(side,)f FJ(h)p FH(concept)7 b FJ(i)p FS(,)13 b(is)e(asserted)i(for)f (an)h(e)o(xisting)e(object)h(or)g(a)h(ne)o(w)f(object.)20 b(If)442 868 y FJ(h)p FH(obj-r)n(ef)7 b FJ(i)i FS(refers)h(to)f(an)g(e)o(xisting)f (object)h(\261)g(by)f(an)i(object)e(name,)i FH(unique)f(con-)442 925 y(stant)g FS(\()p FT(uc\()p FM(i)p FT(\))p FS(\),)j(or)f(by)f(a)g FT(theknown)i FS(e)o(xpression)e(\261)g(then)g FJ(h)p FH(concept)d FJ(i)j FS(is)g(added)442 981 y(to)h(the)g(kno)o(wn)g(object)g(description.)16 b(Note)11 b(that)g(in)g(contrast)h(to)f(concept)g(and)442 1038 y(role)h(de\256nitions,)f FJ(h)p FH(concept)c FJ(i)12 b FS(does)f(not)h (replace)g(the)g(object')m(s)g(pre)o(vious)f(de-)442 1094 y(scription.)k(If) 10 b FJ(h)p FH(obj-r)n(ef)c FJ(i)j FS(is)g(a)g(Prolog)g(atom)f(not)h (associated)f(with)h(an)o(y)g(object,)442 1150 y(a)16 b(ne)o(w)f(object)g(is) g(created)h(whose)f(description)f(is)h FJ(h)p FH(concept)8 b FJ(i)p FS(,)16 b(and)f(whose)442 1207 y(name)i(is)g FJ(h)p FH(obj-r)n(ef)7 b FJ(i)p FS(.)34 b(If)17 b FQ(PR)o(OLOG)p FS(-)p FQ(V)-5 b(AR)21 b FS(is)16 b(an)i(unbound)e(Prolog)h(v)o(ariable,)442 1263 y(a)f(ne)o(w)f(object)f(is)h(created)h(whose)f(description)f(is)h FJ(h)p FH(concept)7 b FJ(i)p FS(;)16 b(the)f(system)442 1320 y(generates)e(an)f(internal)g(name,)h(a)g FH(unique)e(constant)h FS(of)g(the)g(form)g FT(uc\()p FM(i)p FT(\))p FS(,)i(and)442 1376 y(associates)d(it)g(with)g(the)g(object.)442 1478 y(If)16 b(an)o(y)f(inconsistenc)o(y)f(occurs,)j(the)d(assertion)h(is)f(rejected,)j (and)e FT(::/2)g FS(fails,)442 1535 y(e.g.,)22 b(if)c FJ(h)p FH(concept)7 b FJ(i)19 b FS(is)f(incoherent)g(or)h(causes)f(an)h(inference)g (that)f(would)442 1591 y(introduce)11 b(an)g(inconsistenc)o(y)g(at)g(another) h(object.)137 1712 y FT(Example:)118 b FS('Harrisb)o(ur)o(g')12 b(::)k(nuclear)p 859 1712 14 2 v 17 w(plant.)442 1769 y(X)205 b(::)16 b(plant)11 b FT(and)h FS(name)f(:)16 b(bio)p 1111 1769 V 16 w(plant2.)442 1825 y FT(theknown)p FS(\(plant)c FT(and)g FS(name)g(:)k(bio)p 1039 1825 V 16 w(plant2\))10 b(::)16 b(wind)p 1329 1825 V 16 w(po)o(wer)p 1458 1825 V 17 w(plant.)137 1946 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(This)13 b(operator)h(was)f(called)g FT(=/2)g FS(in)g(V4.)23 b(The)14 b(pre\256x-operator)g FT(new)h FS(of)e(V4)442 2002 y(has)18 b(been)g(ommited:)d(if)j(an)g(object)f(name)h (is)f(unkno)o(wn)g(a)h(ne)o(w)f(object)h(is)442 2059 y(created.)137 2179 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(The)13 b(user)f(must)f(not)h(create)i (objects)e(with)f(a)i(name)f(consisting)f(of)i(a)f(not)g(yet)442 2236 y(introduced)f FT(uc\()p FM(i)p FT(\))p FS(.)137 2357 y FT(See)h(also:)136 b(theknown)p FS(,)13 b FT(uc\()p FM(i)p FT(\))p eop %%Page: 40 46 40 45 bop 195 50 a FS(40)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(?)p Fo(<)p FG(/2)1055 b(Ask)15 b(Expr)o(ession)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Subsumption)10 b(test.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(ask-e)o(xpr)n(ession)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FJ(h)p FH(term)7 b FJ(i)k FS(?)p FM(<)h FJ(h)p FH(term)7 b FJ(i)k FS([)p FT(noibox)p FS(])197 590 y FT(Semantics:)114 b FE(t)539 597 y FC(1)569 590 y FS(?)5 b FM(<)14 b FE(t)659 597 y FC(2)883 590 y FS(if)o(f)42 b FR(Q)10 b FJ([)g(R)i(j)-8 b FK(=)13 b FE(t)1171 597 y FC(1)1203 590 y FJ(v)g FE(t)1267 597 y FC(2)523 647 y FE(t)539 654 y FC(1)569 647 y FS(?)5 b FM(<)14 b FE(t)659 654 y FC(2)689 647 y Fl(noib)q(o)o(x)42 b FS(if)o(f)g FR(Q)12 b FJ(j)-8 b FK(=)13 b FE(t)1082 654 y FC(1)1114 647 y FJ(v)g FE(t)1178 654 y FC(2)197 766 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(The)13 b(operator)h(performs)f(a)g(boolean)g(test)f(whether)i(the)f FJ(h)p FH(term)6 b FJ(i)13 b FS(on)g(the)g(left)502 823 y(hand)k(side)f(is)g (subsumed)g(by)g(the)h FJ(h)p FH(term)7 b FJ(i)16 b FS(on)g(the)h(right)f (hand)g(side.)33 b(The)502 879 y(answer)11 b(includes)f(the)g(application)f (of)i(rules;)f(if)g(the)o(y)h(are)g(to)f(be)h(ignored,)f(the)502 936 y FT(noibox)h FS(option)g(must)f(be)h(used.)197 1056 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(nuclear)p 639 1056 14 2 v 17 w(plant)221 b(?)p FM(<)12 b FS(ener)o(gy)p 1159 1056 V 17 w(plant.)502 1113 y FT(atleast)p FS(\(12,r\))g FT(and)g(all)p FS(\(r)n(,d\))g(?)p FM(<)g FT(atleast)p FS(\(12,s\).)502 1169 y(c1)421 b(?)p FM(<)12 b FS(c2)f FT(noibox)p FS(.)197 1290 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(Note)11 b(that)g(the)g(order)h(of)g(the)f(ar)o(guments)g(of)g FT(?)p FM(<)h FS(and)f FT(subsumes)h FS(dif)o(fers.)197 1411 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(equivalent)p FS(,)12 b FT(subsumes)p eop %%Page: 41 47 41 46 bop 1649 50 a FS(41)135 199 y FG(?:/2)1082 b(Ask)15 b(Expr)o(ession)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(T)m(est)11 b(whether)g(an)h(object)f (instantiates)f(a)i(concept)f(e)o(xpression.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(ask-e)o(xpr)n(ession)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FJ(h)p FH(obj-r)n(ef)7 b FJ(i)k FS(?:)g FJ(h)p FH(concept)d FJ(i)j FS([)p FT(noibox)p FS(])137 590 y FT(Semantics:)114 b FE(o)11 b FS(?)5 b(:)13 b FE(c)205 b FS(if)o(f)42 b FR(G)12 b FJ(j)-8 b FK(=)13 b FE(o)g FS(::)f FE(c)463 647 y(o)f FS(?)5 b(:)13 b FE(c)e Fl(noib)q(o)o(x)42 b FS(if)o(f)g FR(Q)10 b FJ([)g(A)j(j)-8 b FK(=)13 b FE(o)f FS(::)g FE(c)137 763 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(The)9 b(operator)g(performs)f(a)h(boolean)g(test)f(whether)h(the)f (object)h(referred)h(to)e(by)442 820 y FJ(h)p FH(obj-r)n(ef)f FJ(i)13 b FS(instantiates)f(the)i(description)e(gi)o(v)o(en)h(as)h FJ(h)p FH(concept)7 b FJ(i)p FS(.)23 b FJ(h)p FH(concept)7 b FJ(i)442 876 y FS(may)12 b(contain)f(disjuncti)o(v)o(e)g(elements,)h(e.g.,) i(disjuncti)o(v)o(e)d(role-\256ller)h(e)o(xpres-)442 932 y(sions.)19 b(The)12 b(answer)h(includes)f(the)g(application)f(of)i(rules;)f(if)g(the)o (y)h(are)g(to)f(be)442 989 y(ignored,)f(the)h FT(noibox)f FS(option)f(must)g (be)i(used.)137 1110 y FT(Example:)118 b FS('Harrisb)o(ur)o(g')12 b(?:)f(nuclear)p 861 1110 14 2 v 17 w(plant.)442 1166 y(x23)169 b(?:)11 b(c2)h FT(and)g FS(s)f(:)16 b(\(y21)11 b FT(or)h FS(y22\))f FT(noibox)p FS(.)137 1287 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(W)l(as)12 b FT(isa)p FS(/2.)137 1408 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(getall)p eop %%Page: 42 48 42 47 bop 195 50 a FS(42)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y Fk(\003)p FG(=/2)1288 b(Macr)o(o)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Operator)12 b(for)f(macro)h(de\256nition.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)164 b Fj(h)p Fu(macr)n(o-de\256nition)5 b Fj(i)50 b Fv(::=)g Fj(h)p Fu(macr)n(o)5 b Fj(i)10 b(\003)p Fv(=)f Fj(h)p Fu(term)d Fj(i)510 515 y(h)p Fu(macr)n(o)f Fj(i)204 b Fv(::=)50 b Fj(h)p Fu(macr)n(o-)p Fi(N)o(AME)5 b Fj(i)p Fv([\()p Fi(PR)o(OLOG)p Fv(-)p Fi(V)l(AR)p Fj(f)p Fv(,)p Fi(PR)o(OLOG)p Fv(-)p Fi(V)l(AR)p Fj(g)1620 499 y Fh(\003)1635 515 y Fv(\)])197 628 y FT(See)12 b(also:)136 b(backmacr)o(o)p eop %%Page: 43 49 43 48 bop 1649 50 a FS(43)135 199 y FG(:/2)1141 b(Concept)16 b(T)-5 b(erm)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Speci\256cation)12 b(of)f(role-\256llers.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(concept)8 b FJ(i)88 b FS(::=)49 b FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)7 b FJ(i)p FS(:)p FJ(h)p FH(\256ller)o(-e)o(xpr)f FJ(i)446 526 y(h)p FH(\256ller)o(-e)o(xpr)h FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FJ(h)p FH(value)7 b FJ(i)758 582 y(j)50 b FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(\256ller)o(-e)o(xpr)7 b FJ(i)p FS(\))758 639 y FJ(j)50 b FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(description)6 b FJ(i)p FS(\))1100 622 y FD(\013)137 763 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)13 b FS(:)f FE(o)p FK(])-8 b(])555 747 y Fn(I)591 763 y FK(=)13 b FJ(f)p FM(d)f FS(:)g FK([)-8 b([)p FE(o)p FK(])g(])782 747 y Fn(I)817 763 y FJ(2)13 b FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)q FK(])g(])913 747 y Fn(I)936 763 y FK(\()p FM(d)p FK(\))p FJ(g)137 884 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(An)12 b(object)g(is)g(speci\256ed)h(as)f(a)g (role-\256ller)h(for)g(a)f(role.)20 b(This)11 b(operator)i(allo)o(ws)442 941 y(the)e(use)h(of)f(constants)f(in)h(concept)h(de\256nitions.)137 1061 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(residence)137 b(:)p FM(<)19 b FT(range)p FS(\(country\))12 b FT(type)g(featur)o(e)p FS(.)442 1118 y(italy)227 b(::)41 b(european)p 988 1118 14 2 v 17 w(country)m(.)442 1174 y(italian)p 560 1174 V 16 w(compan)o(y)11 b(:=)28 b(compan)o(y)11 b FT(and)h FS(residence)g(:)k(italy)m(.)442 1231 y(datamont)138 b(::)41 b(compan)o(y)11 b FT(and)h FS(residence)g(:)k(italy)m(.)442 1287 y(italian)p 560 1287 V 16 w(compan)o(y)11 b(?)p FM(<)h FT(the)p FS(\(residence,european)p 1246 1287 V 19 w(country\).)442 1344 y(no.)137 1465 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(In)12 b(V4)f(this)f(operator)i(was)f(only)f(allo)o(wed)h(in)g(the)g(ABox.)137 1585 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(Descriptions)33 b(of)h(role-\256llers)h(ha)o (v)o(e)f(no)g(impact)f(on)h(concept)g(sub-)442 1642 y(sumption.)69 b(That)29 b(is,)34 b(asserting)29 b(the)g(fact)h(that)f(italy)f(is)h(an)h (euro-)442 1698 y(pean)f(country)e(does)h(not)g(make)f(italian)p 1167 1698 V 16 w(compan)o(y)h(a)g(subconcept)g(of)442 1755 y FT(the)p FS(\(residence,european)p 870 1755 V 19 w(country\).)p eop %%Page: 44 50 44 49 bop 195 50 a FS(44)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG([)j Fo(:)10 b(:)g(:)23 b FG(])942 b(Attrib)o(ute)16 b(Set)f(T)-5 b(erm)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Speci\256cation)12 b(of)f(a)h(list)e(of)i(attrib)o(utes)e(by)h (enumeration.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(attrib)o(ute-spec)6 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f(`[')p FJ(h)p FH(attrib)o(ute-list)5 b FJ(i)p FS(`]')506 526 y FJ(h)p FH(attrib)o(ute-list)g FJ(i)75 b FS(::=)49 b FJ(h)p FH(attrib)o(ute-)p FQ(N)o(AME)7 b FJ(if)p FS(,)p FJ(h)p FH(attrib)o(ute-)p FQ(N)o(AME)g FJ(ig)r(\003)197 642 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(Lists)15 b(of)i(attrib)o(ute)e(names)h(can)h (be)f(used)g(for)h(de\256ning)f(attrib)o(ute)f(sets)h(and)502 699 y(for)f(declaring)f(attrib)o(ute)g(domains.)25 b(Attrib)o(ute)14 b(lists)f(are)i(considered)g(to)f(be)502 755 y(ordered,)e(so)f(that)g (subranges)g(can)h(be)g(chosen)f(with)f(the)i(operator)f FT(../2)p FS(.)197 876 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(risk)33 b(:=)11 b FT(attrib)o(ute)p 827 876 14 2 v 18 w(domain)p FS(\([high,lar)o(ge,medium,small,null]\).)502 932 y(risk)o(y)g(:=)g FT(aset)p FS(\([high,lar)o(ge,medium],)h(risk\).)197 1053 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(attrib)o(ute)p 675 1053 V 18 w(domain)p FS(,)12 b FT(aset)p FS(,)g FT(../2)p eop %%Page: 45 51 45 50 bop 1649 50 a FS(45)135 199 y FG(../2)1014 b(Attrib)o(ute)16 b(Set)f(T)-5 b(erm)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Speci\256cation)12 b(of)f(a)h(range)g(of)f(attrib)o(utes.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(attrib)o(ute-spec)6 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FJ(h)p FH(attrib)o(ute-)p FQ(N)o(AME)7 b FJ(i)k FS(..)17 b FJ(h)p FH(attrib)o(ute-)p FQ(N)o(AME)8 b FJ(i)137 590 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(F)o(or)15 b(de\256ning)f(attrib)o(ute)g(sets)g(on)g(user)o(-de\256ned,)i (closed)f(attrib)o(ute)e(domains)442 647 y(attrib)o(ute)h(sets)f(can)i(con)n (v)o(eniently)f(be)g(de\256ned)h(by)f(specifying)f(a)i(range)g(de-)442 703 y(\256ned)10 b(by)g(a)g(\256rst)f(and)h(a)g(last)f(element.)16 b(The)10 b(range)g(is)f(e)o(v)o(aluated)h(with)f(respect)442 760 y(to)k(the)h(list)f(de\256ning)g(the)h(attrib)o(ute)f(domain.)23 b(In)13 b(the)h(e)o(xample,)h(risk)o(y1)e(and)442 816 y(risk)o(y2)e(are)h (equi)o(v)o(alent.)137 937 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(risk)56 b(:=)11 b FT(attrib)o(ute)p 790 937 14 2 v 18 w(domain)p FS(\([high,lar)o (ge,medium,small,null]\).)442 993 y(risk)o(y1)g(:=)g FT(aset)p FS(\(high..medium,)g(risk\).)442 1050 y(risk)o(y2)g(:=)g FT(aset)p FS(\([high,lar)o(ge,medium],)h(risk\).)137 1171 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b([)12 b FM(:)c(:)g(:)17 b FT(])p FS(,)12 b FT(aset)p FS(,)g FT(attrib)o(ute)p 851 1171 V 18 w(domain)p eop %%Page: 46 52 46 51 bop 195 50 a FS(46)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(../2)1130 b(Number)16 b(T)-5 b(erm)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Constructs)19 b(from)h(a)g(lo)o(wer)g(and)g(an)g (upper)g(bound)f(a)h(closed)f(numerical)502 405 y(interv)o(al.)197 526 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(number)o(-r)o(ange)7 b FJ(i)49 b FS(::=)g FJ(h)p FH(lower)o(-limit)7 b FJ(i)897 582 y(j)49 b(h)p FH(upper)o(-limit)6 b FJ(i)897 639 y(j)49 b(h)p FH(lower)o(-limit)7 b FJ(i)k FS(..)17 b FJ(h)p FH(upper)o(-limit)6 b FJ(i)197 763 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([\()p FM(p)561 770 y FC(1)579 763 y FM(::p)628 770 y FC(2)646 763 y FK(\)])g(])682 747 y Fn(I)718 763 y FK(=)13 b([)-8 b([)p Fl(ge)o FK(\()p FM(p)874 770 y FC(1)893 763 y FK(\)])g(])929 747 y Fn(I)962 763 y FJ(\\)10 b FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(le)p FK(\()p FM(p)1099 770 y FC(2)1118 763 y FK(\)])g(])1154 747 y Fn(I)197 884 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(This)14 b(operator)i(is)e(used)h(to)g(represent)g(the)g(closed)g (numerical)f(interv)o(al)h(be-)502 941 y(tween)e(the)h(gi)o(v)o(en)f(lo)o (wer)g(and)g(upper)g(limit,)g(where)h(lo)o(wer)f(and)g(upper)h(limit)502 997 y(are)f(numbers.)19 b(An)12 b(interv)o(al)f(where)i(the)f(lo)o(wer)g (limit)e(is)i(equal)g(to)g(the)g(upper)502 1054 y(limit)e(contains)g(just)h (a)g(single)g(v)o(alue.)197 1174 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(baby)11 b(:=)g(person)g FT(and)h(all)p FS(\(age,0..2\).)197 1295 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(Note)11 b(that)g(the)g(range)h(N..N)g(is)f(equi)o(v) o(alent)g(to)g(the)g(number)g(N.)197 1416 y FT(See)h(also:)136 b(le,)12 b(lt)p FS(,)g FT(ge,)g(gt)p FS(,)f FT(intersection)p eop %%Page: 47 53 47 52 bop 1649 50 a FS(47)135 199 y FG(all)1144 b(Concept)16 b(T)-5 b(erm)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(V)-5 b(alue)11 b(Restriction.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(concept)8 b FJ(i)49 b FS(::=)g FT(all)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)6 b FJ(i)p FS(,)p FJ(h)p FH(conceptual-type)h FJ(i)p FS(\))137 590 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(all)q FK(\()p FE(r)q FM(;)8 b FE(c)p FK(\)])-8 b(])626 574 y Fn(I)660 590 y FK(=)13 b FJ(f)p FM(d)f FS(:)h FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)q FK(])g(])846 574 y Fn(I)868 590 y FK(\()p FM(d)p FK(\))11 b FJ(\022)i FK([)-8 b([)p FE(c)p FK(])g(])1043 574 y Fn(I)1067 590 y FJ(g)137 711 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(All)10 b(\256llers)h(for)g(role)f FE(r)h FS(must)e(be)i(of)g(type)f FE(c)p FS(.)17 b(Note)10 b(that)h(this)e(restricts)h(only)g(the)442 767 y(\256llers)g(locally)g(at)h (a)f(concept.)17 b(T)l(o)10 b(restrict)g(the)h(\256llers)f(of)g(a)h(role)f (globally)m(,)g(the)442 824 y FT(range)i FS(operator)g(must)e(be)h(used.)137 945 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(biological)p 629 945 14 2 v 15 w(plant)11 b(:=)g(plant)g FT(and)h(all)p FS(\(produces,biological)p 1409 945 V 14 w(product\).)137 1066 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(This)9 b(construct)h(does)g(not)f(imply)g(the)g(e)o(xistence)i(of)f(an)o(y)g (role-\256ller)m(.)18 b(Objects)442 1122 y(ha)o(ving)10 b(no)g(role-\256ller) h(for)g(role)f FE(r)q FS(\(i.e.)h FT(atmost)p FS(\(0,)p FE(r)q FS(\)\),)g(are)g(tri)o(vially)e(instances)442 1178 y(of)j FT(all)p FS(\()p FE(r)q FS(,)p FE(c)p FS(\))e(for)i(arbitrary)g FE(c)p FS(.)137 1299 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(no)p FS(,)12 b FT(some)p eop %%Page: 48 54 48 53 bop 195 50 a FS(48)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(allkno)o(wn)909 b(Filler)15 b(Expr)o(ession)197 350 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Embedded)11 b(conjuncti)o(v)o(e)f(subquery)m(.) 197 473 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(\256ller)o(-e)o(xpr)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(allknown)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(concept)7 b FJ(i)p FS(\))1276 456 y FD(\013)197 612 y FT(Semantics:)93 b Fl(allkno)o(wn)q FK(\()p FE(c)p FK(\))773 587 y FC(def)777 612 y FK(=)18 b Fl(and)p FJ(f)p FE(o)12 b FS(:)g FR(G)h FJ(j)-8 b FK(=)13 b FE(o)f FS(::)g FE(c)p FJ(g)502 679 y FE(r)h FS(:)f Fl(allkno)o(wn)q FK(\()p FE(c)p FK(\))827 654 y FC(def)831 679 y FK(=)18 b Fl(an)o(ything)12 b FK(\()p FS(if)f FR(G)i FJ(j)-8 b FK(=)13 b FE(c)24 b FJ(v)13 b Fl(nothing)r FK(\))197 802 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(W)n(ith)18 b(the)g FT(allknown)g FS(operator)h(an)f(embedded)g(subquery)g(is)g(formulated)502 858 y(which)13 b(returns)f(a)h(\256ller)h(e)o(xpression.)21 b(This)12 b(\256ller)h(e)o(xpression)f(consists)g(of)h(a)502 915 y(conjunction)7 b(of)g(all)h(kno)o(wn)f(instances)g(of)h(the)f (speci\256ed)i(concept)e(e)o(xpression)502 971 y(\(as)13 b(if)g(one)g(asks)f (a)i FT(getall)e FS(query)h(for)g(the)g(gi)o(v)o(en)f(concept,)i(and)f (conjoins)e(all)502 1027 y(retrie)o(v)o(ed)h(objects)f(by)g FT(and)p FS(\).)502 1130 y(An)16 b FT(allknown)g FS(e)o(xpression)g(is)f (only)h(e)o(v)o(aluated)f(once,)j(and)e(is)g(substituted)502 1186 y(by)e(the)h(resulting)e(\256ller)i(e)o(xpression.)26 b(It)14 b(is)g(not)g(maintained,)h(ho)o(we)o(v)o(er)n(,)h(by)502 1243 y FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)p FS(.)h(Consequently)m(,)10 b(if)f(an)h(object)g(is)f (described)g(by)h(means)f(of)h FT(allknown)p FS(,)502 1299 y(and)h(later)h(a)f(ne)o(w)h(instance)f(of)g(the)g(gi)o(v)o(en)g(concept)h (is)e(created,)j(this)d(instance)502 1355 y(will)h(not)f(be)i(added)f(as)h(a) f(\256ller)h(to)f(the)g(object)g(described)h(by)f FT(allknown)p FS(.)197 1478 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(?-)12 b(r)g(:)p FM(<)f FT(domain)p FS(\(c\))h FT(and)g(range)p FS(\(d\).)502 1535 y(yes)502 1591 y(?-)g(y1)f(::)16 b(d,)c(y2)f(::)16 b(d,)549 1648 y(x)11 b(::)16 b(r)c(:)k FT(allknown)p FS(\(d\).)502 1704 y(yes)502 1761 y(?-)c(x)f(?:)h(r)f(:)16 b FT(allknown)p FS(\(d\).)502 1817 y(yes)502 1874 y(?-)c(x)f(?:)h FT(all)p FS(\(r)n(,d\).)17 b(\045)11 b(no:)16 b(the)11 b(r)o(-\256ller)h(set)g(of)f(x)g(is)g(not)g (closed)502 1930 y(no)502 1986 y(?-)h(y3)f(::)16 b(d,)c(x)f(?:)g(r)h(:)k FT(allknown)p FS(\(d\).)502 2043 y(no)197 2166 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(This)7 b(operator)h(was)g(called)g FT(all)f FS(in)h(V4;)g(the)g (change)h(was)e(made)h(to)g(distinguish)502 2222 y(it)j(from)g(the)g(v)o (alue)g(restriction)g(operator)h FT(all)p FS(.)197 2345 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(Note)14 b(that)f(according)g(to)h(the)f(semantics,)h(all)f(objects)g (will)g(match)g(a)h(query)502 2402 y(\256ller)j(e)o(xpression)e(`)p FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)7 b FJ(i)p FS(:)26 b FT(allknown)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(concept)7 b FJ(i)p FS(\)')16 b(if)g(the)g(e)o(xtension)g(of)502 2458 y FJ(h)p FH(concept)7 b FJ(i)k FS(is)g(empty)m(.)502 2560 y(Only)19 b(allo)o(wed)g(in)g(ABox)h(e)o(xpressions.)40 b(A)20 b(description)f(containing)f(an)502 2617 y FT(allknown)e FS(\256ller)o(-e)o (xpression)g(depends)f(on)g(the)h(order)g(in)f(which)h(facts)f(are)502 2673 y(entered)d(into)e(the)i(kno)o(wledge)e(base.)197 2796 y FT(See)i(also:)136 b(:/2)p FS(,)12 b FT(all)p FS(,)f FT(someknown)p FS(,)h FT(theknown)p eop %%Page: 49 55 49 54 bop 1649 50 a FS(49)135 199 y FG(and)1112 b(Concept)16 b(T)-5 b(erm)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Conjunction)10 b(of)i(concepts.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(concept)8 b FJ(i)49 b FS(::=)g FJ(h)p FH(concept)7 b FJ(i)12 b FT(and)g FJ(h)p FH(concept)7 b FJ(i)137 590 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([)p FE(c)480 597 y FC(1)510 590 y Fl(and)12 b FE(c)625 597 y FC(2)644 590 y FK(])-8 b(])662 574 y Fn(I)698 590 y FK(=)13 b([)-8 b([)p FE(c)784 597 y FC(1)802 590 y FK(])g(])820 574 y Fn(I)854 590 y FJ(\\)10 b FK([)-8 b([)p FE(c)932 597 y FC(2)951 590 y FK(])g(])969 574 y Fn(I)137 711 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(The)11 b(operator)f FT(and)h FS(is)f(the)h(basic)f(construct)g(for)h (combining)e(concept)h(terms.)442 767 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b(])714 574 y Fn(I)750 590 y FK(=)13 b([)-8 b([)p FE(r)833 597 y FC(1)850 590 y FK(])g(])868 574 y Fn(I)902 590 y FJ(\\)10 b FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)977 597 y FC(2)995 590 y FK(])g(])1013 574 y Fn(I)197 711 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(The)10 b(operator)f FT(and)h FS(is)f(used)g(for)h(combining)e(role)h(tems.)16 b(The)9 b(resulting)f(term)502 767 y(represents)k(the)f(conjunction)f(resp.)i (intersection)e(of)i(both)e(roles.)197 888 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(to)p 541 888 14 2 v 16 w(the)p 613 888 V 16 w(south)p 729 888 V 16 w(east)p 816 888 V 16 w(of)12 b(:=)e(to)p 967 888 V 16 w(the)p 1039 888 V 17 w(south)p 1156 888 V 15 w(of)h FT(and)24 b FS(to)p 1353 888 V 16 w(the)p 1425 888 V 16 w(east)p 1512 888 V 17 w(of.)197 1009 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(In)14 b(the)f(pre)o(vious)g(v)o(ersion)h(this)e(operator)i(was)f(only)g (allo)o(wed)g(for)h(primiti)o(v)o(e)502 1066 y(role)e(introductions.)197 1186 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(The)13 b FT(and)g FS(operator)g(for)g(roles)f 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y(Other)g(more)h(speci\256c)f(attrib)o(ute)g(sets)g(are)h(speci\256ed)g (by)f(enumerating)f(their)442 1054 y(e)o(xtensions,)19 b(i.e.,)i(the)c(set)h (of)g(attrib)o(utes)f(the)o(y)h(denote.)35 b(An)18 b(attrib)o(ute)f(set)442 1110 y(is)e(de\256ned)h(either)f(on)h(the)f(b)o(uilt-in)f(attrib)o(ute)h (domain,)g(or)h(on)f(an)h(attrib)o(ute)442 1166 y(domain)c(e)o(xplicitly)f (declared)j(by)e(the)h(user)m(.)21 b(In)13 b(this)e(case,)j(the)f(name)f(of)h (the)442 1223 y(attrib)o(ute)e(domain)f(must)g(be)i(e)o(xplicitly)e(pro)o (vided.)137 1344 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(risk)o(y)11 b(:=)28 b FT(aset)p FS(\([high,lar)o(ge,medium],)12 b(risk\).)442 1400 y(risk)o(y)f(?)p FM(<)h FT(aset)p FS(.)442 1457 y(yes)137 1577 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b(aset)9 b FS(is)g(disjoint)e(from)i FT(anything)h FS(and)f(the)f(other)h(topmost)f(conceptual)h(types)442 1634 y FT(number)17 b FS(and)e FT(string)p FS(.)29 b(Note)15 b(that)f(in)h FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)h FS(the)f(term)g FH(attrib)o(ute)e FS(refers)j(to)442 1690 y(constants)f(of)h(an)g(attrib)o(ute)g(domain)f(and)h (not)f(to)g(functional)h(roles)f(like)g(in)442 1747 y(other)c(terminological) f(systems.)137 1868 y FT(See)i(also:)136 b([)12 b FM(:)c(:)g(:)17 b FT(])p FS(,)12 b FT(../2)p FS(,)g FT(anything)p FS(,)g FT(attrib)o(ute)p 1028 1868 14 2 v 18 w(domain)p FS(,)g FT(number)p FS(,)i FT(string)p eop %%Page: 54 60 54 59 bop 195 50 a FS(54)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(atleast)1044 b(Concept)16 b(T)-5 b(erm)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Minimum)9 b(restriction)i(of)g(roles.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(concept)8 b FJ(i)49 b FS(::=)g FT(atleast)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FQ(INTEGER)10 b FJ(i)p FS(,)p FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)d FJ(i)p FS(\))197 590 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(atleast)q FK(\()p FM(n;)8 b FE(r)q FK(\)])-8 b(])789 574 y Fn(I)823 590 y FK(=)13 b FJ(f)p FM(d)f FS(:)h FJ(j)p FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)q FK(])g(])1022 574 y Fn(I)1044 590 y FK(\()p FM(d)p FK(\))p FJ(j)11 b(\025)i FM(n)p FJ(g)197 711 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(There)12 b(are)g(at)g(least)f FM(n)g FS(role-\256llers)h(for)g(role)f FE(r)q FS(.)197 832 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(mono)p 610 832 14 2 v 16 w(plant)10 b(:=)h(plant)g FT(and)h(atleast)p FS(\(1,product\))f FT(and)h(atmost)p FS(\(1,product\).)197 953 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b(atleast)16 b FS(can)h(be)g(used)f(an)o(ywhere)i(in)e(ABox)g (descriptions)g(and)g(hence)h(the)502 1009 y(operator)12 b FT(card)g FS(used)f(in)g(V4)g(is)g(not)g(needed)g(an)o(ymore.)197 1130 y FT(See)h(also:)136 b(atmost)p FS(,)12 b FT(exactly)p eop %%Page: 55 61 55 60 bop 1649 50 a FS(55)135 199 y FG(atleast)1235 b(Macr)o(o)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Qualifying)10 b(minimum)f(restriction.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)162 b Ff(h)p Fe(macr)n(o-concept)7 b Ff(i)50 b FB(::=)g Fz(atleast)p FB(\()p Ff(h)p FC(INTEGER)7 b Ff(i)p FB(,)p Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole)h Ff(i)p FB(,)p Ff(h)p Fe(conceptual-type)e Ff(i)p FB(\))137 590 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(atleast)q FK(\()p FM(n;)8 b FE(r)q FM(;)g FE(c)p FK(\)])-8 b(])770 574 y Fn(I)804 590 y FK(=)13 b FJ(f)p FM(d)f FS(:)g FJ(j)p FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)q FK(])g(])1002 574 y Fn(I)1024 590 y FK(\()p FM(d)p FK(\))9 b FJ(\\)i FK([)-8 b([)p FE(c)p FK(])g(])1190 574 y Fn(I)1213 590 y FJ(j)12 b(\025)h FM(n)p FJ(g)137 711 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(There)12 b(are)g(at)g(least)f FM(n)g FS(role-\256ller)h(of)g(type)f FE(c)g FS(at)h(role)f FE(r)q FS(.)137 832 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(compound)p 639 832 14 2 v 15 w(product)11 b(:=)g(product)g FT(and)h(atleast)p FS(\(2,contains,material\).)137 953 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(Could)11 b(not)g(be)g(e)o(xpressed)h(in)f(V4.)137 1073 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(The)14 b(macro)g FT(atleast)p FS(\(n,)p FE(r)q FS(,)p FE(c)p FS(\))g(is)g(internally)f(e)o(xpanded)h(into)f FT(atleast)p FS(\(n,)p FE(r)h FT(and)442 1130 y(range)p FS(\()p FE(c)p FS(\)\))137 1251 y FT(See)e(also:)136 b(atmost)p FS(,)12 b FT(exactly)p eop %%Page: 56 62 56 61 bop 195 50 a FS(56)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(atmost)1038 b(Concept)16 b(T)-5 b(erm)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Maximum)10 b(restriction)g(of)i(roles.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(concept)8 b FJ(i)49 b FS(::=)g FT(atmost)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FQ(INTEGER)10 b FJ(i)p FS(,)p FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)d FJ(i)p FS(\))197 590 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(atmost)p FK(\()p FM(n;)8 b FE(r)q FK(\)])-8 b(])795 574 y Fn(I)829 590 y FK(=)13 b FJ(f)p FM(d)f FS(:)h FJ(j)p FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)q FK(])g(])1028 574 y Fn(I)1049 590 y FK(\()p FM(d)p FK(\))p FJ(j)12 b(\024)h FM(n)p FJ(g)197 711 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(There)12 b(are)g(at)g(most)e FM(n)h FS(role-\256llers)h(at)f(role)h FE(r)q FS(.)197 832 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(mono)p 610 832 14 2 v 16 w(plant)10 b(:=)h(plant)g FT(and)h(atleast)p FS(\(1,product\))f FT(and)h(atmost)p FS(\(1,product\).)197 953 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b(atmost)16 b FS(can)g(be)h(used)e(an)o(ywhere)i(in)f(ABox)g (descriptions)f(and)h(hence)g(the)502 1009 y(operator)c FT(card)g 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541 832 14 2 v 17 w(plant)11 b(:=)f FT(atmost)p FS(\(0,produces,toxical)p 1192 832 V 17 w(waste\).)137 953 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(Could)11 b(not)g(be)g(e)o(xpressed)h(in)f (V4.)137 1073 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(The)13 b(macro)f FT(atmost)p FS(\(n,)p FE(r)q FS(,)p FE(c)p FS(\))h(is)f(internally)g(e)o(xpanded)h(into)f FT(atmost)p FS(\()p FE(n)p FS(,)p FE(r)g FT(and)442 1130 y(range)p FS(\()p FE(c)p FS(\)\))137 1251 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(atleast)p FS(,)12 b FT(exactly)p eop %%Page: 58 64 58 63 bop 195 50 a FS(58)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(attrib)o(ute)p 415 199 18 2 v 22 w(domain)756 b(T)-5 b(ell)14 b(Expr)o(ession)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Declaration)12 b(of)f(ne)o(w)g(attrib)o(ute)g(domains.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)164 b Fj(h)p Fu(declar)o(ation)5 b Fj(i)50 b Fv(::=)h Fj(h)p Fu(domain-)p Fi(N)o(AME)t Fj(i)10 b Fv(:=)f Ft(attrib)o(ute)p 1299 469 12 2 v 14 w(domain)799 515 y Fj(j)50 b(h)p Fu(domain-)p Fi(N)o(AME)t Fj(i)10 b 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FS(\([on,of)o(f]\).)197 1209 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(In)12 b FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)g(V)p FS(4)h(the)e(b)o(uilt-in)g(attrib)o(ute)g (domain)g FT(attrib)o(utes)j FS(was)d(the)h(union)f(of)502 1265 y(all)j(user)o(-de\256ned)g(attrib)o(ute)f(domains.)23 b(Attrib)o(ute)13 b(domains)g(were)h(not)f(nec-)502 1322 y(essarily)e (disjoint,)f(since)h(there)h(was)f(only)f(one)i(name)f(space)h(for)g(attrib)o (utes.)197 1442 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(aset)p eop %%Page: 59 65 59 64 bop 1649 50 a FS(59)135 199 y FG(backask)1079 b(Interaction)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Performs)15 b(a)g(boolean)f(query)g(according)h (to)f(the)g(question)f(supplied)g(in)h(the)442 405 y(ar)o(gument.)137 526 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(inter)o(action)6 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(backask)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(ask-e)o(xpr)n(ession)8 b FJ(i)p FS([)p FT(noibox)p FS(]\))137 647 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(This)8 b(operator)g(is)g(used)g(to)g(perform)g(a)h(boolean)f(query)g(in) g(the)g(form)g(of)g(an)h(ask-)442 703 y(e)o(xpression)f(on)g(the)g(contents)g (of)g(the)h(kno)o(wledge)e(base.)16 b(W)n(ith)8 b(the)g(additional)442 760 y(operator)18 b FT(noibox)p FS(,)i(the)d(answering)h(process)f(does)h (not)f(take)g(information)442 816 y(inferred)12 b(by)f(IBox)h(rules)f(into)f (account.)137 937 y FT(Example:)118 b(backask)p FS(\(`Harrisb)o(ur)o(g')13 b(?)p FM(<)f FS(nuclear)p 1059 937 14 2 v 17 w(po)o(wer)p 1189 937 V 16 w(plant)f FT(noibox)p FS(\).)442 993 y(compound)p 639 993 V 15 w(product)g(?)p FM(<)h FS(product.)137 1114 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(This)20 b(predicate)h(uni\256es)f(the)g (functionality)f(of)h FT(tboxask)p FS(,)k FT(aboxask)c FS(and)442 1171 y FT(iboxask)p FS(.)137 1291 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(The)12 b FT(backask)h FS(operator)g(can)f(be)h(omitted)d(for)j(e)o(xpressions)e (containing)g(the)442 1348 y(operators)h FT(?)p FM(<)p FT(/2)f FS(or)h FT(?:/2)p FS(,)g(since)f(the)o(y)h(uniquely)e(identify)h(an)h(e)o (xpression)f(as)442 1404 y(a)h FT(backask)p FS(.)137 1525 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p eop %%Page: 60 66 60 65 bop 195 50 a FS(60)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(backdump)1019 b(Interaction)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Dumps)10 b(the)i(internal)f(representation)g(of)g (the)g(current)h(kno)o(wledge)f(base.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(inter)o(action)6 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(backdump)p FS([\()p FJ(h)p FH(\256le-)p FQ(N)o(AME)11 b FJ(i)p FS(\)])197 590 y FT(Description:)65 b(backdump)20 b FS(without)c(ar)o(gument)h(dumps)g (the)g(the)g(contents)g(of)h(all)f(box)o(es)502 647 y(\(TBox,)g(ABox)e(and)f (IBox\))i(to)e(the)h(standard)g(output.)26 b(W)n(ith)14 b(an)h(ar)o(gument) 502 703 y(specifying)10 b(a)h FJ(h)p FH(\256le-)p FQ(N)o(AME)e FJ(i)h FS(it)g(dumps)g(the)h(contents)f(into)f(the)i(speci\256ed)g(\256le,) 502 760 y(so)g(that)g(it)g(can)h(be)f(restored)h(later)f(with)g FT(backload)p FS(.)197 880 y FT(Example:)118 b(backdump)p FS(.)502 937 y FT(backdump)p FS(\('MyF)o(a)o(v)o(oriteFilename'\).)197 1058 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(This)15 b(predicate)h(combines)f (the)h(functionality)e(of)i FT(tboxdump)h FS(and)f FT(abox-)502 1114 y(dump)p FS(.)197 1235 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(The)18 b(form)g(of)h(the)f(\256le)g(name)g(depends)g(on)g(your)g(local)g(site,)i(b)o (ut)d(should)502 1291 y(be)f(quoted)f(according)h(to)g(the)g(Prolog)f(con)n (v)o(ention)h(if)g(it)f(contains)g(special)502 1348 y(characters.)197 1469 y FT(See)d(also:)136 b(backload)p eop %%Page: 61 67 61 66 bop 1649 50 a FS(61)135 199 y FG(backinit)1080 b(Interaction)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Initializes)11 b(the)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)h FS(system)e(partially)h(or)g(totally)m(.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(inter)o(action)6 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(backinit)p FS([\()p FJ(h)p FH(box)8 b FJ(i)p FS(\)])446 526 y FJ(h)p FH(box)g FJ(i)183 b FS(::=)49 b FT(tbox)777 582 y FJ(j)h FT(ibox)777 639 y FJ(j)g FT(abox)137 755 y(Description:)65 b(backinit)17 b FS(without)d(ar)o(gument)i(initializes)e(the)i FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)h FS(system)e(completely)m(,)442 812 y(that)f(means)h(that)f(the)h(internal)f (data)h(structures)f(are)h(initialized,)g(that)f(state)442 868 y(v)o(ariables)g(are)h(set)f(back)h(to)e(their)h(v)o(alue)g(at)h (start-up)e(time,)i(and)f(that)g(pre)o(vi-)442 925 y(ously)e(de\256ned)i (macros)f(are)h(remo)o(v)o(ed.)22 b(W)n(ith)13 b(an)g(ar)o(gument)g(the)g (box)o(es)g(are)442 981 y(initialized)d(as)i(follo)o(ws:)442 1102 y FT(tbox)46 b FS(All)11 b(box)o(es)g(are)h(initialized.)442 1175 y FT(ibox)45 b FS(Only)14 b(the)f(IBox)h(is)f(initialized,)g(b)o(ut)h (also)f(information)f(inferred)i(by)542 1231 y(the)d(application)g(of)g (rules)g(is)g(remo)o(v)o(ed)h(from)f(the)g(ABox.)442 1304 y FT(abox)46 b FS(Only)10 b(the)i(Abox)e(is)h(initialized.)137 1425 y FT(Example:)118 b(backinit)p FS(.)442 1482 y FT(backinit)p FS(\()p FT(ibox)p FS(\).)137 1602 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(This)13 b(predicate)i(combines)e(the)h(functionality)e(of)i FT(tboxinit)h FS(and)f FT(aboxinit)p FS(.)442 1659 y(In)d(contrast)f(to)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)i(V)p FS(4,)f(the)f(abox)h(needs)f(not)g(to)g(be)h(initialized) e(e)o(xplicitly)m(.)137 1780 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(Note)9 b(that)f FT(backinit)i FS(=)f FT(backinit)p FS(\()p FT(tbox)p FS(\).)17 b(Note)9 b(further)g(that)f(after)i(installing)442 1836 y(the)i FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)g FS(system,)g(it)f(is)g(not)g(yet)h(initialized.) 17 b(Thus,)11 b(a)i FT(backinit)f FS(should)f(be)442 1893 y(issued)g(to)g (initialize)f(the)h(system)f(after)i(installation.)p eop %%Page: 62 68 62 67 bop 195 50 a FS(62)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(backload)1057 b(Interaction)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Loads)11 b(a)h(dumped)e(internal)h(representation)g (from)h(a)f(\256le.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(inter)o(action)6 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(backload)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(\256le-)p FQ(N)o(AME)9 b FJ(i)p FS(\))197 590 y FT(Description:)65 b(backload)25 b FS(loads)e(a)i(pre)o(viously)d(dumped)h(kno)o(wledge)h(base)g(from)g (\256le)502 647 y FJ(h)p FH(\256le-)p FQ(N)o(AME)9 b FJ(i)i FS(back)h(into)f(the)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)i FS(system,)e(so)h(that)f(the)g(state)h (of)g(the)f FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)502 703 y FS(system)d(is)h(restored)h(to)f(the)g (state)g(of)h FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)g FS(before)g(the)f(kno)o(wledge)g(base)g(was)502 760 y(dumped.)197 880 y FT(Example:)118 b(backload)p FS(\('MyF)o(a)o(v)o (oriteFilename'\).)197 1001 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(This)9 b(predicate)h(combines)f(the)g(functionality)f(of)i FT(tboxload)f FS(and)h FT(aboxload)p FS(.)197 1122 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(The)18 b(form)g(of)h(the)f(\256le)g(name)g(depends)g(on)g(your)g(local)g (site,)i(b)o(ut)d(should)502 1178 y(be)f(quoted)f(according)h(to)g(the)g (Prolog)f(con)n(v)o(ention)h(if)g(it)f(contains)g(special)502 1235 y(characters.)197 1356 y FT(See)d(also:)136 b(backdump)p eop %%Page: 63 69 63 68 bop 1649 50 a FS(63)135 199 y FG(backmacr)o(o)1006 b(Interaction)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(De\256nition)11 b(of)g(a)h(macro.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(inter)o(action)6 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(backmacr)o(o)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(macr)n(o-de\256nition)7 b FJ(i)p FS(\))137 590 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(The)11 b(macro-facility)f (can)h(be)f(used)h(to)f(de\256ne)h(ne)o(w)f(term-forming)g(operators)442 647 y(or)j(to)f(rename)i(e)o(xisting)d(term-forming)h(operators.)21 b(Note)13 b(that)f(the)h(Prolog-)442 703 y(v)o(ariables)18 b(occurring)f(in)h(the)f(term)h(on)g(the)f(right-hand)g(side)h(must)e(all)i (be)442 760 y(bound)11 b(by)g(ar)o(guments)g(on)g(the)g(left-hand)g(side)g (of)h(the)f(macro.)137 880 y FT(Example:)118 b(backmacr)o(o)p FS(\(all1\(R,C\))14 b FJ(\003)f FK(=)e FT(all)p FS(\(R,C\))i FT(and)f(atleast)p FS(\(1,R\)\).)442 937 y FT(backmacr)o(o)p FS(\(min\(N,R\))6 b FJ(\003)15 b FK(=)c FT(atleast)p FS(\(N,R\)\).)137 1058 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(The)7 b(macro-facility)g(is)g(restricted)g (to)g(macros)g(for)g(terms.)15 b(Whole)7 b(interaction)442 1114 y(sequences)12 b(with)e FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)i(V)p FS(5)g(can)f(be)h(easily)f (de\256ned)g(as)h(Prolog-predicates:)442 1193 y(my)p 504 1193 14 2 v 16 w(init)e(:-)i FT(backinit)p FS(,)629 1250 y FT (backstate\(verbosity=inf)o(os\))p FS(.)p eop %%Page: 64 70 64 69 bop 195 50 a FS(64)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(backr)o(ead)1051 b(Interaction)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Reads)12 b FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)g FS(commands)f(from)g (a)g(\256le.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(inter)o(action)6 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(backr)o(ead)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(\256le-)p FQ(N)o(AME)10 b FJ(i)p FS(\))197 590 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(Reads)7 b(from)g(the)g(speci\256ed)g(\256le)g(interaction)g(operations)g (for)g(b)o(uilding)g(up)g(and)502 647 y(accessing)12 b(a)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)h FS(kno)o(wledge)e(base.)18 b(As)12 b(soon)f(as)h FT(backr)o(ead)h FS(encounters)502 703 y(a)i(failure,)g(either)f(a)h(syntax)e (error)i(or)g(a)f FT(backask)i FS(or)e FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)i FS(which)502 760 y(fails,)11 b(it)g(stops)f(automatically)m(.)502 862 y(The)19 b(\256le)g(read)g(by)f FT(backr)o(ead)j FS(may)d(contain)g (further)h(interaction)f(opera-)502 918 y(tions.)26 b(Thus,)15 b(it)f(is)g(possible)f(to)i(issue)f FT(backinit)p FS(,)j FT(backr)o(ead)p FS(,)g FT(backwrite)p FS(,)502 975 y FT(backload)p FS(,)c(and)e FT(backdump)i FS(operations)e(from)g(the)g(\256le)h(read.)502 1077 y(F)o(or)h(assuring)e(that)h(a)g(\256le)h(is)e(read)i(into)e(an)h (initialized)f(empty)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)i FS(system)502 1133 y(the)e(\256le)g (should)e(contain)h(as)h(\256rst)g(statement)f(a)h FT(backinit)p FS(.)17 b(F)o(or)12 b(assuring)e(that)502 1190 y FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)h FS(understands)e(some)g(prede\256ned)i(macros)e(a)i(further)f(statement)f (can)h(be)502 1246 y(e)o(xplicitly)g(issued)h(to)g(load)g(them:)f FT(backr)o(ead)p FS(\(\).)502 1348 y(Depending)j(on)h(the)g(v)o(erbosity)f (setting,)h(messages)f(will)g(be)h(produced)g(and)502 1405 y(written)d(to)g(the)g(current)h(standard)f(output.)197 1525 y FT(Example:)118 b(backr)o(ead)p FS(\(risk)p 769 1525 V 18 w(accessment\).)197 1646 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(This)8 b(predicate)h(combines)e(the)i(functionality)e(of)h FT(tboxr)o(ead)i FS(and)f FT(aboxr)o(ead)p FS(.)197 1767 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(The)18 b(form)g(of)h(the)f(\256le)g(name)g(depends)g(on)g(your)g(local)g (site,)i(b)o(ut)d(should)502 1824 y(be)f(quoted)f(according)h(to)g(the)g (Prolog)f(con)n(v)o(ention)h(if)g(it)f(contains)g(special)502 1880 y(characters.)502 1982 y(Although)10 b(a)i(\256le)g(read)g(by)f FT(backr)o(ead)j FS(may)d(contain)g(arbitrary)h(calls)f(to)g(Pro-)502 2039 y(log,)h(it)g(should)f(be)h(noted)g(that)f(this)g(is)h(an)g(additional)f (feature)i(of)f(the)g(Prolog)502 2095 y(implementation)e(of)j FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)p FS(,)h(which)e(might)f(not)h(be)h(supported)e(in)h(other)h (im-)502 2151 y(plementations.)197 2272 y FT(See)f(also:)136 b(backwrite)p FS(,)13 b FT(backstate)p eop %%Page: 65 71 65 70 bop 1649 50 a FS(65)135 199 y FG(backr)o(etrie)o(v)o(e)972 b(Interaction)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Retrie)o(v)o(e)12 b(information)e(from)i(the)f(system.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)164 b Fj(h)p Fu(inter)o(action)6 b Fj(i)50 b Fv(::=)g Ft(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p Fv(\()p Fj(h)p Fu(r)o(etrie)o(val)s Fj(i)p Fv([)p Ft(noibox)p Fv(]\))450 515 y Fj(h)p Fu(r)o(etrie)o(val)5 b Fj(i)87 b Fv(::=)50 b([)p Fi(PR)o(OLOG)p Fv(-)p Fi(V)l(AR)8 b Fv(=])i([)p Fj(h)p Fu(gener)o(ator)t Fj(i)p Fv(])g Fj(h)p Fu(ar)o(guments)s Fj(i)450 560 y(h)p Fu(ar)o(guments)t Fj(i)57 b Fv(::=)50 b Fj(h)p Fu(entity)7 b Fj(i)p Fv([/)p Fj(h)p Fu(disambig)f Fj(i)p Fv(])731 606 y Fj(j)49 b Fv(`[')p Fj(h)p Fu(entity)8 b Fj(i)p Fv([/)p Fj(h)p Fu(disambig)e Fj(i)p Fv(])p Fj(f)p Fv(,)p Fj(h)p Fu(entity)i Fj(i)p Fv([/)p Fj(h)p Fu(disambig)e Fj(i)p Fv(])p Fj(g)1532 590 y Fh(\003)1551 606 y Fv(`]')450 652 y Fj(h)p Fu(disambig)g Fj(i)76 b Fv(::=)50 b Ft(conc)731 697 y Fj(j)f Ft(obj)731 743 y Fj(j)g(h)p Fu(domain-)p Fi(N)o(AME)5 b Fj(i)p Ft(\303cls)731 789 y Fj(j)49 b(h)p Fu(domain-)p Fi(N)o(AME)5 b Fj(i)p Ft(\303obj)137 901 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(W)n(ith)16 b(the)g FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)j FS(command)d(information)f(is)h(retrie)o(v)o(ed)h(from)f(the)442 958 y(kno)o(wledge)i(base.)37 b(The)18 b(result)g(is)f(either)i (pretty-printed)e(to)h(the)g(current)442 1014 y(output)11 b(stream,)h(or)g (is)f(bound)g(to)g(the)h FQ(PR)o(OLOG)p FS(-)p FQ(V)-5 b(AR)p FS(.)21 b(The)12 b(answer)g(takes)f(the)442 1071 y(application)e(of)h(rules)f (into)g(account;)h(if)g(the)o(y)g(are)g(to)f(be)h(ignored,)g(the)g FT(noibox)442 1127 y FS(option)g(must)h(be)g(used.)17 b(Depending)11 b(on)g(the)g(setting)f(of)i(the)f FT(r)o(etrie)o(val)h FS(state,)442 1184 y(a)g FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)h FS(may)f(fail)e(or)i(still)e(succeed,)j (if)e(an)h(error)g(is)f(encountered)g(in)442 1240 y(its)g(ar)o(guments.)18 b(In)12 b(the)g(former)g(case)g FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)i FS(prints)d(an)h (appropriate)442 1297 y(error)j(message,)h(in)e(the)g(latter)g(case)h(as)g (man)o(y)f(results)g(as)g(possible)f(will)h(be)442 1353 y(returned.)442 1455 y(The)d(retrie)o(v)o(al)g(consists)f(of)i(the)f(application)f(of)h (retrie)o(v)o(al)g(actions)g(or)g(a)h(tuple)442 1512 y(generator)f(to)e(the)h (speci\256ed)g(ar)o(guments.)16 b(F)o(or)11 b(the)f(possible)f(actions)g(and) h(the)442 1568 y(generator)16 b(see)g(the)f(references)i(belo)o(w)m(.)28 b(Ar)o(guments)14 b(are)i(either)g(speci\256ed)442 1624 y(e)o(xplicitly)m(,) 11 b(or)g(are)h(retrie)o(v)o(ed)g(by)f(means)g(of)h(a)g FT(getall)f FS(query)m(.)442 1727 y FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)24 b FS(requires)d(all)h (speci\256ed)g(ar)o(guments)f(to)g(be)g(unambigous.)442 1783 y(Since)e FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)g FS(allo)o(ws)e(for)i(o)o(v)o(erlapping)f(name)g (spaces)g(it)g(may)g(be)g(neces-)442 1839 y(sary)10 b(to)f(disambiguate)f(ar) o(guments)h(e)o(xplicitly)m(.)15 b(This)8 b(is)h(done)h(by)f(appending)442 1896 y(to)j(the)f(name)h(a)g(disambiguator)n(,)f(separated)i(from)f(the)f (name)h(by)g(a)g(slash)f('/'.)442 1952 y(T)l(o)f(e)o(xpress)h(that)e(a)i (name)f(refers)h(to)f(an)g(object)g(or)g(concept,)h(the)f(correspond-)442 2009 y(ing)i(ke)o(ywords)f FT(obj)i FS(or)f FT(conc)h FS(are)g(used.)20 b(T)l(o)12 b(e)o(xpress)h(that)e(a)i(name)f(refers)h(to)442 2065 y(an)g(attrib)o(ute-domain)f(the)h(name)h(of)f(the)g(attrib)o(ute)g (domain)f(has)h(to)g(be)g(used)442 2122 y(in)g(conjunction)g(with)g(the)g (operator)h(`\303')g(and)g(the)f(ke)o(yword)g FT(cls)p FS(;)i(to)e(e)o (xpress)442 2178 y(that)d(a)g(name)h(refers)g(to)f(an)g(attrib)o(ute)g(the)g (name)g(of)g(the)g(attrib)o(ute)g(domain)f(has)442 2235 y(to)i(be)h(used)f (in)g(conjunction)f(with)g(the)h(operator)h(`\303')g(and)f(the)h(ke)o(yword)e FT(obj)p FS(.)442 2337 y(The)e(disambiguator)e(may)i(alternati)o(v)o(ely)f (be)h(applied)f(to)h(the)f(entire)h(ar)o(gument)442 2393 y(speci\256cation)k (list.)17 b(The)11 b(entities)g(retrie)o(v)o(ed)h(with)f FT(getall)h FS(are)g(interpreted)g(as)442 2450 y(objects.)19 b(If)13 b(one)g(of)f(the)g (e)o(xplicitly)g(speci\256ed)g(names)g(is)g(ambiguous)f(this)h(is)442 2506 y(treated)f(as)g(an)f(error)n(,)j(yielding)c(an)i(appropriate)f(message) h(or)f(structure)h(to)f(be)442 2563 y(returned.)137 2683 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(?-)12 b(c)g(:)p FM(<)f FT(anything)p FS(,)i(c)e(::)16 b(c.)442 2739 y(yes)442 2796 y(?-)c FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\()p FT(getall)h FS(c\).)p eop %%Page: 66 72 66 71 bop 195 50 a FS(66)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)502 199 y FS([c])502 256 y(yes)502 312 y(?-)g FT(backr)o(etrie)o (ve)p FS(\(R)i(=)d FT(de\256ned)p 1030 312 14 2 v 19 w(as)g FS(c\).)502 369 y([wrong)p 637 369 V 16 w(ar)o(gument\(ambiguous\(c\)\)])502 425 y(yes)502 482 y(?-)h FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\()p FT(de\256n)q(ed)p 950 482 V 20 w(as)f FS(c/)p FT(conc)p FS(\).)502 538 y FM(>>>)i FS(c/conc)579 594 y(de\256ned)p 716 594 V 17 w(as:)758 651 y(c)f(:)p FM(<)f FT(anything)502 707 y FS(yes)502 764 y(?-)h FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\(R=[)p FT(self)p FS(,)i FT(msc)p FS(])e FT(f)o(or)g FS([c/)p FT(obj)p FS(]\).)502 820 y(R)g(=)f([[c,[c]]])502 877 y(yes)197 998 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(This)14 b(operator)g(combines)g(the)g(functionality)e(of)j FT(tboxask)p FS(,)h FT(aboxask)p FS(,)f(and)502 1054 y FT(iboxask)c FS(of)h(V4.)502 1156 y(Users)j(of)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)d(V)p FS(4)k(will)e(notice)h(that)f(the)h (operator)g FT(getallr)o(el)g FS(is)g(not)f(sup-)502 1213 y(ported)c(in)g (V5.)16 b(The)10 b(e)o(xtension)g(of)g(a)g(role)g(r)h(can)f(be)h(retrie)o(v)o (ed)f(by)g(the)g(pattern)502 1269 y(`)p FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\([)p FT(self)p FS(,)15 b FT(rf)p FS(\(r\)])f FT(f)o(or)e(getall)g (anything)p FS(\)'.)20 b(The)13 b(result)e(list)g(may)502 1325 y(contain)h(objects)g(with)g(an)h(empty)f(\256ller)h(list.)19 b(If)13 b(the)g(user)f(kno)o(ws)g(the)h(range)502 1382 y(\(-type\))g(of)f (the)h(role)f(the)g(query)h(may)f(be)g(formulated)g(more)h(precisely)m(,)g (e.g.,)502 1438 y(if)e(r)h(has)f(range-type)h FT(anything)p FS(:)f(`)p FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\([)p FT(self)p FS(,)k FT(rf)p FS(\(r\)])d FT(f)o(or)g(getall)f FS(r)g(:)502 1495 y FT(someknown)p FS(\()p FT(anything)p FS(\)\)'.)197 1616 y FT(See)h(also:)136 b(backask)p FS(,)22 b FT(de\256ned)p 837 1616 V 18 w(as)p FS(,)e FT(describe)p FS(,)i FT(describe)p 1282 1616 V 18 w(fully)p FS(,)e FT(f)o(or)p FS(,)h FT(getall)p FS(,)f FT(intr)o(o-)502 1672 y(duced)p 620 1672 V 18 w(as)p FS(,)12 b FT(self)p FS(,)f FT(msc)p eop %%Page: 67 73 67 72 bop 1649 50 a FS(67)135 199 y FG(backstate)1047 b(Interaction)137 351 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Displays,)11 b(modi\256es)f(or)i(retrie)o(v)o(es) g(the)f(v)o(alues)g(of)g(global)g(state)g(v)o(ariables.)137 477 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(inter)o(action)6 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(backstate)p FS([\()p FJ(h)p FH(state)8 b FJ(i)p FS(\)])446 533 y FJ(h)p FH(state)f FJ(i)163 b FS(::=)49 b FT(verbosity)11 b FS(=)g FT(silent)777 590 y FJ(j)50 b FT(verbosity)11 b FS(=)g FT(err)o(or)777 646 y FJ(j)50 b FT(verbosity)11 b FS(=)g FT(war)o(ning)777 703 y FJ(j)50 b FT(verbosity)11 b FS(=)g FT(inf)o(os)777 759 y FJ(j)50 b FT(verbosity)11 b FS(=)g FT(trace)777 815 y FJ(j)50 b FT(intr)o(oduction)13 b FS(=)e FT(f)o(orward)777 872 y FJ(j)50 b FT(intr)o(oduction)13 b FS(=)e FT(nof)o(orward)777 928 y FJ(j)50 b FT(r)o(e)o(vision)12 b FS(=)f FT(true)777 985 y FJ(j)50 b FT(r)o(e)o(vision)12 b FS(=)f FT(false)777 1041 y FJ(j)50 b FT(r)o(etrie)o(val)12 b FS(=)f FT(fail)777 1098 y FJ(j)50 b FT(r)o(etrie)o(val)12 b FS(=)f FT(succeed)777 1154 y FJ(j)50 b FT(tboxr)o(e)o(vision)12 b FS(=)f FT(fail)777 1211 y FJ(j)50 b FT(tboxr)o(e)o(vision)12 b FS(=)f FT(succeed)777 1267 y FJ(j)50 b FT(abox\256lled)12 b FS(=)f FT(false)777 1324 y FJ(j)50 b FT(abox\256lled)12 b FS(=)f FT(true)777 1380 y FJ(j)50 b FT(abox\256lled)12 b FS(=)f FT(abox)777 1436 y FJ(j)50 b FT(ibox\256lled)11 b FS(=)h FT(false)777 1493 y FJ(j)50 b FT(ibox\256lled)11 b FS(=)h FT(true)137 1614 y(Description:)65 b(backstate)15 b FS(without)e(ar)o (guments)g(displays)g(the)h(settings)f(of)h FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)p FS(')m(s)h(global)442 1671 y(state)k(v)o(ariables.)39 b FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)p FS(')m(s)20 b(state)e(v)o(ariables)h(are)h(distinguished)c(into)i(user)442 1727 y(modi\256able)11 b(and)g(read-only)h(v)o(ariables.)442 1829 y FT(backstate)20 b FS(with)e(ar)o(gument)h(can)h(be)f(used)f(to)h(set)g (or)g(retrie)o(v)o(e)g(the)g(v)o(alue)442 1886 y(of)f(user)o(-modi\256able)f (v)o(ariables.)35 b(In)18 b(the)f(case)h(that)f(the)h(v)o(alue)f(of)h(a)g (user)o(-)442 1942 y(modi\256able)9 b(v)o(ariable)h(is)g(a)g(constant,)g(the) g(state)f(v)o(ariable)h(is)g(set)f(to)h(this)f(v)o(alue,)442 1999 y(if)15 b(the)f(v)o(alue)g(is)g(v)o(alid.)26 b(If)15 b(instead)f(a)g (Prolog)h(v)o(ariable)f(is)g(used,)i(the)e(actual)442 2055 y(v)o(alue)d(of)h(the)f(state)g(v)o(ariable)g(is)g(retrie)o(v)o(ed.)18 b(Modi\256able)10 b(v)o(ariables)i(are:)442 2181 y FT(verbosity)45 b FS(determines)8 b(which)f(types)g(of)h(output)f(messages)g(are)i(produced.) 542 2259 y FT(silent)46 b FS(no)11 b(output)f(is)h(produced)542 2326 y FT(err)o(ors)47 b FS(only)10 b(errors)i(are)g(reported)542 2393 y FT(war)o(nings)46 b FS(errors)12 b(and)f(warnings)g(are)h(issued)542 2460 y FT(inf)o(o)46 b FS(additional)10 b(information)g(is)h(reported)542 2527 y FT(trace)47 b FS(produces)11 b(an)g(e)o(xhausti)o(v)o(e)h(trace)g(of)f (what)g(happens)g(in)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)p FS(.)442 2605 y FT(intr)o(oduction)47 b FS(determines)14 b(whether)g(unde\256ned)g(names)f(are)i(introduced)542 2662 y(automatically)m(.)542 2740 y FT(nof)o(orward)47 b FS(F)o(orward)13 b(introduction)f(of)h(names)f(is)h(not)f(performed.)627 2796 y(Thus,)f(names)g(ha)o(v)o(e)h(to)f(be)h(de\256ned)g(before)g(the)o(y)f(are)h (used.)p eop %%Page: 68 74 68 73 bop 195 50 a FS(68)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)602 199 y FT(f)o(orward)46 b FS(If)14 b(a)g(name)f(is)g(used)g (without)e(being)i(pre)o(viously)f(de\256ned,)687 256 y(it)f(will)f(be)i (introduced)f(automatically)f(as)h(a)h(primiti)o(v)o(e)e(term.)502 323 y FT(r)o(e)o(vision)46 b FS(determines)11 b(whether)g(concepts)g(and)h (roles)f(can)h(be)f(re)o(vised.)602 390 y FT(false)46 b FS(means)11 b(re)o(vision)f(of)h(concepts)h(or)f(roles)g(is)g(not)g(possible.)602 452 y FT(true)47 b FS(means)11 b(re)o(visions)f(can)i(be)f(performed.)502 519 y FT(r)o(etrie)o(val)46 b FS(determines)11 b(ho)o(w)g(failures)g(during)f (retrie)o(v)o(al)i(are)g(handled.)602 586 y FT(fail)45 b FS(the)11 b(retrie)o(v)o(al)h(action)f(will)f(fail,)h(if)h(an)f(error)h(is)f (encountered.)602 647 y FT(succeed)47 b FS(means,)17 b(the)f(retrie)o(v)o(al) f(action)g(will)g(retrie)o(v)o(e)h(as)g(much)f(as)687 704 y(possible)10 b(and)i(will)e(succeed.)502 771 y FT(tboxr)o(e)o(vision)46 b FS(determines)11 b(ho)o(w)g(a)h(TBox)f(re)o(vision)f(af)o(fects)i(the)g (ABox.)602 838 y FT(fail)45 b FS(If)13 b(a)f(TBox)g(re)o(vision)f(fails,)h (the)g(state)g(of)g(the)g(ABox)g(is)g(restored)687 894 y(to)f(the)g(state)g (before)h(the)g(re)o(vision)e(was)h(tried.)602 956 y FT(succeed)47 b FS(A)11 b(re)o(vision)f(of)h(the)g(TBox)g(should)e(succeed)j(always.)k(If) 11 b(an)687 1013 y(ABox)h(incoherence)h(is)e(detected,)i(an)f(implicite)e (ABox)i(re)o(vision)687 1069 y(is)f(performed)h(on)f(user)o(-gi)o(v)o(en)g (object)g(de\256nitions.)502 1187 y(Note)16 b(that)g(while)f(forward)h (introduction)f(is)g(useful)h(for)h(small)e(test)g(cases,)502 1243 y(it)f(may)g(be)g(problematic)f(for)i(modeling)e(lar)o(ge)h(domains)g (\261)g(spelling)f(errors)502 1300 y(will)i(be)h(dif)o(\256cult)f(to)h (detect,)h(since)f(misspelled)e(terms)i(are)g(automatically)502 1356 y(introduced)11 b(as)g(ne)o(w)h(terms.)502 1458 y(Read-only)e(state)g(v) o(ariables)f(can)h(only)f(be)h(retrie)o(v)o(ed)g(by)g(the)f(user)h(and)g(are) g(set)502 1515 y(by)h FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)g FS(depending)g(on)f(the)h(processing)f (state.)17 b(Read-only)11 b(v)o(ariables)g(are:)502 1633 y FT(abox\256lled)46 b FS(indicates)11 b(whether)g(objects)g(were)h(created.) 602 1700 y FT(false)46 b FS(indicates)10 b(that)h(no)g(object)g(was)g (created.)602 1762 y FT(true)47 b FS(indicates)8 b(that)h(at)g(least)g(one)g (object)g(was)g(created)h(in)f(the)g(TBox.)602 1823 y FT(abox)46 b FS(indicates)7 b(that)g(at)g(least)g(one)g(object)g(was)g(created)g(in)g (the)g(ABox.)687 1880 y(This)i(v)o(alue)h(will)e(not)h(be)h(superseded)g(by)f (later)h(creation)g(of)g(TBox)687 1936 y(objects.)502 2003 y FT(ibox\256lled)46 b FS(indicates)11 b(whether)g(rules)g(were)h(asserted.) 602 2070 y FT(false)46 b FS(indicates)10 b(that)h(no)g(rule)h(was)f (asserted.)602 2132 y FT(true)47 b FS(indicates)11 b(that)g(at)g(least)g(one) g(rule)h(was)f(asserted.)502 2250 y(Instead)g(of)f(the)h(full)f(name)g(of)h (state)f(v)o(ariables)g(and)h(their)f(v)o(alues)g(unambigu-)502 2306 y(ous)h(abbre)o(viations)f(can)i(be)g(used.)197 2424 y FT(Example:)118 b(backstate)p FS(\()p FT(verbosity)13 b FS(=)p FT(err)o(ors)p FS(\).)502 2481 y FT(backstate)p FS(\(v)o(e)g(=)e(err\).)502 2537 y FT(backstate)p FS(\()p FT(abox\256lled)i FS(=)e(X\).)197 2655 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(This)7 b(predicate)h(combines)f(the) g(functionality)g(of)g FT(tboxstate)i FS(and)e FT(aboxstate)p FS(.)502 2711 y(Most)j(of)i(the)f(states)g(a)o(v)o(ailable)g(in)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)h(V)p FS(4)g(are)g(no)f(longer)g(a)o(v)o(ailable.)p eop %%Page: 69 75 69 74 bop 1649 50 a FS(69)135 199 y FG(backtell)1086 b(Interaction)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(T)m(ells)11 b(the)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)h FS(system)e(the)h(information)g(con)n(v)o(e)o(yed)h(in)f(the)g(ar)o(gument.) 137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(inter)o(action)6 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(backtell)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(tell-e)o(xpr)n(ession)7 b FJ(i)p FS(\))137 590 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(This)15 b(operator)g(is)g (used)g(to)g(assert)g(ne)o(w)g(information)f(in)h(the)g(form)g(of)g(tell-)442 647 y(e)o(xpressions.)137 767 y FT(Example:)118 b(backtell)p FS(\(po)o(wer)p 727 767 14 2 v 17 w(plant)11 b(:=)g(plant)g FT(and)h(all)p FS(\(produces,ener)o(gy\)\).)442 824 y(ener)o(gy)g(:)p FM(<)f FS(product.)137 945 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(This)15 b(predicate)g(combines)f(the)h(functionality)f(of)h FT(tboxtell)p FS(,)i FT(aboxtell)e FS(and)442 1001 y FT(iboxtell)p FS(.)137 1122 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(Y)-5 b(ou)12 b(may)h(drop)f(the)h FT(backtell)g FS(for)g(tell-e)o(xpressions)f(consisting)f(of)i(the)f(op-)442 1178 y(erators)i FT(:=/2)p FS(,)h FT(:)p FM(<)p FT(/2)p FS(,)g FT(=)p FM(>)p FT(/2)f FS(or)g FT(::/2)p FS(,)h(since)f(the)o(y)g(uniquely)f (identify)g(an)h(e)o(x-)442 1235 y(pression)d(as)g(a)h FT(backtell)p FS(.)p eop %%Page: 70 76 70 75 bop 195 50 a FS(70)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(backwrite)1034 b(Interaction)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Writes)7 b(the)g(contents)g(of)g(the)g(kno)o(wledge)g (base)g(partially)g(or)g(totally)g(in)g(human)502 405 y(readable)12 b(form)f(into)g(a)g(\256le.)197 526 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(inter)o(action)6 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(backwrite)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(\256le-)p FQ(N)o(AME)10 b FJ(i)p FS([,)p FJ(h)p FH(box)d FJ(i)p FS(]\))506 582 y FJ(h)p FH(box)h FJ(i)183 b FS(::=)49 b FT(tbox)837 639 y FJ(j)h FT(ibox)837 695 y FJ(j)g FT(abox)197 812 y(Description:)65 b(backwrite)12 b FS(with)f(one)f(ar)o(gument)h(writes)g (the)f(de\256nitions)g(read)i(in)e(by)h FT(back-)502 868 y(tell)i FS(or)g FT(backr)o(ead)i FS(into)d(the)h(\256le)g(speci\256ed)h(by)e(the)h FJ(h)p FH(\256le-)p FQ(N)o(AME)c FJ(i)p FS(,)k(so)g(that)g(it)502 925 y(can)k(be)f(read)h(by)f(an)h(user)f(or)g(by)g FT(backr)o(ead)p FS(.)34 b(W)n(ith)15 b(two)h(ar)o(guments,)h(the)502 981 y(contents)12 b(of)h(one)g(or)f(se)o(v)o(eral)i(box)o(es)e(is)g(written)g(into)g(the)h (\256le,)h(according)e(to)502 1038 y(the)f(follo)o(wing)f(rules:)534 1158 y FJ(\017)45 b FS(If)12 b(TBox)f(is)g(speci\256ed,)h(only)f(the)g(TBox)h (is)f(written.)534 1231 y FJ(\017)45 b FS(If)12 b(IBox)g(is)f(speci\256ed,)h (the)f(IBox)h(and)f(TBox)g(are)i(written.)534 1304 y FJ(\017)45 b FS(If)12 b(ABox)f(is)g(speci\256ed,)h(all)g(box)o(es)f(are)h(written.)197 1425 y FT(Example:)118 b(backwrite)p FS(\(modi\256ed)p 877 1425 14 2 v 17 w(risk)p 963 1425 V 16 w(accessment\).)197 1546 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(This)11 b(predicate)h(uni\256es)g(the)g (functionality)e(of)i FT(tboxwrite)g FS(and)g FT(aboxwrite)p FS(,)502 1602 y(and)f(realizes)h(additional)e(write)i(operations)e(for)i(the) f(IBox.)197 1723 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(Note)15 b(that)g FT(backwrite)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(\256le-)p FQ(N)o(AME)10 b FJ(i)p FS(\))15 b(=)g FT(backwrite)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(\256le-)p FQ(N)o(AME)10 b FJ(i)p FS(,)p FT(abox)p FS(\).)502 1780 y(The)18 b(form)g(of)h(the)f(\256le)g(name)g(depends)g(on)g(your)g(local)g(site,)i(b)o (ut)d(should)502 1836 y(be)f(quoted)f(according)h(to)g(the)g(Prolog)f(con)n (v)o(ention)h(if)g(it)f(contains)g(special)502 1893 y(characters.)197 2013 y FT(See)d(also:)136 b(backr)o(ead)p eop %%Page: 71 77 71 76 bop 1649 50 a FS(71)135 199 y FG(close)1016 b(Filler)15 b(Expr)o(ession)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Close)12 b(a)f(\256ller)h(e)o (xpression)f(locally)m(.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(\256ller)o(-e)o(xpr)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(close)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(\256ller)o(-e)o(xpr)7 b FJ(i)p FS(\))137 606 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FE(r)13 b FS(:)f Fl(close)q FK(\()p FM(f)5 b(e)p FK(\))701 581 y FC(def)705 606 y FK(=)18 b FE(r)12 b FS(:)h FM(f)5 b(e)11 b Fl(and)h(atmost)q FK(\()p FM(n;)c FE(r)q FK(\))442 663 y FS(where)k FM(n)g FS(is)f(the)g(cardinality)g(of)g(the)g(\256ller)o(-e)o (xpression)137 784 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(W)n(ith)11 b(the)h FT(close)g FS(operator)f(the)h(\256ller)g(e)o(xpression)f(gi)o(v)o(en)h(as)g (the)f(ar)o(gument)h(is)442 840 y(closed)i(locally:)f(the)g(number)h(of)g (\256llers)g(in)f(the)h(\256ller)g(e)o(xpression)g(is)f(deter)o(-)442 896 y(mined,)d(and)h(a)g(corresponding)f FT(atmost)g 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(locally)442 1348 y(on)j(the)f(e)o(xpression)h(passed)f(as)h(its)f(ar)o (gument;)h(`r)g(:)19 b(\(x1)13 b FT(and)g(close)p FS(\(x2\)\)')h(is)442 1405 y FH(not)f FS(`)p FT(atmost)p FS(\(2,r\))i FT(and)f FS(r)g(:)21 b(\(x1)14 b FT(and)g FS(x2\)\)')g(b)o(ut)f(`)p FT(atmost)p FS(\(1,r\))i FT(and)f FS(r)g(:)21 b(\(x1)442 1461 y FT(and)9 b FS(x2\)\),)m(')g(and)f(is)g(thus)f(incoherent.)16 b(A)8 b FT(close)g FS(e)o(xpression)f(is)h(only)f(e)o(v)o(aluated)442 1518 y(once,)16 b(and)e(is)g(then)g(substituted)e(by)j(the)f(resulting)f (\256ller)i(e)o(xpression.)25 b(It)15 b(is)442 1574 y(not)c(maintained,)g(ho) o(we)o(v)o(er)n(,)h(by)f(the)g(system.)442 1676 y(The)i FT(close)f FS(operator)h(is)f(most)g(useful)g(when)h(applied)f(in)g(combination)f(with) 442 1733 y(a)j FT(allknown)f FS(subquery)g(where)i(the)e(number)g(of)h (\(sure\))g(\256llers)g(may)f(not)g(be)442 1789 y(kno)o(wn)e(a)g(priori.)137 1910 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(x)11 b(::)16 b(c)c FT(and)g(close)p FS(\(y1)f FT(and)h FS(y2\).)442 1966 y FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\()p FT(getall)h FS(c)f FT(and)g FS(r:)k FT(close)p FS(\()p FT(allknown)p FS(\(d\)\)\).)137 2087 y FT(See)c(also:)136 b(:/2)p FS(,)12 b FT(allknown)p FS(,)f FT(someknown)p FS(,)h FT(theknown)p eop %%Page: 72 78 72 77 bop 195 50 a FS(72)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(comp)1164 b(Role)15 b(T)-5 b(erm)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(In\256x)12 b(operator)f(for)h(composition)d(of)j (two)e(roles.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)6 b FJ(i)11 b FT(comp)h FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)7 b FJ(i)1130 453 y FD(\034)197 590 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)537 597 y FC(1)566 590 y Fl(comp)11 b FE(r)716 597 y FC(2)734 590 y FK(])-8 b(])752 574 y Fn(I)788 590 y FK(=)13 b([)-8 b([)p FE(r)871 597 y FC(1)889 590 y FK(])g(])907 574 y Fn(I)940 590 y FJ(\016)10 b FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)1008 597 y FC(2)1026 590 y FK(])g(])1044 574 y Fn(I)197 767 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(The)16 b(role)g(operator)g FT(comp)g FS(produces)g(the)f(composition)f (of)i(two)e(roles.)30 b(It)502 824 y(leads)13 b(to)g(incompletenesses)g(in)g (se)o(v)o(eral)h(cases,)g(e.g.)h(in)e(combination)f(with)502 880 y(the)i FT(trans)g FS(operator)m(.)26 b(Additionally)12 b(during)h(ABox)h(inferences,)i(instances)502 937 y(of)d(role)g(chains)f (longer)h(than)f(two)g(are)i(not)e(recognized,)i(if)f(the)o(y)g(depend)f(on) 502 993 y(an)g(instance)f(of)g(a)h(role,)g(which)f(is)g(itself)f(a)i (composition.)197 1114 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(is)p 536 1114 14 2 v 16 w(grandfather)p 762 1114 V 16 w(of)12 b(:=)f(is)p 909 1114 V 16 w(father)p 1031 1114 V 16 w(of)h FT(comp)f FS(is)p 1245 1114 V 16 w(parent)p 1375 1114 V 17 w(of.)197 1235 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(Role)12 b(composition)d(was)i(not)g(possible)f(in)h (V4.)197 1356 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(The)12 b(comp/2)e(operator)h(is)g (not)g(allo)o(wed)g(in)g(ABox)g(tells)g(and)g(queries.)197 1476 y FT(See)h(also:)136 b(in)n(v)p FS(,)12 b FT(trans)p eop %%Page: 73 79 73 78 bop 1649 50 a FS(73)135 199 y FG(de\256ned)p 318 199 18 2 v 22 w(as)1078 b(Retrie)o(v)o(al)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Action)11 b(for)g(retrie)o(ving)g(user)o(-gi)o(v)o(en)h(de\256nitions)e (of)h(entities.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(action)7 b FJ(i)49 b FS(::=)g FT(de\256ned)p 897 469 14 2 v 19 w(as)137 590 y(Description:)65 b FS(This)7 b(action)g(outputs)f(the)i(sorted)f(and)g (non-redundant)g(user)o(-gi)o(v)o(en)h(de\256nition)442 647 y(of)16 b(a)h(concept,)g(role,)h(attrib)o(ute)d(domain,)i(aset,)g(number)n(,) h(or)e(object)f(which)442 703 y(corresponds)9 b(to)h(the)f(actual)h (de\256nition)e(of)i(the)g(entity)e(gi)o(v)o(en)i(by)f(the)g(user)h(and)442 760 y(which)16 b(was)g(read)h(by)f FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)p FS(.)32 b(F)o(or)17 b(objects)e(it)h(combines)f(all)h(descriptions)442 816 y(gi)o(v)o(en)11 b(by)g(the)g(user)m(.)137 937 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(t)11 b(:)p FM(<)h FS(a)f FT(and)h FS(r)g(:)k FT(close)p FS(\(b)11 b FT(and)h FS(c\).)442 993 y FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\()p FT(de\256n)q(ed)p 843 993 V 20 w(as)f FS(t\).)442 1050 y(>>>)g(t)531 1106 y(de\256ned)p 668 1106 V 17 w(as:)555 1163 y(t)g(:)p FM(<)g FS(a)h FT(and)g FS(r)g(:)k FT(close)p FS(\(b)11 b FT(and)h FS(c\))137 1283 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(The)7 b(ar)o(guments)g(on)g(which)g FT(de\256ned)p 1032 1283 V 17 w(as)g FS(operates)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(to)g(be)g(unambiguous.)137 1404 y FT(See)12 b(also:)136 b(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(,)14 b FT(describe)p FS(,)f FT(describe)p 1058 1404 V 18 w(fully)p FS(,)f FT(intr)o(oduced)p 1398 1404 V 18 w(as)p eop %%Page: 74 80 74 79 bop 195 50 a FS(74)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(describe)1125 b(Retrie)o(v)o(al)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Action)11 b(for)g(retrie)o(ving)g(minimal)f (de\256nitions)g(of)i(entities.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(action)7 b FJ(i)49 b FS(::=)g FT(describe)197 590 y(Description:)65 b FS(This)10 b(action)h(constructs)g(a)g(minimal)e (description)h(\261)h(in)g(terms)g(of)g(user)o(-gi)o(v)o(en)502 647 y(names)19 b(\261)f(of)h(concepts,)i(roles,)g(attrib)o(ute)e(domains,)h (asets,)g(numbers,)h(or)502 703 y(objects.)37 b(The)19 b(de\256nition)e(is)h (minimal)f(in)g(the)i(sense,)h(that)e(only)g(a)g(most)502 760 y(speci\256c)8 b(de\256nition)f(is)g(returned.)16 b(Ho)o(we)o(v)o(er)n(,)9 b(in)f(contrast)f(to)g FT(de\256ned)p 1613 760 14 2 v 19 w(as)p FS(,)h(this)502 816 y(description)13 b(may)h(contain)g(additional)f (information,)h(which)g(was)f(inferred)502 872 y(by)e FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)p FS(.)197 993 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(t)11 b(:)p FM(<)h FS(a)f FT(and)h FS(r)g(:)k FT(close)p FS(\(b)11 b FT(and)h FS(c\).)502 1050 y FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\()p FT(describe)j FS(t\).)502 1106 y(>>>)c(t)591 1163 y(describe:)16 b(a)672 1219 y FT(and)27 b(prim)p FS(\(t\))672 1276 y FT(and)g(atmost)p FS(\(2,r\))672 1332 y FT(and)g FS(r)12 b(:)k(\(b)11 b FT(and)h FS(c\))197 1453 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(The)11 b(ar)o(guments)g(on)g(which)f FT(describe)j FS(operates)e(ha)o(v)o(e)h(to)e(be)i(unambiguous.)502 1555 y(Primiti)o(v)o(e)e(concepts)g(and)h(roles)f(are)i(internally)e (represented)h(in)f FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)i(V)p FS(5)f(as)502 1611 y(de\256ned)j(concepts)g(resp.)g(roles)g(which)f(contain)g(an)h(additional)f (\261)h(so)f(called)502 1668 y(\261)f(primiti)o(v)o(e)f(component.)19 b(This)12 b(primiti)o(v)o(e)f(component)g(will)h(occur)h(in)e(def-)502 1724 y(initions)h(constructed)i(by)g FT(describe)p FS(.)26 b(Although)13 b(the)h(parser)h(of)f FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)h FS(will)502 1781 y(correctly)e(recognize)g(primiti)o(v)o(e)e(components,)h(the)g(user)g (can)h(use)f(this)g(con-)502 1837 y(struct)i(in)f(a)h(de\256nition)f(only)h (if)f(the)h(corresponding)f(primiti)o(v)o(e)g(component)502 1894 y(was)j(already)i(introduced)e(by)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)p FS(.)34 b(Thus,)18 b(the)e(user)h(cannot)g(introduce)502 1950 y(arbitrary)12 b(primiti)o(v)o(e)e(components.)197 2071 y FT(See)i(also:)136 b(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(,)14 b FT(de\256ned)p 912 2071 V 18 w(as)p FS(,)e FT(describe)p 1155 2071 V 18 w(fully)p FS(,)f FT(intr)o(oduced)p 1494 2071 V 19 w(as)p eop %%Page: 75 81 75 80 bop 1649 50 a FS(75)135 199 y FG(describe)p 345 199 18 2 v 21 w(fully)992 b(Retrie)o(v)o(al)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Action)11 b(for)g(retrie)o(ving)g(the)g(complete)g(de\256nition)g(of)g (entities.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(action)7 b FJ(i)49 b FS(::=)g FT(describe)p 918 469 14 2 v 18 w(fully)137 590 y(Description:)65 b FS(This)17 b(action)h(constructs)g(the)f(maximal)g (description)h(of)g(concepts,)i(roles,)442 647 y(attrib)o(ute)12 b(sets,)h(asets,)g(numbers)f(and)g(objects.)20 b(The)12 b(de\256nition)g(is)g (maximal)442 703 y(in)d(the)h(sense,)g(that)g(it)f(contains)g(in)g(addition)g (to)g(the)h(user)o(-gi)o(v)o(en)f(de\256nition)g(all)442 760 y(internally)i(inferred)g(information.)137 880 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(t)11 b(:)p FM(<)h FS(a)f FT(and)h FS(r)g(:)k FT(close)p FS(\(b)11 b FT(and)h FS(c\).)442 937 y FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\()p FT(describe)p 864 937 V 20 w(fully)f FS(t\).)442 993 y(>>>)g(t)531 1050 y(describe)p 686 1050 V 16 w(fully)699 1106 y FT(anything)612 1163 y(and)j(prim)p FS(\(a\))612 1219 y FT(and)g(prim)p FS(\(t\))612 1276 y FT(and)g(all)p FS(\(r)n(,)p FT(anything)p FS(\))612 1332 y FT(and)g(atleast)p FS(\(2,r\))612 1388 y FT(and)g(atmost)p FS(\(2,r\))612 1445 y FT(and)g FS(r)e(:)k(\(b)c FT(and)g FS(c\))137 1566 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(The)15 b(ar)o(guments)g(on)f(which)h FT(describe)p 1084 1566 V 18 w(fully)g FS(operates)g(ha)o(v)o(e)h(to)e(be)h (unam-)442 1622 y(biguous.)442 1724 y(Since)h(in)e(some)h(cases)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)h FS(constructs)e(unnamed)h(concepts)g(resp.)g(roles)442 1781 y(internally)m(,)h(a)g(description)e(constructed)h(by)g FT(describe)p 1347 1781 V 18 w(fully)g FS(may)h(contain)442 1837 y(internally)10 b(generated)h(ke)o(ys)f(for)h(which)f(no)g(user)o(-gi)o (v)o(en)h(name)f(e)o(xists.)16 b(Thus,)442 1894 y(the)11 b(output)f(produced) h(by)g FT(describe)p 1039 1894 V 18 w(fully)g FS(is)g(not)f(necessarily)h (understand-)442 1950 y(able)19 b(directly)g(for)h(an)f(user)m(.)42 b(Ho)o(we)o(v)o(er)n(,)22 b(for)d(deb)o(ugging)g(purposes)f(of)i(a)442 2007 y(kno)o(wledge)14 b(base,)j(the)d(produced)h(information)f(re\257ects)h (the)g(actual)g(infor)o(-)442 2063 y(mation)10 b(represented)i(and)g (inferred)g(by)f FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)h FS(and)f(will)g(thus)f(be)i(useful.)442 2165 y(Primiti)o(v)o(e)k(concepts)h(and)f(roles)h(are)g(internally)f (represented)h(in)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)12 b(V)p FS(5)442 2222 y(as)20 b(de\256ned)g(concepts)f(resp.)h(roles,)i(which)d(contain)g(an)h(additional)e (\261)h(so)442 2278 y(called)14 b(\261)f(primiti)o(v)o(e)g(component.)22 b(This)13 b(primiti)o(v)o(e)f(component)h(will)g(occur)442 2335 y(in)18 b(de\256nitions)g(constructed)g(by)g FT(describe)p 1165 2335 V 18 w(fully)p FS(.)38 b(Although)17 b(the)h(parser)442 2391 y(of)13 b FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)g FS(will)e(correctly)i(recognize)g(primiti)o(v) o(e)e(components,)h(the)g(user)h(can)442 2447 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y(is)i(a)g(list)f(of)h(two)g(terms,)h(which) f(make)g(the)g(\256rst)g(and)g(the)g(second)g(entity)502 703 y(semantically)9 b(equi)o(v)o(alent)f(when)i(the)o(y)g(are)g(added)g(to)f (the)h(entities.)15 b(If)10 b(the)g(en-)502 760 y(tities)e(are)i(objects,)f (the)g(dif)o(ference)h(between)g(their)e(conceptual)h(descriptions)502 816 y(is)i(computed.)197 937 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(p1)11 b(:)p FM(<)h FT(anything)p FS(.)502 993 y(p2)f(:)p FM(<)h FT(anything)p FS(.)502 1050 y(r1)19 b(:)p FM(<)12 b FT(domain)p FS(\(p1\))f FT(and)h(range)p FS(\(p2\).)502 1106 y(p3)f(:)p FM(<)h FS(p2.)502 1163 y(c4)i(:=)21 b(p1)11 b FT(and)h(all)p FS(\(r1,p3\).)502 1219 y(c5)i(:=)21 b FT(atleast)p FS(\(1,r1\).)502 1276 y(backretrie)o(v)o (e\(X)13 b(=)e(dif)o(ference\(c4,c5\)\).)559 1332 y(X)h(=)f([)p FT(atleast)p FS(\(1,r1\),)p FT(all)p FS(\(r1,p3\)])197 1453 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(If)10 b(there)h(is)e(a)h(dif)o(ference)h (concerning)f(two)f(v)o(alue)g(restrictions,)h(the)g(v)o(alue)f(re-)502 1509 y(strictions)e(which)h(are)h(returned)f(are)h(not)f(necessarily)g (minimal,)g(b)o(ut)g(minimal)502 1566 y(with)14 b(respect)h(to)f(the)h (concepts)g(already)g(e)o(xisting)e(in)i(the)f(TBox.)27 b(In)15 b(other)502 1622 y(words,)c(no)g(ne)o(w)g(concepts)h(are)g(created)g(to)f (answer)h(a)f(dif)o(ference)i(query)m(.)p eop %%Page: 77 83 77 82 bop 1649 50 a FS(77)135 199 y FG(disjoint)989 b(Ask)15 b(Expr)o(ession)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(T)m(ests)11 b(the)g(disjointness)e(of)i(terms.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(ask-e)o(xpr)n(ession)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(disjoint)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(term)7 b FJ(i)p FS(,)p FJ(h)p FH(term)g FJ(i)p FS(\))12 b([)p FT(noibox)p FS(])137 590 y FT(Description:)65 b(disjoint)12 b FS(performs)h(a)f(boolean)g(test)f(to)h(determine)g(whether)g (the)g(two)g(terms)442 647 y(gi)o(v)o(en)f(as)g(ar)o(guments)f(are)i (disjoint,)d(i.e.,)j(it)e(conjoins)g(both)g(terms)h(and)f(deter)o(-)442 703 y(mines)f(whether)h(the)g(conjoined)f(de\256nition)g(is)g(subsumed)f(by)i FT(nothing)p FS(.)17 b(The)442 760 y(answer)11 b(includes)f(the)g (application)f(of)i(rules;)f(if)g(the)o(y)h(are)g(to)f(be)h(ignored,)f(the) 442 816 y FT(noibox)h FS(option)g(must)f(be)h(used.)137 937 y FT(Example:)118 b(disjoint)p FS(\(ener)o(gy)m(,material\).)442 993 y(ener)o(gy)12 b FT(and)g FS(material)f(?)p FM(<)h FT(nothing)p FS(.)137 1114 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(?)p FM(<)p FT(/2)p FS(,)12 b FT(incoher)o(ent)p FS(,)i FT(nothing)p eop %%Page: 78 84 78 83 bop 195 50 a FS(78)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(domain)1113 b(Role)15 b(T)-5 b(erm)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Restricts)11 b(the)h(domain)e(of)h(a)h(role)f(to) g(the)h(speci\256ed)f(concept.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(domain)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(concept)7 b FJ(i)p FS(\))197 590 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(domain)p FK(\()p FE(c)p FK(\)])g(])761 574 y Fn(I)797 590 y FK(=)13 b([)-8 b([)p FE(c)p FK(])g(])901 574 y Fn(I)935 590 y FJ(\002)10 b FM(D)197 711 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(The)13 b(role)f(operator)h FT(domain)g FS(restricts)f(the)g(domain)g(of)g(a)h(role,) g(i.e.)h(the)e(\256rst)502 767 y(ar)o(gument)k(of)g(an)g(role)g(instance)f (has)h(to)f(be)h(an)g(instance)g(of)g(the)g(speci\256ed)502 824 y(concept.)28 b(The)15 b(domain)e(has)i(to)g(be)g(of)g(type)f FT(concept)p FS(,)k(because)e(instances)502 880 y(of)i(other)g(types,)h FT(aset)p FS(,)h FT(number)g FS(and)e FT(string)p FS(,)i(are)e(not)g(allo)o (wed)f(to)g(ha)o(v)o(e)502 937 y(role-\256llers.)197 1058 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(is)p 536 1058 14 2 v 16 w(father)p 658 1058 V 16 w(of)12 b(:=)f(is)p 805 1058 V 16 w(parent)p 935 1058 V 16 w(of)h FT(and)g(domain)p FS(\(male\).)197 1178 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(In)7 b(the)g(pre)o(vious)g(v)o(ersion)g (this)g(operator)g(was)g(only)g(allo)o(wed)g(within)g(primiti)o(v)n(e)502 1235 y(role)12 b(introductions.)197 1356 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(De\256ned)12 b(role)f(introductions,)f(containing)g(only)g(a)i(domain)e (restriction,)h(i.e.,)502 1412 y(r)h(:=)f FT(domain)p FS(\(c\),)h(are)g (forbidden.)502 1514 y(Note)j(that)g(the)g(term)g FT(domain)g FS(usually)f(denotes)h(in)g(database)g(and)g(object-)502 1571 y(oriented)c(systems)f(what)h(is)g(called)h FT(range)g FS(in)f FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)p FS(.)197 1692 y FT(See)h(also:)136 b(and)p FS(,)13 b FT(range)p eop %%Page: 79 85 79 84 bop 1649 50 a FS(79)135 199 y FG(equi)o(v)o(alent)920 b(Ask)15 b(Expr)o(ession)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(T)m(ests)11 b(the)g(equi)o(v)o(alence)g(of)h(terms.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(ask-e)o(xpr)n(ession)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(equivalent)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(term)7 b FJ(i)p FS(,)p FJ(h)p FH(term)g FJ(i)p FS(\))k([)p FT(noibox)p FS(])137 590 y FT(Description:)65 b(equivalent)19 b FS(performs)f(a)h(boolean)g(test)f(to)g(determine)h(whether)f(the)h(two)442 647 y(terms)d(gi)o(v)o(en)g(as)g(ar)o(guments)g(are)h(equi)o(v)o(alent,)f (i.e.,)j(it)d(tests)f(whether)h(each)442 703 y(term)d(is)g(subsumed)e(by)i (the)g(other)m(.)23 b(The)13 b(answer)h(includes)e(the)h(application)442 760 y(of)f(rules;)e(if)i(the)o(y)f(are)h(to)f(be)h(ignored,)f(the)g FT(noibox)h FS(option)e(must)g(be)i(used.)137 880 y FT(Example:)118 b(equivalent)p FS(\(workshop,plant\).)442 937 y FT(subsumes)p FS(\(workshop,plant\),)11 b FT(subsumes)p FS(\(plant,workshop\).)442 993 y(workshop)f(?)p FM(<)i FS(plant,)f(plant)g(?)p FM(<)h FS(workshop.)137 1114 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(?)p FM(<)p FT(/2)p FS(,)12 b FT(subsumes)p eop %%Page: 80 86 80 85 bop 195 50 a FS(80)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(exactly)1222 b(Macr)o(o)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Minimum)9 b(and)j(maximum)d(restriction.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)162 b Ff(h)p Fe(macr)n(o-concept)7 b Ff(i)50 b FB(::=)g Fz(exactly)p FB(\()p Ff(h)p FC(INTEGER)7 b Ff(i)p FB(,)p Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole)h Ff(i)p FB(\))879 519 y Ff(j)50 b Fz(exactly)p FB(\()p Ff(h)p FC(INTEGER)7 b 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FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(The)20 b(macro)f FT(exactly)p FS(\(n,r\))h(is)f(internally)g(e)o(xpanded)g(to)g FT(atleast)p FS(\(n,r\))h FT(and)502 1174 y(atmost)p FS(\(n,r\).)50 b(The)23 b(macro)f FT(exactly)p FS(\(n,r)n(,c\))i(is)e(internally)f(e)o (xpanded)h(to)502 1230 y FT(atleast)p FS(\(n,r)12 b FT(and)g(range)p FS(\(c\)\))h FT(and)f(atmost)p FS(\(n,r)g FT(and)g(range)p FS(\(c\)\).)197 1351 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(atleast)p FS(,)12 b FT(atmost)p eop %%Page: 81 87 81 86 bop 1649 50 a FS(81)135 199 y FG(f)o(or)1259 b(Retrie)o(v)o(al)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Application)10 b(of)i(a)f(tuple)g(generator)h(on) f(retrie)o(v)o(ed)h(entities.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)162 b Ff(h)p Fe(gener)o(ator)7 b Ff(i)50 b FB(::=)f(`[')p Ff(h)p Fe(output-functi)o(on)t Ff(i)10 b(f)p FB(,)h Ff(h)p Fe(output-functio)o(n)t Ff(ig)1501 454 y Fd(\003)1520 469 y FB(`]'`)f Fz(f)o(or)137 590 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(W)n(ith)9 b(the)h FT(f)o(or)g FS(operator)g(it)f(is)g(possible)g(to)g (specify)h(which)f(e)o(xtra)h(information)442 647 y(is)h(going)g(to)h(be)g (retrie)o(v)o(ed)g(for)g(a)h(set)e(of)h FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)h FS(entities.)k(This) 11 b(set)h(of)g(entities)442 703 y(is)j(determined)g(by)g(what)g(follo)o(ws)f (the)h FT(f)o(or)p FS(,)i(i.e.,)g(a)f FT(getall)f FS(query)m(,)h(a)g(list)e (of)442 760 y(entity)d(references,)i(or)e(a)h(single)f(entity)f(reference.) 442 862 y(The)e(list)e(preceding)i(the)g FT(f)o(or)g FS(serv)o(es)g(as)g (output)e(speci\256cation:)h(It)h(is)f(applied)g(to)442 918 y(each)g(element)g(of)g(the)g(set)g(of)g(ar)o(gument)g(entities,)i(and)e (substitutes)g(each)g(entity)442 975 y(by)i(an)g(output)e(tuple)h (represented)i(by)e(a)h(Prolog)g(list.)15 b(Each)9 b(tuple)f(contains)g(an) 442 1031 y(element)14 b(for)h(each)g FJ(h)p FH(output-function)5 b FJ(i)14 b FS(in)g(the)g(output)f(speci\256cation)h(\261)g(the)442 1088 y(structure)h(of)g(tuple)f(elements)g(depends)h(on)f(the)h(used)g FJ(h)p FH(output-function)t FJ(i)p FS(\261)442 1144 y(and)c(their)g(order)g (is)f(determined)h(by)f(the)h(order)g(of)g(the)g(output)f(speci\256cation.) 442 1246 y(The)17 b(permitted)e FJ(h)p FH(output-function)5 b FJ(i)16 b FS(include)g(those)g(actions)g(that)g(may)g(be)442 1303 y(applied)24 b(directly)h(on)f(retrie)o(v)o(ed)h(entities)f(\()p FT(de\256ned)p 1336 1303 14 2 v 19 w(as)p FS(,)k FT(describe)p FS(,)i FT(de-)442 1359 y(scribe)p 561 1359 V 17 w(fully)p FS(,)20 b FT(intr)o(oduced)p 908 1359 V 18 w(as)p FS(,)g FT(msc)p FS(,)f FT(self)p FS(\);)i(additionally)16 b(the)h(operators)442 1415 y FT(nr)p FS(,)c FT(rf)p FS(,)f(and)f FT(vr)h FS(are)g(supported.)442 1518 y(If)f FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)i FS(is)e(called)g(without)e(the)i (optional)f(Prolog)g(v)o(ariable)h(to)g(bind)442 1574 y(the)f(result)g(to,)g (the)g(tuples)f(are)i(pretty)f(printed)f(to)h(the)g(current)g(output)f (stream.)137 1695 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(?-)12 b FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\()p FT(getall)h FS(c\).)442 1751 y([x1,x2,x3)p FM(:)8 b(:)g(:)e FS(,)12 b(x23])442 1808 y(yes)442 1864 y(?-)g FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\()i([)p FT(self)p FS(,)e FT(rf)p FS(\(r\)])g FT(f)o(or)g(getall)f FS(c\).)442 1921 y([[x1,[y1,y2]],)i([x2,[)f(]],)g([x3,[y1,y4,y5]],)p FM(:)c(:)g(:)f FS(,)k([x23,[y45]]])442 1977 y(yes)442 2034 y(?-)h FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\([[x]])i(=)d([)p FT(self)p FS(])h FT(f)o(or)g FS(x\).)442 2090 y(yes)137 2211 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(In)15 b(V4)f(se)o(v)o(eral)h(tuples)e(could)h(be)h (returned)f(for)h(a)g(single)e(object,)j(e.g.,)g(if)f(it)442 2267 y(had)9 b(se)o(v)o(eral)h(role-\256llers.)17 b(No)o(w)m(,)10 b(there)g(is)e(e)o(xactly)i(one)f(tuple)g(for)h(each)g(entity)442 2324 y(on)h(which)g(the)g(output)g(speci\256cation)g(is)g(applied.)137 2445 y FT(See)h(also:)136 b(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(,)24 b FT(de\256ned)p 862 2445 V 18 w(as)p FS(,)d FT(describe)p FS(,)i FT(describe)p 1309 2445 V 18 w(fully)p FS(,)e FT(getall)p FS(,)g FT(intr)o(o-)442 2501 y(duced)p 560 2501 V 18 w(as)p FS(,)12 b FT(msc)p FS(,)g FT(nr)p FS(,)g FT(rf)p FS(,)g FT(self)p FS(,)g FT(vr)p eop %%Page: 82 88 82 87 bop 195 50 a FS(82)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(f)o(or)o(get)1035 b(T)-5 b(ell)14 b(Expr)o(ession)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Retraction)12 b(of)f(pre)o(viously)f(asserted)i(information.)197 471 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(r)n(e)o(vision)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(f)o(orget)11 b FJ(h)p FH(rule)c FJ(i)782 527 y(j)50 b FT(f)o(orget)11 b FJ(h)p FH(obj-r)n(ef)c FJ(i)782 584 y(j)50 b FT(f)o(orget)11 b FJ(h)p FH(obj-r)n(ef)c FJ(i)k FS(::)g FJ(h)p FH(concept)c FJ(i)197 701 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(W)n(ith)8 b(the)h FT(f)o(orget)f FS(operator)h(information)e(can)i(be)g(retracted)g(from)f(the)h(kno)o(wl-)502 757 y(edge)f(base.)16 b(This)6 b(applies)h(for)h(three)g(kinds)f(of)g (information:)f(inference)j(rules,)502 814 y(partial)j(object)f (descriptions,)h(and)f(entire)h(objects.)18 b(The)12 b(retraction)g(will)f (re-)502 870 y(mo)o(v)o(e)e(all)f(semantical)g(consequences)g(based)h(on)f (the)h(retracted)g(information.)502 927 y(Rules)h(ha)o(v)o(e)g(to)f(be)h (passed)f(as)h(ar)o(gument)f(in)g(the)h(same)f(way)h(the)o(y)f(were)i(intro-) 502 983 y(duced.)23 b(If)14 b(an)g(object)f(reference)i(alone)e(is)g(passed)g (as)h(ar)o(gument)f(the)g(entire)502 1039 y(object)k(will)f(be)h(remo)o(v)o (ed.)34 b(F)o(or)18 b(objects,)g(an)o(y)g(part)f(of)g(pre)o(viously)e(gi)o(v) o(en)502 1096 y(descriptions)g(may)g(be)h(retracted)h(in)e(an)h(arbitrary)g (combination.)29 b(System)502 1152 y(deri)o(v)o(ed)8 b(facts)h(can)f(not)g (be)g(retracted.)17 b(If)9 b FT(f)o(orget)f FS(is)g(called)g(with)g(a)g (description)502 1209 y(not)j(e)o(xplicitly)f(told,)h(an)h(error)g(message)f (is)g(raised)g(and)g(the)h(call)f(fails.)502 1311 y(De\256nitions)i(of)h (other)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)h FS(entities)e(can)i(not)e(be)i(retracted;)h(instead) d(the)o(y)502 1367 y(can)19 b(be)f(o)o(v)o(erwritten)h(by)f(a)h(ne)o(w)f (de\256nition.)37 b(If)19 b(the)f(descriptions)f(of)i(an)502 1424 y(object)10 b(should)g(be)h(replaced)g(by)f(a)h(ne)o(w)g(one,)g(it)f(is) h(advisable)f(to)g(use)g(directly)502 1480 y FT(r)o(edescribe)g FS(rather)e(than)g(a)g(sequence)g(of)g FT(f)o(orget)g FS(operations)f(in)h (combination)502 1537 y(with)j(a)g(subsequent)g(assertion.)197 1658 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(?-)12 b FT(backtell)p FS(\()p FT(f)o(orget)g FS(c1)g(=>)f(c2\).)502 1715 y(yes)502 1771 y(?-)h(x)f(::)g(c1,)h(x)f(::)g(c2) h FT(and)g(all)p FS(\(r)n(,c3\),)g(x)f(::)g(r:\(y)g FT(and)h FS(z\).)502 1828 y(yes)502 1884 y(?-)g(x)f(?:)h FT(atleast)p FS(\(2,r\).)502 1941 y(yes)502 1997 y(?-)g(y)f(?:)h(c3.)502 2054 y(yes)502 2110 y(?-)g FT(backtell)p FS(\()p FT(f)o(orget)g FS(x)g(::)e FT(atleast)p FS(\(2,r\)\).)502 2166 y(ERR)n(OR)36 b FT(atleast)p FS(\(2,r\))12 b(was)f(not)g(told)f(for)i(x)502 2223 y(no)502 2279 y(?-)g FT(backtell)p FS(\()p FT(f)o(orget)g FS(x)g(::)e(c1)i FT(and)g(all)p FS(\(r)n(,c3\)\).)502 2336 y(yes)502 2392 y(?-)g(y)f(?:)h(c3.)502 2449 y(no)502 2505 y(?-)g FT(backtell)p FS(\()p FT(f)o(orget)g FS(z\).)502 2562 y(yes)502 2618 y(?-)g(x)f(?:)h(r:z.)502 2675 y(no)197 2796 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(r)o(edescribe)p eop %%Page: 83 89 83 88 bop 1649 50 a FS(83)135 199 y FG(ge,)14 b(gt)1073 b(Number)16 b(T)-5 b(erm)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Constructs)11 b(a)h(numerical)f(interv)o(al)f(with)h(in\256nite)g(upper)g(bound.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(lower)o(-limit)7 b FJ(i)49 b FS(::=)g FT(ge)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(number)o(-)p FQ(INST)m(ANCE)10 b FJ(i)p FS(\))780 526 y FJ(j)49 b FT(gt)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(number)o(-)p FQ(INST)m(ANCE)10 b FJ(i)p FS(\))780 582 y FJ(j)49 b(h)p FH(number)o(-)p FQ(INST)m(ANCE)9 b FJ(i)137 707 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(ge)p FK(\()p FM(p)p FK(\)])g(])587 690 y Fn(I)622 707 y FK(=)13 b FJ(f)p FM(p)716 714 y FC(1)747 707 y FS(:)f FM(p)795 714 y FC(1)827 707 y FJ(\025)h FM(p)p FJ(g)442 763 y FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(gt)p FK(\()p FM(p)p FK(\)])g(])583 747 y Fn(I)619 763 y FK(=)13 b FJ(f)p FM(p)713 770 y FC(1)743 763 y FS(:)g FM(p)792 770 y FC(1)823 763 y FM(>)g(p)p FJ(g)137 884 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(These)15 b(operators)h(construct)e(from)h(a)h (gi)o(v)o(en)f(number)f(an)i(interv)o(al)e(with)h(an)442 941 y(in\256nite)c(upper)g(bound)g(and)h(either)f(closed)g(lo)o(wer)h(bound)e (\(in)i(case)g(of)f FT(ge)p FS(\))h(or)442 997 y(open)f(lo)o(wer)h(bound)e (\(in)h(case)h(of)g FT(gt)p FS(\).)137 1118 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(adult)189 b(:=)11 b(person)g FT(and)h(all)p FS(\(age,)p FT(ge)p FS(\(18\)\).)442 1174 y(retired)p 564 1174 14 2 v 17 w(woman)e(:=)h(woman)f FT(and)i(all)p FS(\(age,)p FT(gt)p FS(\(63\)\).)137 1295 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(../2)p FS(,)12 b FT(le,)g(lt)p FS(,)g FT(intersection)p eop %%Page: 84 90 84 89 bop 195 50 a FS(84)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(getall)1197 b(Retrie)o(v)o(al)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Retrie)o(v)o(al)12 b(of)f(instances.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(ar)n(guments)7 b FJ(i)49 b FS(::=)g FT(getall)11 b FJ(h)p FH(concept)c FJ(i)829 526 y(j)49 b FT(getall)11 b FJ(h)p FH(aset)c FJ(i)829 582 y(j)49 b FT(getall)11 b(string)197 702 y(Semantics:)93 b FE(o)24 b FJ(2)13 b Fl(getall)r FK(\()p FE(c)p FK(\))e FS(if)o(f)g FR(G)24 b FJ(j)-8 b FK(=)24 b FE(o)13 b FS(::)f FE(c)197 823 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(W)n(ith)16 b(the)h FT(getall)f FS(ke)o(yword)g(a)i(query)e(is)h(issued)f(that)g(retrie)o (v)o(es)h(all)g FH(known)502 879 y(instances)10 b FS(of)h(a)h(gi)o(v)o(en)e FJ(h)p FH(term)d FJ(i)p FS(.)17 b FJ(h)p FH(term)7 b FJ(i)k FS(is)f(limited)g(to)g(concepts,)i(asets,)f(and)502 936 y(the)h(b)o(uilt-in)g (type)g FT(string)p FS(.)20 b(The)13 b(kno)o(wn)e(instances)h(of)h(a)g (concept)f(are)i(those)502 992 y(e)o(xplicitly)h(introduced)g(objects)g (which)h(instantiate)e(the)i(queried)g(concept.)502 1048 y(The)8 b(kno)o(wn)f(instances)h(of)g(a)g(aset)g(are)h(those)e(attrib)o(utes)g(that)h (were)h(introduced)502 1105 y(for)14 b(the)f(queried)g(aset.)22 b(The)14 b(kno)o(wn)e(instances)h(of)g FT(string)g FS(are)h(those)f(string) 502 1161 y(v)o(alues)g(that)f(ha)o(v)o(e)i(been)g(used)f(in)f(the)h(kno)o (wledge)g(base)g(as)g(\256llers)g(of)h(a)f(role)502 1218 y(with)e(range)h FT(string)p FS(.)197 1339 y FT(Example:)118 b(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\()p FT(getall)13 b FS(c)f FT(and)g FS(r)g(:)k(x)11 b FT(and)h FS(s)f(:)16 b(\(y)c(or)f(z\)\).)502 1395 y FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\(R)j(=)d FT(getall)g(aset)p FS(\(high)g(..)h(medium,risk\)\).)197 1516 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(The)17 b(operator)h FT(getallr)o(el)f FS(is)f(not)h(supported)f(in)h(V5,)i(neither)e(is)f(a)i (role)f(an)502 1572 y(admissible)e(ar)o(gument)h(for)h(the)g FT(getall)f FS(operator)m(.)33 b(But)17 b(see)g(the)f(entry)h(for)502 1629 y FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(.)197 1750 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b(getall)16 b FS(queries)g(for)h(number)e(ranges)i(are)g(not)e(supported.)31 b(First,)17 b(number)502 1806 y(instances)10 b(in)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)j(V)p FS(5)e(are)g(not)f(limited)f(to)i(inte)o(gers;)f(thus)g(an)h(enumeration)502 1863 y(of)16 b(all)g(kno)o(wn)f(numbers)h(in)f(a)i(gi)o(v)o(en)f(range)g(is)g (impossible.)29 b(Second,)18 b(we)502 1919 y(do)12 b(not)g(consider)h(the)f (enumeration)g(of)h(thousands)e(of)i(v)o(alues,)g(as)f(e.g.)i(with)502 1975 y(`)p FT(getall)d FS(0)g(..)i(1999',)e(as)h(really)f(useful.)197 2096 y FT(See)h(also:)136 b(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(,)33 b FT(de\256ned)p 931 2096 14 2 v 19 w(as)p FS(,)e FT(describe)p FS(,)i FT(describe)p 1399 2096 V 17 w(fully)p FS(,)f FT(f)o(or)p FS(,)f FT(intr)o(o-)502 2153 y(duced)p 620 2153 V 18 w(as)p FS(,)12 b FT(self)p FS(,)f FT(msc)p eop %%Page: 85 91 85 90 bop 1649 50 a FS(85)135 199 y FG(incoher)o(ent)912 b(Ask)15 b(Expr)o(ession)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(T)m(ests)11 b(whether)g(a)h(term)f(is)g(incoherent.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(ask-e)o(xpr)n(ession)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(incoher)o(ent)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(term)9 b FJ(i)p FS(\))j([)p FT(noibox)p FS(])137 590 y FT(Description:)65 b(incoher)o(ent)17 b FS(tests)d(whether)h(the)g (term)f(gi)o(v)o(en)h(as)g(ar)o(gument)f(is)h(incoherent,)442 647 y(i.e.,)k(whether)e(it)f(is)h(subsumed)e(by)i FT(nothing)p FS(.)33 b(The)17 b(answer)g(includes)f(the)442 703 y(application)9 b(of)i(rules;)f(if)h(the)o(y)f(are)h(to)f(be)h(ignored,)f(the)h FT(noibox)f FS(option)f(must)442 760 y(be)j(used.)137 880 y FT(Example:)118 b(incoher)o(ent)p FS(\()p FT(atleast)p FS(\(2,r\))15 b FT(and)d(atmost)p FS(\(1,r\)\).)442 937 y FT(incoher)o(ent)p FS(\(ener)o(gy)i FT(and)e FS(material\).)442 993 y FT(atleast)p FS(\(2,r\))g FT(and)g(atmost)p FS(\(1,r\))g(?)p FM(<)g FT(nothing)p FS(.)137 1114 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(?)p FM(<)p FT(/2)p FS(,)12 b FT(disjoint)p FS(,)g FT(nothing)p eop %%Page: 86 92 86 91 bop 195 50 a FS(86)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(intersection)799 b(Attrib)o(ute)16 b(Set)f(T)-5 b(erm)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Operator)12 b(for)f(intersecting)g(two)f(attrib)o(ute)h(sets.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(aset)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f(\()p FJ(h)p FH(aset)7 b FJ(i)k FT(intersection)h FJ(h)p FH(aset)7 b FJ(i)p FS(\))197 590 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([\()p FE(a)560 597 y FC(1)589 590 y Fl(in)o(tersection)13 b FE(a)889 597 y FC(2)907 590 y FK(\)])-8 b(])943 574 y Fn(I)979 590 y FK(=)13 b([)-8 b([)p FE(a)1067 597 y FC(1)1085 590 y FK(])g(])1103 574 y Fn(I)1137 590 y FJ(\\)10 b FK([)-8 b([)p FE(a)1217 597 y FC(2)1235 590 y FK(])g(])1253 574 y Fn(I)197 711 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(The)16 b FT(intersection)h FS(operator)f(for)g(attrib)o(ute)f(sets)h (corresponds)f(to)h(the)f FT(and)502 767 y FS(operator)10 b(for)g(concepts.) 16 b(It)9 b(denotes)h(the)f(intersection)g(of)g(two)g(attrib)o(ute)g(sets.) 502 824 y(Note)g(that)g(the)g(intersection)g(of)g(two)f(disjoint)g(asets)h (results)f(in)h(an)h(empty)e(aset)502 880 y(which)j(is)g(equi)o(v)o(alent)f (to)h FT(nothing)p FS(.)197 1001 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(risk)177 b(:=)11 b FT(attrib)o(ute)p 971 1001 14 2 v 18 w(domain)p FS(\([high,lar)o (ge,medium,small,null]\).)502 1058 y(risk)o(y)155 b(:=)11 b FT(aset)p FS(\([high,lar)o(ge,medium],)h(risk\).)502 1114 y(medium)p 656 1114 V 15 w(risk)f(:=)g(risk)o(y)g FT(intersection)i(aset)p FS(\([medium,small,null]\))197 1235 y FT(See)f(also:)136 b(aset)p FS(,)12 b FT(union)p FS(,)h FT(without)p eop %%Page: 87 93 87 92 bop 1649 50 a FS(87)135 199 y FG(intersection)915 b(Number)16 b(T)-5 b(erm)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Constructs)11 b(the)g(intersection)g(of)g(two)f(numerical)h(interv)o(als.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(number)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f(\()p FJ(h)p FH(number)7 b FJ(i)k FT(intersection)h FJ(h)p FH(number)7 b FJ(i)p FS(\))137 590 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([\()p FM(p)501 597 y FC(1)530 590 y Fl(in)o(tersection)13 b FM(p)831 597 y FC(2)849 590 y FK(\)])-8 b(])885 574 y Fn(I)921 590 y FK(=)13 b([)-8 b([)p FM(p)1010 597 y FC(1)1028 590 y FK(])g(])1046 574 y Fn(I)1080 590 y FJ(\\)10 b FK([)-8 b([)p FM(p)1161 597 y FC(2)1179 590 y FK(])g(])1197 574 y Fn(I)137 711 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(Constructs)8 b(the)g(intersection)f(interv)o(al)h(of)h(two)e(numerical)h (interv)o(als.)15 b(If)9 b(both)442 767 y(interv)o(als)g(are)i(disjoint,)d (i.e.,)k(ha)o(v)o(e)e(no)g(v)o(alue)f(in)h(common,)f(the)h(result)f(will)g (be)442 824 y(the)i(empty)g(interv)o(al)g(which)g(is)g(equi)o(v)o(alent)f(to) h FT(nothing)p FS(.)137 945 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(working)p 598 945 14 2 v 15 w(person)11 b(:=)g(person)g FT(and)h FS(working)f FT(and)793 1001 y(all)p FS(\(age,)p FT(ge)p FS(\(16\))h FT(intersection)h(le) p FS(\(63\)\).)137 1122 y FT(See)f(also:)136 b(../2)p FS(,)12 b FT(le,)g(lt)p FS(,)g FT(ge,)g(gt)p eop %%Page: 88 94 88 93 bop 195 50 a FS(88)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(intr)o(oduced)p 467 199 18 2 v 22 w(as)989 b(Retrie)o(v)o(al)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Action)11 b(for)g(disambiguating)e(entities.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(action)7 b FJ(i)49 b FS(::=)g FT(intr)o(oduced)p 1027 469 14 2 v 19 w(as)197 590 y(Description:)65 b FS(This)11 b(action)h(disambiguates)f(entities.)18 b(It)12 b(produces)g(as)g(output)f (two)g(lists)g(of)502 647 y(descriptors)g(separated)h(by)f('-'.)502 749 y(The)19 b(\256rst)h(list)e(contains)g(at)i(most)e(two)g(descriptors)h (which)g(describe)g(the)502 805 y(\252classes\272)9 b(for)g(which)f(the)g (entity)g(in)g(question)f(e)o(xists.)15 b(One)9 b(of)g(these)f(descrip-)502 862 y(tors)k(is)g(either)g FT(conc)p FS(,)i FT(r)o(ole)p FS(,)g FT(aset)p FS(,)f(or)f FT(number)p FS(,)j(while)d(the)g(other)g(descriptor)502 918 y(can)g(be)f(the)h(name)f(of)g(an)h(attrib)o(ute)f(domain.)502 1020 y(The)f(second)g(list)f(may)h(contain)g(an)g(arbitrary)g(list)f(of)h (descriptors)g(describing)502 1077 y(all)h(\252classes\272)h(for)g(which)f (the)g(entity)g(in)g(question)f(is)h(an)h(\252instance\272.)17 b(It)11 b(may)502 1133 y(consist)f(of)h(the)f(descriptors)g FT(conc)p FS(,)i FT(aset)p FS(,)g FT(string)p FS(,)f(or)g(the)f(names)h(of)g (attrib)o(ute)502 1190 y(domains)f(in)h(which)g(the)g(entity)g(in)g(question) f(is)h(an)g(instance.)197 1310 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(c)90 b(:=)21 b FT(all)p FS(\(r)n(,d\).)502 1367 y(foo)49 b(:=)21 b FT(aset)p FS(\([a,b,c]\).)502 1423 y(name)11 b(:)p FM(<)h FT(range)p FS(\()p FT(string)p FS(\).)502 1480 y(c)90 b(::)34 b(c)12 b FT(and)g FS(name)f(:)16 b(c.)502 1536 y FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\(L)e(=)d([)p FT(self)p FS(,)p FT(intr)o(oduced)p 1143 1536 V 19 w(as)p FS(])g FT(f)o(or)h FS(c/)p FT(obj)p FS(\).)612 1593 y(L)g(=)f([[c,[conc]-[aset,string,conc]]])197 1714 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(This)19 b(was)g(not)g(needed)g(in)g(V4,)j(since)d (only)g(a)h(single)e(name)i(space)f(was)502 1770 y(maintained.)197 1891 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(Note)10 b(that)g FT(conc)h FS(in)e(the)h(second)g(list)f(denotes)h(objectes.)16 b(While)10 b(the)g(name)g(of)502 1947 y(an)h(attrib)o(ute)f(domain)f(in)i(the)f(\256rst) h(list)e(denotes)h(the)h(attrib)o(ute)f(domain)f(itself,)502 2004 y(the)g(name)g(of)g(an)g(attrib)o(ute)f(domain)g(denotes)h(in)f(the)h (second)g(list)f(the)h(attrib)o(ute)502 2060 y(domain)h(in)h(which)g(the)h (entity)e(in)h(questions)f(occurs)i(as)f(attrib)o(ute.)197 2181 y FT(See)h(also:)136 b(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(,)14 b FT(de\256ned)p 912 2181 V 18 w(as)p FS(,)e FT(describe)p FS(,)h FT(describe)p 1340 2181 V 18 w(fully)p eop %%Page: 89 95 89 94 bop 1649 50 a FS(89)135 199 y FG(in)n(v)1224 b(Role)15 b(T)-5 b(erm)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Construction)10 b(of)i(in)n(v)o(erse)g(roles.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(in)n(v)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)7 b FJ(i)p FS(\))137 590 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(in)o(v)p FK(\()p FE(r)q FK(\)])g(])601 574 y Fn(I)636 590 y FK(=)13 b FJ(fh)p FM(d;)8 b(e)p FJ(i)i(2)j FM(D)e FJ(\002)g FM(D)i FS(:)g FJ(h)p FM(e;)8 b(d)p FJ(i)j(2)i FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)q FK(])g(])1243 574 y Fn(I)1265 590 y FJ(g)137 711 y FT(Description:)65 b(in)n(v)11 b FS(is)g(a)g(role)g(operator)g(for)g(de\256ning)g(the)g(in)n(v)o (erse)g(of)g(a)h(role.)k(The)11 b(ar)o(gument)442 767 y(of)h FT(in)n(v)f FS(may)g(be)h(a)f(role)h(name)f(or)g(an)h(arbitrary)g(role)f (term.)137 888 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(is)p 476 888 14 2 v 16 w(child)p 584 888 V 16 w(of)11 b(:=)g FT(in)n(v)p FS(\(is)p 804 888 V 16 w(parent)p 934 888 V 17 w(of\).)137 1009 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(In)12 b(V4)f FT(in)n(v)g FS(was)g(only)g(allo)o (wed)g(in)g(ABox)g(queries.)137 1130 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(Note)10 b(that)f(you)g(can)i(not)e(in)n(v)o(ert)h(a)g(role)g(if)g(its)f (range)h(is)f(of)h(type)g FT(aset)p FS(,)g FT(number)442 1186 y FS(or)i FT(string)p FS(.)137 1307 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(comp)p FS(,)12 b FT(trans)p eop %%Page: 90 96 90 95 bop 195 50 a FS(90)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(le,)i(lt)1099 b(Number)16 b(T)-5 b(erm)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Constructs)11 b(a)h(numerical)f(interv)o(al)f (with)h(in\256nite)g(lo)o(wer)g(bound.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(upper)o(-limit)6 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(le)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(number)o(-)p FQ(INST)m(ANCE)9 b FJ(i)p FS(\))842 526 y FJ(j)50 b FT(lt)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(number)o(-)p FQ(INST)m(ANCE)9 b FJ(i)p FS(\))842 582 y FJ(j)50 b(h)p FH(number)o(-)p FQ(INST)m(ANCE)9 b FJ(i)197 707 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(le)p FK(\()p FM(p)p FK(\)])g(])635 690 y Fn(I)671 707 y FK(=)13 b FJ(f)p FM(p)765 714 y FC(1)795 707 y FS(:)g FM(p)844 714 y FC(1)875 707 y FJ(\024)g FM(p)p FJ(g)502 763 y FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(lt)q FK(\()p FM(p)p FK(\)])g(])632 747 y Fn(I)667 763 y FK(=)13 b FJ(f)p FM(p)761 770 y FC(1)792 763 y FS(:)f FM(p)840 770 y FC(1)871 763 y FM(<)h(p)p FJ(g)197 884 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(These)12 b(operators)g(construct)f(from)h(a)g(gi)o(v)o(en)g(number)f(an) h(interv)o(al)g(with)f(in\256-)502 941 y(nite)h(lo)o(wer)h(bound)f(and)h(an)f (either)h(closed)g(upper)f(bound)g(\(in)h(case)g(of)g FT(le)p FS(\))g(or)502 997 y(an)f(open)f(upper)g(bound)g(\(in)g(case)h(of)f FT(lt)p FS(\).)197 1118 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(child)141 b(:=)11 b(person)g FT(and)h(all)p FS(\(age,)p FT(lt)p FS(\(18\)\).)502 1174 y(poor)p 589 1174 14 2 v 16 w(person)f(:=)g(person)g FT(and)h(all)p FS(\(income)p 1205 1174 V 16 w(in)p 1257 1174 V 16 w(DM,)p FT(le)p FS(\(1000\)\).)197 1295 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(../2)p FS(,)12 b FT(ge,)g(gt)p FS(,)g FT(intersection)p eop %%Page: 91 97 91 96 bop 1649 50 a FS(91)135 199 y FG(msc)1235 b(Retrie)o(v)o(al)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Retrie)o(ving)11 b(an)h(entity')m(s)f(MSC)g(set.) 137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(action)7 b FJ(i)49 b FS(::=)g FT(msc)137 590 y(Description:)65 b FS(The)11 b(operator)f FT(msc)h FS(retrie)o(v)o(es)f(the)h(MSC)f(set)h(of)f(an)h(object)f(or)g(attrib)o(ute.) 16 b(The)442 647 y(MSC)g(set)g(is)f(the)g(set)g(of)h(the)f(most)g(speci\256c) h(concepts)f(instantiated)g(by)g(an)442 703 y(object,)d(or)f(the)h(most)e (speci\256c)i(attrib)o(ute)f(sets)h(an)f(attrib)o(ute)g(belongs)g(to.)17 b(The)442 760 y(MSC)10 b(set)f(is)g(represented)h(by)g(a)f(list)g(which)g (contains)g(the)g(names)g(of)h(the)f(most)442 816 y(speci\256c)h(concepts)g (or)g(attrib)o(ute)f(sets.)16 b(In)10 b(the)g(case)g(of)g(objects,)g(the)g (elements)442 872 y(in)i(the)h(MSC)g(set)g(are)g(either)g(the)f(concept)h FT(anything)p FS(,)h(or)f(concepts)g(de\256ned)442 929 y(by)j(the)g(user;)j (in)d(the)g(case)h(of)g(attrib)o(utes,)g(the)f(elements)g(in)g(the)g(MSC)h (set)442 985 y(are)h(either)f(the)g(prede\256ned)h(attrib)o(ute)e(set)h FT(aset)p FS(,)i(or)f(attrib)o(ute)e(domains)g(or)442 1042 y(attrib)o(ute)11 b(sets)g(de\256ned)h(by)f(the)g(user)m(.)137 1163 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(?-)12 b FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\()p FT(describe)j FS(x17\).)442 1219 y FM(>>>)e FS(x17)442 1276 y(describe:)j(c1)623 1332 y FT(and)c FS(c2)623 1388 y FT(and)g(atleast)p FS(\(2,r\))623 1445 y FT(and)g FS(r)g(:)k(uc\(24\))623 1501 y FT(and)c(oneof)p FS(\([x17]\))442 1558 y(yes)442 1614 y(?-)g FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\(R=[)p FT(self)p FS(,)p FT(msc)p FS(])j FT(f)o(or)c FS(x17\).)442 1671 y(R)h(=)f([[x17,[c1,c2]]])442 1727 y(yes)137 1848 y FT(See)h(also:)136 b(de\256ned)p 585 1848 14 2 v 19 w(as)p FS(,)11 b FT(describe)p FS(,)h FT(describe)p 1012 1848 V 18 w(fully)p FS(,)f FT(f)o(or)p FS(,)g FT(getall)p FS(,)g FT(intr)o(oduced)p 1559 1848 V 19 w(as)p FS(,)g FT(nr)p FS(,)442 1904 y FT(rf)p FS(,)h FT(self)p FS(,)g FT(vr)p eop %%Page: 92 98 92 97 bop 195 50 a FS(92)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(name)1046 b(T)-5 b(ell)14 b(Expr)o(ession)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Renaming)11 b(of)h(objects.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(r)n(e)o(vision)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(name)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(obj-r)n(ef)7 b FJ(i)p FS(,)p FJ(h)p FH(object-)p FQ(N)o(AME)i FJ(i)p FS(\))197 590 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(This)12 b(operator)h(is)f(used)h(to)f(name)h (objects)f(which)g(were)i(pre)o(viously)d(named)502 647 y(by)f FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)i FS(automatically)d(with)h(an)h(unique)f(constant)g FT(uc\()p FM(i)p FT(\))p FS(.)17 b(Note)11 b(that)f(once)502 703 y(an)i FT(uc\()p FM(i)p FT(\))g FS(object)f(was)g(renamed)g(this)g(way)m (,)g(it)g(cannot)g(be)h(renamed)f(again.)197 824 y FT(Example:)118 b(backtell)p FS(\()p FT(name)p FS(\(uc\(124\),)m('My)13 b(fa)o(v)o(orite)e (object)g(name'\)\).)197 945 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(This)14 b(operation)g(was)g(performed)g(in)g(V4)h(through)e(the)i (introduction)d(of)j(an)502 1001 y FH(alias)10 b(name)i FS(with)e(the)h (operator)h FT(new)p FS(.)197 1122 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(W)n(ith)8 b(this)f(operation)g(it)h(is)g(only)f(possible)g(to)g(rename)i (pre)o(viously)e(introduced)502 1178 y FT(uc\()p FM(i)p FT(\))p FS(')m(s;)15 b(renaming)e(of)g(named)g(objects)g(or)g(naming)g(of)g(not)g (yet)g(introduced)502 1235 y(objects)e(is)g(not)g(possible.)197 1356 y FT(See)h(also:)136 b(uc\()p FM(i)p FT(\))p eop %%Page: 93 99 93 98 bop 1649 50 a FS(93)135 199 y FG(no)1335 b(Macr)o(o)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(None)o(xistence)11 b(restriction.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(macr)n(o-concept)8 b FJ(i)49 b FS(::=)g FT(no)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)7 b FJ(i)p FS(,)p FJ(h)p FH(conceptual-type)g FJ(i)p FS(\))850 526 y FJ(j)49 b FT(no)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)7 b FJ(i)p FS(\))137 650 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(no)p FK(\()p FE(r)q FK(\)])g(])586 634 y Fn(I)621 650 y FK(=)13 b FJ(f)p FM(d)f FS(:)g FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)q FK(])g(])806 634 y Fn(I)828 650 y FK(\()p FM(d)p FK(\))12 b(=)h FJ(;g)442 707 y FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(no)p FK(\()p FE(r)q FM(;)8 b FE(c)p FK(\)])-8 b(])627 690 y Fn(I)661 707 y FK(=)13 b FJ(f)p FM(d)f FS(:)g FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)q FK(])g(])846 690 y Fn(I)869 707 y FK(\()p FM(d)p FK(\))9 b FJ(\\)h FK([)-8 b([)p FE(c)p FK(])g(])1034 690 y Fn(I)1070 707 y FK(=)13 b FJ(;g)137 828 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(There)11 b(are)h(no)e(role-\256llers) h(at)g(role)f(r)n(,)i(resp.)f(there)g(are)g(no)g(role-\256llers)g(of)f(type) 442 884 y FE(c)i FS(at)f(role)h FE(r)q FS(.)137 1005 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(broken)p 572 1005 14 2 v 16 w(plant)11 b(:=)f(plant)h FT(and)h(no)p FS(\(produces\).)137 1126 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b(no)p FS(\(r)n(,c\))13 b(could)e(not)g(be)g(e)o(xpressed)h(in)f (V4.)137 1247 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(The)12 b(macro)g FT(no)p FS(\()p FE(r)q FS(\))g(is)f(internally)g(e)o(xpanded)h(into)f FT(atmost)p FS(\(0,)p FE(r)q FS(\).)18 b(The)12 b(macro)442 1303 y FT(no)p FS(\()p FE(r)q FS(,)p FE(c)p FS(\))g(is)f(internally)f(e)o (xpanded)i(into)e FT(atmost)p FS(\(0,)p FE(r)i FT(and)g(range)p FS(\()p FE(c)p FS(\)\).)137 1424 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(all)p FS(,)11 b FT(some)p eop %%Page: 94 100 94 99 bop 195 50 a FS(94)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(not)1125 b(Concept)16 b(T)-5 b(erm)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Ne)o(gation)11 b(of)g(primiti)o(v)o(e)f (concepts.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(concept)8 b FJ(i)49 b FS(::=)g FT(not)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(concept)8 b FJ(i)p FS(\))1121 453 y FD(\031)197 590 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(not)p FK(\()p FE(c)633 597 y FD(p)653 590 y FK(\)])g(])689 574 y Fn(I)725 590 y FK(=)13 b FM(D)e FJ(n)f FK([)-8 b([)p FE(c)893 597 y FD(p)912 590 y FK(])g(])930 574 y Fn(I)197 711 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(The)10 b FT(not)g FS(operator)h(can)f(be)g(used)g (to)f(ne)o(gate)h(primiti)o(v)o(e)f(concepts.)16 b(Therefore)502 767 y(its)11 b(ar)o(gument)g(has)g(to)g(be)g(the)h(name)f(of)g(a)h(concept)g (de\256ned)f(by)g(c)h(:)p FM(<)g FS(term.)502 870 y(If)h FE(c)f FS(is)g(not)f(a)i(primiti)o(v)o(e)d(concept)i(b)o(ut)g(a)g(de\256ned)h(one,)g (the)f(term)f(is)h(rejected.)502 926 y(Note)18 b(that)g(only)g(the)g(primiti) o(v)o(e)f(component)h(is)g(ne)o(gated,)i(thus)e FT(not)p FS(\()p FE(c)p FS(\))i(is)502 983 y(actually)12 b(interpreted)f(as)h FT(not)p FS(\()p FT(prim)p FS(\()p FE(c)p FS(\)\).)21 b(If)12 b FE(c)g FS(is)g(introduced,)f(for)i(e)o(xample,)502 1039 y(as)h FE(c)h FS(:)p FM(<)f FT(anything)h(and)g(atleast)p FS(\(1,r\),)h(than)e FT(not)p FS(\()p FE(c)p FS(\))h(does)f FH(not)g FS(contain)f(the)502 1095 y(information)d FT(atmost)p FS(\(0,r\).)19 b(Since)12 b(the)g(ne)o(gation)f(is)g(symmetric)f(from)i FE(c)1686 1102 y FC(1)1717 1095 y FS(:=)502 1152 y FT(not)p FS(\()p FE(c)600 1159 y FC(2)620 1152 y FS(\))h(it)f(will)h(be)g(inferred)h(that)e(no)h (instance)g(of)g FE(c)1359 1159 y FC(2)1391 1152 y FS(is)g(an)g(instance)g (of)g FE(c)1725 1159 y FC(1)1744 1152 y FS(,)502 1208 y(and)e(vice)h(v)o (ersa.)17 b(Thus)11 b FT(not)h FS(can)g(be)f(used)g(to)g(e)o(xpress)h (disjointness.)197 1329 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(ener)o(gy)38 b(:)p FM(<)12 b FS(product.)502 1386 y(material)f(:)p FM(<)h FS(product)f FT(and)h(not)p FS(\(ener)o(gy\).)502 1442 y(waste)57 b(:)p FM(<)12 b FS(product)f FT(and)h(not)p FS(\(ener)o(gy\).)197 1563 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(W)l(as)18 b(e)o(xpressed)f(as)g (disjointness)e(restriction)h(in)g(V4.)34 b(T)l(o)17 b(guarantee)g(up-)502 1619 y(ward)e(compatibility)d(the)i(system)g(still)f(accepts)i(disjointness)e (restrictions.)502 1676 y(The)o(y)g(should)g(not)f(be)i(used,)f(ho)o(we)o(v)o (er)n(,)i(since)e(the)o(y)g(can)h(lead)f(to)g(inef)o(\256cient)502 1732 y(re)o(visions.)j(E.g.)c(consider)f(the)g(follo)o(wing)f(tells:)502 1811 y(ener)o(gy)38 b(:)p FM(<)12 b FS(product.)502 1868 y(material)f(:)p FM(<)h FS(product.)502 1924 y FT(disjoint)p FS(\(ener)o(gy)m(,material\).)502 2004 y(These)g(will)e(be)i(transformed)f(by)g(the)g(system)f(into)h(the)g (tells:)502 2083 y(ener)o(gy)38 b(:)p FM(<)12 b FS(product.)502 2139 y(material)f(:)p FM(<)h FS(product.)502 2196 y(material)f(:)p FM(<)h FS(product)f FT(and)h(not)p FS(\(ener)o(gy\).)197 2317 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FE(c)21 b FS(must)e(be)i(a)f(primiti)o(v)o(e)f (concept.)45 b(Only)19 b(its)h(primiti)o(v)o(e)f(component)h(is)502 2373 y(ne)o(gated.)197 2494 y FT(See)12 b(also:)136 b(and)p FS(,)13 b FT(or)p eop %%Page: 95 101 95 100 bop 1649 50 a FS(95)135 199 y FG(not)1219 b(Role)15 b(T)-5 b(erm)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Ne)o(gation)11 b(of)g(primiti)o(v)o(e)f(roles.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(not)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)7 b FJ(i)p FS(\))920 453 y FD(\031)137 590 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(not)p FK(\()p FE(r)570 597 y FD(p)589 590 y FK(\)])g(])625 574 y Fn(I)661 590 y FK(=)13 b FM(D)e FJ(\002)f FM(D)h FJ(n)f FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)920 597 y FD(p)939 590 y FK(])g(])957 574 y Fn(I)137 711 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(The)12 b FT(not)g FS(operator)g(can)g(be)f(used)h(to)f(ne)o(gate)h(primiti)o(v)o(e)e(roles.)17 b(Therefore)c(its)442 767 y(ar)o(gument)d(has)h(to)f(be)h(the)g(name)f(of)h (a)g(role)g(de\256ned)g(by)f(r)h(:)p FM(<)g FS(term.)16 b(W)n(ith)11 b FT(not)442 824 y FS(disjointness)f(of)j(primiti)o(v)o(e)e(roles)i(can)g(be) g(de\256ned)g(in)f(the)g(same)h(way)f(as)h(for)442 880 y(concepts.)j(It)10 b(is)g(handled)f(by)h(the)f(system)g(quite)g(similar)g(to)h(the)f FT(not)i FS(operator)442 937 y(for)h(primiti)o(v)o(e)e(concepts.)137 1058 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(to)p 481 1058 14 2 v 16 w(the)p 553 1058 V 16 w(south)p 669 1058 V 16 w(of)11 b(:)p FM(<)h FT(anyr)o(ole)442 1114 y FS(to)p 481 1114 V 16 w(the)p 553 1114 V 16 w(north)p 666 1114 V 16 w(of)g(:)p FM(<)f FT(not)p FS(\(to)p 905 1114 V 17 w(the)p 978 1114 V 16 w(south)p 1094 1114 V 15 w(of\).)137 1235 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(Disjointness)9 b(of)j(roles)f(could)g(not)g(be)g(e)o(xpressed)h(in)f(V4.)p eop %%Page: 96 102 96 101 bop 195 50 a FS(96)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(nothing)1238 b(T)-5 b(erm)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(The)12 b(incoherent)f(concept.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(concept)8 b FJ(i)49 b FS(::=)g FT(nothing)197 590 y(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(nothing)r FK(])g(])713 574 y Fn(I)749 590 y FK(=)13 b FJ(;)197 711 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(The)12 b(incoherent)g(concept)h(which)e(has)h(no)g (instances)g(at)g(all.)19 b(It)12 b(can)h(be)f(used)502 767 y(to)e(check)i(the)f(incoherence)g(of)g(concepts,)g(e.g.,)h FE(c)g FS(?)p FM(<)f FT(nothing)p FS(,)h(or)f(to)g(check)502 824 y(whether)f(v)o(alue)g(restrictions)f(are)i(incoherent,)f(e.g.,)i FE(c)e FS(?)p FM(<)h FT(all)p FS(\()p FE(r)q FS(,)p FT(nothing)p FS(\).)16 b(It)502 880 y(is)10 b(also)g(useful)g(for)h(specifying)f (non-primiti)o(v)o(e)f(disjointness)f(via)j(rules,)g(e.g.,)502 937 y FT(atleast)p FS(\(2,r\))h FT(and)g(atmost)p FS(\(3,s\))g FK(=)p FM(>)g FT(nothing)p FS(.)197 1058 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(material)11 b FT(and)h FS(ener)o(gy)g(?)p FM(<)g FT(nothing)p FS(.)197 1178 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b(nothing)12 b FS(stands)f(for)g (incoherent)h(concepts,)f(asets,)h(numbers,)f(and)g(roles.)197 1299 y FT(See)h(also:)136 b(anything)p FS(,)12 b FT(disjoint)p FS(,)g FT(incoher)o(ent)p eop %%Page: 97 103 97 102 bop 1649 50 a FS(97)135 199 y FG(nr)1274 b(Retrie)o(v)o(al)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Retrie)o(ving)11 b(an)h(entity')m(s)f (cardinality)f(information)g(for)i(a)g(gi)o(v)o(en)f(role.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(output-function)5 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(nr)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)7 b FJ(i)p FS(\))859 526 y FJ(j)50 b FT(nr)p FS(\()p FT(in)n(v)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)8 b FJ(i)p FS(\)\))137 642 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(The)28 b(operator)f FT(nr)i FS(retrie)o(v)o(es)f(the)f(cardinality)g (information)f(\()p FH(number)o(-)442 699 y(r)n(estriction)p FS(\))14 b(of)h(a)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)h FS(entity)m(.)26 b(F)o(or)16 b(each)g(entity)e(to)g(which)h(it)f(is)h(applied)442 755 y FT(nr)d FS(adds)e(to)g(the)h(output)f(tuple)g(a)h(structure)f FM(m)p FS(\261)p FM(n)h FS(where)h FM(m)e FS(is)h(the)f(most)g(spe-)442 812 y(ci\256c)j(minimum)e(cardinality)g(of)i(the)f(\256ller)h(set,)g(and)g FM(n)g FS(is)f(the)g(most)g(speci\256c)442 868 y(maximum)f(cardinality)h(of)g (the)h(\256ller)f(set.)21 b(If)13 b(the)f(maximum)f(cardinality)h(is)442 925 y(unrestricted,)f FT(in)h FS(is)f(returned)g(as)h(the)f(maximum.)137 1045 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(?-)12 b(x)f(::)g FT(atmost)p FS(\(4,r\))h FT(and)g FS(r:\(y)g FT(and)g FS(z\).)442 1102 y(yes)442 1158 y(?-)g FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\(R)i(=)d([)p FT(self)p FS(,)h FT(nr)p FS(\(r\)])h FT(f)o(or)f FS([x,y]\).)442 1215 y(R)g(=)f([[x,2\2614],)h ([y)m(,0-)p FT(in)p FS(]])442 1271 y(yes)137 1392 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b(nr)11 b FS(is)f(only)g(applicable)g(to)g(entities)f(that)h(may)g(ha)o(v)o (e)h(roles)f(and)h(\256llers,)g(i.e.,)g(to)442 1448 y(concepts)g(and)h(their) f(instances.)137 1569 y FT(See)h(also:)136 b(de\256ned)p 585 1569 14 2 v 19 w(as)p FS(,)12 b FT(describe)p FS(,)j FT(describe)p 1016 1569 V 17 w(fully)p FS(,)e FT(f)o(or)p FS(,)g FT(getall)p FS(,)g FT(intr)o(oduced)p 1568 1569 V 19 w(as)p FS(,)f FT(rf)p FS(,)442 1626 y FT(self)p FS(,)g FT(vr)p eop %%Page: 98 104 98 103 bop 195 50 a FS(98)899 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(number)1009 b(Number)16 b(T)-5 b(erm)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Built-in)11 b(topmost)e(number)m(.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(number)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(number)197 590 y(Description:)65 b(number)13 b FS(is)e(the)g(topmost)f (number)m(.)197 711 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(20th)p 587 711 14 2 v 16 w(century)11 b(:=)28 b(1900)11 b(..)17 b(1999.)502 767 y(20th)p 587 767 V 16 w(century)11 b(?)p FM(<)h FT(number)p FS(.)502 824 y(yes)197 945 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b(number)14 b FS(is)d(disjoint)g(from)g FT(anything)i FS(and)f(the)g(other)g(topmost)e (conceptual)502 1001 y(types)h FT(aset)g FS(and)h FT(string)p FS(.)197 1122 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(aset)p FS(,)12 b FT(anything)p FS(,)g FT(string)p eop %%Page: 99 105 99 104 bop 1649 50 a FS(99)135 199 y FG(oneof)1070 b(Concept)16 b(T)-5 b(erm)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Extensional)10 b(concept)i(de\256nition.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(concept)8 b FJ(i)49 b FS(::=)g FT(oneof)p FS(\(`[')p FJ(h)p FH(object-)p FQ(N)o(AME)10 b FJ(i)p FS(\))p FJ(f)p FS(,)p FJ(h)p FH(object-)p FQ(N)o(AME)e FJ(ig)1574 453 y Fn(\003)1593 469 y FS(`]')137 590 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(oneof)5 b FK(\([)p FE(o)640 597 y FC(1)658 590 y FM(;)j(:)g(:)g(:)t(;)g FE(o)782 597 y FD(n)805 590 y FK(]\)])-8 b(])854 574 y Fn(I)889 590 y FK(=)13 b FJ(f)p FK([)-8 b([)p FE(o)1001 597 y FC(1)1019 590 y FK(])g(])1037 574 y Fn(I)1061 590 y FM(;)8 b(:)g(:)g(:)t(;)g FK([)-8 b([)p FE(o)1203 597 y FD(n)1225 590 y FK(])g(])1243 574 y Fn(I)1267 590 y FJ(g)137 711 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(An)18 b(e)o(xtensional)f(concept)h(term)f(is)h(de\256ned)g(by)f(its)g(instances)h FE(o)1536 718 y FC(1)1554 711 y FS(,)p FM(:)8 b(:)g(:)e FS(,)p FE(o)1660 718 y FD(n)1684 711 y FS(.)442 767 y(This)19 b(construct)f(is)h (similar)f(to)h(an)h FT(aset)f FS(description,)i(b)o(ut)e(the)g(attrib)o (utes)442 824 y(mentioned)12 b(in)i(an)f FT(aset)h FS(cannot)f(be)h(further)g (described)f(in)g(the)h(ABox.)23 b(The)442 880 y(instances)16 b(mentioned)f(in)h(a)g FT(oneof)h FS(description,)g(on)e(the)i(other)f(hand,) h(are)442 937 y(full-\257edged)12 b(ABox)f(objects)g(and)g(can)h(ha)o(v)o(e)g (roles)f(on)g(their)g(o)o(wn,)h(etc.)137 1058 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(skandina)o(vian)p 686 1058 14 2 v 16 w(country)10 b(:=)h FT(oneof)p FS(\([denmark,\256nland,norway)m(,sweden]\).)137 1178 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(Could)11 b(not)g(be)g(e)o(xpressed)h (in)f(V4.)137 1299 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(If)18 b(intensional)d(and)j(e)o (xtensional)e(speci\256cations)h(are)h(mix)o(ed)f(\(e.g.,)j(skan-)442 1356 y(dina)o(vian)p 602 1356 V 16 w(country)15 b(:=)h(country)f FT(and)i(oneof)p FS(\([denmark,)h(\256nland,)f(norway)m(,)442 1412 y(sweden]\))10 b(it)e(does)h(not)f(follo)o(w)h(semantically)f(that)g (the)h(constants)f(mentioned)442 1469 y(e)o(xtensionally)14 b(are)i(instances)f(of)g(the)g(de\256ned)h(concept.)29 b(Thus)14 b(the)h(abo)o(v)o(e)442 1525 y(de\256nition)j(does)h(not)f(entail)g(that)g (denmark)h(is)f(a)i(skandina)o(vian)p 1535 1525 V 15 w(country)m(,)442 1582 y(since)11 b(it)g(is)g(not)g(asserted)g(that)g(denmark)g(is)g(a)h (country)m(.)137 1702 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(aset)p eop %%Page: 100 106 100 105 bop 195 50 a FS(100)876 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(or)1150 b(Concept)16 b(T)-5 b(erm)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Concept)12 b(disjunction.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(concept)8 b FJ(i)49 b FS(::=)g FJ(h)p FH(concept)7 b FJ(i)12 b FT(or)f FJ(h)p FH(concept)c FJ(i)1278 453 y FC(?)p Fn(>)197 590 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([)p FE(c)540 597 y FC(1)570 590 y Fl(or)11 b FE(c)649 597 y FC(2)668 590 y FK(])-8 b(])686 574 y Fn(I)722 590 y FK(=)13 b([)-8 b([)p FE(c)808 597 y FC(1)827 590 y FK(])g(])845 574 y Fn(I)878 590 y FJ([)11 b FK([)-8 b([)p FE(c)957 597 y FC(2)975 590 y FK(])g(])993 574 y Fn(I)197 711 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(The)11 b(instances)g(of)h FE(c)833 718 y FC(1)863 711 y FT(or)f FE(c)937 718 y FC(2)968 711 y FS(are)h(all)f(objects)g(which)g(are) h(either)f(instances)g(of)502 767 y FE(c)522 774 y FC(1)554 767 y FS(or)h(of)h FE(c)675 774 y FC(2)694 767 y FS(,)g(or)f(of)h(both.)20 b(This)11 b(concept)i(constructor)f(can)h(only)f(be)g(used)g(in)502 824 y(ABox)h(queries)h(at)f(the)g(top)f(le)o(v)o(el)i(and)f(is)f(implemented) g(as)h(a)h(simple)e(union)502 880 y(of)g(the)f(instances)g(retrie)o(v)o(ed)g (for)h(the)f(combined)g(queries.)197 1001 y FT(Example:)118 b(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\()p FT(getall)p FS(\(chemical)p 1049 1001 14 2 v 18 w(plant)11 b FT(or)h FS(biological)p 1409 1001 V 15 w(plant\)\).)197 1122 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(In)11 b(V4)f(the)g(operator)h FT(union)g FS(was)f(used)h(to)f(retrie)o (v)o(e)h(the)f(union)g(of)g(two)g(ABox)502 1178 y(queries.)197 1299 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(Since)11 b(this)f(operator)h(is)f (implemented)g(as)h(a)g(simple)e(union)h(of)h(the)g(instances)502 1356 y(retrie)o(v)o(ed)e(for)f(the)g(combined)f(query)m(,)i(the)f(system)f (does)h(not)g(treat)g(disjunction)502 1412 y(in)13 b(a)h(complete)f(way)m(.) 23 b(Thus)13 b(a)h(query)f FT(getall)p FS(\()p FT(atleast)p FS(\(1,r\))h FT(or)g(atmost)p FS(\(0,r\)\))502 1469 y(does)j(not)g(return)g (all)g(objects)g(\(as)h(would)e(be)h(semantically)f(correct\),)21 b(b)o(ut)502 1525 y(only)10 b(those)h(for)g(which)g(it)g(is)f(kno)o(wn)h (that)f(the)o(y)i(ha)o(v)o(e)f(at)h(least)e(one)i(role-\256ller)502 1582 y(or)g(that)e(the)o(y)i(cannot)f(ha)o(v)o(e)h(a)g(role-\256ller)m(.)197 1702 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(and)p FS(,)13 b FT(not)p eop %%Page: 101 107 101 106 bop 1627 50 a FS(101)135 199 y FG(or)1081 b(Filler)15 b(Expr)o(ession)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Disjunction)10 b(of)h(\256ller)h(e)o(xpression.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(\256ller)o(-e)o(xpr)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FJ(h)p FH(value)7 b FJ(i)k FT(or)h FJ(h)p FH(\256ller)o(-e)o(xpr)7 b FJ(i)1253 453 y FC(?)p FD(\013)137 590 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(The)15 b FT(or)f FS(operator)h(allo)o(ws)f(for)h(the)f(disjunction)f(of) h(\256ller)h(e)o(xpressions.)26 b(As)442 647 y(usual,)11 b FT(or)h FS(binds)e(weaker)i(than)f FT(and)q FS(.)137 767 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(o1)11 b(?:)17 b(c)11 b FT(and)h FS(r)g(:)k(\(o2)11 b FT(or)h FS(o3)f FT(or)h FS(o4\).)442 824 y(o1)f(?:)17 b(c)11 b FT(and)h FS(r)g(:)k(\(\(o2)c FT(or)f FS(o3\))g FT(and)h FS(o4\).)442 880 y FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\()p FT(getall)h FS(c)f FT(and)g FS(r)g(:)k(\()p FT(theknown)p FS(\(d)d FT(and)f FS(s)f(:)16 b(y1\))1007 937 y FT(or)11 b(theknown)p FS(\(d)i FT(and)f FS(s)g(:)k (y2\)\)\).)137 1058 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(Disjunction)7 b(of)i(\256ller)h(e)o(xpressions)e(is)h(only)f(allo)o(wed)g(in)h(ABox)g (queries.)16 b(F)o(or)442 1114 y(each)10 b(role)f(e)o(xpression)f FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)f FJ(i)p FS(:)p FJ(h)p FH(\256ller)o(-e)o(xpr)g FJ(i)p FS(,)i(the)g(\256ller)g(e)o(xpression)g(must)f(be)442 1171 y(enclosed)j(in)g(parentheses)h(if)f(it)g(contains)f(an)i FT(and)g FS(or)f(an)h FT(or)p FS(.)137 1291 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(and)p eop %%Page: 102 108 102 107 bop 195 50 a FS(102)876 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(range)1157 b(Role)15 b(T)-5 b(erm)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Restricts)11 b(the)h(range)f(of)h(a)g(role.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(range)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(conceptual-type)7 b FJ(i)p FS(\))197 590 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(range)p FK(\()p FE(c)p FK(\)])g(])720 574 y Fn(I)755 590 y FK(=)13 b FM(D)e FJ(\002)g FK([)-8 b([)p FE(c)p FK(])g(])954 574 y Fn(I)197 711 y FT(Description:)65 b(range)13 b FS(is)f(a)h(role)f(operator)h(that)f(restricts)g(the)g (\256llers)h(of)f(a)h(role)g(to)f(instances)502 767 y(of)19 b(a)f(gi)o(v)o(en)g(entity)m(,)i(i.e.,)i(concepts,)e(numbers,)g(asets)e(or)h (string.)37 b(A)18 b(role)502 824 y(can)g(be)g(in)n(v)o(erted)g(only)f(if)g (its)g(range)h(is)f(of)h(type)f(concept.)36 b(De\256ned)18 b(role)502 880 y(introductions,)c(containing)g(only)g(a)i(range)f (restriction,)g(i.e.)h(r)f(:=)g FT(range)p FS(\(c\))502 937 y(are)d(forbidden.)197 1058 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(is)p 536 1058 14 2 v 16 w(son)p 616 1058 V 16 w(of)11 b(:=)g(is)p 762 1058 V 16 w(child)p 870 1058 V 16 w(of)g FT(and)h(range)p FS(\(male\).)197 1178 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(In)12 b(V4)f(the)g(operator)h(was)e (only)h(allo)o(wed)g(in)g(primiti)o(v)o(e)f(role)h(introductions.)197 1299 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(The)10 b FT(range)g FS(operator)g(is)g(not)f (allo)o(wed)g(in)h(ABox)g(tells)f(and)g(queries.)17 b(If)10 b(a)g(role)502 1356 y(is)16 b(introduced)g(without)f(an)h(e)o(xplicit)g (range)h(restriction,)g(then)f(the)g(system)502 1412 y(sets)9 b(its)g(range)g(to)g FT(anything)p FS(.)17 b(Especially)9 b(all)g(forward)g (introduced)g(roles)g(get)502 1469 y FT(range)p FS(\()p FT(anything)p FS(\).)197 1589 y FT(See)j(also:)136 b(in)n(v)p FS(,)12 b FT(domain)p eop %%Page: 103 109 103 108 bop 1627 50 a FS(103)135 199 y FG(r)o(edescribe)923 b(T)-5 b(ell)14 b(Expr)o(ession)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Redescribe)12 b(an)g(object.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(r)n(e)o(vision)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(r)o(edescribe)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(obj-r)n(ef)9 b FJ(i)i FS(::)g FJ(h)p FH(concept)c FJ(i)p FS(\))137 590 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(W)n(ith)14 b(the)g FT(r)o(edescribe)i FS(command)d(an)h(object')m(s)g(current)h(description)e (is)g(re-)442 647 y(placed)g(by)f(the)g(description)g(passed)g(as)h(the)f(ar) o(gument.)20 b(T)l(ogether)12 b(with)g(the)442 703 y(replaced)18 b(description)f(all)g(of)h(its)f(semantic)g(consequences)g(are)i(remo)o(v)o (ed)442 760 y(from)11 b(the)g(kno)o(wledge)g(base.)442 862 y FT(r)o(edescribe)21 b FS(may)d(be)g(thought)f(of)h(as)h(a)g(shortcut)e(for) i(\256rst)f(retrie)o(ving)g(an)442 918 y(object')m(s)11 b(current)g (description,)f(retracting)h(it)f(from)g(the)h(kno)o(wledge)f(base)g(by)442 975 y FT(f)o(orget)p FS(,)16 b(and)f(asserting)f(a)h(ne)o(w)g(description.)26 b(Using)14 b FT(r)o(edescribe)j FS(is)d(faster)442 1031 y(than)8 b(performing)g(the)g(sequence)g(of)g(single)g(steps.)15 b(On)8 b(the)g(other)g(hand,)h(if)f(the)442 1088 y(ne)o(w)14 b(description)e(is)h(a) h(monotonic)e(e)o(xtension)h(of)g(the)h(former)g(description,)442 1144 y(a)e(normal)f(object)g(tell)f(should)h(be)g(issued)g(rather)h(than)f FT(r)o(edescribe)p FS(.)137 1265 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(?-)12 b(x)f(::)g(c1,)h(x)f(::)g(c2)h FT(and)g(all)p FS(\(r)n(,c3\),)g(x)f(::)g (r:\(y)g FT(and)h FS(z\).)442 1321 y(yes)442 1378 y(?-)g(y)f(?:)h(c3.)442 1434 y(yes)442 1491 y(?-)g FT(backtell)p FS(\()p FT(r)o(edescribe)p FS(\()j(x)c(::)g(c1)g FT(and)h FS(r:y\)\).)442 1547 y(yes)442 1604 y(?-)g(y)f(?:)h(c3.)442 1660 y(no)442 1716 y(?-)g(x)f(?:)h(r:z.)442 1773 y(no)137 1894 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b FS(::)o(/2,)12 b FT(f)o(orget)p eop %%Page: 104 110 104 109 bop 195 50 a FS(104)876 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(rf)1287 b(Retrie)o(v)o(al)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Retrie)o(ving)11 b(an)h(entity')m(s)f(\256llers)g (for)h(a)f(gi)o(v)o(en)g(role.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(output-function)5 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(rf)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole-)p FQ(N)o(AME)9 b FJ(i)p FS(\))919 526 y FJ(j)50 b FT(rf)p FS(\()p FT(in)n(v)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole-)p FQ(N)o(AME)9 b FJ(i)p FS(\)\))197 642 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(The)15 b(operator)g FT(rf)h FS(retrie)o(v)o(es)f(the)g(role-\256llers)g (of)g(a)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)h FS(entity)m(.)27 b(F)o(or)15 b(each)502 699 y(entity)8 b(to)g(which)h(it)f(is)g(applied)h FT(rf)g FS(adds)g(to)f(the) h(output)e(tuple)h(a)i(list)d(containing)502 755 y(the)15 b(entity')m(s)g (kno)o(wn)g(\256llers)g(for)h(the)f(speci\256ed)g(role;)i(if)f(the)f(entity)f (has)h(no)502 812 y(kno)o(wn)f(\256llers)h(the)g(list)f(is)g(empty)m(.)27 b(Fillers)15 b(are)h(gi)o(v)o(en)f(by)f(their)h(names,)h(or)502 868 y FH(unique)11 b(constant)p FS(s)f(\()p FT(uc\()p FM(i)p FT(\))p FS(\))i(if)g(no)f(name)g(has)g(been)h(pro)o(vided.)197 989 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(?-)12 b FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\()i([)p FT(self)p FS(,)e FT(rf)p FS(\(r\)])g FT(f)o(or)g(getall)f FS(c\).)502 1045 y([[x1,[y1,y2]],)i([x2,[)f(]],)g([x3,[y1,y4,y5]],)p FM(:)c(:)g(:)f FS(,)k([x23,[y45]]])502 1102 y(yes)502 1158 y(?-)h FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\(R)i(=)d([)p FT(rf)p FS(\()p FT(in)n(v)p FS(\(r\)\),)p FT(self)p FS(,)j FT(rf)p FS(\(s\)])f FT(f)o(or)e FS([y1,x1]\).)502 1215 y(R)h(=)f ([[[x1,x3,uc\(182\)],y1,[z1,z2]],[[)k(],x1,[z3]]])502 1271 y(yes)197 1392 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(In)9 b(V4)g(only)f(one)h (\256ller)g(at)g(a)h(time)e(was)g(retrie)o(v)o(ed;)i(if)f(a)g(tuple)g(was)f (in)h(the)g(result)502 1448 y(relation)16 b(b)o(ut)g(no)g(\256ller)h(e)o (xisted)f(for)g(a)h(requested)f(role,)i(an)f(uninstantiated)502 1505 y(Prolog)c(v)o(ariable)h(was)f(returned.)24 b(In)14 b(the)f(second)g(of) h(the)g(abo)o(v)o(e)g(e)o(xamples,)502 1561 y(for)19 b(y1)g(six)f(dif)o (ferent)h(tuples)f(would)f(ha)o(v)o(e)j(been)f(returned)g(\(all)f(possible) 502 1618 y(combinations)10 b(of)h(the)h(retrie)o(v)o(ed)g(\256llers,)g(e.g.,) h([x3,y1,z2]\);)f(for)g(x1)f(a)h(single)502 1674 y(tuple)f([V)-6 b(,x1,z3])12 b(would)e(ha)o(v)o(e)i(been)g(returned,)g(where)g(V)f(is)g(a)h (v)o(ariable.)197 1795 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b(rf)12 b FS(is)e(only)h (applicable)g(to)g(entities)f(that)g(may)h(ha)o(v)o(e)h(roles)f(and)g (\256llers,)h(i.e.,)g(to)502 1852 y(concepts)f(and)h(their)f(instances.)197 1972 y FT(See)h(also:)136 b(de\256ned)p 645 1972 14 2 v 19 w(as)p FS(,)24 b FT(describe)p FS(,)i FT(describe)p 1099 1972 V 18 w(fully)p FS(,)f FT(f)o(or)p FS(,)g FT(getall)p FS(,)f FT(intr)o(oduced)p 1687 1972 V 19 w(as)p FS(,)502 2029 y FT(msc)p FS(,)12 b FT(nr)p FS(,)g FT(self)p FS(,)g FT(vr)p eop %%Page: 105 111 105 110 bop 1627 50 a FS(105)135 199 y FG(r)o(vm)p 240 199 18 2 v 22 w(some)1146 b(Macr)o(o)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Existence)11 b(role)g(v)o(alue)h(map.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(macr)n(o-concept)8 b FJ(i)49 b FS(::=)g FT(rvm)p 996 469 14 2 v 16 w(some)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)7 b FJ(i)p FS(,)p FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)g FJ(i)p FS(\))137 590 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(rvm)p 557 590 V 15 w(some)o FK(\()p FE(r)718 597 y FC(1)736 590 y FM(;)8 b FE(r)774 597 y FC(2)791 590 y FK(\)])-8 b(])827 574 y Fn(I)862 590 y FK(=)13 b FJ(f)p FM(d)f FS(:)h FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)1030 597 y FC(1)1047 590 y FK(])g(])1065 574 y Fn(I)1089 590 y FK(\()p FM(d)p FK(\))9 b FJ(\\)h FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)1233 597 y FC(2)1251 590 y FK(])g(])1269 574 y Fn(I)1292 590 y FK(\()p FM(d)p FK(\))12 b FJ(6)p FK(=)h FJ(;g)137 711 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(There)17 b(is)f(at)h(least)f(one)h(object)f(being)g (a)h(role-\256ller)g(both)f(at)h FE(r)1482 718 y FC(1)1516 711 y FS(and)g(at)g FE(r)1666 718 y FC(2)1684 711 y FS(.)442 767 y(This)g(operator)i(is)e(symmetric,)i(i.e.)g(,)h(rvm)p 1166 767 V 16 w(some\()p FE(r)1308 774 y FC(1)1325 767 y FS(,)p FE(r)1353 774 y FC(2)1372 767 y FS(\))e(is)f(equi)o(v)o(alent)g(to)442 824 y(rvm)p 519 824 V 16 w(some\()p FE(r)661 831 y FC(2)679 824 y FS(,)p FE(r)707 831 y FC(1)725 824 y FS(\).)137 945 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(happy)p 557 945 V 16 w(employee)10 b(:=)h FT(rvm)p 892 945 V 16 w(some)p FS(\(colleague,friend\).)137 1066 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(Could)11 b(not)g(be)g(e)o(xpressed)h (in)f(V4.)137 1186 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(The)12 b(macro)f FT(rvm)p 734 1186 V 16 w(some)p FS(\()p FE(r)878 1193 y FC(1)896 1186 y FS(,)p FE(r)924 1193 y FC(2)942 1186 y FS(\))h(is)f(e)o(xpanded)h (into)e FT(atleast)p FS(\(1,)p FE(r)1472 1193 y FC(1)1502 1186 y FT(and)i FE(r)1604 1193 y FC(2)1621 1186 y FS(\))137 1307 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(rvm)p 526 1307 V 16 w(no)p eop %%Page: 106 112 106 111 bop 195 50 a FS(106)876 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(r)o(vm)p 300 199 18 2 v 22 w(no)1211 b(Macr)o(o)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(None)o(xistence)11 b(role)h(v)o(alue)f(map.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(macr)n(o-concept)8 b FJ(i)49 b FS(::=)g FT(rvm)p 1056 469 14 2 v 16 w(no)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)7 b FJ(i)p FS(,)p FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)g FJ(i)p FS(\))197 590 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(rvm)p 617 590 V 15 w(some)o FK(\()p FE(r)778 597 y FC(1)796 590 y FM(;)8 b FE(r)834 597 y FC(2)851 590 y FK(\)])-8 b(])887 574 y Fn(I)922 590 y FK(=)13 b FJ(f)p FM(d)f FS(:)h FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)1090 597 y FC(1)1107 590 y FK(])g(])1125 574 y Fn(I)1149 590 y FK(\()p FM(d)p FK(\))9 b FJ(\\)h FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)1293 597 y FC(2)1311 590 y FK(])g(])1329 574 y Fn(I)1352 590 y FK(\()p FM(d)p FK(\))12 b(=)h FJ(;g)197 711 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(There)10 b(is)f(no)g(object)g(being)f(a)i(role-\256ller)g(both)e(at)i FE(r)1306 718 y FC(1)1333 711 y FS(and)f(at)g FE(r)1467 718 y FC(2)1485 711 y FS(.)16 b(This)9 b(operator)502 767 y(is)i(symmetric,)g (i.e.)h(,)g(rvm)p 927 767 V 16 w(no\()p FE(r)1018 774 y FC(1)1035 767 y FS(,)p FE(r)1063 774 y FC(2)1082 767 y FS(\))f(is)g(equi)o(v)o(alent)f (to)h(rvm)p 1473 767 V 16 w(no\()p FE(r)1564 774 y FC(2)1582 767 y FS(,)p FE(r)1610 774 y FC(1)1628 767 y FS(\).)197 888 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(unhappy)p 663 888 V 15 w(employee)11 b(:=)g FT(rvm)p 998 888 V 16 w(no)p FS(\(colleague,friend\).)197 1009 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(Could)11 b(not)g(be)g(e)o(xpressed)h (in)f(V4.)197 1130 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(The)12 b(macro)f FT(rvm)p 794 1130 V 16 w(no)p FS(\()p FE(r)887 1137 y FC(1)905 1130 y FS(,)p FE(r)933 1137 y FC(2)952 1130 y FS(\))g(is)g(e)o(xpanded)h (into)e FT(atmost)p FS(\(0,)p FE(r)1486 1137 y FC(1)1516 1130 y FT(and)i FE(r)1618 1137 y FC(2)1636 1130 y FS(\))197 1251 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(rvm)p 586 1251 V 16 w(some)p eop %%Page: 107 113 107 112 bop 1627 50 a FS(107)135 199 y FG(self)1248 b(Retrie)o(v)o(al)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Retrie)o(ving)11 b(an)h(entity')m(s)f(name.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(action)7 b FJ(i)49 b FS(::=)g FT(self)137 590 y(Description:)65 b FS(The)15 b(operator)g FT(self)h FS(retrie)o(v)o(es)f(the)g(name)g(of)g(a)h FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)f FS(entity)m(.)28 b(If)15 b(the)g(entity)442 647 y(has)f(no)h(user)o(-gi)o(v)o (en)f(name)h(its)e(internal)h(identi\256er)h(is)f(returned)h(in)f(e)o (xternal)442 703 y(representation,)j(i.e.,)g(a)f FH(unique)f(constant)f FT(uc\()p FM(i)p FT(\))i FS(for)g(objects,)g FT(conc)p FS(\()p FM(i)p FS(\))h(for)442 760 y(concepts,)d(etc.)22 b(T)l(ypically)13 b FT(self)g FS(is)g(used)f(in)h(two)f(situations:)18 b(1\))13 b(to)g(\256nd)g(the)442 816 y(name)c(of)f(a)h(described)g(object,)g(and)g (2\))g(to)f(include)g(the)h(entity)e(in)i(lar)o(ger)g(tuples)442 872 y(when)i(required)h(by)f(further)h(processing)e(of)i(the)f(result)g (relation.)137 993 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(?-)12 b FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\()p FT(getall)h FS(c19\).)442 1050 y([x1,x2])442 1106 y(yes)442 1163 y(?-)f FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\()i([)p FT(self)p FS(])d FT(f)o(or)h(getall)f FS(c19\).)442 1219 y([[x1],)h([x2]])442 1276 y(yes)442 1332 y(?-)g FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\()p FT(self)i(theknown)p FS(\(c68)e(and)g(r)f(:)17 b(y76\)\).)442 1388 y([x23])442 1445 y(yes)137 1566 y FT(See)12 b(also:)136 b(de\256ned)p 585 1566 14 2 v 19 w(as)p FS(,)24 b FT(describe)p FS(,)i FT(describe)p 1039 1566 V 18 w(fully)p FS(,)f FT(f)o(or)p FS(,)g FT(getall)p FS(,)f FT(intr)o(oduced)p 1627 1566 V 19 w(as)p FS(,)442 1622 y FT(msc)p FS(,)12 b FT(nr)p FS(,)g FT(rf)p FS(,)h FT(vr)p eop %%Page: 108 114 108 113 bop 195 50 a FS(108)876 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(some)1270 b(Macr)o(o)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Existence)11 b(restriction.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(macr)n(o-concept)8 b FJ(i)49 b FS(::=)g FT(some)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)7 b FJ(i)p FS(,)p FJ(h)p FH(conceptual-type)g FJ(i)p FS(\))910 526 y FJ(j)49 b FT(some)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)7 b FJ(i)p FS(\))197 650 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(some)o FK(\()p FE(r)q FK(\)])g(])705 634 y Fn(I)740 650 y FK(=)13 b FJ(f)p FM(d)f FS(:)g FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)q FK(])g(])925 634 y Fn(I)947 650 y FK(\()p FM(d)p FK(\))12 b FJ(6)p FK(=)h FJ(;g)502 707 y FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(some)o FK(\()p FE(r)q FM(;)8 b FE(c)p FK(\)])-8 b(])746 690 y Fn(I)780 707 y FK(=)13 b FJ(f)p FM(d)f FS(:)g FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)q FK(])g(])965 690 y Fn(I)988 707 y FK(\()p FM(d)p FK(\))9 b FJ(\\)h FK([)-8 b([)p FE(c)p FK(])g(])1153 690 y Fn(I)1189 707 y FJ(6)p FK(=)13 b FJ(;g)197 828 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(There)18 b(is)e(at)h(least)g(one)g(role-\256ller)g(at)h(role)f(r)n(,)i (resp.)e(there)h(is)e(at)h(least)g(one)502 884 y(role-\256ller)12 b(of)f(type)g FE(c)h FS(at)f(role)h FE(r)q FS(.)197 1005 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(assembled)p 696 1005 14 2 v 16 w(product)11 b(:=)g(product)f FT(and)i(some)p FS(\(contains,product\).)197 1126 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b(some)p FS(\(r)n(,c\))13 b(could)e(not)g(be)g(e)o(xpressed)h(in)f(V4.)197 1247 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(The)20 b(macro)g FT(some)p FS(\()p FE(r)q FS(\))f(is)h(internally)f(e)o (xpanded)h(into)f FT(atleast)p FS(\(1,)p FE(r)q FS(\).)42 b(The)502 1303 y(macro)9 b FT(some)p FS(\()p FE(r)q FS(,)p FE(c)p FS(\))f(is)g (internally)f(e)o(xpanded)i(into)f FT(atleast)p FS(\(1,)p FE(r)h FT(and)g(range)p FS(\()p FE(c)p FS(\)\))197 1424 y FT(See)j(also:)136 b(all)p FS(,)11 b FT(no)p FS(,)h FT(atleast)p eop %%Page: 109 115 109 114 bop 1627 50 a FS(109)135 199 y FG(somekno)o(wn)844 b(Filler)15 b(Expr)o(ession)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Embedded)11 b(disjuncti)o(v)o(e)f(subquery)m(.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(\256ller)o(-e)o(xpr)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(someknown)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(concept)8 b FJ(i)p FS(\))1267 453 y FC(?)p FD(\013)137 606 y FT(Semantics:)93 b Fl(somekno)o(wn)n FK(\()p FE(c)p FK(\))773 581 y FC(def)777 606 y FK(=)17 b Fl(or)p FJ(f)p FE(o)12 b FS(:)g FR(G)h FJ(j)-8 b FK(=)13 b FE(o)f FS(::)g FE(c)p FJ(g)442 673 y FE(r)h FS(:)f Fl(somekno)o(wn)o FK(\()p FE(c)p FK(\))827 648 y FC(def)831 673 y FK(=)17 b Fl(nothing)d FK(\()p FS(if)d FR(G)h FJ(j)-8 b FK(=)13 b FE(c)25 b FJ(v)13 b Fl(nothing)q FK(\))137 794 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(W)n(ith)12 b(the)f FT(someknown)i FS(operator)f(an)g(embedded)g(subquery)f(is)h (formulated)442 851 y(which)h(returns)f(a)h(\256ller)h(e)o(xpression.)21 b(This)12 b(\256ller)h(e)o(xpression)f(consists)g(of)h(a)442 907 y(disjunction)7 b(of)j(all)e(kno)o(wn)h(instances)f(of)i(the)f (speci\256ed)g(concept)g(e)o(xpression)442 963 y(\(as)k(if)g(one)g(asks)f(a)i FT(getall)e FS(query)h(for)g(the)g(gi)o(v)o(en)f(concept,)i(and)f(conjoins)e (all)442 1020 y(retrie)o(v)o(ed)h(objects)f(by)g FT(or)p FS(\).)442 1122 y(A)i FT(someknown)h FS(e)o(xpression)e(is)h(only)f(e)o(v)o(aluated)h (once,)h(and)g(is)e(substituted)442 1179 y(by)i(the)h(resulting)e(\256ller)i (e)o(xpression.)26 b(It)14 b(is)g(not)g(maintained,)h(ho)o(we)o(v)o(er)n(,)h (by)442 1235 y(the)11 b(system.)442 1337 y(Note)27 b(that)f(according)h(to)f (the)h(semantics,)j(no)d(object)f(will)g(match)h(a)442 1394 y(\256ller)18 b(e)o(xpression)e FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)7 b FJ(i)p FS(:)p FT(someknown)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(concept)g FJ(i)p FS(\))17 b(if)g(the)g(e)o(xtension)g(of)442 1450 y FJ(h)p FH(concept)7 b FJ(i)p FS(is)k(empty)m(.)137 1571 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(?-)12 b(d1)f(:)p FM(<)h FS(d,)f(r)h(:)p FM(<)f FT(domain)p FS(\(c\))i FT(and)f(range)p FS(\(d\).)442 1627 y(yes)442 1684 y(?-)g(y1)f(::)16 b(d1,)11 b(y2)h(::)j(d1,)489 1740 y(x)c(::)16 b(r)c(:)k(\(y3)11 b FT(and)h FS(y4\).)442 1797 y(yes)442 1853 y(?-)g(x)f(?:)h(r)f(:)16 b FT(someknown)p FS(\(d1\).)442 1910 y(no)442 1966 y(?-)c(y3)f(::)16 b(d1,)11 b(x)h(?:)f(r)h(:)k FT(someknown)p FS(\(d1\).)442 2022 y(yes)137 2143 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(This)10 b(operator)h(was)f(called)h FT(some)g FS(in)f(V4;)h(the)g(change)g(was)f (made)h(to)f(distin-)442 2200 y(guish)d(it)h(from)h(the)f(restriction)f (operator)i FT(some)f FS(which)g(other)h(terminological)442 2256 y(systems)h(pro)o(vide,)i(and)f(which)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)h FS(supports)e(as)i(a)g(macro.)137 2377 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(Only)16 b(allo)o(wed)g(in)h(ABox)g(queries.)33 b(A)16 b(description)g(containing)g(a)h FT(some-)442 2433 y(known)d FS(\256ller)o(-e)o(xpression)f(depends)g(on)g(the)g(order)g(in)g(which)g (facts)g(are)h(en-)442 2490 y(tered)e(into)e(the)h(kno)o(wledge)g(base.)137 2611 y FT(See)h(also:)136 b FS(:/2,)11 b FT(allknown)p FS(,)h FT(theknown)p eop %%Page: 110 116 110 115 bop 195 50 a FS(110)876 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(string)1282 b(T)-5 b(erm)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Built-in)11 b(topmost)e(string.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(conceptual-type)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(string)197 590 y(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(string)q FK(])g(])671 574 y Fn(I)707 590 y FK(=)13 b FM(S)197 711 y FT(Description:)65 b(string)12 b FS(is)f(the)g(topmost)e(string)i(ha)o (ving)g(all)g(other)g(strings)f(as)i(instances.)197 832 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(name)11 b(:<)g FT(domain)p FS(\(person\))h FT(and)g(range)p FS(\()p FT(string)p FS(\).)502 888 y(hans)26 b(::)e(person)11 b FT(and)h FS(name)g(:)k('Hans)11 b(Meier'.)197 1009 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(Strings)10 b(in)h FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)h FS(are)g(arbitrary)f(Prolog)g(atoms)f (and)h(need)g(to)f(be)h(enclosed)g(\261)502 1066 y(according)h(to)f(the)h (Prolog)f(con)n(v)o(ention)g(\261)h(in)f(single-quotes)f(if)i(the)o(y)g (contain)502 1122 y(special)17 b(characters.)35 b FT(string)18 b FS(is)e(disjoint)f(from)i FT(anything)h FS(and)f(the)g(other)502 1178 y(topmost)10 b(conceptual)h(types)g FT(aset)g FS(and)h FT(number)p FS(.)197 1299 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(aset)p FS(,)12 b FT(anything)p FS(,)g FT(number)p eop %%Page: 111 117 111 116 bop 1627 50 a FS(111)135 199 y FG(subsumes)936 b(Ask)15 b(Expr)o(ession)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Subsumption)10 b(test.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(ask-e)o(xpr)n(ession)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(subsumes)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(term)8 b FJ(i)f(h)p FH(term)g FJ(i)p FS(\))k([)p FT(noibox)p FS(])137 590 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(This)13 b(operator)g(performs)g(a)h(boolean)e (test)h(whether)g(the)h FJ(h)p FH(term)7 b FJ(i)12 b FS(contained)442 647 y(in)k(the)g(\256rst)g(ar)o(gument)g(subsumes)f(the)h FJ(h)p FH(term)7 b FJ(i)16 b FS(contained)g(in)g(the)g(second)442 703 y(ar)o(gument.)36 b(Actually)17 b(it)g(is)h(equi)o(v)o(alent)e(to)i FT(?)p FM(<)p FS(.)36 b(The)18 b(answer)g(takes)f(the)442 760 y(application)9 b(of)h(rules)f(into)g(account;)h(if)g(the)o(y)g(are)g(to)f (be)h(ignored,)g(the)g FT(noibox)442 816 y FS(option)g(must)g(be)i(used.)137 937 y FT(Example:)118 b(backask)p FS(\()p FT(subsumes)p FS(\()p FT(atleast)p FS(\(12,s\),)p FT(atleast)p FS(\(12,r\))15 b FT(and)d(all)p FS(\(r)n(,d\)\)\).)442 993 y FT(backask)p FS(\()p FT(subsumes)p FS(\(ener)o(gy)p 944 993 14 2 v 19 w(plant,nuclear)p 1200 993 V 17 w(plant\)\).)442 1050 y FT(backask)p FS(\()p FT(subsumes)p FS(\(c2,c1\))i FT(noibox)p FS(\).)137 1171 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(Note)15 b(that)g FT(subsumes)h FS(dif)o(fers)g(from)f FT(?)p FM(<)g FS(only)g(in)g(the)g(order)h(of)f(the)g(ar)o(gu-)442 1227 y(ments.)137 1348 y FT(See)d(also:)136 b(?)p FM(<)p FS(,)12 b FT(equivalent)p eop %%Page: 112 118 112 117 bop 195 50 a FS(112)876 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(the)1319 b(Macr)o(o)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Uniqueness)11 b(restriction.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(macr)n(o-concept)8 b FJ(i)49 b FS(::=)g FT(the)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)8 b FJ(i)p FS(,)p FJ(h)p FH(conceptual-type)f FJ(i)p FS(\))197 590 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(the)p FK(\()p FE(r)q FM(;)8 b FE(c)p FK(\)])-8 b(])705 574 y Fn(I)739 590 y FK(=)13 b FJ(f)p FM(d)f FS(:)g FJ(j)p FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)q FK(])g(])937 574 y Fn(I)959 590 y FK(\()p FM(d)p FK(\))p FJ(j)12 b FK(=)h FS(1)c FJ(^)i FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)q FK(])g(])1218 574 y Fn(I)1240 590 y FK(\()p FM(d)p FK(\))12 b FJ(\022)h FK([)-8 b([)p FE(c)p FK(])g(])1416 574 y Fn(I)1439 590 y FJ(g)197 711 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(There)10 b(is)f(e)o(xactly)g(one)h(role-\256ller)g (at)f(role)g FE(r)q FS(,)h(and)f(this)f(role-\256ller)i(is)f(of)g(type)g FE(c)p FS(.)502 767 y(This)j(operator)h(makes)e(v)o(alue)i(restrictions)e (for)i(functional)f(roles)g(\(features\))502 824 y(more)j(readable,)h(since)f FT(all)p FS(\(age,)p FT(ge)p FS(\(18\)\))g(easily)g(has)f(the)h(connotation)f (that)502 880 y(an)e(object)f(has)g(more)g(than)g(one)h(age.)197 1001 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(adult)11 b(:=)g FT(the)p FS(\(age,)p FT(ge)p FS(\(18\)\).)197 1122 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(The)23 b(macro)h FT(the)p FS(\()p FE(r)q FS(,)p FE(c)p FS(\))g(is)f(internally)f(e)o (xpanded)i(into)e FT(exactly)p FS(\(1,)p FE(r)q FS(\))h FT(and)502 1178 y(all)p FS(\()p FE(r)q FS(,)p FE(c)p FS(\))197 1299 y FT(See)12 b(also:)136 b(all)p FS(,)11 b FT(some)p FS(,)h FT(no)p eop %%Page: 113 119 113 118 bop 1627 50 a FS(113)135 199 y FG(thekno)o(wn)1001 b(Object)16 b(T)-5 b(erm)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Object-reference)13 b(by)e(description.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(obj-r)n(ef)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(theknown)p FS(\(concept\))1126 453 y FD(\013)137 606 y FT(Semantics:)93 b Fl(thekno)o(wn)p FK(\()p FE(c)p FK(\))732 581 y FC(def)736 606 y FK(=)17 b FE(o)12 b FS(\(if)f FE(o)g FS(is)g(the)g(only)g FE(o)1136 613 y FD(i)1161 606 y FS(such)g(that)g FR(G)i FJ(j)-8 b FK(=)11 b FE(o)1451 613 y FD(i)1477 606 y FS(::)16 b FE(c)p FS(\))137 727 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(W)n(ith)10 b(the)g FT(theknown)h FS(operator)f(an)g(object)g(can)g(be)h (referred)g(to)f(by)f(the)h(gi)o(v)o(en)442 784 y(description.)25 b(A)14 b FT(theknown)i FS(e)o(xpression)d(is)h(only)g(e)o(v)o(aluated)g (once,)h(and)g(is)442 840 y(substituted)6 b(by)i(the)g(identi\256er)g(of)g (the)g(referred)h(object.)16 b(It)8 b(is)f(not)h(maintained,)442 896 y(ho)o(we)o(v)o(er)n(,)21 b(by)e(the)f(system.)38 b(The)19 b(reference)h(must)e(be)h(unambiguous:)d(if)442 953 y(the)h(gi)o(v)o(en)f (concept)h(has)g(more)g(than)g(one)g(instance,)h(or)f(none,)i(the)d(object) 442 1009 y(reference)f(is)e(unde\256ned;)g(this)f(may)h(cause)h(surrounding)d (goals)i(to)g(raise)g(an)442 1066 y(error)n(,)g(and)e(to)g(fail.)137 1187 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(?-)12 b(d1)f(:)p FM(<)h FS(d,)f(r)h(:)p FM(<)f FT(domain)p FS(\(c\))i FT(and)f(range)p FS(\(d\).)442 1243 y(yes)442 1300 y(?-)g(y1)f(::)16 b(d,)c(y2)f(::)16 b(d1,)489 1356 y(x)11 b(::)16 b(r)c(:)k(\(y1)11 b FT(and)h(theknown)p FS(\(d1\)\).)442 1412 y(yes)442 1469 y(?-)g(x)f(?:)h(r)f(:)16 b FT(theknown)p FS(\(d\).)442 1525 y(no)442 1582 y(?-)c FT(theknown)p FS(\(d1\))h(?:)e(d.)442 1638 y(yes)137 1759 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(This)11 b(operator)g(was)g(called)h FT(the)g FS(in)f(V4.)137 1880 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(Only)12 b(allo)o(wed)h(in)f (ABox)h(e)o(xpressions.)21 b(A)13 b(description)f(containing)g(a)h FT(the-)442 1936 y(known)h FS(\256ller)o(-e)o(xpression)f(depends)g(on)g(the) g(order)g(in)g(which)g(facts)g(are)h(en-)442 1993 y(tered)e(into)e(the)h(kno) o(wledge)g(base.)137 2114 y FT(See)h(also:)136 b FS(:/2,)11 b FT(allknown)p FS(,)h FT(someknown)p FS(,)g FT(uc\()p FM(i)p FT(\))p eop %%Page: 114 120 114 119 bop 195 50 a FS(114)876 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(trans)1170 b(Role)15 b(T)-5 b(erm)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(T)n(ransiti)o(v)o(e)11 b(closure)h(of)f(roles.) 197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(trans)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)7 b FJ(i)p FS(\))1018 453 y FD(\034)197 590 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(trans)p FK(\()p FE(r)q FK(\)])g(])708 574 y Fn(I)742 590 y FK(=)13 b(\([)-8 b([)p FE(r)q FK(])g(])861 574 y Fn(I)883 590 y FK(\))901 574 y Fc(+)197 711 y FT(Description:)65 b(trans)11 b FS(is)g(a)g(role)g (operator)g(constructing)e(the)i(transiti)o(v)o(e)f(closure)h(of)f(its)g(ar)o (gu-)502 767 y(ment.)22 b(The)13 b(combination)f(of)h FT(comp)h FS(and)f FT(trans)h FS(leads)f(to)f(incompleteness)502 824 y(in)h(some)g(cases.)24 b(F)o(or)14 b(transiti)o(v)o(ely)e(closed)h(roles,)i (number)e(restrictions)f(are)502 880 y(not)f(inferred)h(from)f(restrictions)f (at)i(their)f(transiti)o(v)o(e)f(closure.)197 1001 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(is)p 536 1001 14 2 v 16 w(ancestor)p 704 1001 V 17 w(of)11 b(:=)g FT(trans)p FS(\(is)p 967 1001 V 16 w(parent)p 1097 1001 V 17 w(of\).)197 1122 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b(trans)12 b FS(is)f(a)h(ne)o(w)f(operator)g(in)g(v)o(ersion)h(5.)197 1243 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(The)12 b FT(trans)f FS(operator)h(is)f(not)g (allo)o(wed)f(in)h(ABox)h(tells)e(and)i(queries.)197 1364 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(comp)p FS(,)12 b FT(in)n(v)p eop %%Page: 115 121 115 120 bop 1627 50 a FS(115)135 199 y FG(type)1075 b(T)-5 b(ell)14 b(Expr)o(ession)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(T)l(ype)12 b(speci\256cation.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(tell-e)o(xpr)n (ession)7 b FJ(i)49 b FS(::=)g FJ(h)p FH(de\256nition)6 b FJ(i)p FS([)p FT(type)12 b FJ(h)p FH(modi\256er)7 b FJ(i)p FS(])844 526 y FJ(j)49 b(h)p FH(rule)7 b FJ(i)844 582 y(j)49 b(h)p FH(description)6 b FJ(i)844 639 y(j)49 b(h)p FH(r)n(e)o(vision)7 b FJ(i)844 695 y(j)49 b(h)p FH(declar)o(ation)7 b FJ(i)446 752 y(h)p FH(modi\256er)g FJ(i)163 b FS(::=)49 b FT(concept)844 808 y FJ(j)g FT(r)o(ole)844 865 y FJ(j)g FT(featur)o(e)844 921 y FJ(j)g FT(aset)844 978 y FJ(j)g FT(number)844 1034 y FJ(j)g FT(string)137 1150 y(Description:)65 b FS(The)19 b(type)g(constructor)f(speci\256es)i(the)f(type)f(of)i(an)f(e)o (xpression)f(as)i(being)442 1207 y(a)f(concept,)i(an)d(aset,)j(a)e(number)n (,)h(a)f(string,)g(a)g(role,)i(or)d(a)h(feature.)39 b(This)442 1263 y(constructor)15 b(serv)o(es)h(se)o(v)o(eral)g(purposes:)e(it)h(can)h (be)g(used)f(to)g(make)g(lists)f(of)442 1320 y(tell-e)o(xpressions)j(more)h (readable)h(for)f(the)g(user)g(e)o(v)o(en)h(if)f(all)g(e)o(xpressions)442 1376 y(are)e(unambigous)c(for)j(the)g(system;)g(it)f(can)h(be)g(used)f(to)g (make)g(certain)h(tell-)442 1433 y(e)o(xpressions)7 b(unambigous)f(\(e.g.,)k (those)d(in)n(v)o(olving)g(the)g(operator)h FT(and)g FS(which)442 1489 y(is)j(used)g(for)h(concepts)f(as)g(well)g(as)h(for)f(roles\);)h(and)f (it)g(is)g(used)g(to)g(distinguish)442 1546 y(features)h(\(functional)f (roles\))g(from)g(roles.)137 1666 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(product)48 b(:)p FM(<)11 b FT(anything)h(type)g(concept)p FS(.)442 1723 y(ener)o(gy)65 b(:)p FM(<)11 b FS(product)g FT(type)h(concept)p FS(.)442 1779 y(produces)23 b(:)p FM(<)11 b FT(domain)p FS(\(plant\))g FT(and)i(range)p FS(\(product\))e FT(type)i(r)o(ole)p FS(.)442 1836 y(a)168 b(:=)20 b(b)11 b FT(and)h FS(c)g FT(type)g(concept)p FS(.)442 1892 y(wife)107 b(:)p FM(<)11 b FT(domain)p FS(\(man\))h FT(type)g(featur)o(e)p FS(.)137 2013 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(In)11 b(V4)g(the)g FT(type)g FS(constructor)g(was)f(not)h (needed,)g(since)g(ambiguities)e(did)i(not)442 2069 y(arise,)h(and)f (features)h(were)h(not)d(supported.)p eop %%Page: 116 122 116 121 bop 195 50 a FS(116)876 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(uc\()p Fo(i)p FG(\))1127 b(Object)16 b(T)-5 b(erm)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(System)11 b(generated)h(unique)f (identi\256er)g(for)h(objects.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(obj-r)n(ef)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FT(uc\()p FM(i)p FT(\))914 453 y FD(\013)197 590 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(A)11 b FH(unique)g(constant)f FS(is)h(a)g(unique)g(identi\256er)g(that)g(the)g(system)f(generates)i(for)502 647 y(each)h(object;)f(its)g(e)o(xternal)h(representation)f(is)g FT(uc\()p FM(i)p FT(\))h FS(where)g FM(i)f FS(is)g(the)g(unique)502 703 y(identi\256er)m(.)38 b(The)18 b(user)g(will)g(be)g(confronted)g(with)g (a)g FT(uc\()p FM(i)p FT(\))h FS(when)f(system)502 760 y(output)9 b(has)g(to)h(refer)h(to)e(an)h(object)f(for)i(which)e(no)h(other)f(name)h (was)f(pro)o(vided)502 816 y(upon)i(its)h(introduction.)17 b(The)12 b FT(uc\()p FM(i)p FT(\))g FS(may)g(be)g(used)g(also)f(for)i (referring)f(to)g(an)502 872 y(object.)28 b(Note)15 b(that)g(when)h(an)f (input)f(\256le)i(is)f(changed)g(and)h(read)f(again,)i(an)502 929 y(object)8 b(may)h(get)f(assigned)g(a)i(dif)o(ferent)e FT(uc\()p FM(i)p FT(\))p FS(.)17 b(The)9 b(user)g(must)e(not)i(introduce)502 985 y(an)f(object)g(with)g(a)g(name)g FT(uc\()p FM(i)p FT(\))h FS(when)f FT(uc\()p FM(i)p FT(\))h FS(has)f(not)g(already)g(been)h(generated) 502 1042 y(by)i(the)g(system.)197 1163 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(?-)12 b(X)f(::)16 b(person)11 b FT(and)h FS(name)g(:)k(peter)m(.)502 1219 y(X)11 b(=)h FT(uc)p FS(\(13\))502 1276 y(?-)g(mary)f(::)16 b(has)p 760 1276 14 2 v 16 w(friend)c(:)k FT(uc)p FS(\(13\).)502 1332 y(yes)502 1388 y(?-)c FT(uc)p FS(\(99\))g(::)k(person)11 b FT(and)h FS(name)f(:)17 b(jack.)502 1445 y(no)197 1566 y FT(V)-5 b(ersion)12 b(4:)108 b FS(The)7 b(ne)o(w)g(notation)g FT(uc\()p FM(i)p FT(\))g FS(replaces)g(the)g Fb(uc)p 1194 1566 V 19 w FM(i)g FS(format)g(which)g(is)g(still)g(accepted)502 1622 y(for)12 b(compatibility)d(reasons.)197 1743 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b FS(Note,)13 b(that)f(the)g(unique)g(constant)g(depends)g(on)g(the)h(order)g (of)f(input)g(and)g(the)502 1799 y(prior)f(state)g(of)h FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)p FS(.)197 1920 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b FS(::/2,)11 b FT(name)p FS(,)h FT(theknown)p eop %%Page: 117 123 117 122 bop 1627 50 a FS(117)135 199 y FG(union)948 b(Attrib)o(ute)16 b(Set)f(T)-5 b(erm)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Operator)12 b(for)f(forming)g(the)g(union)g(of)g(two)g(attrib)o(ute)f(sets.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(aset)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FJ(h)p FH(aset)7 b FJ(i)k FT(union)h FJ(h)p FH(aset)7 b FJ(i)137 590 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([)p FE(a)482 597 y FC(1)512 590 y Fl(union)12 b FE(a)673 597 y FC(2)691 590 y FK(])-8 b(])709 574 y Fn(I)746 590 y FK(=)12 b([)-8 b([)p FE(a)833 597 y FC(1)852 590 y FK(])g(])870 574 y Fn(I)903 590 y FJ([)11 b FK([)-8 b([)p FE(a)984 597 y FC(2)1002 590 y FK(])g(])1020 574 y Fn(I)137 711 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(The)11 b FT(union)i FS(operator)e(for)h(attrib) o(ute)e(sets)h(corresponds)g(semantically)f(to)h(the)442 767 y(\(in)16 b FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)c(V)p FS(5)k(non-e)o(xisting\))f FT(or)h FS(operator)g(for)g(concepts.)30 b(It)16 b(denotes)f(the)442 824 y(union)c(of)g(two)f(attrib)o(ute)h(sets.)137 945 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(risk)o(y)57 b(:=)11 b FT(aset)p FS(\([high,lar)o(ge,medium],)g(risk\).) 442 1001 y(unrisk)o(y)g(:=)g FT(aset)p FS(\([medium,small,null],)f(risk\).) 442 1058 y(risks)61 b(:=)11 b(risk)o(y)g FT(union)h FS(unrisk)o(y)137 1178 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(aset)p FS(,)12 b FT(intersection)p FS(,)h FT(without)p eop %%Page: 118 124 118 123 bop 195 50 a FS(118)876 b FL(CHAPTER)12 b(3.)29 b(B)n(A)n(CK)12 b(MANU)n(AL)195 199 y FG(vr)1277 b(Retrie)o(v)o(al)197 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Retrie)o(ving)11 b(an)h(entity')m(s)f(v)o(alue)g (restriction)f(for)i(a)g(gi)o(v)o(en)f(role.)197 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(output-function)5 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FJ(h)p FH(action)6 b FJ(i)919 526 y(j)50 b FT(vr)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole-)p FQ(N)o(AME)8 b FJ(i)p FS(\))919 582 y FJ(j)50 b FT(vr)p FS(\()p FT(in)n(v)p FS(\()p FJ(h)p FH(r)n(ole)7 b FJ(i)p FS(\)\))197 699 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(The)14 b(operator)g FT(vr)f FS(retrie)o(v)o(es) i(the)e(v)o(alue)g(restriction)g(of)h(a)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)g FS(entity)m(.)23 b(F)o(or)502 755 y(each)12 b(entity)f(to)g(which)g(it)g(is)g(applied,)g FT(vr)h FS(adds)f(to)g(the)g(output)f(tuple)h(a)h FH(single)502 812 y FS(concept)j(that)g(represents)g(the)g(conjunction)f(of)h(the)g (entity')m(s)g(kno)o(wn)f(v)o(alue)502 868 y(restrictions)c(for)i(the)f (speci\256ed)h(role.)197 989 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(?-)12 b(c1)g(:)p FM(<)f FT(anything)p FS(,)h(c2)g(:)p FM(<)f FT(anything)p FS(,)549 1045 y(x)g(::)g FT(all)p FS(\(r)n(,c1\))h FT(and)g(all)p FS(\(r)n(,c2\).)502 1102 y(yes)502 1158 y(?-)g FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\(R)i(=)d([)p FT(self)p FS(,)h FT(vr)p FS(\(r\)])h FT(f)o(or)e FS(x\).)502 1215 y(R)h(=)f([[x,)h FT(conc)p FS(\(1298\)]])502 1271 y(yes)502 1328 y(?-)g(c3)g(:)p FK(=)f FS(c1)g FT(and)i FS(c2.)502 1384 y(yes)502 1441 y(?-)f FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(\(R)i(=)d([)p FT(self)p FS(,)h FT(vr)p FS(\(r\)])h FT(f)o(or)e FS(x\).)502 1497 y(R)h(=)f([[x,)h(c3]])502 1553 y(yes)197 1674 y FT(Idiosyncrasy:)41 b(vr)10 b FS(is)f(only)g(applicable)h(to)f(entities)g(that)g(may)h(ha)o(v)o (e)g(roles)g(and)f(\256llers,)i(i.e.,)g(on)502 1731 y(concepts)g(and)h(their) f(instances.)502 1833 y(The)c(application)g(of)g FT(vr)g FS(returns)g(a)g(v)o (alue)g(restriction)g(as)g(has)g(been)g(determined)502 1889 y(up)13 b(to)g(that)g(point.)21 b(It)14 b(does)f(not)f(initiate)h(the)g (application)f(of)i(an)o(y)f(inference)502 1946 y(services.)37 b(F)o(or)18 b(objects)g(this)e(means)i(that)f(the)h(returned)g(restriction)f (may)502 2002 y(be)d(incomplete:)19 b(The)13 b(abstraction)g(of)g(v)o(alue)h (restrictions)e(for)i(closed)f(\256ller)502 2059 y(sets)k(is)g(triggered)g (by)g(according)g(concept)g(entries)g(in)g(the)g(taxonomy)m(.)33 b(It)502 2115 y(therefore)20 b(can)g(happen)g(that)f(a)h(queried)f(object)g (posses)g(a)h(more)f(special)502 2172 y(v)o(alue)11 b(restriction)g(than)g (returned)g(by)h FT(vr)p FS(.)197 2292 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(de\256ned)p 645 2292 14 2 v 19 w(as)p FS(,)11 b FT(describe)p FS(,)h FT(describe)p 1072 2292 V 18 w(fully)p FS(,)f FT(f)o(or)p FS(,)g FT(getall)p FS(,)g FT(intr)o(oduced)p 1619 2292 V 19 w(as)p FS(,)g FT(nr)p FS(,)502 2349 y FT(rf)p FS(,)h FT(self)p eop %%Page: 119 125 119 124 bop 1627 50 a FS(119)135 199 y FG(without)900 b(Attrib)o(ute)16 b(Set)f(T)-5 b(erm)137 349 y FT(Synopsis:)120 b FS(Operator)12 b(for)f(subtracting)g(an)g(attrib)o(ute)g(set)g(from)g(another)m(.)137 469 y FT(Syntax:)160 b FJ(h)p FH(aset)7 b FJ(i)50 b FS(::=)f FJ(h)p FH(aset)7 b FJ(i)k FT(without)h FJ(h)p FH(aset)7 b FJ(i)137 590 y FT(Semantics:)93 b FK([)-8 b([)p FE(a)482 597 y FC(1)512 590 y Fl(without)12 b FE(a)722 597 y FC(2)741 590 y FK(])-8 b(])759 574 y Fn(I)795 590 y FK(=)13 b([)-8 b([)p FE(a)883 597 y FC(1)901 590 y FK(])g(])919 574 y Fn(I)954 590 y FJ(n)11 b FK([)-8 b([)p FE(a)1028 597 y FC(2)1046 590 y FK(])g(])1064 574 y Fn(I)137 711 y FT(Description:)65 b FS(The)8 b FT(without)h FS(operator)g(performs)f(the)g(intersection)f(of)h(an)g(attrib)o(ute)g(set)g (with)442 767 y(the)i(set)g(complement)f(of)h(the)g(other)g(one.)17 b(Note)9 b(that)h(if)g(a)h(subtraction)e(results)442 824 y(in)i(the)g(empty)g (aset)g(it)g(is)g(equi)o(v)o(alent)f(to)h FT(nothing)p FS(.)137 945 y FT(Example:)118 b FS(risk)57 b(:=)11 b FT(attrib)o(ute)p 791 945 14 2 v 18 w(domain)p FS(\([high,lar)o(ge,medium,small,null]\).)442 1001 y(risk)o(y)35 b(:=)11 b FT(aset)p FS(\([high,lar)o(ge,medium],)g (risk\).)442 1058 y(norisk)g(:=)g(risk)f FT(without)j FS(\(risk)o(y)e FT(union)h(aset)p FS(\([small]\)\))137 1178 y FT(See)g(also:)136 b(aset)p FS(,)12 b FT(union)p FS(,)h FT(without)p eop %%Page: 120 126 120 125 bop 195 533 a FN(Bibliograph)n(y)195 753 y FS([)210 757 y(Baader)13 b(and)e(Hollunder)n(,)g(1992)726 753 y(])764 757 y(F)l(.)j(Baader)h(and)e(B.)h(Hollunder)m(.)22 b(Embedding)12 b(defaults)g(into)248 814 y(terminological)j(kno)o(wledge)g(representation)h (formalisms.)27 b(In)16 b(B.)h(Nebel,)h(C.)f(Rich,)h(and)248 870 y(W)l(.)j(Swartout,)h(editors,)g 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y(F)l(.M.)k(Donini,)e(M.)h (Lenzerini,)g(D.)g(Nardi,)h(and)f(A.)f(Schaerf.)27 b(Adding)248 2098 y(epistemic)12 b(operators)g(to)g(concept)h(languages.)19 b(In)13 b(B.)g(Nebel,)h(C.)f(Rich,)h(and)e(W)l(.)h(Swartout,)248 2154 y(editors,)j FH(Principles)e(of)g(Knowledge)h(Repr)n(esentation)f(and)h (Reasoning:)22 b(Pr)n(oceedings)14 b(of)248 2211 y(the)c(Thir)n(d)g (International)f(Confer)n(ence)i(\(KR'92\))p FS(,)g(San)g(Mateo,)g(1992.)f (Mor)o(gan)g(Kaufmann.)195 2308 y([)210 2312 y(Hayes,)i(1977)439 2308 y(])476 2312 y(P)o(atrick)k(J.)g(Hayes.)27 b(In)16 b(defence)g(of)f (logic.)27 b(In)15 b FH(Pr)n(oceedings)g(of)g(the)g(5th)g(In-)248 2368 y(ternational)8 b(J)o(oint)h(Confer)n(ence)i(on)f(Arti\256cial)e (Intelligence)p FS(,)i(pages)g(559\261565,)g(Cambridge,)248 2425 y(Mass.,)i(1977.)195 2522 y([)210 2526 y(Minsk)o(y)m(,)f(1968)461 2522 y(])498 2526 y(M.)e(Minsk)o(y)m(.)h FH(Semantic)e(Information)f(Pr)n (ocessing)p FS(.)j(MIT)e(Press,)i(Cambridge)248 2582 y(\(Mass\),)i(1968.)195 2679 y([)210 2683 y(Minsk)o(y)m(,)f(1975)461 2679 y(])498 2683 y(Marvin)e(Minsk)o(y)m(.)j(A)e(frame)o(work)f(for)h(representing)f(kno)o (wledge.)j(In)e(P)-5 b(.)10 b(W)n(in-)248 2740 y(ston,)17 b(editor)n(,)g FH(The)g(Psyc)o(hology)e(of)h(Computer)f(V)m(ision)p FS(,)h(pages)g (211\261277.)g(McGra)o(w-Hill,)248 2796 y(Ne)o(w)c(Y)-5 b(ork,)11 b(N.Y)-6 b(.,)13 b(1975.)941 2921 y(120)p eop %%Page: 121 127 121 126 bop 135 50 a FL(BIBLIOGRAPHY)1154 b FS(121)135 195 y([)150 199 y(Nebel)12 b(and)f(Peltason,)h(1990)618 195 y(])655 199 y(B.)18 b(Nebel)g(and)g(Ch.)g(Peltason.)33 b(T)m(erminological)16 b(Reasoning)188 256 y(and)d(Information)f(Management.)21 b(KIT)13 b(Report)h(85,)f(Department)g(of)g(Computer)g(Science,)188 312 y(T)m(echnische)e(Uni)o(v)o(ersit)s(\310)-18 b(at)11 b(Berlin,)h(Berlin,) g(German)o(y)m(,)g(October)f(1990.)135 402 y([)150 406 y(Nebel,)h(1990)374 402 y(])411 406 y(Bernhard)19 b(Nebel.)32 b FH(Reasoning)16 b(and)h(Re)o(vision)g(in)g(Hybrid)f(Repr)n(esentation)188 462 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FT(all)p FS(\()p FE(r)q FS(,)p FE(c)647 1299 y FC(1)665 1292 y FS(\))23 b FJ(j)11 b FT(atleast)p FS(\(n,)p FE(r)q FS(,)p FE(c)951 1299 y FC(1)970 1292 y FS(\))23 b FJ(j)11 b FT(atmost)p FS(\(n,)p FE(r)q FS(,)p FE(c)1261 1299 y FC(1)1280 1292 y FS(\))368 1348 y FE(r)50 b FS(::=)f FT(nothing)24 b FJ(j)11 b FE(r)749 1355 y FD(p)791 1348 y FJ(j)g FE(r)832 1355 y FD(n)877 1348 y FJ(j)g FT(not)p FS(\()p FE(r)996 1355 y FD(p)1016 1348 y FS(\))23 b FJ(j)11 b FE(r)1095 1355 y FC(1)1124 1348 y FT(and)h FE(r)1226 1355 y FC(2)1267 1348 y FJ(j)f FT(in)n(v)p FS(\()p FE(r)1382 1355 y FC(1)1400 1348 y FS(\))23 b FJ(j)11 b FE(r)1479 1355 y FC(1)1508 1348 y FT(comp)h FE(r)1643 1355 y FC(2)473 1404 y FJ(j)49 b FT(domain)p FS(\()p FE(c)p FS(\))24 b FJ(j)11 b FT(range)p FS(\()p FE(c)p FS(\))358 1461 y FM(\015)52 b FS(::=)d FE(t)551 1468 y FC(1)582 1461 y FJ(v)12 b FE(t)645 1468 y FC(2)686 1461 y FJ(j)g FE(o)f FS(::)16 b FE(c)266 1538 y FS(W)l(e)i(assume)f(the)g 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FK(=)41 b FM(D)11 b FJ(n)f FK([)-8 b([)p FE(t)1085 1940 y FD(p)1105 1933 y FK(])g(])1123 1914 y Fn(I)1660 1933 y FS(\(C.3\))615 2001 y FK([)g([)p FE(t)649 2008 y FC(1)680 2001 y Fl(and)12 b FE(t)791 2008 y FC(2)810 2001 y FK(])-8 b(])828 1983 y Fn(I)893 2001 y FK(=)41 b([)-8 b([)p FE(t)1003 2008 y FC(1)1022 2001 y FK(])g(])1040 1983 y Fn(I)1074 2001 y FJ(\\)10 b FK([)-8 b([)p FE(t)1148 2008 y FC(2)1167 2001 y FK(])g(])1185 1983 y Fn(I)1660 2001 y FS(\(C.4\))646 2070 y FK([)g([)p Fl(all)q FK(\()p FE(r)q FM(;)8 b FE(c)p FK(\)])-8 b(])830 2052 y Fn(I)893 2070 y FK(=)41 b FJ(f)p FM(d)12 b FS(:)h FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)q FK(])g(])1107 2052 y Fn(I)1129 2070 y FK(\()p FM(d)p FK(\))12 b FJ(\022)h FK([)-8 b([)p FE(c)p FK(])g(])1305 2052 y Fn(I)1328 2070 y FJ(g)309 b FS(\(C.5\))502 2139 y FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(atleast)q FK(\()p FM(n;)8 b FE(r)q FM(;)g FE(c)p FK(\)])-8 b(])830 2121 y Fn(I)893 2139 y FK(=)41 b FJ(f)p FM(d)12 b FS(:)h FJ(j)p FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)q FK(])g(])1120 2121 y Fn(I)1142 2139 y FK(\()p FM(d)p FK(\))9 b FJ(\\)h FK([)-8 b([)p FE(c)p FK(])g(])1307 2121 y Fn(I)1331 2139 y FJ(j)12 b(\025)h FM(n)p FJ(g)206 b FS(\(C.6\))496 2208 y FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(atmost)p FK(\()p FM(n;)8 b FE(r)q FM(;)g FE(c)p FK(\)])-8 b(])830 2189 y Fn(I)893 2208 y FK(=)41 b FJ(f)p FM(d)12 b FS(:)h FJ(j)p FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)q FK(])g(])1120 2189 y Fn(I)1142 2208 y FK(\()p FM(d)p FK(\))9 b FJ(\\)h FK([)-8 b([)p FE(c)p FK(])g(])1307 2189 y Fn(I)1331 2208 y FJ(j)12 b(\024)h FM(n)p FJ(g)206 b FS(\(C.7\))715 2277 y FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)13 b FS(:)f FE(o)p FK(])-8 b(])828 2258 y Fn(I)893 2277 y FK(=)41 b FJ(f)p FM(d)12 b FS(:)h FK([)-8 b([)p FE(o)p FK(])g(])1113 2258 y Fn(I)1148 2277 y FJ(2)13 b FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)q FK(])g(])1244 2258 y Fn(I)1267 2277 y FK(\()p FM(d)p FK(\))p FJ(g)310 b FS(\(C.8\))651 2346 y FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(in)o(v)p FK(\()p FE(r)774 2353 y FC(1)792 2346 y FK(\)])g(])828 2327 y Fn(I)893 2346 y FK(=)41 b FJ(fh)p FM(d;)8 b(e)p FJ(i)j FS(:)i FJ(h)p FM(e;)8 b(d)p FJ(i)j(2)h FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)q FK(])g(])1339 2327 y Fn(I)1362 2346 y FJ(g)275 b FS(\(C.9\))577 2415 y FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)612 2422 y FC(1)641 2415 y Fl(comp)12 b FE(r)792 2422 y FC(2)810 2415 y FK(])-8 b(])828 2396 y Fn(I)893 2415 y FK(=)41 b([)-8 b([)p FE(r)1004 2422 y FC(1)1022 2415 y FK(])g(])1040 2396 y Fn(I)1074 2415 y FJ(\016)9 b FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)1141 2422 y FC(2)1159 2415 y FK(])g(])1177 2396 y Fn(I)1637 2415 y FS(\(C.10\))569 2484 y FK([)g([)p Fl(domain)p FK(\()p FE(c)p FK(\)])g(])828 2465 y Fn(I)893 2484 y FK(=)41 b([)-8 b([)p FE(c)p FK(])g(])1025 2465 y Fn(I)1059 2484 y FJ(\002)10 b FM(D)495 b FS(\(C.11\))610 2553 y FK([)-8 b([)p Fl(range)p FK(\()p FE(c)p FK(\)])g(])828 2534 y Fn(I)893 2553 y FK(=)41 b FM(D)11 b FJ(\002)g FK([)-8 b([)p FE(c)p FK(])g(])1120 2534 y Fn(I)1637 2553 y FS(\(C.12\))195 2640 y(Satisfaction)11 b(of)g(formulae)g(is)g(then)g(de\256ned)h(as)f(follo)o (ws:)657 2727 y FJ(M)h(j)-8 b FK(=)13 b FE(t)793 2734 y FC(1)825 2727 y FJ(\026)24 b FE(t)900 2734 y FC(2)961 2727 y FS(if)o(f)41 b FK([)-8 b([)p FE(t)1078 2734 y FC(2)1097 2727 y FK(])g(])1115 2709 y Fn(I)1151 2727 y FJ(v)13 b FK([)-8 b([)p FE(t)1233 2734 y FC(1)1252 2727 y FK(])g(])1270 2709 y Fn(I)1637 2727 y FS(\(C.13\))705 2796 y FJ(M)13 b(j)-8 b FK(=)13 b FE(o)f FS(::)g FE(c)42 b FS(if)o(f)f FK([)-8 b([)p FE(o)p FK(])g(])1103 2777 y Fn(I)1139 2796 y FJ(2)13 b FK([)-8 b([)p FE(c)p FK(])g(])1238 2777 y Fn(I)1637 2796 y FS(\(C.14\))941 2921 y(130)p eop %%Page: 131 137 131 136 bop 1627 50 a FS(131)135 199 y(A)11 b(structure)f FJ(M)h FS(is)f(a)h(model)f(of)h(a)g(formula)f FM(\015)j FS(if)o(f)e FJ(M)h(j)-8 b FK(=)13 b FM(\015)s FS(;)d(it)g(is)g(a)h(model)f(of)h(a)g(set)f (of)h(formulae)135 256 y FR(G)h FS(if)o(f)f(it)h(is)f(a)h(model)f(of)h(e)o(v) o(ery)g(formula)g(in)f FR(G)p FS(.)18 b(A)12 b(formula)f FM(\015)j FS(is)d FH(entailed)g FS(by)h(a)g(set)f(of)h(formulae)135 312 y FR(G)f FS(\(written)f FR(G)j FJ(j)-8 b FK(=)13 b FM(\015)s FS(\))d(if)o(f)g(e)o(v)o(ery)i(structure)f(which)f(is)g(a)h(model)f(of)h FR(G)g FS(is)f(also)h(a)g(model)f(of)h FM(\015)s FS(.)k(A)c(set)135 369 y(of)g(TL-formulae)h FR(G)f FS(is)g FH(satis\256able)e FS(if)o(f)j(it)f(has)g(a)h(model,)f(otherwise)g(it)f(is)h FH(inconsistent)p FS(.)206 425 y(The)18 b(attenti)o(v)o(e)f(reader)j(may)d(ha)o(v)o(e)i (noticed)f(some)f(discrepancies)h(between)h(the)f(syntax)135 482 y(of)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)12 b(V)p FS(5)18 b(and)g(the)g(syntax)f(of)h(the)f (terminologic)g(logic)g(gi)o(v)o(en)g(abo)o(v)o(e.)37 b(F)o(or)19 b(one)f(thing,)135 538 y(de\256nitions)11 b(in)h FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)g(V)p FS(5)h(ha)o(v)o(e)g(the)f(form)g FE(t)842 545 y FD(n)878 538 y FS(:)p FM(<)h FE(t)g FS(or)f FE(t)1034 545 y FD(n)1058 538 y FS(:)p FK(=)g FE(t)p FS(.)21 b(These)12 b(de\256nitions)f(correspond)135 594 y(to)f(the)g(\(sets)g(of\))h(formulae)f FE(t)596 601 y FD(n)630 594 y FJ(v)h FE(t)g FS(and)f FJ(f)p FE(t)818 601 y FD(n)865 594 y FJ(v)j FE(t)p FM(;)8 b FE(t)13 b FJ(v)g FE(t)1043 601 y FD(n)1066 594 y FJ(g)e FS(respecti)o(v)o(ely)m(.)16 b(Furthermore,)11 b(a)g(rule)135 651 y FE(c)155 658 y FC(1)185 651 y FK(=)p FM(>)h FE(c)287 658 y FC(2)318 651 y FS(corresponds)f(to)g(a)g(formula)g FE(c)804 658 y FC(1)823 651 y FJ(v)h FE(c)890 658 y FC(2)909 651 y FS(.)206 707 y(Thus)j(a)h(list)e(of)i FT(backtell)p FS(s)g(can)h(be)f (seen)f(as)h(a)g(set)g(of)g(TL-formulae)f FR(G)p FS(.)30 b(The)16 b(semantics)135 764 y(of)g(a)f FT(backask)i FS(then)e(is)g(reducible)g(to)g (the)g(entailment)g(of)g(a)h(formula)f(by)g FR(G)p FS(.)29 b(There)16 b(are)g(two)135 820 y(peculiarities,)h(ho)o(we)o(v)o(er)m(.)31 b(First,)17 b(we)g(do)e(not)h(take)f(into)g(account)h(ABox)g(descriptions)f (when)135 877 y(computing)9 b(term)h(subsumption,)f(second)h(we)h(allo)o(w)f (the)g FT(noibox)h FS(operator)g(to)f(ignore)g(rules.)17 b(If)135 933 y(we)11 b(thus)f(ha)o(v)o(e)h(a)g(set)g(of)g(TL-formulae)f FR(G)p FS(,)h(consisting)e(of)i(a)g(set)f(of)h(de\256nitions)f FR(Q)p FS(,)h(a)g(set)f(of)h(rules)135 990 y FJ(R)g FS(and)g(a)h(set)f(of)h (descriptions)e FJ(A)h FS(we)h(de\256ne)g(the)f(semantics)g(of)g FT(backask)i FS(as)e(follo)o(ws:)589 1077 y Fl(bac)o(k)m(ask)o FK(\()p FE(t)797 1084 y FC(1)827 1077 y FS(?)i FM(<)g FE(t)924 1084 y FC(2)943 1077 y FK(\))41 b FS(if)o(f)h FR(Q)10 b FJ([)g(R)i(j)-8 b FK(=)13 b FE(t)1290 1084 y FC(1)1322 1077 y FJ(v)g FE(t)1386 1084 y FC(2)1577 1077 y FS(\(C.15\))425 1146 y Fl(bac)o(k)m(ask)o FK(\()p FE(t)633 1153 y FC(1)663 1146 y FS(?)g FM(<)g FE(t)760 1153 y FC(2)779 1146 y FK(\))f Fl(noib)q(o)o(x)41 b FS(if)o(f)h FR(Q)12 b FJ(j)-8 b FK(=)13 b FE(t)1201 1153 y FC(1)1233 1146 y FJ(v)g FE(t)1297 1153 y FC(2)1577 1146 y FS(\(C.16\))639 1215 y Fl(bac)o(k)m(ask)o FK(\()p FE(o)e FS(?)i(:)f FE(c)p FK(\))41 b FS(if)o(f)h FR(G)12 b FJ(j)-8 b FK(=)13 b FE(o)g FS(::)f FE(c)304 b FS(\(C.17\))475 1284 y Fl(bac)o(k)m(ask)o FK(\()p FE(o)11 b FS(?)i(:)f FE(c)p FK(\))g Fl(noib)q(o)o(x)41 b FS(if)o(f)h FR(Q)10 b FJ([)g(A)j(j)-8 b FK(=)13 b FE(o)g FS(::)f FE(c)211 b FS(\(C.18\))135 1372 y(Another)19 b(semantic)f(issue)g (concerns)h(the)g(completeness)f(of)h(rules.)39 b(Gi)o(v)o(en)18 b(the)h(semantics)135 1429 y(abo)o(v)o(e,)d(rules)f(are)g(like)e(material)i (implications)d(and)i(thus)g(contraposition)f(and)h(reasoning)g(by)135 1485 y(case)19 b(should)d(be)j(possible.)35 b(Ho)o(we)o(v)o(er)n(,)21 b(these)c(latter)h(inferences)h(are)g(not)e(implemented)f(in)135 1541 y FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)c(V)p FS(5,)19 b(and)e(thus,)h(this)e(is)h(a)g(source)g (of)g(incompleteness)f(of)h(the)g(current)g(v)o(ersion.)34 b(The)135 1598 y(alternati)o(v)o(e)15 b(would)f(be)h(to)g(specify)g(a)h (semantics)e(which)h(treats)g(rules)g(as)h(triggered)f(forward-)135 1654 y(chaining)f(rules)g(\(see)498 1650 y([)513 1654 y(Baader)i(and)e (Hollunder)n(,)h(1992)1039 1650 y(])1068 1654 y(and)1149 1650 y([)1164 1654 y(Donini)e FH(et)i(al.)p FS(,)g(1992)1518 1650 y(])1533 1654 y(\).)26 b(Gi)o(v)o(en)135 1711 y(such)11 b(a)h(semantics)e FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)i(V)p FS(5)g(would)e(be)i(complete)f(with)f(respect)i(to)f (rules.)206 1767 y(In)g(the)h(semantics)e(abo)o(v)o(e,)j(interpretation)d (functions)h(map)g(roles)g(into)g(subsets)f(of)i FM(D)f FJ(\002)g FM(D)q FS(.)135 1824 y FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)h(V)p FS(5)g(supports)f(special)h(kinds) f(of)h(roles,)g(namely)f FH(featur)n(es)p FS(,)h(whose)g(interpretation)f (has)g(to)135 1880 y(be)k(functional.)27 b(Thus,)16 b(a)f(model)f(of)h(a)g (set)g(of)g(TL-formulae)g(has)g(to)f(ful\256ll)h(some)f(additional)135 1937 y(requirements:)348 2024 y FJ(8)p FM(d;)8 b(d)442 2006 y Fn(0)452 2024 y FM(;)g(d)497 2006 y Fn(00)530 2024 y FJ(2)13 b FM(D)q FK([)p FJ(h)p FM(d;)8 b(d)712 2006 y Fn(0)721 2024 y FJ(i)k(2)h FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)q FK(])g(])847 2006 y Fn(I)880 2024 y FJ(^)10 b(h)p FM(d;)e(d)1007 2006 y Fn(00)1027 2024 y FJ(i)k(2)h FK([)-8 b([)p FE(r)q FK(])g(])1153 2006 y Fn(I)1188 2024 y FJ(!)12 b FM(d)1270 2006 y Fn(0)1294 2024 y FK(=)h FM(d)1366 2006 y Fn(00)1387 2024 y FK(])177 b FS(\(C.19\))135 2112 y(if)11 b FE(r)h FS(is)f(a)g(feature.)206 2169 y(Besides)c(\252ordinary\272)h (concepts)g FQ(B)o(A)o(CK)k(V)p FS(5)c(also)f(supports)f(special)i(concepts,) g(namely)f FH(asets)p FS(,)135 2225 y FH(numbers)p FS(,)13 b(and)h FH(strings)p FS(.)21 b(T)l(o)13 b(capture)h(this)f(formally)f(we)i (would)e(ha)o(v)o(e)i(to)f(e)o(xtend)h(the)f(domain)135 2282 y FM(D)j FS(by)e(additional)f(sets)i(standing)e(for)i(the)f(interpretations)g (of)h(these)f(conceptual)h(types.)26 b(The)135 2338 y(interpretation)11 b(of)g FH(number)g FS(would)g(be)g(the)h(set)f(of)h(real)g(numbers.)17 b(W)l(e)12 b(do)f(not)g(gi)o(v)o(e)h(the)f(formal)135 2395 y(details)h(here,)j(since)e(we)g(think)f(that)g(the)h(meaning)f(of)i(the)e (term-forming)g(operators)h(pro)o(vided)135 2451 y(for)f(asets)f(and)g (numbers)g(are)h(self-e)o(xplanatory)m(.)206 2508 y(W)l(e)19 b(no)o(w)e(gi)o(v)o(e)h(a)h(semantics)e(for)i(the)f FT(getall)g FS(part)g(of)g FT(backr)o(etrie)o(ve)p FS(.)40 b(In)18 b(general)h(this)135 2564 y(functionality)10 b(returns)h(the)g(instances)g(of)g(a)h(concept:)622 2652 y FE(o)23 b FJ(2)13 b FT(getall)p FK(\()p FE(c)p FK(\))41 b FS(if)o(f)g FR(G)24 b FJ(j)-8 b FK(=)25 b FE(o)12 b FS(::)g FE(c)369 b FS(\(C.20\))135 2740 y(Note)10 b(that)g(the)h(use)f(of)h(the)f FT(noibox)g FS(operator)h(leads)f(to)g(taking)g FR(Q)e FJ([)g(A)j FS(instead)f(of)h FR(G)p FS(,)g(i.e.)g(the)f(set)135 2796 y(of)h(rules)h FJ(R)f FS(is)f(ignored.)p eop %%Page: 132 138 132 137 bop 195 50 a FS(132)480 b FL(APPENDIX)12 b(C.)24 b(FORMAL)11 b(SEMANTICS)h(O)n(VER)l(VIEW)266 199 y FS(Finally)h(a)i(word)f(concerning)g FH(\256ller)o(-e)o(xpr)n(essions)p FS(,)g(i.e.)i(e)o(xpressions)d(that)h(can) h(be)f(used)g(in)195 256 y(connection)8 b(with)g(the)h(\256lls)f(construct)h FE(r)q FS(:)p FE(o)p FS(.)14 b(Instead)9 b(of)g(specifying)f(a)h(single)f (object)h(as)g(a)g(\256ller)g(of)195 312 y(role)h FE(r)q FS(,)h(the)f(user)h (can)f(specify)h(a)g(\256ller)o(-e)o(xpression,)g(which)f(mostly)f(are)i (interpreted)f(as)h(macros.)195 369 y(Some)h(of)h(these)f(e)o(xpressions)g 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FT(allknown)p FS(:)f(what)g(if)h(there)f(are)i(currently)e (no)g(instances)g(of)h FE(c)p FS(?)21 b(In)12 b(that)g(case)i(it)e(is)195 1339 y(not)d(possible)g(to)g(e)o(xpand)i(the)e(macro)h FT(someknown)p FS(\()p FE(c)p FS(\).)18 b(W)l(e)10 b(can,)h(ho)o(we)o(v)o(er)n(,)h(e)o (xpand)e(the)f(whole)195 1395 y(concept)i(term)h(in)e(which)h(the)h(\256ller) o(-e)o(xpression)f(occurs:)525 1506 y FE(r)i FS(:)g Fl(somekno)o(wn)n FK(\()p FE(c)p FK(\))939 1482 y FC(def)943 1506 y FK(=)47 b Fl(nothing)439 b FS(\(C.23\))1025 1575 y(if)11 b FR(G)h FJ(j)-8 b FK(=)13 b FE(c)25 b FJ(v)13 b Fl(nothing)585 1655 y FE(r)g FS(:)f Fl(allkno)o(wn)q FK(\()p FE(c)p FK(\))939 1630 y FC(def)943 1655 y FK(=)47 b Fl(an)o(ything)413 b FS(\(C.24\))1025 1724 y(if)11 b FR(G)h FJ(j)-8 b FK(=)13 b FE(c)25 b FJ(v)13 b Fl(nothing)195 1826 y FS(The)e(operator)h FT(theknown)h FS(can)f(be)f(used)g(to)g(refer)i (to)e(an)g(object)g(by)g(using)g(a)g(description:)422 1937 y Fl(thekno)o(wn)p FK(\()p FE(c)p FK(\))741 1912 y FC(def)745 1937 y FK(=)47 b FE(o)787 b FS(\(C.25\))827 2006 y(if)11 b FE(o)g FS(is)g(the)g(only)g FE(o)1125 2013 y FD(i)1150 2006 y FS(such)g(that)g FR(G)h FJ(j)-8 b FK(=)12 b FE(o)1440 2013 y FD(i)1465 2006 y FS(::)k FE(c)195 2108 y FS(Note)h(again)f(that)h FT(theknown)h FS(is)f(syntactically)e(e)o(xpanded)j(as)f(a)g(macro)g(and)g (is)f(thus)g(order)o(-)195 2165 y(dependent.)266 2221 y(Finally)m(,)g(a)g (word)e(concerning)i(the)f FT(close)g FS(operator)m(.)30 b(It)15 b(is)g(also)g(treated)g(as)h(a)g(macro)f(and)195 2278 y(adds)c(an)h FT(atmost)p FS(\(n,)p FE(r)q FS(\))f(restriction.)344 2387 y FE(r)h FS(:)h Fl(close)p FK(\()p FM(f)5 b(e)p FK(\))631 2362 y FC(def)636 2387 y FK(=)46 b FE(r)13 b FS(:)f FM(f)5 b(e)12 b Fl(and)g(atmost)p FK(\()p FM(n;)c FE(r)q FK(\))454 b FS(\(C.26\))717 2456 y(where)12 b FM(n)g FS(is)f(the)g(cardinality)f(of)i(the)f(\256ller)o (-e)o(xpression)195 2558 y(Thus)17 b(the)g FT(close)h FS(is)f(local)g(and)h 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13 2 v 16 w(super)q Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(term-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(term-name)d Ff(i)p Fy(\))674 1793 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(equivalent)n Fy(\()10 b Ff(h)p Fe(term-name)d Ff(i)p Fa(;)i Ff(h)p Fe(term-name)e Ff(i)p Fy(\))674 1843 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(disjoint)n Fy(\()10 b Ff(h)p Fe(term-name)d Ff(i)p Fa(;)i Ff(h)p Fe(term-name)e Ff(i)p Fy(\))674 1893 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(incoher)o(ent)q Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(term-name)e Ff(i)p Fy(\))674 1943 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(kind)o Fy(\()10 b Ff(h)p Fe(term-name)d Ff(i)p Fa(;)i Ff(h)p Fe(type)f Ff(i)p Fa(;)h Ff(h)p Fe(sour)n(ce)f Ff(i)p Fy(\))678 2051 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(primitive)p 898 2051 V 13 w(concept)q Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)e Ff(i)p Fy(\))678 2100 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(de\256ned)p 861 2100 V 16 w(concept)q Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)e Ff(i)p Fy(\))678 2150 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(super)p 831 2150 V 16 w(concept)q Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)d Ff(i)p Fy(\))678 2200 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(super)p 831 2200 V 16 w(prim)p 935 2200 V 15 w(concept)q Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)c Ff(i)p Fy(\))678 2250 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(dir)o(ect)p 835 2250 V 16 w(super)p 949 2250 V 16 w(concept)q Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)d Ff(i)p Fy(\))678 2300 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(user)p 808 2300 V 16 w(dir)o(ect)p 926 2300 V 16 w(super)p 1040 2300 V 16 w(concept)q Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)d Ff(i)p Fy(\))678 2350 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(equivalent)p 918 2350 V 14 w(concept)q Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)c Ff(i)p Fy(\))678 2399 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(disjoint)p 868 2399 V 14 w(concept)q Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)d Ff(i)p Fy(\))678 2449 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(user)p 808 2449 V 16 w(disjoint)p 959 2449 V 14 w(prim)p 1061 2449 V 14 w(concept)q Fy(\()10 b Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)d Ff(i)p Fa(;)i Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)e Ff(i)p Fy(\))678 2499 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(incoher)o(ent)p 920 2499 V 16 w(concept)q Fy(\()10 b Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)d Ff(i)p Fy(\))678 2549 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(value)p 828 2549 V 14 w(r)o(estriction)q Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)c Ff(i)p Fa(;)k Ff(h)p Fe(any-name)d Ff(i)p Fy(\))678 2599 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(user)p 808 2599 V 16 w(value)p 919 2599 V 14 w(r)o(estriction)q Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)c Ff(i)p Fa(;)k Ff(h)p Fe(any-name)d Ff(i)p Fy(\))678 2648 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(number)p 873 2648 V 16 w(r)o(estriction)p Fy(\()10 b Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)d Ff(i)p Fa(;)i Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(min)c Ff(i)p Fa(;)k Ff(h)p Fe(max)d Ff(i)p Fy(\))678 2698 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(user)p 808 2698 V 16 w(number)p 964 2698 V 16 w(r)o(estriction)p Fy(\()10 b Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)d Ff(i)p Fa(;)i Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(min)c Ff(i)p Fa(;)k Ff(h)p Fe(max)d Ff(i)p Fy(\))678 2748 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(r)o(estriction)q Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)c Ff(i)p Fa(;)k Ff(h)p Fe(any-name)d Ff(i)p Fa(;)i Ff(h)p Fe(min)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)i Ff(h)p Fe(max)f Ff(i)p Fy(\))678 2798 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(user)p 808 2798 V 16 w(r)o(estriction)q Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)c Ff(i)p Fa(;)k Ff(h)p Fe(any-name)d Ff(i)p Fa(;)i Ff(h)p Fe(min)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)i Ff(h)p Fe(max)f Ff(i)p Fy(\))p eop %%Page: 135 141 135 140 bop 1627 50 a FS(135)618 188 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(r)o(ole)p Fy(\()10 b Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)d Ff(i)p Fy(\))618 238 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(primitive)p 838 238 13 2 v 13 w(r)o(ole)p Fy(\()10 b Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)c Ff(i)p Fy(\))618 288 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(de\256ned)p 801 288 V 16 w(r)o(ole)q Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)e Ff(i)p Fy(\))618 338 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(super)p 771 338 V 16 w(r)o(ole)p Fy(\()10 b Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)d Ff(i)p Fa(;)i Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)e Ff(i)p Fy(\))618 388 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(super)p 771 388 V 16 w(prim)p 875 388 V 15 w(r)o(ole)p Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)d Ff(i)p Fy(\))618 438 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(dir)o(ect)p 775 438 V 16 w(super)p 889 438 V 16 w(r)o(ole)p Fy(\()10 b Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)d Ff(i)p Fa(;)i Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)e Ff(i)p Fy(\))618 487 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(equivalent)p 858 487 V 14 w(r)o(ole)p Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)d Ff(i)p Fy(\))618 537 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(disjoint)p 808 537 V 14 w(r)o(ole)p Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)d Ff(i)p Fy(\))618 587 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(incoher)o(ent)p 860 587 V 16 w(r)o(ole)q Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)e Ff(i)p Fy(\))618 637 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(range)p Fy(\()10 b Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)d Ff(i)p Fa(;)i Ff(h)p Fe(any-name)e Ff(i)p Fy(\))618 687 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(user)p 748 687 V 16 w(range)p Fy(\()10 b Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)d Ff(i)p Fa(;)i Ff(h)p Fe(any-name)e Ff(i)p Fy(\))618 736 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(domain)o Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)c Ff(i)p Fy(\))618 786 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(user)p 748 786 V 16 w(domain)o Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)c Ff(i)p Fy(\))618 886 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(super)p 771 886 V 16 w(aset)p Fy(\()10 b Ff(h)p Fe(aset-name)c Ff(i)p Fa(;)k Ff(h)p Fe(aset-name)d Ff(i)p Fy(\))618 936 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(equivalent)p 858 936 V 14 w(aset)p Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(aset-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)i Ff(h)p Fe(aset-name)e Ff(i)p Fy(\))618 985 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(disjoint)p 808 985 V 14 w(aset)p Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(aset-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(aset-name)c Ff(i)p Fy(\))618 1035 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(incoher)o(ent)p 860 1035 V 16 w(aset)p Fy(\()10 b Ff(h)p Fe(aset-name)c Ff(i)p Fy(\))618 1085 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(element)p Fy(\()10 b Ff(h)p Fe(attrib)o (ute-name)5 b Ff(i)p Fa(;)k Ff(h)p Fe(aset-name)e Ff(i)p Fy(\))618 1135 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(attrib)o(ute)p 829 1135 V 15 w(domain)o Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(aset-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)i Ff(h)p Fe(attrib)o (ute-domain-na)o(me)c Ff(i)p Fy(\))618 1235 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(super)p 771 1235 V 16 w(number)q Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(number)o(-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(number)o(-name)c Ff(i)p Fy(\))618 1284 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(equivalent)p 858 1284 V 14 w(number)p Fy(\()10 b Ff(h)p Fe(number)o(-name)c Ff(i)p Fa(;)k Ff(h)p Fe(number)o(-name)d Ff(i)p Fy(\))618 1334 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(disjoint)p 808 1334 V 14 w(number)p Fy(\()10 b Ff(h)p Fe(number)o(-name)d Ff(i)p Fa(;)i Ff(h)p Fe(number)o(-name)e Ff(i)p Fy(\))618 1384 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(incoher)o(ent)p 860 1384 V 16 w(number)q Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(number)o(-name)e Ff(i)p Fy(\))226 1530 y Fz(iboxget)o Fy(\()j Ff(h)p Fe(ibox-get-e)o(xpr)c Ff(i)p Fy(\))226 1629 y Ff(h)p Fe(ibox-get-e)o(xpr)h Ff(i)k FB(::)p Fy(=)112 b Fz(super)p 767 1629 V 16 w(concept)q Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)d Ff(i)p Fy(\))614 1679 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(dir)o(ect)p 771 1679 V 16 w(super)p 885 1679 V 16 w(concept)q Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)d Ff(i)p Fy(\))614 1729 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(user)p 744 1729 V 16 w(dir)o(ect)p 862 1729 V 16 w(super)p 976 1729 V 16 w(concept)q Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)d Ff(i)p Fy(\))614 1778 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(equivalent)p 854 1778 V 13 w(concept)q Fy(\()10 b Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)d Ff(i)p Fa(;)i Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)e Ff(i)p Fy(\))614 1828 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(disjoint)p 804 1828 V 13 w(concept)q Fy(\()10 b Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)d Ff(i)p Fa(;)i Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)e Ff(i)p Fy(\))614 1878 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(incoher)o(ent)p 856 1878 V 16 w(concept)q Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)e Ff(i)p Fy(\))614 1928 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(value)p 764 1928 V 14 w(r)o(estriction)p Fy(\()10 b Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)d Ff(i)p Fa(;)i Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(any-name)c Ff(i)p Fy(\))614 1978 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(number)p 809 1978 V 15 w(r)o(estriction)q Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)d Ff(i)p Fa(;)i Ff(h)p Fe(min)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)i Ff(h)p Fe(max)e Ff(i)p Fy(\))614 2027 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(r)o(estriction)p Fy(\()10 b Ff(h)p Fe(concept-name)d Ff(i)p Fa(;)i Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(any-name)c Ff(i)p Fa(;)k Ff(h)p Fe(min)c Ff(i)p Fa(;)k Ff(h)p Fe(max)d Ff(i)p Fy(\))618 2127 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(equivalent)p 858 2127 V 14 w(r)o(ole)p Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)d Ff(i)p Fy(\))618 2177 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(disjoint)p 808 2177 V 14 w(r)o(ole)p Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)e Ff(i)p Fa(;)j Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)d Ff(i)p Fy(\))618 2227 y Ff(j)41 b Fz(incoher)o(ent)p 860 2227 V 16 w(r)o(ole)q Fy(\()9 b Ff(h)p Fe(r)n(ole-name)e Ff(i)p Fy(\))p eop %%Trailer end userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if %%EOF