;; Access to and use of these products is governed by the GNU General Public ;; License . ;; By using these products, you agree to be bound by the terms ;; of the GPL. ;; Language description text is excerpted from http://www.ethnologue.com/ ;; and is copyright SIL International. ;; Those who are interested in making use of this ontology are requested ;; to contact Adam Pease (apease@articulatesoftware.com). ;; We ask the people using or referencing this work cite our primary paper: ;; Niles, I., and Pease, A. 2001. Towards a Standard Upper Ontology. In ;; Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Formal Ontology in ;; Information Systems (FOIS-2001), Chris Welty and Barry Smith, eds, ;; Ogunquit, Maine, October 17-19, 2001. See also http://www.ontologyportal.org ;; Note: In this version, the language section is incomplete. ;; The following sections are completed down to the level of the individual ;; languages: ;; A. MANUAL LANGUAGES ;; PART a. NON-DEAF SIGN LANGUAGES ;; PART b. DEAF SIGN LANGUAGES ;; B. SPOKEN HUMAN LANGUAGES ;; PART a. ARTIFICIAL LANGUAGES ;; PART b. CREOLE LANGUAGES ;; PART c. LANGUAGE ISOLATES ;; PART d. MIXED LANGUAGES ;; PART e. PIDGIN LANGUAGES ;; PART f. UNCLASSIFIED LANGUAGES ;; PART g. MAJOR LANGUAGE FAMILIES ;; SECTION II. ALACALUFAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION V. AMTO-MUSAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION VI. ANDAMANESE LANGUAGES ;; SECTION VII. ARAUAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION VIII. ARAUCANIAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION X. ARUTANI-SAPE LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XIV. AYMARAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XV. BARBACOAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XVI. BASQUE GROUP LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XVII. BAYONO-AWBONO LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XVIII. CADDOAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XIX. CAHUAPANAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XX. CANT LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XXII. CHAPACURA-WANHAM LANGUAGES. ;; SECTION XXIV. CHIMAKUAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XXVI. CHON LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XXVII. CHUKOTKO-KAMCHATKAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XXVIII. CHUMASH GROUP LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XXIX. COAHUILTECAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XXXI. EAST BIRD'S HEAD LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XXXV. GUAHIBAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XXXVI. GULF LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XXXVII. HARAKMBET LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XL. HUAVEAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XLII. IROQUOIAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XLIII. JAPANESE GROUP LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XLIV. JIVAROAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XLV. KATUKINAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XLVI. KERES LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XLVIII. KIOWA TANOAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XLIX. LEFT MAY LANGUAGES ;; SECTION L. LOWER MAMBERAMO LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LI. LULE-VILELA LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LIII. MAKU LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LIV. MASCOIAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LV. MATACO-GUAICURU LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LVII. MISUMALPAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LIX. MOSETENAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LX. MURA LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXI. MUSKOGEAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXIII. NAMBIQUARAN LANGUAGE ;; SECTION LXVIII. PAEZAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXX. PEBA-YAGUAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXXIV. SALIVAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXXVIII. SKO LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXXIX. SOUTH CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXXX. SUBTIABA-TLAPANEC LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXXXI. TACANAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXXXIV. TOTONACAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXXXIX. URU-CHIPAYA LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XCI. WAKASHAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XCII. WEST PAPUAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XCIII. WITOTOAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XCIV. YANOMAM LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XCV. YENISEI OSTYAK LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XCVI. YUKAGHIR LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XCVII. YUKI GROUP LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XCVIII. ZAMUCOAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XCIX. ZAPAROAN LANGUAGES ;; The following major language families of spoken languages are still ;; incomplete (i.e. left either partially or fully unspecified): ;; PART g. MAJOR LANGUAGE FAMILIES ;; SECTION I. AFRO-ASIATIC LANGUAGES ;; SECTION III. ALGIC LANGUAGES ;; SECTION IV. ALTAIC LANGUAGES ;; SECTION IX. ARAWAKAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XI. AUSTRALIAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XII. AUSTRO-ASIATIC LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XIII. AUSTRONESIAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XXI. CARIB LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XXIII. CHIBCHAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XXV. CHOCO LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XXX. DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XXXII. EAST PAPUAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XXXIII. ESKIMO-ALEUT LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XXXIV. GEELVINK BAY LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XXXVIII. HMONG-MIEN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XXXIX. HOKAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XLI. INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES ;; (NOTE: ONLY INDO-IRANIAN LANGUAGES INCOMPLETE) ;; SECTION XLVII. KHOISAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LII. MACRO-GE LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LVI. MAYAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LVIII. MIXE-ZOQUE LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXII. NA-DENE LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXIV. NIGER-CONGO LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXV. NILO-SAHARAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXVI. NORTH CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXVII. OTO-MANGUEAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXIX. PANOAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXXI. PENUTIAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXXII. QUECHUAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXXIII. SALISHAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXXV. SEPIK-RAMU LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXXVI. SINO-TIBETAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXXXII. TAI-KADAI LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXXXIII. TORRICELLI LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXXXV. TRANS-NEW GUINEA LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXXXVI. TUCANOAN LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXXXVII. TUPI LANGUAGES ;; SECTION LXXXVIII. URALIC LANGUAGES ;; SECTION XC. UTO-AZTECAN LANGUAGES ;; A. MANUAL HUMAN LANGUAGES (116 Languages) ;; a. NON-DEAF SIGN LANGUAGES (2 Languages) (instance MonasticSignLanguage ManualHumanLanguage) (documentation MonasticSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%MonasticSignLanguage is a &%ManualHumanLanguage of the &%HolySee (the Vatican State) and &%Europe. SIL code: MZG. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Monastic communities, especially in Europe. Comments: A second language means of communicating while maintaining vows of silence. Not a deaf sign language. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance PlainsIndianSignLanguage ManualHumanLanguage) (documentation PlainsIndianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%PlainsIndianSignLanguage is a &%ManualHumanLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: PSD. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Great Plains of the USA and Canada. Also spoken in Canada. Alternate names: PLAINS SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: Some variation by ethnic group and region. Formerly used between nations in hunting, trade, by deaf people, and at every level of social interaction, and with non-Indians. Today used within nations in storytelling, rituals, legends, prayers, and by deaf people. Arose when horses were introduced from the south by the Spanish and guns from the east by the French. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; b. DEAF SIGN LANGUAGES (114 Languages) (subclass DeafSignLanguage ManualHumanLanguage) (documentation DeafSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%DeafSignLanguage is a &%ManualHumanLanguage primarily intended for communication between a deaf individual and a hearing individual or between deaf individuals.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance AdamorobeSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation AdamorobeSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%AdamorobeSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Ghana. SIL code: ADS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 300 deaf in the village, 3,000 including hearing people (1998 GILLBT). Region: Adamorobe, a village in the Eastern Region. The district capital is Aburi. Comments: All ages, evenly distributed. 15% deafness in the population, one of the highest percentages in the world, caused by genetic recessive autosome. The village has been settled for 200 years. It is an indigenous deaf sign language, also used by many hearing people. Most users have no contact with Ghanaian Sign Language. They are considered to be full citizens. Agriculturalists, firewood traders.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance AlgerianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation AlgerianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%AlgerianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Algeria. SIL code: ASP. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: It has influenced the deaf community in Oujda in northern Morocco.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance AmericanSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation AmericanSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%AmericanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: ASE. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 100,000 to 500,000 primary users (1986 Gallaudet U.) out of nearly 2,000,000 profoundly deaf persons in USA (1988), 0.8% of the USA population. 15,000,000 hard of hearing persons in the USA (1989 Sacks). Population total all countries 100,000 to 500,000. Region: Also used in varying degrees in Canada, Philippines, Ghana, Nigeria, Chad, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Mauritania, Kenya, Madagascar, Benin, Togo, Zimbabwe, Singapore, China (Hong Kong). Also spoken in Canada, Guatemala. Alternate names: ASL, AMESLAN, THE LANGUAGE OF THE DEAF. Dialects: BLACK AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE, TACTILE SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: Black American Sign Language developed in segregated schools in the south. It contains much sign vocabulary not in ASL and some different grammatical structure. Tactile Sign Language is used by over 900 persons in Louisiana who know ASL, but have lost their sight from a generic cause: Usher's Syndrome. They communicate by touch on each other's wrists. Some have migrated to Seattle. Some have learned Braille. ASL has 43% lexical similarity with French Sign Language in an 872-word list. Sign language interpreters provided in court, for college students, at important public events, in job training, at social services programs, in mental health service programs, some instruction for parents of deaf children, many sign language classes for hearing people. There is an organization for sign language teachers. Many hearing people are learning ASL as second language. Reported to be the third largest language in the USA (1993 Honolulu Advertiser). Used since 1817. ASL is different from 'English on the Hands' (Signed English, Siglish). There are several systems of manually coded English, including different ones in different countries. Also several systems called Pidgin Signed English. Pidgin Signed English is taught in schools in the USA rather than ASL. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Black American Sign Language. Dictionary. SOV, prepositions, genitives, articles, adjectives, numerals, relatives before noun heads, question word initial. The average deaf person graduates from high school with 3rd or 4th grade reading level in English. TV, videos. Bible portions 1982-1996. Also used in: Canada (Language name AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE, Alternate names: ASL, AMESLAN). Comments: Dialect differences with USA ASL, and regional differences in Canada from east to west. Structurally and grammatically distinct from Quebec Sign Language (LSQ). Has grammatical characteristics independent of English. A few adults know both ASL and LSQ. Most signers from eastern 'Canada use ASL with some British Sign Language vocabulary, a remnant from Maritime Sign Language, which came from British Sign Language. Sign language interpreters are required for deaf people in court. Used for deaf college students, important public functions, job training, social service programs, sign language instruction for parents of deaf children, classes for hearing people, organization for sign language teachers, committee on national sign language. Manual alphabet. Dictionary. TV, videos. Bible portions 1982-1987. Also used in: Guatemala (Language name: AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE, Alternate names: ASL, AMESLAN). Comments: There may be other sign languages besides ASL. Dictionary. Videos. Bible portions 1982-1987.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance ArgentineSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation ArgentineSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ArgentineSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Argentina. SIL code: AED. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Deaf people go to different schools, each using a different sign language outside class. Sign language is not allowed in the classroom. Volunteer sign language interpreters are used at some important public events. There are sign language stories and drama on film. There is a committee for a national sign language, and organizations for sign language teachers and interpreters. Deaf schools were begun in 1885. Some research on the language. There is a manual alphabet for Spanish spelling. TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance ArmenianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation ArmenianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ArmenianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Armenia. SIL code: AEN. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance AustralianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation AustralianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%AustralianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Australia. SIL code: ASF. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 14,000 users possibly (1991 Hyde and Power). Alternate names: AUSLAN. Comments: Related to British Sign Language, with influences also from Irish and American sign languages. Australian Signed English is different. It is a manual system for English spelling, used by hearing people for communication with the deaf. It is used in teaching the deaf, and officially so in New South Wales. The earliest schools for the deaf were established by British deaf immigrants in 1860. Many agencies for the deaf. Some signed interpretation in court, for college students, at important public events. There is sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. There is a committee on national sign language. Dictionary. Grammar. Films, TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance AustralianAboriginesSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation AustralianAboriginesSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%AustralianAboriginesSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Australia. SIL code: ASW. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Southern, central, and western desert regions, coastal Arnhem Land, some islands of north coast, western side of Cape York Peninsula, islands of Torres Strait. Comments: Not related to Australian Sign Language. Several different sign languages are also used by deaf persons. Also used by hearing Aborigines as an alternate form of communication with speakers of other languages. Other non-deaf sign languages are used by some groups, such as Aranda, Warlpiri, Warumungu, during periods of mourning or hunting.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance AustrianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation AustrianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%AustrianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Austria. SIL code: ASQ. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: Partially intelligible with French Sign Language. Related to Russian Sign Language. The sign language used in class and that used by adults outside class are different. Deaf people go to different schools, each using a different sign language. Sign language interpreters are used some in court. Professionals are required to know sign language in job training and social services programs. There is little research. There are a few classes for hearing people. Originated 1870. There is a manual alphabet for spelling. Dictionary. Films, TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance BaliSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation BaliSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%BaliSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Indonesia (the island of Bali). SIL code: BQY. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 2,200 in the village, out of 50 deaf people and 2,150 hearing people (1995 T. Friedman). Region: 1 village in Bali. Comments: The majority of the hearing people learn and use the sign language. This might not be the correct name.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance BamakoSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation BamakoSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%BamakoSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Mali. SIL code: BOG. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Bamako school for deaf children, separated into 3 grade classes. It is not known if it is widely used elsewhere or not. Comments: Not related to other sign languages. They have some knowledge of French, and possibly Bambara. 6 to 50 years old. Some hearing people use it to communicate with deaf people. Another community of deaf people in Bamako use a West African variety of American Sign Language. Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance BanKhorSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation BanKhorSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%BanKhorSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Thailand. SIL code: BLA. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northeastern Thailand, a few villages. Comments: Not related to the original sign languages of Thailand, but there is some similarity.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance BelgianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation BelgianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%BelgianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Belgium. SIL code: BVS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Dialects: NORTH BELGIUM SIGN LANGUAGE, SOUTH BELGIUM SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: A variety of regional dialects which have their roots in different deaf schools. The dialect in the Flemish region is closer to that in the Walloon region than it is to Dutch Sign Language. Adopted signs from the old French sign language directly and indirectly. It began in 1825. Different sign languages are used in the classroom and by adults outside the classroom. Limited influence from Signed Dutch. Signed French and Signed Dutch are used some for intercommunication with hearing people. 3 deaf schools in Brussels have trained about one-third of the deaf in Belgium. There are 26 deaf institutions. Sign language interpreters are required in court. Some interpreters are available for college students. Some interpreters are provided for job training and mental health programs. There is sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. There is a committee on national sign language. Little research on the language. There are sign language classes for hearing people. There have been schools for deaf people since 1825. Dictionary. Films, TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance BolivianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation BolivianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%BolivianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Bolivia. SIL code: BVL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 350 to 400 users (1988 E. Powlison). Region: Cochabamba, La Paz, Riberalta, Santa Cruz. Comments: Based on American Sign Language with necessary changes for Spanish spelling. Some groups in La Paz and Santa Cruz use the same signs with some dialect signs from their own areas. Originated by missionaries. Other deaf schools use only the oralist approach. Investigation needed: intelligibility with American Sign Language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance BrazilianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation BrazilianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%BrazilianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: BZS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina, and elsewhere. Alternate names: LSB, SAO PAULO SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: The dialects appear to be inherently intelligible, although northern dialects above the Amazon are probably more different. Some relationship to North American and European sign languages. The fingerspelling used for proper names is similar to a European system. The first deaf school was begun in 1857 in Rio de Janeiro, then one in Porto Alegre. The deaf in Sao Paulo generally receive an oralist education. TV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance BritishSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation BritishSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%BritishSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of the &%UnitedKingdom. SIL code: BHO. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 40,000 mother tongue users (1984 Deuchar), out of 909,000 deaf, of which the majority probably have some degree of sign language competence (1977 Deuchar). Region: United Kingdom including Northern Ireland, Scotland. Alternate names: BSL. Comments: Not inherently intelligible to users of ASL. The deaf community is cohesive, so communication is good despite regional differences. However, there are many reports of different sign languages which are inherently unintelligible to users as close as approximately every 50 miles. Good regional and national organizations for the deaf. Signed interpretation is required in court, and provided in some other situations. Sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. Many sign language classes for hearing people. There is an organization for sign language teachers. There is a committee on national sign language. Sign language was used before 1644. Deaf schools were established in the late 18th century. There is increasing desire to train deaf children in BSL. British Signed English is different from American Signed English. Dictionary. Grammar. Films, TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance BulgarianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation BulgarianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%BulgarianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Bulgaria. SIL code: BQN. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Different sign languages are used in the classroom and by adults outside. One sign language which has been used since 1920. There have been elementary schools for deaf people since 1898. Since 1945 sign language has been allowed in the classroom. Sign language interpreters are required in court. Some are available for college students. There is sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. There is a committee on national sign language. Little research on the sign language. There are few sign language classes for hearing people. There is a manual alphabet for spelling. Dictionary. Films, TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance CatalonianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation CatalonianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%CatalonianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Spain. SIL code: CSC. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 18,000 (1994 estimate). Region: Catalonia. Comments: An indigenous sign language, quite distinct from Spanish Sign Language. About 50% intelligibility by users of Spanish Sign Language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance ChadianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation ChadianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ChadianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Chad. SIL code: CDS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 390 or more users out of a large deaf population (1989 Mokommbay Yonadjiel KATA). Region: Schools and an association for the deaf in N'Djamena, Sarh, and Moundou. Comments: Influences from American Sign Language. Some signs are traditional. Teachers were trained in Nigeria. Muslim, Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance ChiangmaiSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation ChiangmaiSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ChiangmaiSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Thailand. SIL code: CSD. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Chiangmai. Alternate names: CHIENGMAI SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments Related to present sign languages in Laos and Viet Nam (Haiphong, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City). A distinct language from Thai Sign Language. Still remembered by signers over 45 years old in Chiangmai. Younger signers use Modern Thai Sign Language. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Thai Sign Language, attitudes.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance ChileanSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation ChileanSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ChileanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Chile. SIL code: CSG. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance ChineseSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation ChineseSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ChineseSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%China. SIL code: CSL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: (3,000,000 deaf persons in China, 1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Region: Also spoken in Malaysia, Taiwan. Dialects: SHANGHAI SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: There are several dialects, of which Shanghai is the most influential. Few signs of foreign origin. Schools and workshops or farms for the deaf are channels of dissemination. Developed since the late 1950s. There are also Chinese character signs. Others use home sign languages. The first deaf school was begun by missionary C.R. Mills and wife in 1887, but American Sign Language did not influence Chinese Sign Language. Dictionary. Grammar. TV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance ColombianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation ColombianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ColombianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Columbia. SIL code: CSN. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: (50,000 deaf in Bogota in 1992). Comments: Some signs are similar to those in sign languages of El Salvador, Spain, and the USA. Half of school age. There are at least 4 deaf schools (begun in 1924), 2 in Bogota and 2 in Medellin, and 3 other deaf institutions. Some schools use sign language in the classroom. Interpreters are provided at important public events, and for college students. Many sign language classes for hearing people. There is a committee on the national sign language, and an organization for sign language teachers. Little research. It is not clear how many deaf persons know a sign language. Begun in 1929. There is a manual alphabet for spelling. Dictionary. Grammar. TV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance CostaRicanSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation CostaRicanSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%CostaRicanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%CostaRica. SIL code: CSR. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: May be related to Providencia Sign Language. Reported to have about 60% lexical similarity with ASL.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance CzechSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation CzechSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%CzechSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of the &%CzechRepublic. SIL code: CSE. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Partially intelligible with French Sign Language. Used since 1786 when deaf schools began. Sign language used in school different from that used by adults outside. Signed interpretation required in court. Some provided for college students and at important public events. There is sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. Many sign language classes for hearing people. There is a committee on national sign language. More than one sign language used in the country. There is a manual alphabet for spelling. Dictionary. Films, TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance DanishSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation DanishSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%DanishSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Denmark. SIL code: DSL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: (3,500 deaf in Denmark, 1986 Gallaudet Univ.) Comments: Some signs are related to French Sign Language. Intelligible with Swedish and Norwegian sign languages with only moderate difficulty. Not intelligible with Finnish Sign Language. Used in all 5 state schools for the deaf. Signed interpretation required in court, college classes, at important public events, in job training, social services, and mental health programs. Instruction provided for parents of deaf children, for other hearing people. There is a committee on national sign language, an organization for sign language teachers. A lot of research. Signed Danish is distinct, but used in intercommunication with some hearing people. The first school was begun in 1807. Dictionary. Grammar. Films, TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance DominicanSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation DominicanSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%DominicanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of the &%DominicanRepublic. SIL code: DOQ. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Reported to have 85% to 90% lexical similarity with ASL, and to use most of the features of ASL, such as absent referent and reduplication. Many are not fluent or use home sign.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance DutchSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation DutchSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%DutchSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of the &%Netherlands. SIL code: DSE. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 20,000 deaf use Dutch Sign Language. There are 400,000 hearing impaired, 28,000 deaf (1986 Gallaudet Univ.) Alternate names: SIGN LANGUAGE OF THE NETHERLANDS, SLN. Comments: All users listed are adults (1986). There are 5 varieties associated with 5 schools for the deaf, each with about 1,500 students. There have been elementary schools for the deaf since 1790. Developed from French Sign Language, some features similar to American and British sign languages. Currently in transition. Distinct from Signed Dutch. There is a manual system for spelling. Dictionary. TV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance EcuadorianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation EcuadorianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%EcuadorianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Ecuador. SIL code: ECS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: (188,000 deaf persons, 2% of the population, 1986 Gallaudet Univ.) Comments: Slight regional variants in sign languages. Some influences from USA Peace Corps, others from people educated in Spain or Argentina. Some deaf schools use total communication, speaking and signing.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance EstonianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation EstonianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%EstonianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Estonia. SIL code: ESO. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 4,500 users out of 1,600 deaf and 20,000 hearing impaired. 2,000 persons need regular help from interpreters (1998 Urmas Sutrop). Region: Throughout Estonia, especially Tallinn and Parnu. Alternate names: VIIPEKEEL. Comments: Some local dialects. The dialect in Parnu is the most archaic. Apparent influences from Finnish and Russian Sign Languages. Some people can use both Estonian and Russian Sign Languages. Russian Sign Language is used in Tallinn by deaf Russians. In other regions Russians use some pidginized versions of Russian Sign Language mixed with Estonian Sign Language. Systematic teaching and research since 1990 at the Dept. of Special Education at Tartu University. Sign language instruction for parents of deaf children in Tallinn. Classes for hearing people in Tallinn and Parnu. Classes for interpretars. Schools for children with hearing impairments. Many children with hearing impairments in ordinary schools. Oral and signed teaching. There is a Society of the Interpreters of Estonian Sign Language. Centers for interpreters in Tallinn, Tartu, Parnu, at the Association of Deaf People. Local authorities pay for interpreters for 36 hours for each deaf person per year. Some grants for students who need interpreters. Courts accept signed interpretation and pay for interpreters. Dictionary. Grammar. TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance EthiopianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation EthiopianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%EthiopianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Ethiopia. SIL code: ETH. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: There are several sign languages used in different schools for the deaf. Little research. Used since 1971. There have been elementary schools for deaf children since 1956. There is a manual alphabet for spelling.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance FinnishSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation FinnishSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%FinnishSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Finland. SIL code: FSE. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 5,000 users out of 8,000 deaf persons (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Alternate names: VIITTOMAKIELI. Comments: 2 major dialects from the Finnish (17 schools) and Swedish (1 school) communities. Apparent influence from Swedish Sign Language merged with local indigenous varieties. Not intelligible with Danish Sign Language. The government pays interpreters to accompany the deaf to hospitals, college, church, etc. Signed interpretation required in court. Sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. Many classes for hearing people. There is a committee on national sign language. The first deaf school was founded in the 1850s. Signed Finnish is distinct, but used by some teachers of the deaf. Dictionary. Grammar. Films, TV, videos. Bible portions 1989.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance FrenchSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation FrenchSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%FrenchSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%France. SIL code: FSL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 50,000 to 100,000 primary users in France (1986 Gallaudet Univ.) 1,000 users of Marseille Sign Language (1975 Sallagooty). Population total both countries 50,000 to 100,000. Region: Southern FSL is used in Marseille, Toulon, La Ciotat, and Salon de Provence. Also spoken in Togo. Alternate names: LANGUE DES SIGNES FRANCAISE, LSF, FSL. Dialects: MARSEILLE SIGN LANGUAGE (SOUTHERN FRENCH SIGN LANGUAGE). Comments: Many sign languages have been influenced by this, but are not necessarily intelligible with it. Reported to be partially intelligible with sign languages from Austria, Czech Republic, and Italy, at least. 43% lexical similarity with American Sign Language in an 872-word list. First sign language in the western world to gain recognition as a language (1830). Originated in 1752. Sign languages were known in France in the 16th century, and probably earlier. Different from Signed French and Old French Sign Language. Also used in: Togo (Language name: FRENCH SIGN LANGUAGE, Alternate names: LANGUE DES SIGNES FRANCAISE, LSF). Comments: Taught in 1 school for the deaf in Togo.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance GermanSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation GermanSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%GermanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: GSG. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: (50,000 deaf persons, 22,000 members of German Deaf Association, 1986 Gallaudet Univ.) Region: Western Germany. Alternate names: DEUTSCHE GEBAERDENSPRACHE, DGS. Comments: Many regional lexical variations, but dialects are easily inherently intelligible. Some similarity to French and other European sign languages. Relation to sign languages of eastern Germany, Austria, and Switzerland is not known. More than one sign language used in eastern Germany. Bible portions 1998.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance GhanaianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation GhanaianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%GhanaianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Ghana. SIL code: GSE. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Related to American and Nigerian sign languages. Brought in 1957 by missionary Andrew Foster. Differs from American Sign Language in lexicon. There are new and local signs, and some modified from ASL. 9 deaf schools. Other deaf people use home signs. Elementary schools for deaf children since 1957. Sign language interpreters are required for deaf people in court. Little research. Some sign language classes for hearing people. There is a manual alphabet for signing. Investigation needed: intelligibility with American Sign Language, Nigerian Sign Language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance GreekSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation GreekSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%GreekSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Greece. SIL code: GSS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 42,600 or more users (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Comments: 12,000 children and 30,000 active adult users (1996). Roots in American and French sign languages and various indigenous sign languages, which came together in the 1950s.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance GuatemalanSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation GuatemalanSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%GuatemalanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Guatemala. SIL code: GSM. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance GuineanSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation GuineanSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%GuineanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Guinea. SIL code: GUS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Conakry. Comments: Used in the deaf school in Conakry. Appears to be heavily influenced by, or based on, ASL, with some influence from French Sign Language. Investigation needed: intelligibility with American Sign Language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance HaiphongSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation HaiphongSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%HaiphongSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%VietNam. SIL code: HAF. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Haiphong. Comments: Related to sign languages in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Laos, and earlier sign languages in Thailand.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance HanoiSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation HanoiSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%HanoiSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%VietNam. SIL code: HAB. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Hanoi. Comments: Related to sign languages in Haiphong, Ho Chi Minh City, Laos, and earlier sign languages in Thailand.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance HausaSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation HausaSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%HausaSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Nigeria. SIL code: HSL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance HawaiiPidginSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation HawaiiPidginSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%HawaiiPidginSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: HPS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: A few users out of about 6,000 profoundly deaf people in Hawaii (1987 Honolulu Star-Bulletin), 72,000 deaf or hard of hearing people in Hawaii (1998 Honolulu Advertiser). Region: Hawaiian Islands. Alternate names: PIDGIN SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: Bilingualism in American Sign Language. Mainly 70 to 90 years old (1993). 9,600 deaf people in Hawaii now use American Sign Language with a few local signs for place names and cultural items (1998 Honolulu Advertiser). Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance HoChiMinhCitySignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation HoChiMinhCitySignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%HoChiMinhCitySignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%VietNam. SIL code: HOS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Ho Chi Minh City. Comments: Related to sign languages in Hanoi, Haiphong, Laos, and earlier sign languages in Thailand.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance HungarianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation HungarianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%HungarianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Hungary. SIL code: HSH. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 60,000 deaf (1999 National Association for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing). 300,000 hard-of-hearing people use it as second language. Region: Used throughout Hungary. May also be used in western Romania. Alternate names: MAGYAR JELVNYELV. Dialects: BUDAPEST, SOPRON, MISKOLC, DEBRECEN, SZEGED, EGER. Comments: Related to Austrian Sign Language and German Sign Language. May be related to Yugoslavian Sign Language. Dialects have some different signs for lexical items, similar or same grammar. All ages. Budapest dialect is viewed as the standard. Dictionary. Extensive literacy effort needed.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance IcelandicSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation IcelandicSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%IcelandicSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Iceland. SIL code: ICL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Until 1910 Icelandic deaf people were sent to school in Denmark. The sign language is based on Danish Sign Language, but has changed and developed since then, so it is not the same today. Signed interpretation provided for college students. Instruction for parents of deaf children. There is a committee on national sign language. There is a manual spelling system. Dictionary. TV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance IndianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation IndianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%IndianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%India. SIL code: INS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 1,500,000 or more users (1986 Gallaudet Univ.) Population: total all countries 1,500,000 or more. Region: All over the country. Also spoken in Bangladesh, Pakistan. Dialects: DELHI SIGN LANGUAGE, CALCUTTA SIGN LANGUAGE, BANGALORE-MADRAS SIGN LANGUAGE, BOMBAY SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: Over 75% of signs from all regions are related. Dialects are not related to deaf school usage. Delhi dialect is the most influential. Not related to French, Spanish, or American sign languages, or their group. Some influence from British Sign Language in the fingerspelling system and a few other signs, but most are unrelated to European sign systems. Developed indigenously in India. The Indian manual English system is hardly intelligible to American Signed English. Related to Nepalese Sign Language. Over 1,000,000 deaf adults, and about 500,000 deaf children (1986). Deaf schools mainly do not use ISL, but vocational programs often do. Less than 5% of deaf people attend deaf schools. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Pakistan Sign Language. Also used in: Bangladesh (Language name: INDIAN SIGN LANGUAGE). Comments: Not related to French, Spanish, American sign languages, or their group. Some influence from British Sign Language in the fingerspelling system and a few other signs, but most signs are unrelated to European sign systems. It developed indigenously in India. The Indian manual English system is hardly understandable to American Signed English.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance IndonesianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation IndonesianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%IndonesianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Indonesia. SIL code: INL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: (At least 2,000,000 deaf people, 1993). Comments: 94 schools for the deaf use the oral method for instruction. A blend of Malaysian Sign Language and indigenous signs. ASL not used.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance IrishSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation IrishSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%IrishSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Ireland. SIL code: ISG. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Dublin and elsewhere. Comments: In 1816 British signs were brought in. In 1846 Irish signs developed in the girls' school, in 1857 Irish signs brought into the boys' school. Related to French Sign Language. There are informal male and female sign systems. Females learn the male system during dating and marriage. The informal system is referred to as 'Deaf Sign Language'. Irish Sign Language is a new unified system, a manual code for English. It has structural features such as directional verbs. It has influenced sign languages in South Africa and Australia. It originated between 1846-1849. Several deaf schools with 750 to 800 students in each. There is a committee on national sign language, and an organization for sign language teachers. TV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance IsraeliSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation IsraeliSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%IsraeliSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Israel. SIL code: ISL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 5,000 users including some hearing persons (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Comments: Not derived from and relatively little influence from other sign languages. No special signs have been introduced from outside by educators. Minor dialect variation. Not all deaf use ISL. Interpreters are provided in courts. Some interpretation for college students. Sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. Many sign language classes for hearing people. There is a committee on national sign language, and an organization for sign language teachers. The sign language used in classrooms and that by deaf adults outside is different. The first deaf school was established in Jerusalem in 1934. A fingerspelling system was developed in 1976. Dictionary. Grammar. Employs the Eshkol-Wachmann movement notation system. Films, TV, videos. Jewish.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance ItalianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation ItalianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ItalianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: ISE. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: LINGUA ITALIANA DEI SEGNI, LIS. Comments: Partially intelligible with French Sign Language. Not intelligible with American Sign Language. Regional differences, but signers from different regions seem to communicate fluently. Used in families, clubs, and schools outside the classroom, but not in the classroom.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance JamaicanSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation JamaicanSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%JamaicanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Jamaica. SIL code: JCS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: COUNTRY SIGN. Comments: There is no standardized sign language, but 'Country Sign' differs from region to region. Signed English is used in at least one deaf school, but students do not understand many of the function words. It is used for all communication needs outside the classroom. Many deaf children do not attend school.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance JapaneseSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation JapaneseSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%JapaneseSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Japan. SIL code: JSL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: Hearing impaired: 317,000 (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Alternate names: SHUWA, TEMANE. Comments: Related to Taiwanese and Korean sign languages. Over 95% of the deaf understand Japanese Sign Language. 107 deaf schools. The first school was in Kyoto in 1878. 'Temane' is the former name. Pidgin Signed Japanese is different. Pidgin Signed Japanese is used often in formal situations, lectures, speeches. 80% of the deaf understand finger spelling. TV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance JordanianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation JordanianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%JordanianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Jordan. SIL code:JOS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance KenyanSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation KenyanSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%KenyanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Kenya. SIL code: XKI. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: Students in primary schools in 1990: 2,600. There are around 200,000 deaf people in Kenya. It is not known how many know KSL. Region: 32 primary schools for the deaf in Hola, Kapsabet, Karatina, Karen, Kerugoya, Kilifi, Kisumu, Kitui, Kwale, Meru, Mombasa, Mumias, Murang'a, Nairobi, Nakuru, North Kinangop, Ruiru, Sakwa. Schools under the Kenya Institute of Education (KIE) use a Kenyan version of (American) Exact Signed English, including one at Machakos. KSL is used at Nyangoma School at Bondo, a primary and boys' technical school (Sakwa), and in one girl's school. A school in Mombasa uses British Sign Language. Some Belgian brothers use Belgian Sign language in a school near Oyugis. 4 churches in Nairobi: 2 use KIE Signed English, 1 a mixture of that and KSL, the other uses a mixture of Korean, American, and Kenyan Sign Languages. Comments: Mainly unrelated to other sign languages. It has become standardized with slight variations since 1961, when elementary schools for deaf children were begun. The deaf from Kisumu (western Kenya) to the deaf in Mombasa (eastern Kenya) can understand each other completely even with some dialect differences. The deaf in Uganda and Tanzania do not really understand KSL, though they have much in common. Used in court cases involving deaf people. The Kenya National Association of the Deaf, which has 12 branches. The government is using KIE Signed English. The University of Nairobi backs KSL. Little research. Communication with those who do not know KSL is superficial only. KSL fits Kenyan culture and ties students back to their families and friends who know it. There is a manual alphabet for spelling. Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance KoreanSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation KoreanSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%KoreanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%SouthKorea. SIL code: KVK. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Related to Japanese and Taiwanese sign languages, but distinct. Used since 1889. Signed interpretation required in court, used at important public events, in social services programs. There is sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. Many sign language classes for hearing people. There is a manual system for spelling. Dictionary. Elementary schools for deaf children using sign language since 1908. TV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance KualaLumpurSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation KualaLumpurSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%KualaLumpurSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Malahysia (Peninsular). SIL code: KGI. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Kuala Lumpur and elsewhere in Peninsular Malaysia. Alternate names: KLSL. Comments: American signs were introduced in the late 1960s to a class for deaf children. They were promoted by the club for deaf adults which was started at the YMCA in 1973. Many former users of Penang Sign Language now use KLSL. Uses predominantly American signs in a mixture of English and Malay word order. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Malaysian Sign Language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance LaosSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation LaosSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%LaosSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Laos. SIL code: LSO. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Related to sign languages in Viet Nam and earlier ones in Thailand. May be more than one sign language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance LatvianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation LatvianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%LatvianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Latvia. SIL code:LSL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance LibyanSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation LibyanSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%LibyanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Libya. SIL code:LBS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance LithuanianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation LithuanianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%LithuanianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Lithuania. SIL code:LLS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance LyonsSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation LyonsSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%LyonsSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%France. SIL code: LSG. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: 250 miles from Paris, but difficult and little intelligibility with French Sign Language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance MalaysianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation MalaysianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%MalaysianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Malahysia (Peninsular). SIL code: XML. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: BAHASA MALAYSIA KOD TANGAN. Comments: It is manually coded Bahasa Malaysia, it is easier than manual codes for other languages because Bahasa Malaysia is comparatively noninflected. It has input from local and American signs and structure. Under development by the Ministry of Education since 1978, and used in government programs. Words without signs are fingerspelled using the international version of the American manual alphabet.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance MalteseSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation MalteseSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%MalteseSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Malta. SIL code: MDL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance MaritimeSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation MaritimeSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%MaritimeSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: NSR. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. Alternate names: NOVA SCOTIAN SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: Now remembered only by older deaf people. Based on British Sign Language. Distinct from American and Quebec sign languages. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance MarthasVineyardSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation MarthasVineyardSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%MarthasVineyardSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: MRE. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. Comments: The early sign language was based on a regional one in Weald, England, where the deaf persons' ancestors had lived. French Sign Language was introduced to Martha's Vineyard in 1817. MVSL was later combined with American Sign Language, but never became identical to ASL. From 1692 to 1910 nearly all hearers on Martha's Vineyard were bilingual in English and sign language. The first deaf person arrived in 1692. From 1692 to 1950 there was a high rate of hereditary deafness. In the 19th century, 1/5700 of Americans were deaf, 1/155 in Martha's Vineyard, 1/25 in one town, 1/4 in one neighborhood. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance MexicanSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation MexicanSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%MexicanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: MFS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 87,000 to 100,000 mainly monolingual users (1986 T.C. Smith-Stark), out of 1,300,000 deaf persons in Mexico (1986 Gallaudet University). Region: Used throughout Mexico, except in some American Indian areas (see Yucatec Maya Sign Language): Mexico D.F. Guadalajara, Monterrey, Hermosillo, Morelia, Veracruz, Oaxaca, San Luis Potosi, Queretaro, Puebla, Cuernavaca, Torreon, Saltillo, Toluca. Alternate names: EL LENGUAJE MEXICANO DE LAS MANOS, EL LENGUAJE MANUAL DE MEXICO, LA LENGUA MANUAL MEXICANA, EL LENGUAJE DE SENAS MEXICANAS. Comments: Influence from French Sign Language. Users of ASL have 14% intelligibility of MSL. Preliminary investigation indicates lexical similarities from 85% to 100% among regional dialects, nearly all above 90% (A. Bickford SIL 1989). Most deaf schools use the oralist method, but some use signs. At least 3 deaf churches in Mexico City, 3 in Guadalajara. 19 schools for the deaf in Saltillo, Torreon, Guadalajara (3), Mexico City (6), Morelia, Cuernavaca, Monterrey, Ciudad Obregon, Hermosillo, Villahermosa, Matamoros, Veracruz, athletic clubs, craft schools, rehabilitation institutions. It does not follow Spanish grammar. The deaf are called 'sordos, sordomudos, los silentes.' Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance MongolianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation MongolianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%MongolianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Mongolia. SIL code: QMM. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: Unknown number of users out of 10,000 to 147,330 deaf (1998). Comments: Different from Russian Sign Language and other sign languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance MoroccanSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation MoroccanSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%MoroccanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Morocco. SIL code: XMS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Used in Tetouan and other cities. Comments: Algerian Sign Language has influenced the strong deaf community of 60 to 70 men in the city of Oujda in the north. Less than 50% lexical similarity with American Sign Language. Most deaf people cannot read or write or understand Arabic. Many deaf women do not leave their homes, or do not sign in the streets, so it is difficult to determine numbers. Association Nanane, a school in the north, had about 30 students, ages 4-21. MSL used in 3 programs for the deaf. Communities in Rabat, Tangier, and Casa Blanca do not use MSL. Used by USA Peace Corps. Developed from local signs and introduced signs. Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance MozambicanSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation MozambicanSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%MozambicanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Mozambique. SIL code: MZY. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: In at least the 3 largest cities: Maputo, Beira, and Nampula. Comments: Some dialectal variation. Standardization efforts are in progress (1999). Not related to or based on Portuguese nor Portuguese Sign Language. Being taught and developed.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance NamibianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation NamibianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%NamibianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Namibia. SIL code: NBS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance NewZealandSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation NewZealandSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%NewZealandSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%NewZealand. SIL code: NZS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: The first school for the deaf was established in 1878. Sign language used since the 1800s. It developed informally among deaf people because the oralist method only was used in schools. It has some features in common with British sign languages and some from other countries. Some signed interpretation used in court and at important public events. There is a committee on national sign language. There is a manual system for spelling. Investigation needed: intelligibility with British Sign Language, Australian Sign Languages. Dictionary. Grammar. TV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance NepaleseSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation NepaleseSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%NepaleseSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Nepal. SIL code: NSP. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Developed from local signs and introduced signs. Related to Indian and Pakistan Sign Languages. Used by USA Peace Corps.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance NicaraguanSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation NicaraguanSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%NicaraguanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Nicaragua. SIL code: NCS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 3,000 deaf users plus other hearing people (1997 Asociacion Nacional de Sordos de Nicaragua). Region: Managua and throughout the nation. Alternate names: IDIOMA DE SENAS DE NICARAGUA. Comments: Unrelated to El Salvadoran, Costa Rican, or other sign languages. Users know little Spanish. Officially used in school since 1992, and used outside the classroom. Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance NigerianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation NigerianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%NigerianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Nigeria. SIL code: NSI. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Influences from American and Ghanaian sign languages. Originated in 1960.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance NorwegianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation NorwegianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%NorwegianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Norway. SIL code: NSL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 4,000 deaf users out of about 4,000 deaf (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Dialects: HOLMESTRAND, OSLO, TRONDHEIM. Comments: Intelligible with Danish and Swedish sign languages with only moderate difficulty. Not intelligible with Finnish Sign Language. Used since 1815. The first deaf school was begun in 1825, first club in 1878. It is passed to the next generation mainly through the schools. 3 dialects are associated with 3 schools. Signed Norwegian is used by teachers, pupils use Norwegian Sign Language among themselves. Signed interpretation required in court, provided some for college students, in mental health programs. Sign language instruction provided for parents of deaf children. Many classes for hearing people. There is a committee on national sign language. There is a manual system for spelling. Films, TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance OldKentishSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation OldKentishSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%OldKentishSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of the &%UnitedKingdom. SIL code: OKL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Kent. Comments: The apparent ancestor of Martha's Vineyard Sign Language. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance PakistanSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation PakistanSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%PakistanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Pakistan. SIL code: PKS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: ISHARON KI ZUBANN. Comments: Related to Nepalese Sign Language, may be the same language as Indian Sign Language. Used in urban centers with some regional variation in vocabulary. The National Institute of Special Education encourages a total communication approach, including the teaching of PSL. Dictionary. Grammar.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance PenangSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation PenangSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%PenangSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Malahysia (Peninsular). SIL code: PSG. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Penang. Comments: Deaf school established in 1954, where only oral method was used. Sign language evolved outside the classroom. Use declined in the late 1970s due to spread of other sign languages, but there are still users.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance PersianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation PersianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%PersianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: PSC. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance PeruvianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation PeruvianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%PeruvianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: PRL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: There are over 70 deaf schools, but the oralist method is used by most in the classroom. The majority of students use sign language outside the classroom. The sign language used in the schools is different from what adults use outside. There is a manual alphabet for spelling. Investigation needed: intelligibility. Dictionary. TV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance PhilippineSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation PhilippineSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%PhilippineSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of the &%Philippines. SIL code: PSP. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: (100,000 deaf persons, 1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Alternate names: LOCAL SIGN LANGUAGE, FILIPINO SIGN LANGUAGE, FSL. Comments: Reported to be very similar to ASL. American Sign Language is well-known as a second language. Total communication is used in deaf schools, with teachers both speaking and signing. Used by USA Peace Corps.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance PolishSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation PolishSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%PolishSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Poland. SIL code: PSO. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: (50,000 deaf, 25,000 members of Polish Association of the Deaf, 1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Comments: Various regional dialects. Not intelligible with ASL. 5,000 deaf children in deaf schools, plus 1,000 who attend school with hearing children. There is a committee for the unification of Polish Sign Language. Used since 1889. Elementary schools for deaf children since 1817. Signed interpretation required in court, provided for some college students and in important public events. Sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. Many sign language classes for hearing people. There is a committee on national sign language. There is a manual system for spelling. Dictionary. Grammar. Films, TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance PortugueseSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation PortugueseSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%PortugueseSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Portugal. SIL code: PSR. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: (Used by a considerable portion of the 8,000 deaf persons, 1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Alternate names: LINGUA GESTUAL PORTUGUESA. Dialects: LISBON, OPORTO. Comments: Not derived from Portuguese. Different dialects in 2 different deaf schools in Lisbon and Oporto. Related to Swedish Sign Language. Signed Portuguese has similar signs to Signed Swedish. It began in 1823.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance ProvidenciaSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation ProvidenciaSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ProvidenciaSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: PRO. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: Known by most people on the Island including 19 born deaf out of 2,500 to 3,000 population (1986 W. Washabaugh). Region: Providencia Island off the coast of Nicaragua. Comments: They have not been exposed to other sign languages. East differs from west with some variation between villages. The high deaf population is probably caused by in-breeding. The deaf are fairly well integrated into daily activities. The system is about 100 years old. They are illiterate and untutored, do not use finger spelling.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance PuertoRicanSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation PuertoRicanSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%PuertoRicanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%PuertoRico. SIL code: PSL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: (8,000 to 40,000 deaf persons, 1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Alternate names: PRSL. Comments: Related to American Sign Language but distinct. 4 varieties are used: Signed Spanish as a pidgin with hearing Spanish speakers, Signed English as a pidgin with deaf educated in USA and with hearing English speakers, American Sign Language with those who know only that, and PRSL. Some know only PRSL. Signs were introduced in 1907 by nuns. Some home signs are also used.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance QuebecSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation QuebecSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%QuebecSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: FCS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Quebec, except northern Quebec, Ottawa, Northern Ontario, Bathurst New Brunswick, and a few in Vancouver and Edmonton. Alternate names: LANGUE SIGNE QUEBECARS, LANGUE DES SIGNES QUEBECOISE, LSQ. Comments: Related to French Sign Language (LSF). In northern Quebec, deaf people use ASL, with English the second language. Some use Signed French. Segregated deaf education by sex resulted in some lexical differences between the sexes, female use more influenced by ASL and LSQ, male by Signed French and LSQ. It is rare for a deaf child to learn both LSQ and ASL. A few adults have a working knowledge of both.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance RennelleseSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation RennelleseSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%RennelleseSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of the &%SolomonIslands. SIL code: RSI. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 1 (1986 Gallaudet University), other second language users. Region: Rennell Island. Comments: Developed about 1915 by Kagobai, the first deaf person. Used by others. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance RomanianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation RomanianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%RomanianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Romania. SIL code: RMS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance RussianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation RussianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%RussianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Russia (Europe). SIL code: RSL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: Moscow, Armavir, Gorky, Kazan, Kirov, Kolomna, Kujbyshev, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Rostov on Don, Sverdlovsk have schools for the deaf. Also spoken in Bulgaria. Comments: Related to Austrian and French sign languages, but different. There are deaf associations and athletic clubs. Signed interpretation required in court, and used at important public events. Many sign language classes for hearing people. There is an organization for sign language teachers. Originated in 1806. There is a manual system for spelling. Dictionary. Elementary schools for deaf children since 1878. Films, TV, videos. Also used in: Bulgaria (Language name: RUSSIAN SIGN LANGUAGE) Comments: Related to Austrian and French sign languages, but different. Originated 1806.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance SalvadoranSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation SalvadoranSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%SalvadoranSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%ElSalvador. SIL code: ESN. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: EL SALVADORAN SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: Different from French or Spanish sign languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance SaudiArabianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation SaudiArabianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%SaudiArabianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%SaudiArabia. SIL code: SDL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance SingaporeSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation SingaporeSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%SingaporeSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Singapore. SIL code: SLS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance SlovakianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation SlovakianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%SlovakianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Slovakia. SIL code: SVK. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance SouthAfricanSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation SouthAfricanSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%SouthAfricanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%SouthAfrica. SIL code: SFS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: (12,100 deaf persons including 6,000 Black, 2,000 English white, 2,000 Afrikaans white, 1,200 Coloured, 900 Indian, 1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Comments: The North British sign system was used for the deaf in white English speaking families. In 1881 a school for Afrikaans speaking families was begun using British Sign Language. Several dialects are used unofficially in different schools. There are 9 sign language systems, 60% related to British or Australian sign languages, few to American Sign Language. Sign language is understood to some degree by most deaf people. Some interpreters are provided in courts. The first deaf school was established about 1846. Now there are 29 schools for 4,000 children. There is a Signed Afrikaans.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance SpanishSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation SpanishSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%SpanishSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Spain. SIL code: SSP. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 102,000 (1994). 20,000 members of deaf associations (1986 Gallaudet University). Alternate names: MIMICA. Comments: Small differences throughout Spain with no difficulties in intercommunication, except in Catalonia. Origin unknown, but it is reported that there are influences from American, French, and Mexican sign languages. Some signed interpretation used in court, at important public events. There is sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. Many sign language classes for hearing people. There is a committee on national sign language. There is a manual system for spelling. Dictionary. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 30%. Films, TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance SwedishSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation SwedishSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%SwedishSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Sweden. SIL code: SWL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 8,000 deaf primary users, and the first language of many hearing children of deaf parents (1986 Gallaudet University). Comments: No origins from other sign languages, but it has influenced Portuguese and Finnish sign languages. Intelligible with Norwegian and Danish sign languages with only moderate difficulty. Not intelligible with Finnish Sign Language. Today the deaf are regarded as a bilingual minority. Sign language used since 1800. The first deaf school was established in 1809. There are 5 deaf schools, and they use Swedish Sign Language for instruction in all subjects. Also taught at the University of Stockholm. Many sign language classes for hearing people. Government interpreters assist the deaf in contacts with official and private institutions. There is an organization for sign language teachers. Signed Swedish is distinct. Much research. Dictionary. Grammar. TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance SwissFrenchSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation SwissFrenchSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%SwissFrenchSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Switzerland. SIL code: SSR. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 1,000 (1986 Gallaudet University). Alternate names: LANGAGE GESTUELLE. Comments: Some regional lexical variations in the French area are tied to specific schools. There are local Swiss signs and imported French signs. Sign language is now taught in a bilingual program in Geneva. The status of signing has been low, but is now improving. French Sign Language is used some in the French area. TV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance SwissGermanSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation SwissGermanSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%SwissGermanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Switzerland. SIL code: SGG. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 6,000 (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Alternate names: NATUERLICHE GEBAERDE. Comments: Some regional lexical variations in German areas are tied to specific schools. The status of signing has been low, but is now improving. In schools in the German area there is a strong oralist tradition.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance SwissItalianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation SwissItalianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%SwissItalianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Switzerland. SIL code: SLF. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 200 (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Comments: The status of signing has been low, but is now improving.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance SriLankanSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation SriLankanSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%SriLankanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%SriLanka. SIL code: SQS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: (12,800 deaf persons, 1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Comments: 14 deaf schools. Several sign languages used by different schools. British English fingerspelling also used. Investigation needed: intelligibility.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance TaiwaneseSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation TaiwaneseSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%TaiwaneseSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Taiwan. SIL code: TSS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 30,000 users (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Alternate names: ZIRAN SHOUYU. Dialects: TAIPEI, TAINAN. Comments: 2 major dialects. The sources from which the sign language developed were indigenous sign systems before 1895, Japanese occupation and education 1895-1946, Mainland Chinese Sign Language brought by refugees in 1949 and some from Hong Kong since. 50% lexical similarity with Japanese Sign Language. Quite different from (Mainland) Chinese Sign Language; only a few signs are the same or similar. Not related to Taiwanese languages. Some signs are borrowed from Mandarin through palmwriting. There is also a Signed Mandarin (Wenfa Shouyu).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance TanzanianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation TanzanianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%TanzanianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Tanzania. SIL code: TZA. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Deaf people go to different schools, each using a different sign language. There have been elementary schools for deaf children since 1963. There is a committee on national sign language. Little research.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance ThaiSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation ThaiSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ThaiSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Thailand. SIL code: TSQ. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 51,000 profoundly, prelingually deaf people in Thailand (1997 Charles B. Reilly). 20% of deaf children go to school, where they get the opportunity to learn this language. Region: Major regional centers and Bangkok. Comments: The first deaf school was established in 1951, with influence from Gallaudet University in the USA. It uses a combination of indigneous signs and ASL. Before 1950 Chiangmai and Bangkok had their own separate but related sign languages, and probably other 'urban' areas had their own sign languages, related to present sign languages in parts of Laos and Vietnam, including Haiphong. The signs used at the deaf school at Tak are reported to be very different. Bilingualism in Central Thai. All deaf born since 1951, and some older ones. Total communication used in school: speaking and signing. Reported to be high mobility among most deaf people today. The sign language used in the classroom and that by deaf adults outside is different. There is a manual system for spelling. Dictionary. Literacy rate in second language: Fewer than 10%. Educated deaf people have some Thai literacy skills, but limited. TV. Buddhist.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance TunisianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation TunisianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%TunisianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Tunisia. SIL code: TSE. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Used in a school for the deaf. Used by USA Peace Corps. There are loans from French Sign Language and Italian Sign Language, but it is distinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance TurkishSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation TurkishSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%TurkishSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Turkey (Asia). SIL code: TSM. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance UgandanSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation UgandanSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%UgandanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Uganda. SIL code: UGN. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Region: All over Uganda, but mainly in the towns. Alternate names: USL. Comments: Influences from Kenyan Sign Language and ASL. Knowledge of English is not widespread or deep. There have been elementary schools for deaf children since 1962. Several sign languages became one in 1988. The schools allow sign language in the classroom since 1988. The sign language used in the classroom and that used by adults outside is the same. Some sign language interpreters are provided for deaf people in court. There are a few sign language classes for hearing people. It was recognized as a minority language in 1995. Interpretation provided in parliament from a deaf member. Promotion by the Uganda National Association of the Deaf. USL's prestige is growing. There is a manual alphabet for spelling. Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance UkrainianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation UkrainianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%UkrainianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of the &%Ukraine. SIL code: UKL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance UrubuKaaporSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation UrubuKaaporSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%UrubuKaaporSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: UKS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 7 first language users, 500 second language users (1986 J. Kakumasu). Region: Maranhao. Alternate names: URUBU SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: The deaf are monolingual in sign language. About one out of every 75 persons is deaf. Urubu hearing children grow up knowing both the verbal and the sign systems. OSV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance UruguayanSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation UruguayanSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%UruguayanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Uruguay. SIL code: UGY. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: The sign language has been used since 1910. Used in schools. Sign language interpreters are required in court. Instruction for parents of deaf children. A committee on national sign language, and an organization for sign language teachers. There is a manual alphabet for spelling. Dictionary. TV, videos.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance VenezuelanSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation VenezuelanSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%VenezuelanSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Venezuela. SIL code: VSL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: The sign language used in the classroom is different from the one used by adults outside. There is a national bilingual education program for Venezuelan Sign Language and Spanish. There have been schools for the deaf since 1937, and they use sign language. Deaf people can attend college with a sign language interpreter. There is a manual alphabet for spelling. Dictionary. Grammar.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance YiddishSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation YiddishSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%YiddishSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Israel. SIL code: YDS. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Apparently distinct from Israeli Sign Language. Jewish.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance YucatecMayaSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation YucatecMayaSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%YucatecMayaSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: MSD. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 17 deaf people out of a village of 500 in the primary location (1999 H. Smith). All use sign (1989 Sacks), including hearing people in the village. Region: Concentrated population in south central Yucatan and in smaller groups in the same region, and a sizeable concentration in northern Quintana Roo (1999 H. Smith). Chican, formerly called 'Nohya', Yucatan. An isolated village plus other villages (at least 2 in Oxkutzcab, 4 in Xyatil, 1 in Carillo Puerto) throughout a wide portion of the lowland Mayan region. Kinil is also mentioned (1997 H. Smith). Alternate names: NOHYA SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: Dialects of Yucatan and Quintana Roo probably differ, but users have no contact with each other. There is a report of a person in Guatemala who uses related signs. Not intelligible with Mexican Sign Language used elsewhere in Mexico, or other sign languages. 100% monolingual. 3 years old to 70 years old (1999 H. Smith). 13 adults and 3 children under 5 (1997 H. Smith), plus all hearing people (1989 Sacks). 400 to 500 who use it as a second or third language (1999 H. Smith). Congenital deafness. It is of some antiquity. Investigation needed: intelligibility with dialects. Literacy rate in second language: 0%. Lowland.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance YugoslavianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation YugoslavianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%YugoslavianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Yugoslavia. SIL code: YSL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: 30,000 users out of 60,000 deaf persons in the former larger Yugoslavia (1986 Gallaudet Univ.) Population: total both countries 30,000 (1986 Gallaudet University). Region: Also spoken in Slovenia. Dialects: SERBIAN SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: Origin from deaf schools in Austria and Hungary. There are regional variants, but no problem in comprehension. Since 1979 there have been efforts to standardize. Slovenian Sign Language used in Slovenia is a dialect. First deaf school in 1840, but sign language is not used in schools. Interpreters are furnished in court. TV. Also used in: Slovenia (Language name: YUGOSLAVIAN SIGN LANGUAGE). Dialects: SLOVENIAN SIGN LANGUAGE. Comments: Related to Austrian and Hungarian sign languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance ZambianSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation ZambianSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ZambianSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Zambia. SIL code: ZSL. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance ZimbabweSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation ZimbabweSignLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ZimbabweSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Zimbabwe. SIL code: ZIB. ISO 639-2: sgn. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: ZIMSIGN. Dialects: ZIMBABWE SCHOOL SIGN, MASVINGO SCHOOL SIGN, ZIMBABWE COMMUNITY SIGN. Comments: The sign language used in Masvingo is different from that used in other schools. The sign language used in schools and that used by adults outside is different. It is not clear if they are inherently intelligible to each other. There is some desire for standardization among educators. There are rumors of relationships to sign languages from Germany, Ireland, Australia, England, South Africa. Deaf people go to different schools, each using a different sign language. There have been elementary schools for deaf children since the 1940s. The Ministry of Education has pushed to open more spaces for deaf students in special classes in local schools. There is little research on the sign language. The deaf community is quite strong in terms of individual identity. They live their lives around deaf social networks and activities. There is a manual alphabet used for spelling English, possibly related to that in South Africa. Literacy in English is better among some deaf people than others, but generally limited. It is quite limited in Shona, mainly known by those from Masvingo. TV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; B. SPOKEN HUMAN LANGUAGES ;; a. ARTIFICIAL LANGUAGES (3 Languages) (instance EsperantoLanguage ArtificialLanguage) (documentation EsperantoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%EsperantoLanguage is an &%ArtificialLanguage. SIL code: ESP. ISO 639-1: eo. ISO 639-2: epo. Population: 200 to 2,000 people who speak it as first language (1996), 2,000,000 users (1999 WA). Region: Speakers in about 115 countries, used most widely in central and eastern Europe, China and other countries in eastern Asia, certain areas of South America and southwest Asia. Alternate names: LA LINGVO INTERNACIA. Comments: All ages. Was developed from 1872 to 1885 by L.L. Zamenhof of Warsaw Poland for intercommunication by mother tongue speakers of other languages. SVO, prepositions, genitives, relatives after noun heads, articles, adjectives, numerals before noun heads, question word initial, accusative -n, dative -al affixes mark tense, passive with esti = passive participle, causative -ig, comparative word, non-tonal. Christian, Baha'i, Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Shinto, Taoist, tribal religions, none. Bible 1900-1910.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance EuropantoLanguage ArtificialLanguage) (documentation EuropantoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%EuropantoLanguage is an &%ArtificialLanguage of &%Belgium. SIL code: EUR. ISO 639-2: art. Population: No estimate available. Region: Brussels, European Union buildings. Comments: A mixture of elements from some of the main European languages, for use among members of the European Union. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance InterlinguaLanguage ArtificialLanguage) (documentation InterlinguaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%InterlinguaLanguage is an &%ArtificialLanguage. SIL code: INR. ISO 639-1: ia. ISO 639-2: ina. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: INTERLINGUA DE IALA. Comments: A latinate language devised by Alexander Gode around 1950, and published by the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA). Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; b. CREOLE LANGUAGES (81 Languages) (subclass CreoleLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation CreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%CreoleLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage that has developed and become the mother tongue for a community of people. This process is called 'creolization' and results in an expanded vocabulary and grammar structure that allow for communication as rich and complex as that of non-creole languages. While pidgins are regarded as reduced languages, creoles are considered expanded languages. That is, while pidgins develop to enable communication in relatively isolated domains, creoles allow for a full range of expressive possibilities on a par with more 'recognized' languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; AFRIKAANS-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (2 Languages) (subclass AfrikaansBasedCreoleLanguage CreoleLanguage) (documentation AfrikaansBasedCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%AfrikaansBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%AfrikaansLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance OorlamsLanguage AfrikaansBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation OorlamsLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%OorlamsLanguage is an &%AfrikaansBasedCreoleLanguage of &%SouthAfrica. SIL code: OOR. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: No estimate available. Comments: There are mother tongue speakers. It also includes some Bantu words. There are a large number of small colonies of Africans.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance TsotsitaalLanguage AfrikaansBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation TsotsitaalLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TsotsitaalLanguage is an &%AfrikaansBasedCreoleLanguage of &%SouthAfrica. SIL code: FLY. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: It had tens of thousands of primary users, hundreds of thousands of second language users (1984 Gilbert and Makhudu). Region: In African townships around Johannesburg, Pretoria, Bloemfontein and other cities. Alternate names: FLY TAAL, FLAAI TAAL. Comments: Not intelligible to Afrikaans speakers. Uses many Afrikaans, English, and Bantu words, and others of unknown origin. Originated in the gold mines in Transvaal from 1886. Creolized by 1930. Used until the 1970s or 1980s. 'Tsotsitaal' means 'speech of young gang member, criminal, or thug.' Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ARABIC-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (3 Languages) (subclass ArabicBasedCreoleLanguage CreoleLanguage) (documentation ArabicBasedCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%ArabicBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of a dialect of the &%ArabicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance BabaliaCreoleArabicLanguage ArabicBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation BabaliaCreoleArabicLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BabaliaCreoleArabicLanguage is an &%ArabicBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Chad. SIL code: BBZ. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 3,937 (1993 census). Region: West. Chari Baguirmi Prefecture, N'Djamena Subprefecture. North of Djermaya and between Karal and Tourba. Possibly also in the Bokoro Subprefecture around Ngoura. 23 villages. Alternate names: BABALIA, BUBALIA, BABALIYA. Comments: A creole developed from Chadian Arabic (90% of the vocabulary) and Berakou (10%, Decobert). The original language of the ethnic group was Berakou. Babalia shares structural similarities with Juba Arabic. There is a post-creole continuum from Chadian Arabic to the Bagirmian basilect. The ethnic group is called 'Babalia.' Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance NubiLanguage ArabicBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation BabaliaCreoleArabicLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NubiLanguage is an &%ArabicBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Uganda. SIL code: KCN. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 14,739 in Uganda (1991 census). Population total both countries 25,000. Region: Bombo, 30 miles north of Kampala, Arua, and elsewhere in Uganda. Also spoken in Kenya. Alternate names: KINUBI, KI-NUBI. Comments: Descendants of Emin Pasha's troops. Formerly a soldier language, which split off from Sudanese Pidgin Arabic about 1900.There are conflicting reports of intelligibility with Sudanese Creole Arabic. 90% of the lexicon is from Arabic. Traders. Muslim. Also spoken in: Kenya (Language name: NUBI). Population: 10,000 in Kenya, including 3,000 to 6,000 in Kibera. Alternate names: KI-NUBI, KINUBI. Comments: Speakers use Swahili for out-group communication and Nubi for in-group communication, with a stable bilingualism. 30% can also use English. Non-Nubi wives of Nubi men are expected to learn Nubi. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Sudanese Creole Arabic. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: Below 5%. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance SudaneseCreoleArabicLanguage ArabicBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation BabaliaCreoleArabicLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SudaneseCreoleArabicLanguage is an &%ArabicBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Sudan. SIL code: PGA. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 20,000 first language and 44,000 second language speakers in Juba alone (1987 estimate). Region: Southern Sudan, in the towns and many villages all over Equatoria Region, and up into Bahr al Ghazal and Upper Nile regions. Refugees have gone to other countries. Alternate names: JUBA ARABIC, SOUTHERN SUDAN ARABIC, PIDGIN ARABIC. Comments: Difficult intelligibility with Nubi, Sudanese Arabic, or Modern Standard Arabic. Also used as the major language of communication among speakers of different languages in Equatoria, south of Wau and Malakal. Used in many church services as first or second language in Juba and a few other towns. Many school teachers use it at least part of the time. Most people in towns speak at least two languages, and it is common for them to speak Creole Arabic, English, and 1, 2, or 3 vernaculars. Creole Arabic is gaining at the expense of English and the vernaculars, although most people keep their vernaculars as first, or at least second language. Trade language. SVO, tonal. Muslim, Christian. Bible portions 1983-1985.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ASSAMESE-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (1 Language) (subclass AssameseBasedCreoleLanguage CreoleLanguage) (documentation AssameseBasedCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%AssameseBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%AssameseLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance NagaPidginLanguage AssameseBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation NagaPidginLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NagaPidginLanguage is an &%AssameseBasedCreoleLanguage of &%India. SIL code: NAG. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: Used by most of the 500,000 speakers of 29 Naga languages as second language (1989 J. Holm). Region: Nagaland, especially Kohima District, Dimapur Subdivision, bordering areas of Arunachal Pradesh. Alternate names: NAGAMESE, NAGA-ASSAMESE, NAGA CREOLE ASSAMESE, KACHARI BENGALI, BODO. Comments: A variety farthest from Assamese is spoken by the Yimchenger Naga, and varieties closest to Assamese by the Angami Naga, and around Dimapur and Kohima. Mother tongue for the Kachari in and around Dimapur, a small community, and among children of interethnic marriages. Classroom textbooks (1992). Trade language. Grammar. An official medium of instruction in schools. Mountains.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; DUTCH-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (4 Languages) (subclass DutchBasedCreoleLanguage CreoleLanguage) (documentation ArabicBasedCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%DutchBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%DutchLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance BerbiceCreoleDutchLanguage DutchBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation BerbiceCreoleDutchLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BerbiceCreoleDutchLanguage is a &%DutchBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Guyana. SIL code: BRC. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 4 or 5 speakers (1993 S. Kouwenberg), 15 with limited competence (1989 J. Holm). Region: Berbice River area. Comments: Speakers claim it is not inherently intelligible with Skepi or Rupununi. About 1/3 of the basic lexicon and, most of the productive morphology is from Eastern Ijo in Nigeria; most of the rest of the lexicon is from Dutch, 10% loans from Arawak and Guyanese Creole English. Speakers are bilingual in Guyanese, which has influenced Berbice considerably. Grammar. SVO. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance DutchCreoleLanguage DutchBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation DutchCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%DutchCreoleLanguage is a &%DutchBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%UnitedStatesVirginIslands. SIL code: DCR. ISO 639-2: crp. Region: Formerly in Leeward Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, St. John, Puerto Rico. Alternate names: NEGERHOLLANDS. Comments: The last speaker died recently. There may be some remaining second language speakers. Extinct. NT 1781-1833.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance PetjoLanguage DutchBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation PetjoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PetjoLanguage is a &%DutchBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Indonesia. SIL code: PEY. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: No estimate available. Region: Djakarta (Batavia), Java. Alternate names: PETJOH, PECOK. Comments: Influences from Dutch, Javanese, and Betawi. Little is known of this language. May be a pidgin or mixed language, rather than a creole.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance SkepiCreoleDutchLanguage DutchBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation SkepiCreoleDutchLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SkepiCreoleDutchLanguage is a &%DutchBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Guyana. SIL code: SKW. ISO 639-2: crp. Region: Essequibo region. Dialects: ESSEQUIBO. Comments: Speakers said it was not inherently intelligible with Berbice or Rupununi. 52% lexical similarity with Berbice. Became extinct by 1998. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ENGLISH-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (30 Languages) (subclass EnglishBasedCreoleLanguage CreoleLanguage) (documentation EnglishBasedCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%EnglishBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%EnglishLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ATLANTIC ENGLISH-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (22 Languages) (subclass AtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage EnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation AtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%AtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage is an &%EnglishBasedCreoleLanguage that evolved in areas in and near the &%AtlanticOcean.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; UNCLASSIFIED ATLANTIC ENGLISH-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (1 Language) (instance SamanaEnglishLanguage AtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation SamanaEnglishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SamanaEnglishLanguage is an &%AtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%DominicanRepublic. SIL code: SAX. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 8,000 (1989 J. Holm). Region: Samana Peninsula, northeastern Dominican Republic. Comments: Spanish is used as second language. Some use Haitian Creole. A community of descendants of ex-USA slaves settled in 1824. It is reported that there was a settlement of African slaves here in the early 1500s. It may not be a creole, but a regional variety of uncreolized English. There are features of creolization and archaic Black English.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; EASTERN ATLANTIC ENGLISH-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (11 Languages) (subclass EasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage AtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation EasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%EasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage is an &%AtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage that evolved in eastern areas of the &%AtlanticOcean.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; NORTHEASTERN ATLANTIC ENGLISH-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (3 Languages) (subclass NorthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage EasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation NorthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%NorthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage is an &%EasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage that evolved in northern areas near the eastern &%AtlanticOcean.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance AfroSeminoleCreoleLanguage NorthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation AfroSeminoleCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AfroSeminoleCreoleLanguage is a &%NorthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: AFS. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: No estimate available. Region: Bracketville, Texas and El Nacimiento, Coahuila, Mexico. Alternate names: AFRO-SEMINOLE, SEMINOLE, BLACK SEMINOLE. Dialects: TEXAS, MEXICO. Comments: Separated from coastal Sea Islands Creole between 1690 and 1760. Similar to Sea Islands Creole of USA and Bahamas Creole. 90% lexical similarity with Sea Islands Creole. Speakers use English or Spanish as second language. No speakers left in Oklahoma. 'Probably absorbed by Bahamian on Andros Island, and by Spanish in Cuba.' Also spoken in: Mexico. (Language name: AFRO-SEMINOLE CREOLE). Population: Several hundred (1990). Alternate names: AFRO-SEMINOLE, AFRO-SEMINOL CRIOLLO. Dialects: MEXICO AFRO-SEMINOLE. Comments: Separated from coastal Sea Islands Creole between 1690 and 1760. 'The variety in Mexico has not been described' (J. Holm 1989:496). Similar to Bahamas Creole. 90% lexical similarity with Sea Islands Creole. Bilingualism in Spanish. Only spoken by older people in Nacimiento.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance BahamasCreoleEnglishLanguage NorthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation BahamasCreoleEnglishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BahamasCreoleEnglishLanguage is a &%NorthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%Bahamas. SIL code: BAH. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 225,000 or 86.5% of population (1987). Population total both countries 225,000. Region: Also spoken in USA. Alternate names: BAHAMIAN CREOLE ENGLISH, BAHAMIAN DIALECT. Comments: Intelligible with Sea Islands Creole good. Very close to Sea Islands Creole and Afro-Seminole of USA (Ian Hancock). The major differences with Sea Islands are in phonology, a few words, regional expressions, and a few grammatical differences (verbal markers). There is a spectrum of varieties from Standard USA English usage to the creole (Todd and Hancock 1986). Dictionary. Another orthography may be needed, since there were negative responses to the Sea Islands orthography presently in use. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance SeaIslandCreoleEnglishLanguage NorthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation SeaIslandCreoleEnglishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SeaIslandCreoleEnglishLanguage is a &%NorthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: GUL. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 125,000 speakers (1977 I. Hancock), including 7,000 to 10,000 monolinguals, and 10,000 in New York City (1989 J. Holm). Region: Coastal region from Jacksonville, North Carolina to Jacksonville, Florida, and especially on the Sea Islands off the Georgia coast. Small clusters in New York City and Detroit. Alternate names: GULLAH, GEECHEE. Dialects: NORTHEAST FLORIDA COAST, GEORGIA, SOUTH CAROLINA. Comments: Intelligibility with other English based creoles is undetermined. Very close to Bahamas Creole and Afro-Seminole. 90% lexical similarity with Afro-Seminole. In limited contact with English, and barely understandable with Standard English. Government bilingual education program begun. Vigorous. Linguistic influences from Fula, Mende, upper Guinea coast, Gambia River area (I. Hancock 1987). Scholars have been predicting its demise for 100 years (W. Stewart). Investigation needed: intelligibility with Bahamas Creole, Afro-Seminole. Dictionary. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Swamps, coastal plains. Agriculturalists: rice, cotton. Bible portions 1994.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SOUTH EASTERN ATLANTIC ENGLISH-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (7 Languages) (subclass SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage EasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage is an &%EasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage that evolved in southern areas near the eastern &%AtlanticOcean.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance BajanLanguage SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation BajanLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BajanLanguage is a &%SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Barbados. SIL code: BJS. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 259,000 (1995 estimate). Alternate names: BARBADIAN CREOLE ENGLISH. Comments: There is a basilectal variety spoken in a fishing village (Roy 1986). The speech of the poor and less educated is similar to the mesolect in nearby countries. Increasingly influenced by USA rather than United Kingdom English (Todd and Hancock 1986). Fewer than 20 lexical items are traceable to African origin (Niles 1980:148). Shares lexical features with Caribbean creoles. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance GuyaneseCreoleEnglishLanguage SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation GuyaneseCreoleEnglishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GuyaneseCreoleEnglishLanguage is a &%SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Guyana. SIL code: GYN. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 650,000 possibly (250,000 Blacks and 400,000 Hindustanis). Population total all countries: 700,000. Region: Georgetown, coast, and Rupununi River area. There may be some in French Guiana. Also spoken in Suriname, USA. Alternate names: CREOLESE, GUYANESE CREOLE. Dialects: AFRO-GUYANESE CREOLE, RUPUNUNI, INDO-GUYANESE CREOLE. Comments: It may be intelligible with other English based creoles of the Caribbean. Closest to creoles of Windward and Leeward Islands and Tobago. Rupununi may be a separate language. Speakers of Rupununi, Berbice Creole Dutch, and Skepi Creole Dutch claim they are not inherently intelligible with each other. It will remain the home language and be used alongside Standard English (M. Adler 1977). There is a creole continuum with Standard English. The first or second language of most people, but it has no official status. Grammar. Also spoken in: Suriname. (Language name: GUYANESE CREOLE ENGLISH.) Population: 50,000 in Suriname (1986 SIL). Alternate names: CREOLESE, GUYANESE CREOLE. Comments: Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance LeewardCaribbeanCreoleEnglishLanguage SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation LeewardCaribbeanCreoleEnglishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LeewardCaribbeanCreoleEnglishLanguage is a &%SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%AntiguaAndBarbuda. SIL code: AIG. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 65,100, including 64,000 in Antigua, 1,100 in Barbuda (1990). Population total all countries: 120,370. Region: Antigua and Barbuda. Also spoken in Anguilla, Dominica, Montserrat, St. Kitts-Nevis, United Kingdom. Dialects: ANTIGUAN CREOLE ENGLISH, BARBUDA CREOLE ENGLISH. Comments: Closest to Barbuda, St. Kitts, Montserrat, Nevis. Most villagers deny the existence of a creole, although they speak it. There is a creole continuum with Standard English. Agriculturalists: sugarcane. Also spoken in: Anguilla. (Language name: LEEWARD CARIBBEAN CREOLE ENGLISH.) Population: 7,000 in Anguilla (1998). Dialects: ANGUILLAN CREOLE ENGLISH. Comments: Reported to be close to the creoles of Antigua, St. Kitts, Nevis, Montserrat, and Barbuda (Holm 1989:450-1). Slightly intelligible with Jamaican and perhaps Bahamas creoles. Agriculturalists, fishermen. Christian. Also spoken in: Dominica. (Language name: LEEWARD CARIBBEAN CREOLE ENGLISH.) Dialects: KOKOY. Comments: Grammar closest to basilectal Antiguan or Jamaican (Pauline Christie 1998). People use it with Jamaicans and some others Caribbean people, but not with non-Caribbean people. Also spoken in: Montserrat. (Language name: LEEWARD CARIBBEAN CREOLE ENGLISH.) Population: 10,000. Dialects: MONTSERRAT CREOLE ENGLISH. Comments: Montserrat variety is closest to St. Kitts, Nevis, Antigua (Ian Hancock). Montserrat has a creole continuum with Standard English. Agriculturalists: cotton. Also spoken in: St. Kitts-Nevis. (Language name: LEEWARD CARIBBEAN CREOLE ENGLISH.) Population: 39,000 in St. Kitts. Dialects: ST. KITTS CREOLE ENGLISH (KITTITIAN CREOLE ENGLISH). Comments: Closest to Montserrat, Antigua, Barbuda. There is a creole continuum with Standard English. Investigation needed: intelligibility with St. Kitts and Nevis. Agriculturalists: sugarcane.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance TobagonianCreoleEnglishLanguage SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation TobagonianCreoleEnglishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TobagonianCreoleEnglishLanguage is a &%SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%TrinidadAndTobago. SIL code: TGH. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 36,000 (1990 estimate). Not known if population is of speakers or the ethnic group. Region: Tobago. Alternate names: TOBAGONIAN DIALECT. Comments: Closest to Grenada, St. Vincent. Slightly intelligible with Jamaican and perhaps Bahamas creoles. Investigation needed: intelligibility with regional dialects, bilingual proficiency in English. Dictionary. Plains, hills, low mountains.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance TrinidadianCreoleEnglishLanguage SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation TrinidadianCreoleEnglishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TrinidadianCreoleEnglishLanguage is a &%SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%TrinidadAndTobago. SIL code: TRF. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: No estimate available. Region: Trinidad. Comments: Investigation needed: intelligibility with regional varieties, bilingual proficiency in English. Dictionary. Grammar. Plains, hills, low mountains.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance VirginIslandsCreoleEnglishLanguage SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation VirginIslandsCreoleEnglishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%VirginIslandsCreoleEnglishLanguage is a &%SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%UnitedStatesVirginIslands. SIL code: VIB. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 52,250 (1980 WA). Population total all countries 64,250. Region: Also spoken in British Virgin Islands, Guadeloupe, Netherlands Antilles. Dialects: CRUZAN. Comments: St. Croix, St. Eustatius, St. John, and Saba are closest. Slightly intelligible with Jamaican and perhaps Bahamas Creole. Alleyne says it is post-creole English. Dictionary. Also spoken in: British Virgin Islands. (Language name: VIRGIN ISLANDS CREOLE ENGLISH.) Population: 12,000 in British Virgin Islands (1987). Comments: Coexists with English in a fairly stable diglossic relationship (Holm 1989:455). Also spoken in: Guadeloupe. (Language name: VIRGIN ISLANDS CREOLE ENGLISH.) Dialects: ST. BARTH CREOLE ENGLISH. Also spoken in: Netherlands Antilles. (Language name: VIRGIN ISLANDS CREOLE ENGLISH.) Population: 12,700 including 10,000 on St. Maarten, 1,100 on Saba, 1,600 on St. Eustatius. Dialects: ST. MAARTEN CREOLE ENGLISH.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance WindwardCaribbeanCreoleEnglishLanguage SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation WindwardCaribbeanCreoleEnglishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WindwardCaribbeanCreoleEnglishLanguage is a &%SouthEasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%StVincentAndTheGrenadines. SIL code: SVG. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 138,000 (1989 J. Holm). Population total both countries: 251,000. Dialects: VINCENTIAN CREOLE ENGLISH. Comments: Closest to Grenada, Tobago. Slightly intelligible with Jamaican and perhaps Bahamas creoles. May have some French influence, although the former French creole used here is virtually gone. J. Holm says it is the only folk language (1989:457). Also spoken in: Grenada. Language name: WINDWARD CARIBBEAN CREOLE ENGLISH. Population: 113,000 (Holm 1989:458). Dialects: GRENADA CREOLE ENGLISH (CARRIACOU CREOLE ENGLISH). Comments: Closest to St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and Tobago. M. Alleyne says it is a post-creole English with French creole influence, no longer a creole. R. Kephart says Carriacou is a creole English. J. Holm says the creole predominates in Grenada (1989:458). Grammar. See main entry under St. Vincent and the Grenadines.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance TurksAndCaicosCreoleEnglishLanguage EasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation TurksAndCaicosCreoleEnglishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TurksAndCaicosCreoleEnglishLanguage is an &%EasternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%TurksAndCaicosIslands. SIL code: TCH. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 10,730 (1995). Comments: This variety has not been studied, but it may be related to Bahamas creole (Holm 1989:489). Agriculturalists: cotton.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; KRIO GROUP LANGUAGES (4 Languages) (subclass KrioGroupLanguage AtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation KrioGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%KrioGroupLanguage is any of four &%AtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguages, including &%KrioLanguage, spoken in West Africa.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance FernandoPoCreoleEnglishLanguage KrioGroupLanguage) (documentation FernandoPoCreoleEnglishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%FernandoPoCreoleEnglishLanguage is a &%KrioGroupLanguage of &%EquatorialGuinea. SIL code: FPE. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 5,000 mother tongue speakers (1998 S. Smith SIL), 1.25% of the population, plus 70,000 or 17.5% who speak it as trade language. Region: North central Bioko Island (Fernando Po), 6 communities in or near Malabo: Musola, Las Palmas, Sampaca, Basupu, Fiston, Balveri de Cristo Rey. Alternate names: PIDGINGLIS, FERNANDINO, FERNANDO PO KRIO, CRIOLLO. Comments: Pidginglis may be a separate language from Krio. About 1,000 are monolingual. Language of instruction in school is Spanish. English and some Bubi are also used. Speakers came from Sierra Leone in 1827. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Krio, attitudes. Trade language. Literacy rate in second language: 75% in Spanish, none in Krio. Tropical forest. Volcanic island. Agriculturalists. 0 to 1,000 feet. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance KrioLanguage KrioGroupLanguage) (documentation KrioLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KrioLanguage is a &%KrioGroupLanguage of &%SierraLeone. SIL code: KRI. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 472,600 in Sierra Leone (1993), or 10% of the population are first language speakers (1987 Frederick Jones). Possibly 4,000,000 or 95% of the remainder are second language users (1987 F. Jones). Population total all countries: 478,000 or more. Region: Communities in Freetown, on the Peninsula, on the Banana Islands, York Island, in Bonthe, by de-tribalized Sierra Leoneans and as the lingua franca throughout the country. Also spoken in Gambia, Guinea, Senegal. Alternate names: CREOLE, PATOIS. Dialects: AKU. Comments: Krio and Jamaican Creole, and Krio and Sea Islands Creole may have some interintelligibility. Domains of use include education, urban and town living, every-day life. Dominant language of the younger generation. Vigorous. Spoken more in provincial towns than in villages, and for inter-ethnic communication. Possibly half the speakers use Krio in their workplace. It is the formal language for those who do not speak English. Second language users prefer their indigenous languages for informal situations. Mother tongue Krio speakers are mainly descendents of repatriated slaves from Jamaica. There is linguistic influence from Yoruba (I. Hancock 1987). Language of wider communication. Literacy rate in second language: Fewer than 15% in English. Taught as an elective from primary to college level. Traditional religion, Christian. NT 1986-1992.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance NigerianPidginLanguage KrioGroupLanguage) (documentation NigerianPidginLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NigerianPidginLanguage is a &%KrioGroupLanguage of &%Nigeria. SIL code: PCM. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: No estimate available. Region: Southern states and in Sabon Garis of the northern states, coastal and urban areas. Alternate names: NIGERIAN CREOLE ENGLISH, NIGERIAN PIDGIN ENGLISH. Dialects: LAGOS PIDGIN, DELTA PIDGIN, CROSS RIVER PIDGIN, BENIN PIDGIN. Comments: No unified standard. The dialects listed may be very different from each other. Partially intelligible with Krio of Sierra Leone and Cameroon Pidgin. Used in novels, plays, advertising. Increasing in importance and use. It is a creole with native speakers, as well as used as a pidgin between Africans and Europeans, and Africans from different languages. Trade language. Grammar. No unified orthography. Poetry, radio programs, TV. Bible portions 1957.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance CameroonPidginLanguage KrioGroupLanguage) (documentation CameroonPidginLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CameroonPidginLanguage is a &%KrioGroupLanguage of &%Cameroon. SIL code: WES. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: (2,000,000 mainly second language users, 1989 UBS). Region: Primarily in South West and North West provinces, and widespread elsewhere. Alternate names: WES COS, CAMEROON CREOLE ENGLISH. Comments: Similar to Krio of Sierra Leone and Pidgin English of various West African countries, probably an offshoot of 19th century Krio. Also similar to Sranan (Ian Hancock). There are dialect variations. A growing number of first language speakers. Used by the police, prisons, urban school children at play since 1884. Now the most widespread lingua franca in Cameroon, used by about half the population (Todd and Hancock 1986). Trade language. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: Below 5%. Bible portions 1966.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SURINAME ENGLISH-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (3 Languages) (subclass SurinameEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage AtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation SurinameEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%SurinameEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage is any of three &%AtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguages spoken in &%Suriname.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; NDYUKA LANGUAGES (2 Languages) (subclass NdyukaLanguage SurinameEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation NdyukaLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%NdyukaLanguage are two closely-related &%SurinameEnglishBasedCreoleLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance AukanLanguage NdyukaLanguage) (documentation AukanLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AukanLanguage is a &%NdyukaLanguage of &%Suriname. SIL code: DJK. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 15,542 in Suriname, including 14,353 Aukan, 33 Aluku, 1,156 Paramaccan (1980 census). Population total both countries: 21,500 or more. Region: Eastern along the Marowijne and Tapanahony rivers, northeastern along the Cottica River. Aluku are along the French Guiana border and in French Guiana. Paramaccan are in northeast Suriname. Also spoken in French Guiana. Alternate names: NDYUKA, NDJUKA, NJUKA, 'DJUKA', 'DJOEKA', AUKAANS, OKANISI. Dialects: AUKAN, ALUKU (ALOEKOE, BONI), PARAMACCAN. Comments: Kwinti is further removed from Aukan than are Aluku and Paramaccan. The society was formed by escaped slaves. Subsistence and economy is Amerindian, social culture and religion are West African. Aluku has more French influence than Paramaccan does. Any spelling of Ndyuka without the initial nasal is considered derogatory. 'Aukan' is English, 'Aukaans' is Dutch. Dictionary. Grammar. Tonal. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Traditional religion, Christian. NT 1999.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance KwintiLanguage NdyukaLanguage) (documentation KwintiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KwintiLanguage is a &%NdyukaLanguage of &%Suriname. SIL code: KWW. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 133 living in villages in Suriname (1980 census). Region: North central, along the Coppename River, upstream from Carib villages in Kaimanstan and Witagron. Comments: Further removed from Ndyuka than Aluku and Paramaccan. Probably needs literature adapted from Ndyuka. Traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance SrananLanguage SurinameEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation SrananLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SrananLanguage is a &%SurinameEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Suriname. SIL code: SRN. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 120,000 or more first language speakers in Suriname or 30% of the population (1993 SIL), 400,000 including second language speakers (1993). Population total all countries: 120,000 or more. Region: Mainly in Paramaribo and along the coast. Also spoken in Aruba, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles. Alternate names: SRANAN TONGO, TAKI-TAKI, SURINAAMS, SURINAMESE, SURINAME CREOLE ENGLISH. Comments: Similar to Ndyuka, but there are cultural differences. Also has many similarities to Krio of Sierra Leone. Bilingualism in Dutch. Some literature. The lingua franca of 80% of the population of the country, including the Hindustanis, Javanese, Chinese, American Indians, and Bush Negroes. Language of wider communication. Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Christian, traditional religion. Bible 1997.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; WESTERN ATLANTIC ENGLISH-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (11 Languages) (subclass WesternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage AtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation WesternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%WesternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage is an &%AtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage that evolved in western areas of the &%AtlanticOcean.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance BayIslandsCreoleEnglishLanguage WesternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation BayIslandsCreoleEnglishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BayIslandsCreoleEnglishLanguage is a &%WesternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Honduras. SIL code: BYH. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 13,000 first language speakers, including 10,000 on the Bay Islands, and 3,000 on the north coast (1998 estimate). Region: Bay Islands (Guanaja, Roatan, Utila), north coast including La Ceiba and Puerto Cortes, and some in the Mosquitia. Dialects: CALABASH BIGHT. Comments: Ross Graham says creole influence is wider than has been reported and still needs to be addressed (1996). They understand at least some of San Andres Creole (Colombia). They may not understand Limon Creole (Costa Rica), and they say Jamaican is different. A 'stronger dialect' in Calabash Bight needs investigation. The variety on the north coast is reported to be a creole. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Calabash Bight, North Coast, San Andres, Limon, Belize.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance NorthernCentralAmericaCreoleEnglishLanguage WesternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation NorthernCentralAmericaCreoleEnglishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NorthernCentralAmericaCreoleEnglishLanguage is a &%WesternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Belize. SIL code: BZI. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 55,051 first language speakers in Belize (1991 census). 158,000 including second language speakers (1990 estimate). Population total all countries: 137,000 or more. Region: Most live in Belize City, but nearly everyone else in Belize is either a first or second language speaker of Creole. Many of the rural villages are Creole-speaking. Creole people tend to live along the coast or other waterways. It is the lingua franca in much of the country. Also spoken in Colombia, Nicaragua, USA. Dialects: BELIZE CREOLE ENGLISH (KRIOL, CREOLA). Comments: Reported to be very close to Miskito coast, Rama Cay, and Islander (San Andres) creoles, Jamaican creole is different in grammar. Historically an extension of Miskito Coast Creole. Dahufra was a creole used in the 16th to 18th centuries. Spoken by creoles and people of East Indian descent, used everywhere in most areas of life. Used in advertisements. People have a positive attitude toward Creole. There is popular support for development. Dictionary. Jamaican creole is different in orthography. Newspapers, radio programs, TV. Timber, agriculturalists, fishermen, industrial workers, construction industry, business, commerce, government, teachers. Also spoken in: Colombia. Language name: NORTHERN CENTRAL AMERICA CREOLE ENGLISH. Population: 12,000 to 18,000 (1981 SIL) out of total San Andres population of 30,000 (1989 J. Holm). Dialects: ISLANDER CREOLE ENGLISH (SAN ANDRES CREOLE, BENDE). Comments: There is reported to be a 'deep Creole'. Very close to Belize Creole English. Standard English is used among the most highly educated. Probably the first language of the majority of the Islanders. Creole is considered appropriate for oral purposes only in popular thinking. Literacy rate in second language: 90% Spanish, 80% English. Providencia: mountains, San Andres: plains. Also spoken in: Nicaragua. (Language name: NORTHERN CENTRAL AMERICA CREOLE ENGLISH.) Population: 30,000 or more (1986 Carrier Pidgin), 23.5% of the coastal population (1989 J. Holm). Includes 625 speakers of Rama Cay Creole (1989 Holm). Dialects: MISKITO COAST CREOLE ENGLISH (BLUEFIELDS CREOLE ENGLISH), RAMA CAY CREOLE ENGLISH. Comments: Bilingualism in English, Spanish. The first language of the Creole people and most Carib, the second language of most Miskito and some Spanish speakers. Speakers consider English to be their standard language, but identify with the creole.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance SouthwesternCaribbeanCreoleEnglishLanguage WesternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation SouthwesternCaribbeanCreoleEnglishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SouthwesternCaribbeanCreoleEnglishLanguage is a &%WesternAtlanticEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Jamaica. SIL code: JAM. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 2,544,000 in Jamaica (1995 estimate). Population total all countries 2,699,000 or more. Region: Also spoken in Canada, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Panama, United Kingdom, USA. Dialects: JAMAICAN CREOLE ENGLISH (PATWA, PATOIS, BONGO TALK, QUASHIE TALK). Comments: The extreme varieties and Standard English are inherently unintelligible to each other's speakers (Voegelin and Voegelin, LePage, Adler). It may be partly intelligible to speakers of Cameroons Pidgin and Krio of Sierra Leone, spoken by descendants of Jamaicans repatriated between 1787 and 1860. Inherently intelligible to speakers of creoles in Panama and Costa Rica. Reported to be very close to Creole of Belize, close to Grenada, St. Vincent, different from Tobago, very different from Guyana, Barbados, Leeward and Windward Islands. 25% lexical similarity with Guyanese, 13% with Belizean, 9% with Trinidadian, 8% with Barbadian, 5% with Nicaraguan. Most speakers have some competence in Standard English. Education is in Standard English. Extreme vitality. Creole is the dominant language and gaining in prestige. Continuum of speech from the distinct creole to provincial Standard English of town dwellers. Most speakers believe that they speak Standard English. Linguistic influences from Akan in Ghana and Bantu (I. Hancock 1988). Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in second language: High in English. Also spoken in: Costa Rica. (Language name: SOUTHWESTERN CARIBBEAN CREOLE ENGLISH.) Population: 55,100 in Costa Rica, 2% of the population (1986). Dialects: LIMON CREOLE ENGLISH (LIMONESE CREOLE, MEKITELYU). Comments: Jamaican migrants settled in Limon about the middle of the 19th Century, as they also did in Panama, so those varieties are close. Some say they do not understand Islander Creole of San Andres. Comprehension of Standard English is somewhat limited. All ages. Vigorous among themselves. Creole is not considered proper for literary purposes. They consider Jamaican Creole to be more 'broken' than their own. Also spoken in: Panama. (Language name: SOUTHWESTERN CARIBBEAN CREOLE ENGLISH.) Population: 100,000 to 299,600 in Panama, 14% of the population (1986). Dialects: PANAMANIAN CREOLE ENGLISH (PANAMA ENGLISH CREOLE, GUARI-GUARI). Comments: Ancestors came from Barbados and Jamaica in mid-19th century to work in fruit plantations, and later to build the railway and canal. Influences from both eastern and western Caribbean creole English. Formerly education was in English, but is now in Spanish.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; PACIFIC ENGLISH-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (22 Languages) (subclass PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage EnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage is an &%EnglishBasedCreoleLanguage that evolved in areas in and near the &%PacificOcean.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance BislamaLanguage PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation BislamaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BislamaLanguage is a &%PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Vanuatu. SIL code: BCY. ISO 639-1: bi. ISO 639-2: bis. Population: The majority of the population of 128,000 understands and uses it as a lingua franca. There are some first language speakers. Population total both countries: 1,200 or more. Alternate names: BICHELAMAR. Comments: Unlike Tok Pisin (Papua New Guinea) and Pijin (Solomon Islands) there are some French loan words. Partially intelligible with Pijin and Tok Pisin. Widely used in commerce, government, internal dealings. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Newspapers. Bible 1998. Also spoken in: New Caledonia. (Language name: BISLAMA.) Population: 1,200 in New Caledonia (1982 SIL). Alternate names: BICHELAMAR. Comments: Bible in press (1996).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance HawaiiCreoleEnglishLanguage PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation HawaiiCreoleEnglishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%HawaiiCreoleEnglishLanguage is a &%PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: HAW. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 600,000 speakers or more, half of the state population (1986 M. Forman), including 100,000 to 200,000 who have limited control of Standard English and near Standard English (1986 M. Forman). Another 100,000 speakers on the USA mainland. There are many second language users. The population of Hawaii is 1,185,497 (1999 census). Region: All the Hawaiian Islands, USA mainland (especially the west coast, Las Vegas, and Orlando). Alternate names: PIDGIN, HAWAI'I PIDGIN, HCE. Comments: The basilect (heavy creole) is barely intelligible with Standard English (H. McKaughan and M. Forman 1982). Bilingualism in English, Hawaiian, Hakka, Cantonese, Japanese, Korean, Tagalog, Ilocano, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Portuguese, Spanish, Samoan. 50% of children in Hawaii do not speak English as mother tongue when entering school. Most of these speak HCE as mother tongue. Used in courts by officers, jurors, plaintiffs, defendants, witnesses. Creative writing in it in some schools. A growing body of serious literature. Used in schools for many explanations, because many students do not control Standard English. There are some communication problems at university level. All ages. Vigorous use by 100,000 to 200,000. The native speech of a large number of those born or brought up in Hawaii, regardless of racial origin. There is a continuum of speech from the distinct creole to Standard English of Hawaii. Different speakers control different spans along the continuum, there are those whose only form of verbal communication is the creole. It is accepted by many as an important part of the local culture, a distinctive local language, but looked down on by others. Some official acknowledgement of it in print and public discussion. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: 66% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 66% to 75%. Roman. Radio programs, TV. Tropical forest. Volcanic islands, coral reefs, coastal, mountain slope. Fishermen, agriculturalists, animal husbandry, white and blue collar workers, tourism, military. Sea level to 4,000 feet. Christian, Hawaiian traditional religion, Buddhist. Bible portions 1997.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance KriolLanguage PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation KriolLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KriolLanguage is a &%PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Australia. SIL code: ROP. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 10,000 or more fluent first language speakers (1991 B. Borneman SIL), 20,000 or more including second language users (1991 SIL). Region: Roper River, Katherine areas, Ngukurr, Northern Territory, Kimberley Region, Western Australia, Gulf Country, Lower Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. Alternate names: ROPER-BAMYILI CREOLE. Dialects: ROPER RIVER KRIOL (ROPER RIVER PIDGIN), BAMYILI CREOLE, BARKLY KRIOL, FITZROY VALLEY KRIOL, DALY RIVER KRIOL. Comments: Kimberley Kriol has many differences with Ngukkur Kriol. Both Kriol and Torres Strait Creole are spreading, and are nearly overlapping in Queensland. There are many first language Kriol speakers who are not fully bilingual in English or in Aboriginal languages. Preschool children may not be bilingual in another language. SVO. Savannah, scrub forest. Coastal, plains. Pastoralists, hunter-gatherers. 0 to 1,000 meters. NT 1991.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance NgatikMensCreoleLanguage PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation NgatikMensCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NgatikMensCreoleLanguage is a &%PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Micronesia. SIL code: NGM. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 700 including 500 on atoll (1983 Poyer), 200 on Ponape. Region: Ngatik (Sapuahfik) Atoll, east of the Caroline Islands. Alternate names: NGATIKESE MEN'S LANGUAGE, NGATIKESE. Comments: A creolized language from the Sapuahfik dialect of Ponapean and English whose genesis is the direct result of a massacre in 1837 of adult males on Ngatik by British traders. Spoken by adult males who are also native bilinguals of the Sapuahfik dialect of Ponapean. Adult male speakers. Women and children understand it. Agriculturalists: coconut, fishermen, pig raisers.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance PijinLanguage PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation PijinLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PijinLanguage is a &%PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%SolomonIslands. SIL code: PIS. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 15,000 first language speakers, 300,000 second or third language speakers (1997 Beimers SIL). Alternate names: SOLOMONS PIDGIN, NEO-SOLOMONIC. Comments: Basic vocabulary is closer to standard English than is Tok Pisin of Papua New Guinea. Grammar shows Melanesian features. Pronunciation varies according to local languages. Historically related to Tok Pisin of PNG and Bislama of Vanuatu. Intelligibility with Bislama is quite high. Creolization in progress. Language of wider communication. Dictionary. Literacy rate in first language: 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Recent efforts to standardize orthography. NT 1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance TokPisinLanguage PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation TokPisinLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TokPisinLanguage is a &%PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: PDG. ISO 639-2: tpi. Population: 50,000 first language, 2,000,000 second language speakers (1982 SIL). Region: Mainly in the northern half of the country. Alternate names: PISIN, PIDGIN, NEOMELANESIAN, NEW GUINEA PIDGIN ENGLISH, MELANESIAN ENGLISH. Comments: There are dialect differences between lowlands, highlands, and the islands. The highlands lexicon has more English influence (J. Holm). The native language of some people in mixed urban areas. The main means of communication between speakers of different languages. The most frequently used language in Parliament and commerce. Some second language users speak a 'broken' Pidgin. Official language. Dictionary. Grammar. Christian, traditional religion. Bible 1989.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance TorresStraitCreoleLanguage PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation TorresStraitCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TorresStraitCreoleLanguage is a &%PacificEnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Australia. SIL code: TCS. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 23,400 or fewer (1989 J. Holm). Others are second language users. Region: Torres Strait Islands, towns on upper Cape York and some towns on the east coast of north Queensland. Alternate names: TORRES STRAIT PIDGIN, TORRES STRAIT BROKEN, CAPE YORK CREOLE, LOCKHART CREOLE. Dialects: AP-NE-AP, MODERN LANGUS. Comments: 80% lexical similarity with English. A creolization of Tok Pisin or Bislama and Kala Lagau Langgus. Trade language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; OTHER ENGLISH-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (1 Language) (instance SaramaccanLanguage EnglishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation SaramaccanLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SaramaccanLanguage is an &%EnglishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Suriname. SIL code: SRM. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: 23,000 in Suriname including 1,000 Matawari (1995 N. Glock SIL). Population total both countries 26,000. Region: Central, along Saramacca and upper Suriname rivers. Refugees are in Paramaribo. Also spoken in French Guiana. Dialects: MATAWARI (MATAWAI, MATUARI, MATOEWARI). Comments: Portuguese influenced. Also linguistic influences from KiKongo (Hancock 1988). 20% or more of the lexicon has an African component. A Bush Negro ethnic group with background similar to the Ndyuka. Dictionary. Grammar. Tonal, one tone per vowel. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Traditional religion. NT 1991-1999.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; FRENCH-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (11 Languages) ;; FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage (subclass FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage CreoleLanguage) (documentation ArabicBasedCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%FrenchLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AmapaCreoleLanguage (AMD Brazil) (instance AmapaCreoleLanguage FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation AmapaCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AmapaCreoleLanguage is a &%FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: AMD. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 25,000 (1995 SIL). Region: Throughout State of Amapa, concentrated around the capital, Macapa. Alternate names: LANC-PATUA. Comments: Has English and French influences. Some Indian groups in Amapa speak other creoles, like the Karipuna.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. FrenchGuianeseCreoleFrenchLanguage (FRE French Guiana) (instance FrenchGuianeseCreoleFrenchLanguage FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation FrenchGuianeseCreoleFrenchLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%FrenchGuianeseCreoleFrenchLanguage is a &%FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of &%FrenchGuiana. SIL code: FRE. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 50,000 (1977 SIL). Alternate names: GUYANAIS, GUYANE, GUYANE CREOLE, PATOIS, PATWA. Comments: Intelligibility of St. Lucia Creole is 78%, of Karipuna Creole of Brazil 77%. Most speakers are bilingual in French to some degree. Over one-third of the population in the capital speaks Creole as mother tongue. It is the most important rural language. Educated people can all speak it, but try to avoid it. Low status. Not taught in schools. A counter-movement is beginning. Some decreolization is taking place. Trade language. Dictionary. Grammar.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. HaitianCreoleFrenchLanguage (HAT Haiti) (instance HaitianCreoleFrenchLanguage FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation HaitianCreoleFrenchLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%HaitianCreoleFrenchLanguage is a &%FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Haiti. SIL code: HAT. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 7,410,000 in Haiti (1998). Population: total all countries 7,800,000. Region: Throughout the country. Also spoken in Bahamas, Canada, Cayman Islands, Dominican Republic, French Guiana, Puerto Rico, USA. Dialects: FABLAS, PLATEAU HAITIAN CREOLE. Comments: Linguistic influences from Wolof (Benjamin 1956), Fon,and Ewe (C. Lefebvre) of West Africa. Bilingualism in French. Mother tongue of the entire population, the only language of 95% of the population (Nida 1972). Strong, with strong basilect. In 1961 it was granted legal and educational status in Haiti. A growing literature, including poetry. Lower social status than Standard French. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. SVO, prepositions, articles after noun heads. Faublas-Pressoir orthography is standard since 1979. Newspapers, radio programs, TV. Bible 1985. Also spoken in: The Dominican Republic. (Language name: HAITIAN CREOLE FRENCH.) Population: 159,000 or 2% of the population in Dominican Republic (1987). Comments: Bible 1985.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. KaripunaCreoleFrenchLanguage (KMV Brazil) (instance KaripunaCreoleFrenchLanguage FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation KaripunaCreoleFrenchLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KaripunaCreoleFrenchLanguage is a &%FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: KMV. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 672 (1995 SIL). Region: Amapa, on French Guiana border. Alternate names: CRIOULO. Comments: There are conflicting reports about how different it is from French Guianese. It is different from Haitian Creole. Limited bilingualism. Speakers formerly spoke Karipuna, an unclassified language, possibly formerly from Marajo Island at the mouth of the Amazon. Investigation needed: intelligibility with French Guianese, Amapa Creole. Grammar. SVO. Tropical forest. Islands, swamp. Fishermen, swidden agriculturalists: manioc. Traditional religion, Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. LesserAntilleanCreoleFrenchLanguage (DOM St. Lucia) (instance LesserAntilleanCreoleFrenchLanguage FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation LesserAntilleanCreoleFrenchLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LesserAntilleanCreoleFrenchLanguage is a &%FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of &%StLucia. SIL code: DOM. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 123,000 in St. Lucia (1995), 75% of the population (1997 M. Parkvall). Population: total all countries 985,450. Region: Also spoken in Dominica, France, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Martinique, Trinidad and Tobago. Dialects: ST. LUCIA CREOLE FRENCH (PATWA, PATOIS, KWEYOL). Comments: Guadeloupe dialect is similar to Haiti, close to Martinique, St. Lucia is close to Dominica (97% to 99% intelligibility). Goodman (1964) says all French creoles of the Caribbean are somewhat inherently intelligible to each other's speakers. Other sources also include those of the Indian Ocean and probably Southeast Asia and Oceania (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Standard French is understood by no more than 10% of the population in St. Lucia. Standard French is used in some church services. English is also used. Politicians give speeches in Creole. In the islands under French influence nearly all the population speaks creole as mother tongue, although there is a local variety of Standard French. In those under English influence, the creole has less standing, and its speakers are normally illiterate in the creole. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in second language: 36%. Has an orthography. Newspapers, radio programs. Christian. NT 1999. Also spoken in: Dominica. (Language name: LESSER ANTILLEAN CREOLE FRENCH.) Population: 42,600 in Dominica (1998), 60% of the population (M. Parkvall). Dialects: DOMINICA CREOLE FRENCH (PATWA, PATOIS, KWEYOL). Comments: The dialect of Dominica is virtually the same as St. Lucia. Most people are bilingual in English or English dominant, especially younger people. Standard French understood by no more than 10% of the population (M. Adler 1977). Loan words from Island Carib and Arawak. Dictionary. Christian. NT 1999. Also spoken in: Grenada. (Language name: LESSER ANTILLEAN CREOLE FRENCH.) Dialects: GRENADA CREOLE FRENCH (PATWA, PATOIS). Comments: Mainly older people on Grenada Island. The same as, or similar to, that spoken in St. Lucia (M. Alleyne). NT 1999. Also spoken in: Guadeloupe. (Language name: LESSER ANTILLEAN CREOLE FRENCH.) Population: 335,000 in Guadeloupe (1975). Dialects: GUADELOUPE CREOLE FRENCH (PATWA, PATOIS, KREYOL), ST. MARTIN CREOLE FRENCH, MARIE GALANTE CREOLE FRENCH, ST. BARTH CREOLE FRENCH. Comments: Very close to Martinique Creole. St. Barth Creole is distinct in grammatical, phonological, and lexical feaatures, and may not be a dialect (J. Maher 1989). Investigation needed: intelligibility with St. Barth Creole, St. Martin Creole, Marie Galante Creole. Dictionary. Grammar. NT 1999. Also spoken in: Martinique. (Language name: LESSER ANTILLEAN CREOLE FRENCH.) Population: 325,000 in Martinique (1975). Dialects: MARTINIQUE CREOLE FRENCH (PATWA, PATOIS). Comments: Dialect of Guadeloupe is close to Martinique. Comprehension of St. Lucia Creole is 89%. NT 1999. Also spoken in: Trinidad and Tobago. (Language name: LESSER ANTILLEAN CREOLE FRENCH.) Dialects: TRINIDADIAN CREOLE FRENCH (PATOIS, TRINIDADIEN). Comments: Speakers have contact with French creoles from St. Lucia and elsewhere, which contributes to language maintenance. M. Alleyne and J. Holm say it is close to Lesser Antillean Creole French. Not intelligible with Standard French. In settlements around Dragon Mouths children under ten speak the language, elsewhere speakers are middle-aged and older (I. Hancock 1984). Fishermen. NT 1999.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 6. LouisianaCreoleFrenchLanguage (LOU USA) (instance LouisianaCreoleFrenchLanguage FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation LouisianaCreoleFrenchLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LouisianaCreoleFrenchLanguage is a &%FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: LOU. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 60,000 to 80,000 (1985 Neumann) out of an ethnic group of 1,500,000 (1977 M. Adler). Region: Predominantly in St. Martin parish (St. Martinville, Breaux Bridge, Cecilia), New Roads and Edgard, Louisiana, parts of east Texas, small community in Sacramento, California. Comments: Different from Standard French, the Cajun French also spoken in Louisiana, Haitian Creole French, and others of the Caribbean. Reports indicate that monolingual speakers may not be able to understand those other creoles. 'Over 2/3 of the original slaves came from Senegambia, hardly any slaves arrived during the second decade of exploitation, and within just over two decades, 2/3 of the population was native-born. No slaves (and few if any of the slaveowners) appear to have come from the French Antilles ... What we now need is a careful comparison between Louisiana Creole and other French Caribbean creoles, detailing the similarities and differences' (D. Bickerton, Carrier Pidgin 1995.23.2:2). People are reported to have a high degree of bilingualism in English. 4.6% in the older group are monolingual in Creole. Some in the younger group are monolingual in English. Those over 60 prefer Creole, and those under 30 prefer English. Investigation needed: intelligibility with French Caribbean Creoles, bilingual proficiency in English. Dictionary. Grammar.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 7. MorisyenLanguage (MFE Mauritius) (instance MorisyenLanguage FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation MorisyenLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MorisyenLanguage is a &%FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Mauritius. SIL code: MFE. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 600,000 first language speakers in Mauritius (1989). Population: total both countries 604,000. Region: Also spoken in Madagascar. Alternate names: MAURITIUS CREOLE FRENCH, KREOLE, KREOL, MAURITIAN, MAURYSEN. Dialects: RODRIGUES CREOLE. Comments: Closer to French creoles of the Caribbean than to Reunion Creole (Philip Baker). Nearly identical to Rodrigues. Bilingualism in French. The mother tongue of virtually the entire population (D. Bickerton). Lower prestige than French or English. Trade language. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions 1885-1900.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 8. ReunionCreoleFrenchLanguage (RCF Reunion) (instance ReunionCreoleFrenchLanguage FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation ReunionCreoleFrenchLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ReunionCreoleFrenchLanguage is a &%FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Reunion. SIL code: RCF. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 554,500 in Reunion (1987 estimate), or 91% of the population (1982 Barrett). Population total all countries: 595,000. Region: Also spoken in Comoros Islands, Madagascar. Comments: Two dialects - urban and popular, the former is closer to French, the latter more similar to Bantu and West African languages. Education is in French. 25% of the speakers are white, poor, living in the mountainous interior, and speak archaic highland varieties. 25% are Indian, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect or deep creole. 45% are African and mixed, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect. The creole is gaining status on Reunion. Dictionary. Sugar, perfume production.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 9. SanMiguelCreoleFrenchLanguage (SME Panama) (instance SanMiguelCreoleFrenchLanguage FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation SanMiguelCreoleFrenchLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SanMiguelCreoleFrenchLanguage is a &%FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Panama. SIL code: SME. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 3 or more speakers (1999 SIL). Comments: Ancestors came from St. Lucia in mid-19th century as laborers. The Creole had Spanish influences. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 10. SeselwaCreoleFrenchLanguage (CRS Seychelles) (instance SeselwaCreoleFrenchLanguage FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation SeselwaCreoleFrenchLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SeselwaCreoleFrenchLanguage is a &%FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%Seychelles. SIL code: CRS. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 69,000 (1995), 95.7% of the population (1982 Barrett). Alternate names: SEYCHELLOIS CREOLE, SEYCHELLES CREOLE FRENCH, KREOL, CREOLE. Comments: Seychelles dialect is reported to be the same as Chagos. Structural differences with Mauritius are relatively minor. Not adequately intelligible with Reunion Creole. It is heard everywhere on the streets, in the shops and homes. The native language of virtually all its citizens (D. Bickerton 1988). It is gaining rapidly in status. Dictionary. Grammar. The first 4 years of education are in Seselwa. Used for some subjects for 5 more years. Radio programs. Fishermen. Christian. NT in press (1998).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 11. TayoLanguage (CKS New Caledonia) (instance TayoLanguage FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation TayoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TayoLanguage is a &%FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of &%NewCaledonia. SIL code: CKS. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 2,000 (1996 C. Corne). Region: Southern, Ploum, Mont-Dore, and especially Saint Louis, near Noumea, and Paita. Alternate names: 'KALDOSH', 'CALDOCHE', PATOIS, PATOIS DE ST-LOUIS. Comments: Not intelligible with French. Used as first language by some who are also bilingual in French, and as second language by others, mainly Wallis Islanders. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency, attitudes. Grammar. The only known writing is personal letters using French orthography.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; GERMAN-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; GermanBasedCreoleLanguage (subclass GermanBasedCreoleLanguage CreoleLanguage) (documentation GermanBasedCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%GermanBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%GermanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. UnserDeutschLanguage (ULN Papua New Guinea) (instance UnserDeutschLanguage GermanBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation UnserDeutschLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%UnserDeutschLanguage is a &%GermanBasedCreoleLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: ULN. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 100 or fewer fluent speakers including 15 in New Britain, a few in other parts of PNG and the rest in southeastern Queensland, Australia (1981 C. Volker). Population total both countries: 100 or fewer. Region: West New Britain. Also spoken in Australia. Alternate names: RABAUL CREOLE GERMAN. Comments: All speakers are fluent in at least two of the following: Standard German, English, or Tok Pisin. Some can also speak Kuanua. Most speakers are middle-aged or older, although many younger members of the community can understand it. The descendent of a pidginized form of Standard German which originated in the Gazelle Peninsula of New Britain during German colonial times among the Catholic mixed-race ('Vunapope') community. With increased mobility and intermarriage, it has been disappearing in the last few decades. Grammar. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; IBERIAN-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; IberianBasedCreoleLanguage (subclass IberianBasedCreoleLanguage CreoleLanguage) (documentation IberianBasedCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%IberianBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of an Iberian language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. PapiamentuLanguage (PAE Netherlands Antilles) (instance PapiamentuLanguage IberianBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation PapiamentuLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PapiamentuLanguage is an &%IberianBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%NetherlandsAntilles. SIL code: PAE. ISO 639-2: pap. Population: 179,000 in Netherlands Antilles (1998), 84% of the population (1995). Population total all countries: 329,000. Region: Curacao, St. Maartens, Bonaire islands off Venezuela coast and islands off Nicaragua. Also spoken in Aruba, Netherlands, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands. Alternate names: PAPIAMENTO, PAPIAM, PAPIAMENTOE, PAPIAMEN, CURACOLENO, CURASSESE. Comments: The language is becoming more like Spanish, which is prestigious. They use Dutch at school and with tourists, Spanish with Spanish-speaking persons, English with tourists. All domains. All ages. About 20,000 speak it as second language. Using both Papiamentu and Dutch is not considered an indication of lack of education. However, inability to use Dutch hinders social and political mobility, and leads to discontent. Dictionary. Grammar. Taught in first 2 years of primary school. Newspapers. Christian. Bible 1997. Also spoken in: Aruba. (Language name: PAPIAMENTU.) Population: 70,000 in Aruba (1999 estimate). Alternate names: PAPIAMENTO, PAPIAM, CURACOLENO, CURASSESE, PAPIAMENTOE. Comments: Three main dialects.The language is becoming more like Spanish, which is prestigious. Using both Papiamentu and Dutch is not considered an indication of lack of education. However, inability to use Dutch hinders social and political mobility, and leads to discontent. Bible 1997.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INDONESIAN-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; IndonesianBasedCreoleLanguage (subclass IndonesianBasedCreoleLanguage CreoleLanguage) (documentation IndonesianBasedCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%IndonesianBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%IndonesianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. PeranakanIndonesianLanguage (PEA Indonesia - Java and Bali) (instance PeranakanIndonesianLanguage IndonesianBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation PeranakanIndonesianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PeranakanIndonesianLanguage is an &%IndonesianBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Indonesia (Java). SIL code: PEA. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: Many thousands of speakers (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Region: East and central Java. Alternate names: CHINESE INDONESIAN, BABA INDONESIAN, PERANAKA. Comments: It is based in Indonesian and Javanese. It has Mandarin elements, in contrast to Baba Malay, which has Hokkien elements. Monolinguals are over 70 years old. Developed at the beginning of the 17th century among Low Malay speaking Chinese traders from Fukien who married Javanese women. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Baba Malay, bilingual proficiency in Indonesian, Javanese.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; KONGO-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; KongoBasedCreoleLanguage (subclass KongoBasedCreoleLanguage CreoleLanguage) (documentation KongoBasedCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%KongoBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of a Kongo language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. KitubaLanguage (KTU Democratic Republic of Congo) (instance KitubaLanguage KongoBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation KitubaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KitubaLanguage is a &%KongoBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%DemocraticRepublicOfCongo. SIL code: KTU. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 4,200,000 (1990 UBS), 5,000,000 including second language users (1989 Mufwene). Region: Orientale and southern Bandundu provinces. Alternate names: KIKONGO-KUTUBA, KIKONGO SIMPLIFIE, KIKONGO YA LETA, KILETA, KIKONGO COMMERCIAL, KIBULAMATADI. Dialects: IKELEVE, WESTERN KITUBA, EASTERN KITUBA. Comments: A creole based on the KiKongo dialect spoken in Manianga area (Bas-Congo), but unintelligible to speakers of it or other Kikongo dialects. Influenced by Lingala, French, restructured Swahili, Portuguese, and other local dialects. Munukutuba of Congo is closely related. Means of communication among various language groups. Bible 1990.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. MunukutubaLanguage (MKW Congo) (instance MunukutubaLanguage KongoBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation MunukutubaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MunukutubaLanguage is a &%KongoBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%Congo. SIL code: MKW. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 1,156,800 or 60% of the population (1987 SIL). Region: Mainly along roads and railroads westwards from Brazzaville and northwards to Mayoko. Comments: Close to Kituba of DRC. The main language of the south. National language. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions 1989.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; MALAY-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (6 Languages) ;; MalayBasedCreoleLanguage (subclass MalayBasedCreoleLanguage CreoleLanguage) (documentation MalayBasedCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%MalayBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%MalayLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AmboneseMalayLanguage (ABS Indonesia - Maluku) (instance AmboneseMalayLanguage MalayBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation AmboneseMalayLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AmboneseMalayLanguage is a &%MalayBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: ABS. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 200,000 first language speakers, other second language speakers in Indonesia (1987 J. Collins). Population total all countries: 245,000. Region: Central Maluku, Ambon, Haruku, Nusa Laut, Saparua islands, along the coastal areas of Seram, and southern Maluku. Also spoken in Netherlands, USA. Alternate names: MELAYU AMBON, AMBONESE. Comments: Marginal intelligibility with Indonesian. Difficult intelligibility with Ternate Malay; speakers switch to Indonesian. 81% lexical similarity with Standard Malay. Bilingualism in Indonesian is high around Ambon city, Some Dutch is known. Developed from Bazaar Malay and still reflects some archaic forms. Further diverged by adapting to the vernaculars of central Maluku. Considered to be a Malay-based creole by B.D. Grimes (1988, 1991) and J. Holm (1989:581-3). Trade language. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Christian (since early 16th century), Muslim. NT 1877-1883.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. BabaMalayLanguage (BAL Singapore) (instance BabaMalayLanguage MalayBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation BabaMalayLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BabaMalayLanguage is a &%MalayBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Singapore. SIL code: BAL. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 10,000 or more in Singapore (1986 A. Pakir). Estimates of ethnic Baba are from 250,000 to 400,000. Population: total both countries 15,000. Region: Mainly in the Katong District on the east coast and the surrounding districts of Geylang and Jao Chiat. Also spoken in Malaysia (Peninsular). Alternate names: CHINESE MALAY, BABA, STRAITS MALAY. Comments: It developed since the 15th century from Low Malay with many Hokkien Chinese borrowings. Regional variants between Malacca and Singapore. Partially intelligible with Standard Malay. It is generally believed that the Baba of Malaysia is more 'refined', and that of Singapore more 'rough'. Most have learned Standard Malay and English in school. Lim (1981) and Holm (1989) treat it as a Malay-based creole. It is different from Peranakan Indonesian. Some who grew up with Chinese neighbors know Hokkien, Teochew, and Cantonese. Children now learn Mandarin in school rather than Standard Malay. Baba is mainly used in the home and with other Babas. The only monolinguals are over 70 years old. NT 1913, out of print. Also spoken in: Malaysia (Peninsular). (Language name: MALAY, BABA.) Population: 5,000 in Malacca or 3% of the Chinese population (1979 Tan Chee Beng). Alternate names: STRAITS MALAY, CHINESE MALAY. Comments: Regional variants between Malacca and Singapore. Partially intelligible with Standard Malay. It is different from Peranakan Indonesian. Much bilingualism in Standard Malay. The only monolinguals are over 70 years old. It developed since the 15th century from Low Malay with many Hokkien Chinese borrowings. Lim (1981) and Holm (1989) treat it as a Malay-based creole. NT 1913, out of print.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. BetawiLanguage (BEW Indonesia - Java and Bali) (instance BetawiLanguage MalayBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation BetawiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BetawiLanguage is a &%MalayBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Indonesia (Java and Bali). SIL code: BEW. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 2,700,000 (1993 Johnstone). Region: Jakarta, Java. Alternate names: JAKARTA MALAY, BETAWI MALAY, BATAVI, BATAWI, MELAYU JAKARTE. Comments: 'A Malay based creole which is quite distinct from both standard Indonesian and from other Malay-based pidgins and creoles.' It had evolved by the mid-19th century. Unique phonological, morphological, and lexical traits. There are also influences from Peranakan Chinese and Bali. Often not intelligible to Indonesian speakers not familiar with it (R.B. Allen, Jr. 1989). Functions as a 'low' variety in a diglossic situation, but is a prestige variety when used by the upper class. The people are called 'Betawi Asli' or 'Betawi.' Grammar.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. KupangMalayLanguage (MKN Indonesia - Nusa Tenggara) (instance KupangMalayLanguage MalayBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation KupangMalayLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KupangMalayLanguage is a &%MalayBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara). SIL code: MKN. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 200,000 mother tongue speakers (1997 Max Jacob). Others use it as a second language. Region: Kupang and surrounding towns, West Timor. Alternate names: KUPANG. Dialects: AIR MATA. Comments: 2 dialects. Some preachers preach in it. Loan words from Rote, Portuguese, Chinese, Uab Meto (Atoni), Sabu, Spanish, Dutch, English. Newspapers, radio programs. Christian. Bible portions 1999.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. MalaccanCreoleMalayLanguage (CCM Malaysia - Peninsular) (instance MalaccanCreoleMalayLanguage MalayBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation MalaccanCreoleMalayLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MalaccanCreoleMalayLanguage is a &%MalayBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Malaysia (Peninsular). SIL code: CCM. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: No estimate available. Region: Malacca Straits. Alternate names: CHITTIES CREOLE MALAY. Comments: May be historically related to Sri Lankan Creole Malay. Spoken since the 16th century by descendants of Tamil merchants who intermarried with other groups. The speakers are called 'Chitties' (Lim 1981:126-8, Holm 1989:580). Has not been studied in detail. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Sri Lankan Creole Malay.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 6. SriLankanCreoleMalayLanguage (SCI Sri Lanka) (instance SriLankanCreoleMalayLanguage MalayBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation SriLankanCreoleMalayLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SriLankanCreoleMalayLanguage is a &%MalayBasedCreoleLanguage of &%SriLanka. SIL code: SCI. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 50,000 speakers, .29% of the population (1986 Hussainmiya, Prentice 1994:411). Region: Especially the cities of Colombo, Kandy, Badulla, Hambantota. Alternate names: SRI LANKAN MALAY, MELAYU BAHASA. Comments: Not intelligible with standard Malay because of phonological and syntactic differences, and strong influence from Tamil. May be close to Malaccan Creole Malay (S. Lim 1981). Most or all may speak Tamil, but second language proficiency needs investigation. The creole is used at home and among friends. All ages. There are current efforts to revive the older literature. Widely used. Malay vocabulary with grammatical structure based on Sri Lankan Moor Tamil. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Malaccan Creole Malay, bilingual proficiency in Tamil. SOV, postpositions, case, adjectives and genitives precede noun heads. Roman script used. Jawi (Arabic) script used earlier. Newspapers, radio programs.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; NGBANDI-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; NgbandiBasedCreoleLanguage (subclass NgbandiBasedCreoleLanguage CreoleLanguage) (documentation NgbandiBasedCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%NgbandiBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%NgbandiLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. RiverainSangoLanguage (SNJ Central African Republic) (instance RiverainSangoLanguage NgbandiBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation RiverainSangoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%RiverainSangoLanguage is a &%NgbandiBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%CentralAfricanRepublic. SIL code: SNJ. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 34,500 (1996). Region: Mobaye Subprefecture, along the Ubangi River. Comments: High intelligibility with Sango. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Sango.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. SangoLanguage (SAJ Central African Republic) (instance SangoLanguage NgbandiBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation SangoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SangoLanguage is a &%NgbandiBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%CentralAfricanRepublic. SIL code: SAJ. ISO 639-1: sg. ISO 639-2: sag. Population: 350,000 mother tongue speakers in CAR, including 24,573 Sango Riverain (1988 census). Population total all countries: 400,000 or more. Including second language speakers: 5,000,000 (1997 UBS). Region: Scattered. Not in Cameroon. Also spoken in Chad, Congo, DRC. Alternate names: SANGHO. Comments: 51% lexical similarity with French, 49% from African languages. However, the African-based words are used more frequently. Spoken and written for informal use, used for instruction in community schools, in public schools when students do not understand French, church and mission publications. More men than women speak it as second language. A rapidly spreading creole derived from Ngbandi. National language. SVO. Radio programs, TV. Bible 1966. Also spoken in: Chad. (Language name: SANGO.) Alternate names: SANGHO. Comments: A trade language derived from Ngbandi, with decreasing usage in Chad. Probably no mother tongue speakers in Chad. Trade language. Bible 1966. Also spoken in: Democratic Republic of Congo. (Language name: SANGO.) Population: Only a few in DRC. Alternate names: SANGHO. Comments: A rapidly spreading language derived from Ngbandi with loans from Bantu languages and French. Trade language. Bible 1966.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; PORTUGUESE-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (13 Languages) ;; PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage (subclass PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage CreoleLanguage) (documentation PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%PortugueseLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AngolarLanguage (AOA Sao Tome e Principe) (instance AngolarLanguage PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation AngolarLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AngolarLanguage is a &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage of &%SaoTomeEPrincipe. SIL code: AOA. ISO 639-2: cpp. Population: 5,000 (1998 S. and T. Graham. Region: Angolar is spoken on the southern tip of Sao Tome Island. Most are around the town of Sao Joao dos Angolares, and some in the southern region of Caue. Alternate names: NGOLA. Comments: The substratum was largely Kwa and Western Bantu languages, quite distinct from the creoles of Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Gambia, and Cape Verde. The 33% of the Angolar lexicon not shared with Sao Tomense is largely of Bantu origin, apparently KiMbundu of Angola, with some from Kongo, Bini, and Ndingi. Angolar shares 70% lexical similarity with Sao Tomense, 67% with Principense, 53% with Annobonese. Some Angolares speak Sao Tomense also, and are tending to be absorbed into the Forros. Many speak Portuguese, but many are not comfortable in speaking it. Home and community social life. The Angolares are a distinct ethnolinguistic group from the Forros ('freedmen'). Grammar. Tonal. Literacy rate in second language: 50% Portuguese. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. CafundoCreoleLanguage (CCD Brazil) (instance CafundoCreoleLanguage PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation CafundoCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CafundoCreoleLanguage is a &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: CCD. ISO 639-2: cpp. Population: 40 (1978 M. Gnerre, U. Estadual de Campinas). Region: Cafundo, 150 miles from Sao Paulo. Comments: Bilingualism in Portuguese. Bantu lexicon in Portuguese morphological and syntactic framework. The people are all fluent in Portuguese. The creole is considered a secret language. A similar creole has been recently discovered in Minas Gerais.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. FaDAmbuLanguage (FAB Equatorial Guinea) (instance FaDAmbuLanguage PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation FaDAmbuLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%FaDAmbuLanguage is a &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage of &%EquatorialGuinea. SIL code: FAB. ISO 639-2: cpp. Population: 2,500 (1999 SIL). Population: total both countries 2,500. Region: Annobon Island, isolated from the mainland by 360 km. of ocean (2,000), and in a community from Annobon living in Malabo on Bioko Island (500), a few on continental Equatorial Guinea. Also spoken in Spain. Alternate names: ANNOBONES, ANNOBONESE, ANNOBONENSE. Comments: Different from Fernando Po Krio and Crioulo of Guinea-Bissau and Kabuverdianu. Little variation between Annobonese in Annobon and Malabo. 62.5% lexical similarity with Sao Tomense. About 10% of the lexicon comes from Spanish. Many on Bioko learn Spanish, but less so on Annobon. Women on Annobon seem uncomfortable in Spanish. Spanish is used in government and education. Many on Bioko learn the local trade language, Fernando Po Creole English. Non-creolized Portuguese used as liturgical language by local Catholics. Used in the home and with other Annobonese, all contexts except government and education. Vigorous use in Annobon and Malabo. Language closely related to cultural identity and solidarity. The Portuguese took slaves from Sao Tome and Angola to establish a population on Annobon. It was later traded to Spain. Also influenced by the Creole English of Bioko. They are famed swimmers, fishermen, and whalers. Possible vowel length, vowel harmony, tone sandhi. Tropical forest. Volcanic island. Fishermen, agricultural laborers, coconut palms, whalers. 0 to 500 meters. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. IndoPortugueseLanguage (IDB Sri Lanka) (instance IndoPortugueseLanguage PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation IndoPortugueseLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%IndoPortugueseLanguage is a &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage of &%SriLanka. SIL code: IDB. ISO 639-2: cpp. Population: 30 to 2,250 in Sri Lanka (1971 Ian Smith), including 250 families in Batticaloa (1984 Ian Smith), but possibly only about 30 speakers left (1992 P. Baker). Population total all countries: 730 to 3,000. Region: Colombo, Kandy, Trincomalee, Galle, Batticaloa. Also spoken in Australia, India. Comments: Similar to Tamil in phonology and syntax. Varieties of creole Portuguese were also spoken in Myanmar, Bangladesh, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, China. See also Malaccan Creole Portuguese (Peninsular Malaysia), Macao Creole Portuguese (Macau, Hongkong), Ternateno (Maluku, Indonesia), Timor Pidgin (Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia). Everyone is fluent in Tamil. Older speakers are also bilingual in English, some younger ones in Sinhalese. The creole is used at home only. Most of the Burgher caste speak it at home. Many in the ethnic group may not know the creole well. Virtually no contact with Goa or Portugal since 1656. NT 1826-1852. Also spoken in: India. (Language name: INDO-PORTUGUESE.) Population: 700 monolingual speakers in Korlai (1977 Theban). Comments: Active use among Catholic citizens in Daman (1982 Jackson). Some communities in India have become extinct. SOV. NT 1826-1852.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. KabuverdianuLanguage (KEA Cape Verde Islands) (instance KabuverdianuLanguage PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation KabuverdianuLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KabuverdianuLanguage is a &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%CapeVerdeIslands. SIL code: KEA. ISO 639-2: cpp. Population: 393,943 including 255,101 in Sotavento or 65% of the speakers, 138,842 in Barlavento or 35% of the speakers (1998 S. Graham). Population: total all countries 934,000. Region: Sotavento dialect is on Santiago, Maio, Fogo, and Brava islands, Barlavento dialect is on Santo Antao, Sao Vicente, Sao Nicolau, Sal, and Boa Vista islands. Also spoken in France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Senegal, Spain, USA. Alternate names: CABOVERDIANO. Dialects: SOTAVENTO, BARLAVENTO. Comments: 59% lexical similarity with the Gulf of Guinea creoles. 29% are comfortable in Portuguese, 36% uncomfortable, 34% block up. Since independence in 1975, the domains of spoken Portuguese have receded in favor of Creole. Portuguese used primarily on TV and radio, in Congress, classrooms, churches, and with foreigners. Portuguese is the primary language of instruction in 12 grades. Used in most domains, and some in Congress, classrooms, churches. There is a creole continuum and some decreolization. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in second language: 29% Portuguese. Radio programs. Christian. Bible portions 1936.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 6. KorlaiCreolePortugueseLanguage (VKP India) (instance KorlaiCreolePortugueseLanguage PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation KorlaiCreolePortugueseLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KorlaiCreolePortugueseLanguage is a &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage of &%India. SIL code: VKP. ISO 639-2: cpp. Population: 750 (1998 J.C. Clements). Region: Maharashtra, Korlai, 200 km. south of Bombay, west coast. Comments: Recently discovered. Originated around 1520. Originally cut off from Hindu and Muslim neighbors by social and religious barriers, lost virtually all Portugese contact as well after 1740. Situation now rapidly changing, with intense cultural pressure from the surrounding Marathi-speaking population.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 7. MalaccanCreolePortugueseLanguage (MCM Malaysia - Peninsular) (instance MalaccanCreolePortugueseLanguage PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation MalaccanCreolePortugueseLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MalaccanCreolePortugueseLanguage is a &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Malaysia (Peninsular). SIL code: MCM. ISO 639-2: cpp. Population: 5,000 (1997 Col. Timothy D'Souza, Eurasian Association). Population: total both countries 5,000 or more (1997). Region: Trankera and Hilir, Melaka, Straits of Malacca, Malacca city and the southwest coast of the Malaysian Peninsula. Related varieties in parts of Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. Variety in Pulau Tikus, Penang is now virtually extinct. Also spoken in Singapore. Alternate names: MALAYSIAN CREOLE PORTUGUESE, MALACCAN, PAPIA KRISTANG, KRISTANG, PORTUGUESE PATOIS, SERANI, BAHASA SERANI, BAHASA GERAGAU, MALAQUEIRO, MALAQUENSE, MALAQUES, MALAQUENHO, PORTUGUES DE MALACA, MALAYO-PORTUGUESE. Comments: Most speakers also know local varieties of Bazaar Malay and Malaysian English. Some Creole people speak only English. Some older female speakers have limited English. Most people over 20 speak Kristang, and 1/3 of those under 20. Also spoken as second language by some Chinese shopkeepers in Hilir. Used by Creole people more in 1997 than in 1987. 'Kristang' is their name for the language, people, and religion. Trade language. Dictionary. Grammar. Fishermen. Bible portions 1884. Also spoken in: Singapore. (Language name: MALACCAN CREOLE PORTUGUESE.) Alternate names: MALAYSIAN CREOLE PORTUGUESE, MALACCAN, PAPIA KRISTANG. Comments: Also spoken as second language by some Chinese shopkeepers in Hilir. Used in RC church services until World War II. Trade language. Fishermen. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 8. MacaneseLanguage (MZS China) (instance MacaneseLanguage PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation MacaneseLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MacaneseLanguage is a &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage of &%China. SIL code: MZS. ISO 639-2: cpp. Population: 4,000 in Hong Kong (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin) and a few in Macau (1996 Ian Watts), out of 8,500 in the ethnic group (1985). Region: Hong Kong and Macau. Possibly in USA. Alternate names: MACAO CREOLE PORTUGUESE, MACAENSE. Comments: A small number of elderly women in Macau speak it as mother tongue.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 9. PrincipenseLanguage (PRE Sao Tome e Principe) (instance PrincipenseLanguage PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation PrincipenseLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PrincipenseLanguage is a &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage of &%SaoTomeEPrincipe. SIL code: PRE. ISO 639-2: cpp. Population: Few speakers out of 1,558 Principenses on Principe (1999 S. Graham). Region: On Principe Island. Alternate names: LUN'GWIYE, 'MONCO'. Comments: The substratum was largely Kwa and Western Bantu languages; quite distinct from the creoles of Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Gambia, and Cape Verde. Principense shares 77% lexical similarity with Sao Tomense, 67% with Angolar, 62% with Annobonese. Most speak Portuguese, and some learn Saotomense. Speakers are elderly. National language. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 10. SaotomenseLanguage (CRI Sao Tome e Principe) (instance SaotomenseLanguage PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation SaotomenseLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SaotomenseLanguage is a &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage of &%SaoTomeEPrincipe. SIL code: CRI ISO 639-2: cpp. Population: 69,899 (1999 S. Graham). Region: Sao Tomense is spoken on Sao Tome Island, all but the southern tip. Alternate names: SAO TOMENSE. Comments: The substratum was largely Kwa and Western Bantu languages; quite distinct from the creoles of Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Gambia, and Cape Verde. Saotomense shares 77% lexical similarity with Principense, and 62% with Fa D'Ambu (Annobonese), 70% with Angolar. Most speak Portuguese. Some elderly women may not understand Portuguese adequately. The language of social identity in most Sao Tome social networks for age 30 and above. The Angolares are a distinct ethnolinguistic group from the Forros ('freedmen'), Saotomense speakers also on Sao Tome Island. Most Angolares speak Saotomense also, and are tending to be absorbed into the Forros. National language. Literacy rate in second language: 50% Portuguese.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 11. TernatenoLanguage (TMG Indonesia - Maluku) (instance TernatenoLanguage PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation TernatenoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TernatenoLanguage is a &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: TMG. ISO 639-2: cpp. Region: North Maluku, Ternate Island, west of Halmahera Island. Alternate names: TERNATENYO. Comments: Spanish relexification. Historical relationship with Chavacano and dialects, which are still spoken in the Philippines. Varieties of creole Portuguese were also spoken in Banda and Ambon. The Jakarta variety of creole Portuguese survived in Tugu until recent times (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Other varieties were also spoken in Larantuka, Flores, Adonara (Vure), Solor, Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi. See also Timor Pidgin in Timor Lorosae, Indo-Portuguese in Sri Lanka, and Malaccan Creole Portuguese in Peninsular Malaysia. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 12. TimorPidginLanguage (TVY Timor Lorosae) (instance TimorPidginLanguage PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation TimorPidginLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TimorPidginLanguage is a &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage of &%TimorLorosae. SIL code: TVY. ISO 639-2: cpp. Region: Timor Island, around Bidau, Dili and Lifan. Alternate names: TIMOR CREOLE PORTUGUESE. Dialects: PORTUGUES DE BIDAU, MACAISTA. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 13. UpperGuineaCriouloLanguage (POV Guinea-Bissau) (instance UpperGuineaCriouloLanguage PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation UpperGuineaCriouloLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%UpperGuineaCriouloLanguage is a &%PortugueseBasedCreoleLanguage of &%GuineaBissau. SIL code: POV. ISO 639-2: cpp. Population: 159,000 first language speakers in Guinea-Bissau (1996) and 600,000 second language users (Chataigner ms.) Population total all countries: 361,500 or more. Region: Also Bijagos Islands. Also spoken in Gambia, Senegal, USA. Alternate names: PORTUGUESE CREOLE, KRIULO. Dialects: BISSAU-BOLAMA CREOLE, BAFATA CREOLE, CACHEU-ZIGUINCHOR CREOLE. Comments: The Senegal dialect is a little different, but they are intelligible to each other's speakers. Portuguese not well known. The lingua franca in much of Guinea-Bissau, more in the west than in the east. Trade language. Grammar. Bible in press (1997). Also spoken in: Senegal. (Language name: CRIOULO, UPPER GUINEA.) Population: 46,500 in Senegal (1998). Alternate names: PORTUGUESE CREOLE, KRIULO. Dialects: CACHEU-ZIGUINCHOR CREOLE. Comments: The Senegal dialect is a little different than Guinea-Bissau, with some Pidgin French vocabulary. Intelligible with Guinea-Bissau Creole. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Christian. Bible in press (1997).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SPANISH-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; SpanishBasedCreoleLanguage (subclass SpanishBasedCreoleLanguage CreoleLanguage) (documentation SpanishBasedCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%SpanishBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%SpanishLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. ChavacanoLanguage (CBK Philippines) (instance ChavacanoLanguage SpanishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation ChavacanoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ChavacanoLanguage is a &%SpanishBasedCreoleLanguage of the &%Philippines. SIL code: CBK. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 292,630 (1990 census), including 155,000 Zamboangueno (1989 J. Holm), 27,841 Caviten, 3,750 Ternateno (1975 census), 5,473 Cotabato Chavacano (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Population: total both countries 292,630. Region: Zamboanga, Basilan, Kabasalan, Siay, Margosatubig, Ipil, Malangas, Lapuyan, Buug, Tungawa, Alicia, Isabela, Lamitan, Maluso, Malamawi, Cotabato city, Mindanao, Cavite, Ternate, and Ermita near Manila. The 1970 census listed speakers in 60 of the 66 provinces. Alternate names: ZAMBOANGUENO, CHABAKANO. Dialects: CAVITEQO, TERNATENO (TERNATENO CHAVACANO), ERMITANO (ERMITENO), DAVAWENYO ZAMBOANGUENYO (ABAKAY SPANISH, DAVAO CHAVACANO, DAVAOENO, DAVAWENO), COTOBATO CHAVACANO, ZAMBOANGUENO (CHAVACANO). Comments: A creole with predominantly Spanish vocabulary and Philippine-type grammatical structure. Davawen Zamboangueno may be extinct. Nearly all Caviten speak Tagalog, but many still speak Caviteno. The major language of Zamboanga city. Ermiteno is extinct. Literacy rate in first language: 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 80%. Used in primary education. Newspapers, radio programs. NT 1981. Also spoken in: Malaysia (Sabah). (Language name: CHAVACANO. Comments: NT 1981.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. PalenqueroLanguage (PLN Colombia) (instance PalenqueroLanguage SpanishBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation PalenqueroLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PalenqueroLanguage is a &%SpanishBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: PLN. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: The ethnic group is 2,500 (1989 J. Holm). Region: Village of San Basilio de Palenque southeast of Cartagena, and 2 neighborhoods in Barranquilla. Alternate names: PALENQUE, LENGUA. Comments: Entirely unintelligible to Spanish speakers. Linguistic influences from Kongo in Democratic Republic of Congo (I. Hancock 1987). Most members of the ethnic group speak Spanish as mother tongue, but some old people have limited proficiency in Spanish. 10% of those under 25 speak it (1998 Armin Schwegler). Most speakers are older. Everyone values Palenquero. People are culturally distinct from nearby Spanish speakers. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Spanish, attitudes toward Spanish. Grammar.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SWAHILI-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; SwahiliBasedCreoleLanguage (subclass SwahiliBasedCreoleLanguage CreoleLanguage) (documentation SwahiliBasedCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%SwahiliBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%SwahiliLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. CutchiSwahiliLanguage (CCL Kenya) (instance CutchiSwahiliLanguage SwahiliBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation CutchiSwahiliLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CutchiSwahiliLanguage is a &%SwahiliBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Kenya. SIL code: CCL. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: No estimate available. Region: Also spoken in Tanzania. Alternate names: ASIAN SWAHILI. Comments: May be adequately intelligible to speakers of standard Swahili. Cutchi-Swahili and Asian Swahili may not be the same. Bilingualism in English. Asian Swahili is used by other Asians in communicating with non-English speaking Africans and other Asians who share no other common language. The first language of some Gujarati Muslims who have come from Zanzibar. It has regular but distinct phonology, lexical, and grammatical differences from Swahili, described by Whitely (1974.73-79). Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Ismaili and Ithnasheri Muslim. Also spoken in: Tanzania. (Language name: CUTCHI-SWAHILI.) Alternate names: ASIAN SWAHILI. Comments: May be adequately intelligible to speakers of standard Swahili. Cutchi-Swahili and Asian Swahili may not be identical. Bilingualism in English. The first language of some Gujarati Muslims who have come from Zanzibar. Asian Swahili is used by other Asians in communicating with non-English speaking Africans and other Asians who share no common language. It has a regular but distinct phonology and lexical and grammatical differences, described by Whitely (1974.73-79). Cutchi-Swahili and Asian Swahili may not be identical. Ismaili and Ithnasheri Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; TETUN-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; TetunBasedCreoleLanguage (subclass TetunBasedCreoleLanguage CreoleLanguage) (documentation TetunBasedCreoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%TetunBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%TetunLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. TetumPrasaLanguage (TDT Timor Lorosae) (instance TetumPrasaLanguage TetunBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation TetumPrasaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TetumPrasaLanguage is a &%TetunBasedCreoleLanguage of &%TimorLorosae. SIL code: TDT. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: 50,000 (?) (1995). Region: First language speakers concentrated in and around Dili on the north coast of Timor Lorosae. Fluent second language speakers scattered widely throughout the western 2/3 of Timor Lorosae. Alternate names: TETUM PRACA, DILI TETUM, TETUM DILI. Comments: Speakers of North and South Tetun [TTM] have significant difficulty understanding it in many speech domains, and vice versa. Some first language speakers of Tetum Prasa consider themselves to be bilingual in Tetun because of contact, but when pressed, admit there are domains in which communication is completely blocked. There are important differences with Tetun in parts of the grammar, morphology, functors, and much of the lexicon. There is heavy influence of Portuguese and some Indonesian or Malay loans in Tetum Prasa. Growing in its role as a language of wider communication, functioning as a symbol of inter-ethnic solidarity in the region, predominantly in urban areas. There are 3 second-language varieties spoken by different people: (1) fluent Tetum Prasa spoken throughout the western 2/3 of Timor Lorosae, primarily by those who have lived in Dili for one or more years, (2) occasional Dili residents with significant influence from their own local mother tongues, and (3) people originally from Timor Lorosae who are overseas residents in Portugal or Australia, with higher portion of inflected Portuguese vocabulary and almost complete lack of Indonesian or Malay loans. There is also 'Tetum Ibadat' or 'liturgical Tetum' which is not spoken by anyone for everyday communication, nor as mother tongue, with a lot of vocabulary and some grammar that is not understood widely. Cultural rituals and themes in Tetun are not as deeply rooted in Tetum Prasa. Heavy Portuguese and Mambae influence. Language of wider communication. Compared to Tetun: many more Portuguese loan words, does not inflect V-initial verb roots for person or number, uses more periphrastic constructions than morphological constructions (e.g., causatives), differences in possessive constructions and negatives. Christian. Bible portions 1996.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; c. LANGUAGE ISOLATES (30 Languages) ;; 1. AbinomnLanguage (BSA Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance AbinomnLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation AbinomnLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AbinomnLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: BSA. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 300 (1999 Clouse and Donohue). Region: Lakes Plain area, from the mouth of the Baso River just east of Dabra at the Idenburg River to its headwaters in the Foya Mts., Jayapura Kabupaten, Mamberamo Hulu Kecamatan. Alternate names: AVINOMEN, 'BASO', FOYA, FOJA. Comments: Completely unrelated to any language in the area. Very eager for literacy. Want to make their own dictionary and write their traditional stories. They strongly dislike the name 'Baso.' SOV. Schooling is very low.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. AinuJapaneseLanguage (AIN Japan) (instance AinuJapaneseLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation AinuJapaneseLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AinuJapaneseLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Japan. SIL code: AIN. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 15 active speakers (1996 Alexander Vovin). In the ethnic group: 15,000 in Japan. Population total both countries 15. Region: Kuril Islands (Tsishima), Hokkaido. Formerly also on south Sakhalin Island, Russia. Alternate names: AINU ITAK. Dialects: TSISHIMA, SAKHALIN. Comments: The last speaker of Sakhalin dialect died in 1994. There were at least 19 dialects. Bilingualism in Japanese. Most of the people speak only Japanese and are integrated into Japanese culture. The Ainu in China is a different, unrelated language. SOV. Nearly extinct. NT 1897. Also spoken in: Russia (Asia). (Language name: AINU.) Dialects: SAKHALIN (SAGHILIN), TARAIKA, HOKKAIDO (EZO, YEZO), KURIL (SHIKOTAN). Comments: Ainu has not been determined to be related linguistically to any other language. Sources list up to 19 dialects. The last speaker of Sakhalin dialect died in 1994. Except for 15 speakers (1996), the Ainu in Japan speak Japanese. The Ainu spoken in China is a different, unrelated language. Nearly extinct. NT 1897.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. AndoqueLanguage (ANO Colombia) (instance AndoqueLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation AndoqueLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AndoqueLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Colombia. SIL code: ANO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 518 to 600 speakers in Colombia, all of whom are reported to understand it, but few speak it (1998 Arango and Sanchez). Extinct in Peru (1992 SIL). There were 10,000 in 1908 (Landaburu 1979). Region: Aduche River (tributary of Caqueta) 15 km. down river from Araracuara, Amazonas. Alternate names: ANDOKE. Comments: Mason (1950:246 with disclaimer), Tax (1960:433), and Kaufman (1990:43 tentatively) say this is Witotoan. Tovar (1961:150), Witte (1981:1), and Aschmann (1993:2) say it is an isolate. 80% speak fair Spanish, 10% are monolingual. People are somewhat acculturated. Tropical forest. Rubber gatherers.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. BurmesoLanguage (BZU Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance BurmesoLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation BurmesoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BurmesoLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: BZU. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 250 (1998 Donohue). Region: Burmeso village and isolated temporary houses along nearby rivers, mid Mamberamo River between Trimuris and Sikari northeast of Danau Bira (Lake Holmes). Jayapura Kabupaten, Mamberamo Tengah Kecamatan. Alternate names: TAURAP, BOROMESO, BORUMESSO, BURUMESO, MONAU, MONAO, MANAU. Comments: Less than 5% lexical similarity with any other languages. Many proficient in Indonesian, more than surrounding groups. Many understand nearby languages. All domains. All ages. Vigorous. Interest in language strong. Not spoken by outsiders. Pride in ethnic identity. Dictionary. Fishermen, hunters, sago horticulturalists, animal husbandry: chickens, ducks. 200 meters. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. BurushaskiLanguage (BSK Pakistan) (instance BurushaskiLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation BurushaskiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BurushaskiLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Pakistan. SIL code: BSK. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 55,000 to 60,000 (1981). Population total both countries: 55,000 to 60,000. Region: Hunza-Nagar area and Yasin area in Gilgit District, Northern Areas. Scattered speakers also in Gilgit, Kashmir, and various cities. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: BRUSHASKI, BURUSHAKI, BURUCAKI, BURUSHKI, BURUCASKI, BILTUM, KHAJUNA, KUNJUT. Dialects: NAGAR (NAGIR), HUNZA, YASIN (WERCHIKWAR). Comments: Werchikwar is geographically separated from other dialects. Nagar and Hunza dialects have 91% to 94% lexical similarity. Werchikwar has 67% to 72% lexical similarity with Hunza, 66% to 71% with Nagar, and may be a separate language. Werchikwar speakers are somewhat bilingual in Khowar. Knowledge of Urdu is limited among women and some others. People are called Burusho. SOV. Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Ismaili Muslim, Shi'a Muslim (Nagar).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 6. BusaLanguage (BHF Papua New Guinea) (instance BusaLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation BusaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BusaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: BHF. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 307 (1994 SIL). Region: Sandaun Province, Amanab District, north of Upper Sepik River, west of Namia. 3 villages. Yare is north and east, Abau is south and west, Biaka is northwest. Comments: No schools. Some intermarriage with the Yale. Lowland swamps. Hunter-gatherers. 300 feet.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 7. CamsaLanguage (KBH Colombia) (instance CamsaLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation CamsaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CamsaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Colombia. SIL code: KBH. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 4,022 (1998 Arango and Sanchez). Region: Sibundoy Valley, Putumayo region. Alternate names: KAMSA, COCHE, SIBUNDOY, KAMEMTXA, KAMSE, CAMENTSEA. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as Equatorial. Literacy rate in first language: 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 85%. Mountain slope. NT 1990.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 8. CayubabaLanguage (CAT Bolivia) (instance CayubabaLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation CayubabaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CayubabaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Bolivia. SIL code: CAT. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: There may be 900 in the ethnic group (1991 W. H. Adelaar). Region: Beni Department, west of Mamore River, north of Santa Ana. Alternate names: CAYUWABA, CAYUVAVA. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as Equatorial. Bilingualism in Spanish. The ethnic group speaks Spanish. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 9. GilyakLanguage (NIV Russia - Asia) (instance GilyakLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation GilyakLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GilyakLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Russia (Asia). SIL code: NIV. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 400 or slightly more mother tongue speakers (1991) out of an ethnic population of 4,400 (1996 G.A.Otaina). 100 Amur speakers out of 2,000 population, 300 Sakhalin speakers out of 2,700 population (1995 M. Krauss). Region: Sakhalin Island, many in Nekrasovka and Nogliki villages, small numbers in Rybnoe, Moskalvo, Chir-Unvd, Viakhtu, and other villages, and along the Amur River in Aleevka village. Alternate names: NIVKH, NIVKHI. Dialects: AMUR, EAST SAKHALIN GILYAK, NORTH SAKHALIN GILYAK. Comments: The Amur and East Sakhalin dialects have difficult inherent intelligibility with each other. North Sakhalin is between them linguistically. All members of the ethnic group are reported to be bilingual or monolingual in Russian. Most speakers are older than 50 years. The language has been written. Forced resettlement has weakened language use. Some are scattered and without regular contact with other speakers. Endangered. Taught through second grade in settlements at Nogliki and Nekrasovka. Not taught at Amur. Fishermen, agriculturalists (recently).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 10. ItonamaLanguage (ITO Bolivia) (instance ItonamaLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation ItonamaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ItonamaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Bolivia. SIL code: ITO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: (110 in ethnic group in 1969). Region: Beni Department and Itonamas River. Alternate names: MACHOTO, SARAMO. Comments: Bilingualism in Spanish. Only a few speakers 25 years ago. Ruhlen classifies it as Paezan. Dictionary. Nearly extinct. Bible portions 1967.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 11. KarkarYuriLanguage (YUJ Papua New Guinea) (instance KarkarYuriLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation KarkarYuriLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KarkarYuriLanguage is a language isolatespoken in &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: YUJ. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 1,142 (1994 SIL). Region: Sandaun Province, Amanab District, along the Irian Jaya border. Alternate names: YURI, KARKAR. Dialects: NORTH CENTRAL YURI, AUIA-TARAUWI, USARI. Comments: No known relationships. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Tropical forest. Mountain slope. Swidden agriculturalists. 100 to 700 meters. NT 1994.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 12. KibiriLanguage (PRM Papua New Guinea) (instance KibiriLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation KibiriLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KibiriLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: PRM. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 1,100 (1977 SIL). Region: Gulf Province, Kikori District, near Aird Hills, on several tributaries of Kikori River,villages of Tipeowo, Doibo, Paile, Babaguina, Ero, and Wowa. Alternate names: POROME, POLOME. Dialects: AIRD HILLS (KIBIRI), POROME. Comments: Unrelated to other languages in Gulf Province. Different from Kairi, which is also called Kibiri. Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 13. KoreanLanguage (KKN South Korea) (instance KoreanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation KoreanLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KoreanLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%SouthKorea. SIL code: KKN. ISO 639-1: ko. ISO 639-2: kor. Population: 42,000,000 in South Korea (1986). Population: total all countries 78,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Also spoken in 31 other countries including American Samoa, Australia, Bahrain, Belize, Brazil, Brunei, Canada, China, Germany, Guam, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, North, Kyrgyzstan, Mauritania, Mongolia, New Zealand, Northern Mariana Islands. Alternate names: HANGUOHUA, HANGUK MAL. Dialects: SEOUL (KANGWONDO, KYONGGIDO), CH'UNGCH'ONGDO (NORTH CH'UNGCH'ONG, SOUTH CH'UNGCH'ONG), KYONGSANGDO (NORTH KYONGSANGDO, SOUTH KYONGSANGDO), CHOLLADO (NORTH CHOLLADO, SOUTH CHOLLADO), CHEJU ISLAND. Comments: There is a difference of opinion among scholars as to whether or not Korean is related to Japanese. Some scholars suggest that both languages are possibly distantly related to Altaic. Dialect boundaries generally correspond to provincial boundaries. Some dialects are not easily intelligible with others (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). The suffix -do on dialect names means 'province'. Comprehension of Standard Korean may be lower on Cheju Island. National language. Grammar. SOV. Higher adult illiteracy is reported on Cheju Island. Korean script (Hangul) used. The McCune-Reischauer system is the official Roman orthography in South Korea used for maps and signs. Buddhist, Christian. Bible 1911-1993. Also spoken in: China. (Language name: KOREAN.) Population: 1,920,597 in China (1990 census). Comments: Considered one of the main official nationalities. 'Chaoxian' is the name used in China. High level of education. Radio programs. Agriculturalists. Buddhist, Christian. Bible 1911-1993. See main entry under Korea, South. Also spoken in: Japan. (Language name: KOREAN.) Population: 670,000 in Japan, .5% of the population (1988). Comments: Bilingualism in Japanese. Buddhist, Christian. Bible 1911-1993. Also spoken in: Korea, North. (Language name: KOREAN.) Population: 20,000,000 in North Korea (1986). Dialects: HAMGYONGDO (NORTH HAMGYONGDO, SOUTH HAMGYONGDO), P'YONG'ANDO (NORTH P'YONG'ANDO, SOUTH P'YONG' ANDO), HWANGHAEDO. Comments: Dialect boundaries generally correspond to provincial boundaries. Some dialects are not easily intelligible with others (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). National language. SOV. Korean script (Hangul). Buddhist-Confucianist, Christian. Bible 1911-1993. Also spoken in: Thailand. (Language name: KOREAN.) Comments: Buddhist, Christian. Bible 1911-1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 14. KutenaiLanguage (KUN Canada) (instance KutenaiLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation KutenaiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KutenaiLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Canada. SIL code: KUN. ISO 639-2: kut. Population: 120 mother tongue speakers in Canada (1998 Statistics Canada). Population: total both countries 222. Region: Southeastern British Columbia. Alternate names: KTUNAXA, KOOTENAI, KOOTENAY. Comments: Bilingualism in English. All speakers are middle-aged or elderly. Columbia Lake Reserve EKCC is offering Kutenai as a second language course (1991). Dictionary. Grammar. Also spoken in: USA. (Language name: KUTENAI.) Population: 102 speakers in USA (1990 census). Alternate names: KTUNAXA, KOOTENAI. Comments: Bilingualism in English. All speakers are elderly. Columbia Lake Reserve in Canada is offering a Kutenai as a second language course (1991). See main entry under Canada.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 15. NihaliLanguage (NHL India) (instance NihaliLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation NihaliLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NihaliLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%India. SIL code: NHL. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 5,000 (1987). Region: Madhya Pradesh, Khandwa District, mainly around Temi (Tembi) village in Nimar District, Maharashtra, Buldana, Akola, Amravati, Jalgaon districts, 12 hamlets around Toranmal. Alternate names: NIHAL, NAHALI, NAHAL, KALTO, NAHALE. Comments: Nahale north of Amalwadi in Jalgaon District speak a language similar to Ahirani (Indo-European). Nihali and Nahali may be different languages. Nihal in Chikaldara taluk and Akola District have 25% lexical similarity with Korku (Munda). Nahal near Toranmal have 51% to 73% lexical similarity with several Bhil languages (Indo-European). They live in or near Korku villages, and identify closely with the Korku. Investigation needed: intelligibility with nearby Bhili languages, bilingual proficiency in Korku (Munda), Hindi, Marathi. Tropical forest. Mountain slope.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 16. PankararuLanguage (PAZ Brazil) (instance PankararuLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation PankararuLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PankararuLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Brazil. SIL code: PAZ. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: Ethnic group: 3,676 (1995 AMTB). Region: Pernambuco, Alagoas. Alternate names: PANKARARA, PANKARU, PANCARU, PANCARE, PANKARAVU, PANKARORU. Comments: Possibly related to Kiriri. Highly acculturated. Monolingual in Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 17. PuelcheLanguage (PUE Argentina) (instance PuelcheLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation PuelcheLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PuelcheLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Argentina. SIL code: PUE. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 5 or 6 speakers. Extinct in Chile. Region: Pampas. Alternate names: GENNAKEN, PAMPA, NORTHERN TEHUELCHE. Comments: Distinct from Pehuenche dialect of Mapudungun. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 18. PuinaveLanguage (PUI Colombia) (instance PuinaveLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation PuinaveLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PuinaveLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Colombia. SIL code: PUI. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 2,000 in Colombia (1977 NTM). Population: total both countries 2,240. Region: Inirida River and tributaries, Territory of Guainia. Also spoken in Venezuela. Alternate names: PUINABE. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as related to Macu. Plains. NT 1964. Also spoken in: Venezuela. (Language name: PUINAVE.) Population: 240 in Venezuela (1975 Gaceta Indigenista). Alternate names: PUINARE. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as related to Macu. NT 1964.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 19. PurepechaLanguage (TSZ Mexico) (instance PurepechaLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation PurepechaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PurepechaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Mexico. SIL code: TSZ. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 120,000 (1990 census). Region: Michoacan. Alternate names: TARASCO, TARASCAN, PHORHEPECHA, PORHE. Comments: Several varieties do not have functional intelligibility with each other. Dictionary. Grammar. NT 1969.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 20. SierraOccidentalPurepechaLanguage (PUA Mexico) (instance SierraOccidentalLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation SierraOccidentalLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SierraOccidentalLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Mexico. SIL code: PUA. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: No estimate available. Region: Michoacan, western mountains, Zamora on the northern edge, Los Reyes de Salgado on the southwestern corner, Paracho on the eastern edge, including Pamatacuaro. Alternate names: WESTERN HIGHLAND PUREPECHA, TARASCO, TARASCAN. Comments: All Purepecha varieties do not have functional intelligibility with some other Purepecha: the western mountain variety has 60% intelligibility with Patzcuaro.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 21. TicunaLanguage (TCA Peru) (instance TicunaLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation TicunaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TicunaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Peru. SIL code: TCA. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 8,000 in Peru (1998 SIL). Population total all countries: 24,000. Region: Northeastern Amazon River region, from Chimbote in Peru to San Antonio do Ica in Brazil. Also spoken in Brazil, Colombia. Alternate names: TIKUNA, TUKUNA. Comments: SVO. Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Christian, traditional religion. NT 1986. Also spoken in: Brazil. (Language name: TICUNA.) Population: 12,000 in Brazil. Alternate names: TIKUNA, TUKUNA, MAGUTA. Comments: NT 1986. Also spoken in: Colombia. (Language name: TICUNA.) Population: 4,000 in Colombia. Alternate names: TIKUNA, TUKUNA, TUCUNA. Comments: NT 1986.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 22. TolLanguage (JIC Honduras) (instance TolLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation TolLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TolLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Honduras. SIL code: JIC. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 350 speakers (1997) out of an ethnic group of 593 (1990 Educacion Comunitaria para la Salud-Honduras). Also 19,000 ethnic Tolpan in the Department of Yoro, including some speakers. Region: Montana de la Flor, northern Francisco Morazan Department, north central Honduras. Alternate names: TOLPAN, JICAQUE, XICAQUE. Comments: No distinct dialects. It may be distantly related to Subtiaba of Nicaragua (extinct linguistically), Tlapaneco of Mexico, or the Hokan languages. Varying degrees of bilingualism in Spanish, adult male leaders are more fluent, women and children are more limited. Ethnic Tolpan who do not speak Tol speak Spanish. All ages. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Christian, traditional religion. NT 1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 23. TrumaiLanguage (TPY Brazil) (instance TrumaiLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation TrumaiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TrumaiLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Brazil. SIL code: TPY. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 78 (1995 AMTB). Region: Xingu Park, source of Xingu River, villages along banks, Mato Grosso. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as Equatorial. They are intermarrying with speakers of other languages. They trade extensively with other groups. Agriculturalists: manioc, peppers, beans.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 24. TuxaLanguage (TUD Brazil) (instance TuxaLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation TuxaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TuxaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Brazil. SIL code: TUD. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: Ethnic group: 900 (1995 AMTB). Region: Bahia, Pernambuco. Alternate names: TUSHA, TODELA. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as Equatorial. People are monolingual in Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 25. WaraoLanguage (WBA Venezuela) (instance WaraoLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation WaraoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WaraoLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Venezuela. SIL code: WBA. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 18,000 in Venezuela (1993 UBS). Population: total all countries 18,000. Region: On the delta of the Orinoco River, Delta Amacuro, Sucre, Monagas. Also spoken in Guyana, Suriname. Alternate names: GUARAUNO, GUARAO, WARRAU. Comments: All ages. NT 1974. Also spoken in: Guyana. (Language name: WARAO.) Population: A few speakers in Guyana out of 4,700 in the ethnic group (1990 J. Forte). Alternate names: WARAU, WARRAU, GUARAO, GUARAUNO. Comments: Bilingualism in Guyanese. In Guyana only the older people speak the language. NT 1974. Also spoken in: Suriname. (Language name: WARAO.) Population: A very small number of individuals in Suriname. Alternate names: WARRAU, GUARAO, GUARAUNO. Comments: Bilingualism in Guyanese. All speakers in Suriname are elderly. NT 1974.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 26. YaleLanguage (NCE Papua New Guinea) (instance YaleLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation YaleLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%YaleLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: NCE. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 600 (1991 SIL). Region: Sandaun Province, Amanab District, west of Namia. Kwomtari is north, Abau is south, Busa is southwest, Biaka is west, Anggor and Amanab are northwest. 6 villages. Alternate names: NAGATMAN, NAGATIMAN, YARE, YADE. Comments: 2 very similar dialects. Most men up to 35 years old have routine proficiency in Tok Pisin. There is some intermarriage with the Busa. 'Nagatman' is a corrupted name of 1 village, not a language name. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Tropical forest. Sago swamps. Hunter-gatherers, some cultivation: sugar cane, tobacco, sweet potatoes, taro. 300 feet.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 27. YamanaLanguage (YAG Chile) (instance YamanaLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation YamanaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%YamanaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Chile. SIL code: YAG. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 3 women speakers (Anne Chapmen), who are married to Spanish men and raised their children as Spanish speakers (1990 A. Salas and A. Valencia). Region: Patagonia, Isla Navarino, Puerto Williams, Ukika hamlet. Extinct in Argentina. Alternate names: YAGHAN, YAGAN, TEQUENICA, HAUSI KUTA. Comments: Tovar (1961) says it was closest to Qawasqar, and had some relationship to Ona. Earlier there were up to five dialects. Bilingualism in Spanish. Speakers from 56 to 70 years old (1990). One report says that there are still speakers near the Beagle Canal Naval Base in Chile. Their name for their language is 'Hausi Kuta.' Dictionary. Nearly extinct. Bible portions 1881-1886.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 28. YuchiLanguage (YUC USA) (instance YuchiLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation YuchiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%YuchiLanguage is a language isolate spoken in the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: YUC. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 12 to 19 fluent speakers (1997), out of 1,500 population (1977 SIL). Region: Among Creek people in east central Oklahoma. Alternate names: UCHEAN. Comments: Bilingualism in English. All speakers are middle-aged or older. Dictionary. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 29. YuracareLanguage (YUE Bolivia) (instance YuracareLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation YuracareLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%YuracareLanguage is a language isolate spoken in &%Bolivia. SIL code: YUE. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 500 to 2,500 speakers (1991 Adelaar) including 3,000 in the ethnic group (1996 NTM). Region: Beni and Cochabamba departments, scattered primarily along the Chapare River. Alternate names: YURA. Dialects: MANSINYO, SOLOTO. Comments: Bible portions 1956-1965.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 30. ZuniLanguage (ZUN USA) (instance ZuniLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation ZuniLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ZuniLanguage is a language isolate spoken in the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: ZUN. ISO 639-2: zun. Population: 6,413 speakers (1980 census). Region: New Mexico, south of Gallup. Alternate names: ZUNI. Comments: Includes 31 monolinguals (1980). Speakers were 85.5% of the population below 18 years of age, 6.2% above 18 (1980). Children are being raised speaking the language (1998). Vigorous. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions 1941-1970.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; d. MIXED LANGUAGES (8 Languages) ;; MixedLanguage (subclass MixedLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation MixedLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%MixedLanguage is a &%SpokenHumanLanguage that combines grammar and lexical items from two or more languages to create a new language that is essentially a linguistic mixture.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; CAKCHIQUEL-QUICHE MIXED LANGUAGE (1 Language) (subclass ChakchiquelQuicheMixedLanguage MixedLanguage) (documentation ChakchiquelQuicheMixedLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%ChakchiquelQuicheMixedLanguage is a &%MixedLanguage that combines the grammars and lexicons of a &%ChakchiquelGroupLanguage and a &%QuicheAchiLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. ChakchiquelQuicheLanguage (CKZ Guatemala) (instance ChakchiquelQuicheLanguage ChakchiquelQuicheMixedLanguage) (documentation ChakchiquelQuicheLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ChakchiquelQuicheLanguage is a &%ChakchiquelQuicheMixedLanguage of &%Guatemala. SIL code: CKZ. ISO 639-2: mis. Population 2,000 (1998 SIL). Region: Santiago, Sacatepaquez, Santa Maria Cauque aldea. Alternate names: CAUQUE MIXED LANGUAGE. Comments: Speakers came from the Quiche area in the colonial period. Older speakers show a base of Quiche. Speakers are fully bilingual in South Central Cakchiquel and becoming bilingual in Spanish. 30 and above. The language is changing to become more like &%SouthCentralCakchiquel.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; CHINESE-TIBETAN-MONGOLIAN MIXED LANGUAGE (1 Language) (subclass ChineseTibetanMongolianMixedLanguage MixedLanguage) (documentation ChineseTibetanMongolianMixedLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%ChineseTibetanMongolianMixedLanguage is a &%MixedLanguage that combines the grammars and lexicons of a &%ChineseLanguage dialect, the &%TibetanLanguage, and the &%MongolianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. WutunhuaLanguage (WUH China) (instance WutunhuaLanguage ChineseTibetanMongolianMixedLanguage) (documentation WutunhuaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WutunhuaLanguage is a &%ChineseTibetanMongolianMixedLanguage of &%China. SIL code: WUH. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 2,000 (1995). Region: Eastern Qinghai Province, Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Tongren County, Longwu township, Upper and Lower Wutun villages and Jiangchama village. Alternate names: WUTUN. Comments: Reported to be a variety of Chinese heavily influenced by Tibetan or perhaps a Tibetan language undergoing relexification with Chinese forms. Also described as Chinese which converged to an agglutinative language, using only Chinese material, towards Tibetan-Mongolian. Neighboring Tibetans refer to the Wutun people as 'Sanggaixiong', meaning 'center of the lion'. Known for their paintings of Buddha. Some consider themselves members of the Tu nationality, others Han Chinese. SOV, adjectives follow nouns, adverbials precede predicate, case and number marked on nouns, prenasalized consonants, 11 different syllable-final consonants, tone and stress have low functional load, most words polysyllabic, 60% Chinese, 20% Tibetan vocabulary with the rest having mixed Chinese and Tibetan elements. Agriculturalists.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; FRENCH-CREE MIXED LANGUAGE (1 Language) (subclass FrenchCreeMixedLanguage MixedLanguage) (documentation FrenchCreeMixedLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%FrenchCreeMixedLanguage is a &%MixedLanguage that combines the grammars and lexicons of the &%FrenchLanguage and the &%CreeLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. MichifLanguage (CRG USA) (instance MichifLanguage FrenchCreeMixedLanguage) (documentation MichifLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MichifLanguage is a &%FrenchCreeMixedLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: CRG. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 390 speakers in USA (1990 census). Population total both countries: 390 or more. Region: Turtle Mountain Reservation, North Dakota. Alternate names: FRENCH CREE, MITCHIF. Comments: Closest to Plains Cree. Bilingualism in English. Most or all speakers are middle-aged or older. Dictionary. Also spoken in: Canada. (Language name: MICHIF.) Alternate names: FRENCH CREE, METIS. Comments: Closest to Plains Cree. Several varieties. Bilingualism in English. Most or all speakers are middle-aged or older. Grammar. Formerly buffalo hunters.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; GERMAN-YIDDISH-ROMANI-ROTWELSCH MIXED LANGUAGE (1 Language) (subclass GermanYiddishRomaniRotwelschMixedLanguage MixedLanguage) (documentation GermanYiddishRomaniRotwelschMixedLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%GermanYiddishRomaniRotwelschMixedLanguage is a &%MixedLanguage that combines the grammars and lexicons of the &%GermanLanguage, the &%YiddishLanguage, the &%RomaniLanguage, and the &%RotwelschLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. YenicheLanguage (YEC Germany) (instance YenicheLanguage GermanYiddishRomaniRotwelschMixedLanguage) (documentation YenicheLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%YenicheLanguage is a &%GermanYiddishRomaniRotwelschMixedLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: YEC. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Also spoken in Austria, France, Netherlands, Switzerland. Alternate names: JENISCH, YENISHE, GERMAN TRAVELLERS. Comments: German with a heavy cryptolectal lexical influsion from Rotwelsch, Yiddish, Romani, and Hebrew. The first language of some (The Carrier Pidgin 1977). A blend language of certain urban nomadic groups. Not Gypsies. Possibly arose as a result of those who were dispossessed because of the Hanseatic laws (I. Hancock). They are a distinct ethnic group.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; PARE-CUSHITIC MIXED LANGUAGE (1 Language) (subclass PareCushiticMixedLanguage MixedLanguage) (documentation PareCushiticMixedLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%PareCushiticMixedLanguage is a &%MixedLanguage that combines the grammars and lexicons of the &%PareLanguage and a &%CushiticLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. MbuguLanguage (MHD Tanzania) (instance MbuguLanguage PareCushiticMixedLanguage) (documentation MbuguLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MbuguLanguage is a &%PareCushiticMixedLanguage of &%Tanzania. SIL code: MHD. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 32,000 (1987). Region: Eastern Province in Usambara. Alternate names: MA'A, MBOUGOU, VAMA'A, WA MAATHI, KIBWYO. Comments: People call themselves 'Va-Ma'a'. A hybrid language, Bantu inflectional (prefix and concord) system with Cushitic vocabulary. Derivational morphemes are Bantu and Cushitic (or non-Bantu). The Bantu influence is from Pare (Shambaa).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; RUSSIAN-ALEUT MIXED LANGUAGE (1 Language) (subclass RussianAleutMixedLanguage MixedLanguage) (documentation RussianAleutMixedLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%RussianAleutMixedLanguage is a &%MixedLanguage that combines the grammars and lexicons of the &%RussianLanguage and an &%AleutLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. MednyjAleutLanguage (MUD Russia - Asia) (instance MednyjAleutLanguage RussianAleutMixedLanguage) (documentation MednyjAleutLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MednyjAleutLanguage is a &%RussianAleutMixedLanguage of &%Russia (Asia). SIL code: MUD. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 10 (1995 M. Krauss). Region: Copper Island, Komandor Islands. Alternate names: MEDNY, COPPER, COPPER ISLAND ALEUT, ATTUAN, COPPER ISLAND ATTUAN, CREOLIZED ATTUAN. Comments: Bilingualism in Russian. Aleut is taught in school until the fourth grade. Most ethnic group members in Russia speak Russian as mother tongue. From 1820 to 1840 dozens of Aleut families were brought from various islands to the Komandor Islands. Until the 1960s there were two villages on Bering and Medny islands. From the 1950s to the 1980s children were sent by the state to boarding schools. Christian. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SPANISH-QUECHUA MIXED LANGUAGE (1 Language) (subclass SpanishQuechuaMixedLanguage MixedLanguage) (documentation SpanishQuechuaMixedLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%SpanishQuechuaMixedLanguage is a &%MixedLanguage that combines the grammars and lexicons of the &%SpanishLanguage and the &%QuechuaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. MediaLenguaLanguage (MUE Ecuador) (instance MediaLenguaLanguage SpanishQuechuaMixedLanguage) (documentation MediaLenguaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MediaLenguaLanguage is a &%SpanishQuechuaMixedLanguage of &%Ecuador. SIL code: MUE. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 1,000 first and second language speakers (1999 Peter Bakker). Region: A few villages. Comments: Has a Quechua grammatical system and a Spanish vocabulary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ZULU-BANTU MIXED LANGUAGE (1 Language) (subclass ZuluBantuMixedLanguage MixedLanguage) (documentation ZuluBantuMixedLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%ZuluBantuMixedLanguage is a &%MixedLanguage that combines the grammars and lexicons of the &%ZuluLanguage and a &%BantuLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. CamthoLanguage (CMT South Africa) (instance CamthoLanguage ZuluBantuMixedLanguage) (documentation CamthoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CamthoLanguage is a &%ZuluBantuMixedLanguage of &%SouthAfrica. SIL code: CMT. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Soweto, Johannesburg, urban settings. Alternate names: ISICAMTHO, ISCAMTHO. Comments: A development in the 1980s from the original Tsotsitaal, and sometimes called 'Tsotsitaal'. Also described as a basically Zulu or Sotho language with heavy codeswitching and a lot of English and Afrikaans content morphemes. Mainly used by young people. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; e. PIDGIN LANGUAGES (17 Languages) ;; PidginLanguage (subclass PidginLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation PidginLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%PidginLanguage is not the native language of anyone but is used as an auxiliary or supplemental language between two mutually unintelligible speech communities. Pidgins are reduced languages, characterized by having a limited vocabulary and a simple grammar which serve to satisfy basic communication needs. Historically these languages have primarily arisen in trade centers and plantations (with slaves from different language backgrounds), areas where large groups of people lacking a common language need to communicate. By definition, a pidgin has no native speakers, it is always a person's second (or more) language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; AMERINDIAN PIDGIN LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; AmerindianPidginLanguage (subclass AmerindianPidginLanguage PidginLanguage) (documentation AmerindianPidginLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%AmerindianPidginLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage based on an Amerindian language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. ChinookWawaLanguage (CRW Canada) (instance ChinookWawaLanguage AmerindianPidginLanguage) (documentation ChinookWawaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ChinookWawaLanguage is an &%AmerindianPidginLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: CRW. ISO 639-2: chn. Population: Population total both countries 100 speakers, all over 50 years old (1962 Chafe). Region: British Columbia. Also spoken in USA. Alternate names: CHINOOK JARGON, CHINOOK PIDGIN. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Formerly used along the Pacific coast from Oregon to Alaska, between Indian and white, and between speakers of different languages. All speakers are now probably scattered. Nearly extinct. Bible portions 1912. Also spoken in: USA. (Language name: CHINOOK WAWA.) Population: 17 speakers in USA (1990 census). Alternate names: CHINOOK JARGON, CHINOOK PIDGIN, TSINUK WAWA. Comments: Consists mainly of words from Chinook, with a large admixture of words from Nootka, Canadian French, and English. Bilingualism in English. Formerly used widely during the 19th century between Indian and white, and between speakers of different languages. Trade language. Nearly extinct. Bible portions 1912.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. DelawarePidginLanguage (DEP USA) (instance DelawarePidginLanguage AmerindianPidginLanguage) (documentation DelawarePidginLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%DelawarePidginLanguage is an &%AmerindianPidginLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: DEP. ISO 639-2: crp. Region: Middle Atlantic region. Comments: Widely used in the 17th century between Algonquians and Europeans as a second language. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. MobilianLanguage (MOD USA) (instance MobilianLanguage AmerindianPidginLanguage) (documentation MobilianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MobilianLanguage is an &%AmerindianPidginLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: MOD. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: No fluent speakers left. Region: Lower Mississippi River valley area, south central USA. Alternate names: MOBILIAN JARGON. Comments: Muskogean based pidgin, formerly used as lingua franca. Loan words from Spanish, English, French, Creek, Alabama-Koasati, Choctaw, Chickasaw. Became extinct about 100 years ago. OSV. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ENGLISH-BASED PIDGIN LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; EnglishBasedPidginLanguage (subclass EnglishBasedPidginLanguage PidginLanguage) (documentation EnglishBasedPidginLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%EnglishBasedPidginLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage based on the &%EnglishLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ATLANTIC ENGLISH-BASED PIDGIN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; AtlanticEnglishBasedPidginLanguage (subclass AtlanticEnglishBasedPidginLanguage EnglishBasedPidginLanguage) (documentation AtlanticEnglishBasedPidginLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%AtlanticEnglishBasedPidginLanguage is an &%EnglishBasedPidginLanguage that has evolved in areas near the &%AtlanticOcean.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. LiberianEnglishLanguage (LIR Liberia) (instance LiberianEnglishLanguage AtlanticEnglishBasedPidginLanguage) (documentation LiberianEnglishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LiberianEnglishLanguage is an &%AtlanticEnglishBasedPidginLanguage of &%Liberia. SIL code: LIR. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population (1,500,000 second language users, 1984 census). Alternate names: LIBERIAN PIDGIN ENGLISH. Dialects: KRU PIDGIN ENGLISH. Comments: Regional dialects. Used as a second language for communication between different language groups. As different from Standard English as is Sierra Leone Krio. Repidginized from American Black English of the 1800's (J. Holm). Trade language. Radio programs.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; PACIFIC ENGLISH-BASED PIDGIN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; PacificEnglishBasedPidginLanguage (subclass PacificEnglishBasedPidginLanguage EnglishBasedPidginLanguage) (documentation PacificEnglishBasedPidginLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%PacificEnglishBasedPidginLanguage is an &%EnglishBasedPidginLanguage that has evolved in areas near the &%PacificOcean.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. ChinesePidginEnglishLanguage (CPE Nauru) (instance ChinesePidginEnglishLanguage PacificEnglishBasedPidginLanguage) (documentation ChinesePidginEnglishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ChinesePidginEnglishLanguage is a &%PacificEnglishBasedPidginLanguage of &%Nauru. SIL code: CPE. ISO 639-2: cpe. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Currently spoken.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; FRENCH-BASED PIDGIN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; FrenchBasedPidginLanguage (subclass FrenchBasedPidginLanguage RomanceBasedPidginLanguage) (documentation FrenchBasedPidginLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%FrenchBasedPidginLanguage is a &%RomanceBasedPidginLanguage based on the &%FrenchLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. TayBoiLanguage (TAS Viet Nam) (instance TayBoiLanguage FrenchBasedPidginLanguage) (documentation TayBoiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TayBoiLanguage is a &%FrenchBasedPidginLanguage of &%VietNam. SIL code: TAS. ISO 639-2: cpf. Region: Was used in the major ports of French Indo-China. Alternate names: TAY BOY, ANNAMITE FRENCH, VIETNAMESE PIDGIN FRENCH. Comments: Developed beginning in 1862. Influences from Vietnamese, French, English, Javanese, and Portuguese. It was used between French and Vietnamese until 1954, and in lower levels of administration, in the military, and by police. No longer spoken (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; HAUSA-BASED PIDGIN LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; HausaBasedPidginLanguage (subclass HausaBasedPidginLanguage PidginLanguage) (documentation HausaBasedPidginLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%HausaBasedPidginLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage based on the &%HausaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. BarikanchiLanguage (BXO Nigeria) (instance BarikanchiLanguage HausaBasedPidginLanguage) (documentation BarikanchiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BarikanchiLanguage is a &%HausaBasedPidginLanguage of &%Nigeria. SIL code: BXO. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Used in military barracks. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. GibanawaLanguage (GIB Nigeria) (instance GibanawaLanguage HausaBasedPidginLanguage) (documentation GibanawaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GibanawaLanguage is a &%HausaBasedPidginLanguage of &%Nigeria. SIL code: GIB. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: No estimate available. Region: Sokoto State, Jega LGA, near the Dukawa. Alternate names: GEMBANAWA, GIMBANAWA, JEGA. Comments: Hausa-speaking Fulani. The largest group in Jega LGA. They use Gibanawa as a contact language. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; IHA-BASED PIDGIN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; IhaBasedPidginLanguage (subclass IhaBasedPidginLanguage PidginLanguage) (documentation IhaBasedPidginLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%IhaBasedPidginLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage based on the &%IhaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. IhaPidginLanguage (IHB Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance IhaPidginLanguage IhaBasedPidginLanguage) (documentation IhaPidginLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%IhaPidginLanguage is an &%IhaBasedPidginLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: IHB. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: No estimate available. Region: Bomberai Peninsula, far west end around Fak Fak and north. Comments Trade language. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; MALAY-BASED PIDGIN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; MalayBasedPidginLanguage (subclass MalayBasedPidginLanguage PidginLanguage) (documentation MalayBasedPidginLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%MalayBasedPidginLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage based on the &%MalayLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. BroomePerlingLuggerPidginLanguage (BPL Australia) (instance BroomePerlingLuggerPidginLanguage MalayBasedPidginLanguage) (documentation BroomePerlingLuggerPidginLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BroomePerlingLuggerPidginLanguage is a &%MalayBasedPidginLanguage of &%Australia. SIL code: BPL. ISO 639-2: crp. Population (40 to 50 speakers, mainly Aborigines). Region: Broome, Lombardinie, Beagle Bay, La Grange, One Arm Point, Derby. Alternate names: BROOM CREOLE, KOEPANG TALK, MALAY TALK, JAPANESE PIDGIN ENGLISH. Comments: Used as a lingua franca on pearling boats to communicate between Malays, Japanese, Chinese, and Aborigines. Some Japanese and Aboriginal creole or pidgin English words. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; MASCOIAN-BASED PIDGIN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; MascoianBasedPidginLanguage (subclass MascoianBasedPidginLanguage PidginLanguage) (documentation MascoianBasedPidginLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%MascoianBasedPidginLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage based on the &%MascoianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. MaskoyPidginLanguage (MHH Paraguay) (instance MaskoyPidginLanguage MascoianBasedPidginLanguage) (documentation MaskoyPidginLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MaskoyPidginLanguage is a &%MascoianBasedPidginLanguage of &%Paraguay. SIL code: MHH. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: No estimate available. Region: Puerto Victoria. Comments: Bilingualism in Paraguayan Guarani. A mixed language formerly used in a tannin factory with Lengua, Sanapana, Angaite, Guana, and Toba-Maskoy influences. Speakers are reported to have returned to former areas and languages, or to Guarani-speaking rural areas. Different from Toba-Maskoy. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; MOTU-BASED PIDGIN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; MotuBasedPidginLanguage (subclass MotuBasedPidginLanguage PidginLanguage) (documentation MotuBasedPidginLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%MotuBasedPidginLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage based on the &%MotuLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. HiriMotuLanguage (POM Papua New Guinea) (instance HiriMotuLanguage MotuBasedPidginLanguage) (documentation HiriMotuLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%HiriMotuLanguage is a &%MotuBasedPidginLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: POM. ISO 639-1: ho. ISO 639-2: hmo. Population: Interethnic second language speakers: 120,000 (1989 J. Holm). Very few mother tongue speakers (T. Dutton 1992). Region: Central Province, in and around Port Moresby area, also throughout Oro, Central, Gulf, and part of Milne Bay provinces, some in Western Province. Alternate names: POLICE MOTU, PIDGIN MOTU, HIRI. Dialects: AUSTRONESIAN HIRI MOTU, PAPUAN HIRI MOTU. Comments: Linguistically a pidginization of True Motu. Also influenced by English, Tok Pisin, and Polynesian languages. Speakers of Hiri Motu cannot understand Motu. There are phonological and grammatical differences. 90% lexical similarity with Motu. Papuan Hiri Motu is more widespread and considered as the standard. Official language. Dictionary. Literacy rate in first language: Less than 5%. Bible 1994.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ONIN-BASED PIDGIN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; OninBasedPidginLanguage (subclass OninBasedPidginLanguage PidginLanguage) (documentation OninBasedPidginLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%OninBasedPidginLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage based on the &%OninLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. OninPidginLanguage (ONX Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance OninPidginLanguage OninBasedPidginLanguage) (documentation OninPidginLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%OninPidginLanguage is an &%OninBasedPidginLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: ONX. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: No estimate available. Region: Onin Peninsula. Comments: Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ROMANCE-BASED PIDGIN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; RomanceBasedPidginLanguage (subclass RomanceBasedPidginLanguage PidginLanguage) (documentation RomanceBasedPidginLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%RomanceBasedPidginLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage based on a &%RomanceLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. LinguaFrancaLanguage (PML Tunisia) (instance LinguaFrancaLanguage RomanceBasedPidginLanguage) (documentation LinguaFrancaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LinguaFrancaLanguage is a &%RomanceBasedPidginLanguage of &%Tunisia. SIL code: PML. ISO 639-2: crp. Region: Tunisia, Dodecanese Islands west bank, Greece, Cyprus, other major Mediterranean ports. Alternate names: PETIT MAURESQUE, FERENGHI, SABIR, 'AJNABI, ALJAMIA. Comments: Lexicon from Italian and Provencal. An earlier version may have been a pidginized Latin. On the Barbary Coast of North Africa in 1578, its lexicon came from Spanish and Portuguese. In Algeria in the 1830s, it drew increasingly from French, and later became the nonstandard French of that area. It may also have influenced other pidgins. There is a report of a present-day variety on the Aegean Islands, used as a pidgin in the southeastern Mediterranean region, to have mainly Arabic syntax, and vocabulary which is 65% to 70% Italian, 10% Spanish, and other Catalan, French, Ladino, and Turkish words. Documented in Djerba, Tunisia in 1353. Dictionary. Coastal. Craftsmen, urban workers. sea level. Christian, Sunni Muslim. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SWAHILI-BASED PIDGIN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; SwahiliBasedPidginLanguage (subclass SwahiliBasedPidginLanguage PidginLanguage) (documentation SwahiliBasedPidginLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%SwahiliBasedPidginLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage based on the &%SwahiliLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. SettlaLanguage (STA Zambia) (instance SettlaLanguage SwahiliBasedPidginLanguage) (documentation SettlaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SettlaLanguage is a &%SwahiliBasedPidginLanguage of &%Zambia. SIL code: STA. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: No estimate available. Region: May also be in Kenya. Alternate names: KISETTLA, KISETLA. Comments: A 'despised' pidgin (M. Adler 1977.50). Limited vocabulary and grammar. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ZULU-BASED PIDGIN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; ZuluBasedPidginLanguage (subclass ZuluBasedPidginLanguage PidginLanguage) (documentation ZuluBasedPidginLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%ZuluBasedPidginLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage based on the &%ZuluLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. FanagoloLanguage (FAO South Africa) (instance FanagoloLanguage ZuluBasedPidginLanguage) (documentation FanagoloLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%FanagoloLanguage is a &%ZuluBasedPidginLanguage of &%SouthAfrica. SIL code: FAO. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: Several hundred thousand speakers (1975 Reinecke). Region: Also spoken in DRC, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Alternate names: 'FANAKALO', 'FANEKOLO', 'KITCHEN KAFFIR', 'MINE KAFFIR', PIKI, ISIPIKI, 'ISIKULA', LOLOLO, ISILOLOLO, PIDGIN BANTU, BASIC ZULU, SILUNGUBOI. Comments: The dialect in Zambia is called 'Cikabanga', that in Zimbabwe is called 'Chilapalapa.' About 70% of the vocabulary comes from Zulu, 24% from English, 6% from Afrikaans. Used widely in towns and gold, diamond, coal, and copper mining areas. Originated in the 19th century. 'Fanagolo' and most or all other names are pejorative. Trade language. Dictionary. Second language only. Also spoken in: Zambia. (Language name: FANAGOLO.) Population: Several hundred speakers (1975 Reinecke). Alternate names: 'FANAKALO', 'FANEKOLO', PIKI, ISIPIKI, LOLOLO, ISILOLOLO, PIDGIN BANTU, BASIC ZULU, 'KITCHEN KAFFIR', 'MINE KAFFIR', 'ISIKULA'. Dialects: CIKABANGA. Comments: Influenced by Bemba in Zambia. Rejected by most Africans because it was imported from Zimbabwe and South Africa by Europeans who did not want Africans to learn English (Adler 1977). Trade language. Second language only. Also spoken in: Zimbabwe. (Language name: FANAGOLO.) Population: Several hundred thousand speakers (1975 Reinecke). Alternate names: 'FANAKALO', 'FANEKOLO', PIKI, ISIPIKI, LOLOLO, ISILOLOLO, PIDGIN BANTU, 'KITCHEN KAFFIR', 'MINE KAFFIR', 'ISIKULA'. Dialects: CHILAPALAPA. Comments: About 70% of the vocabulary comes from Zulu, 24% from English, 6% from Afrikaans. Influenced by Shona in Zimbabwe. Used widely in towns and mining areas. Trade language. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; OTHER PIDGINS (1 Language) ;; 1. NdyukaTrioPidginLanguage (NJT Suriname) (instance NdyukaTrioPidginLanguage PidginLanguage) (documentation NdyukaTrioPidginLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NdyukaTrioPidginLanguage is a &%PidginLanguage of &%Suriname. SIL code: NJT. ISO 639-2: crp. Population: No estimate available. Region: Southern Suriname, upper Tapanahonij River. Comments: Formerly used until the 1960s by the Ndyuka and Trio and Wayana peoples for trading. Increasing travel by the Indians to the coast at that time cut back on that trade, and also gave some of them opportunity to use Sranan in contact with the Ndyuka. Many Ndyuka men in their 30s or older now do not know it. Scarcely used at all now. Trade language. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; f. UNCLASSIFIED LANGUAGES (96 Languages) ;; UnclassifiedLanguage (subclass UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage is a &%SpokenHumanLanguage of unknown relationship to other &%SpokenHumanLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AariyaLanguage (AAR India) (instance AariyaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation AariyaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AariyaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%India. SIL code: AAR. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Madhya Pradesh.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. AbishiraLanguage (ASH Peru) (instance AbishiraLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation AbishiraLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AbishiraLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Peru. SIL code: ASH. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: In 1925 there were 55 to 75 speakers. Region: Puerto Elvira on Lake Vacacocha on the Napo River. Alternate names: ABIQUIRA, AUISHIRI, AGOUISIRI, AVIRXIRI, ABIGIRA, IXIGNOR, VACACOCHA, TEQURACA. Comments: Distinct from Aushiri (M. R. Wise SIL 1987). Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. AgavotaguerraLanguage (AVO Brazil) (instance AgavotaguerraLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation AgavotaguerraLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AgavotaguerraLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: AVO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 100 (1986 SIL). Region: Mato Grosso, Xingu Park, between the Curisevo and Culuene rivers, near the Kuikuro. Alternate names: AGAVOTOKUENG, AGAVOTOQUENG. Comments: May be Arawakan, related to Waura and Yawalapiti.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. AguanoLanguage (AGA Peru) (instance AguanoLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation AguanoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AguanoLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Peru. SIL code: AGA. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: In 1959 there were 40 families in Santa Cruz de Huallaga who did not use Aguano but were members of the ethnic group. Region: Lower Huallaga and upper Samiria rivers, the right bank tributary of the Maranon River. Alternate names: UGUANO, AGUANU, AWANO, SANTA CRUCINO. Comments: Ruhlen says this is the same as Chamicuro (1987, personal communication). Chamicuro speakers say they were not the same, but the Aguano spoke Quechua (M. R. Wise SIL 1987, personal communication). Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. AmeraxLanguage (AEX USA) (instance AmeraxLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation AmeraxLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AmeraxLanguage is a language of unknown classification from the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: AEX. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Spoken by Neo-Muslims in prisons. Reported to not have mother tongue speakers. It may have Arabic influences (J M. Cowan 1990). Muslim. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 6. AmikoanaLanguage (AKN Brazil) (instance AmikoanaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation AmikoanaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AmikoanaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: AKN. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: A few. Region: Northern Amapa.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 7. AndhLanguage (ANR India) (instance AndhLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation AndhLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AndhLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%India. SIL code: ANR. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 80,000 (1991 IMA). Region: Maharashtra, Nanded, Parbhani, Yeotmal districts, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh. Alternate names: ANDHA, ANDHI. Comments: A Scheduled Tribe in India. People speak Marathi as mother tongue. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Marathi. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Cultivation. Hindu (1981 census).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 8. BeothukLanguage (BUE Canada) (instance BeothukLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation BeothukLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BeothukLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Canada. SIL code: BUE. ISO 639-2: nai. Region: Newfoundland. Alternate names: BEOTHUC, BETHUCK, BETHUK, NEWFOUNDLAND, RED INDIANS. Comments: The theory that it was an Algonquian language is not accepted by all Algonquianists. Became extinct in 1829. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 9. BetafLanguage (BFE Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance BetafLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation BetafLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BetafLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: BFE. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 400 (1973 R. Sterner SIL). Region: North coast area east of Sarmi, Jayapura Kabupaten, Pantai Timur Kecamatan.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 10. BeteLanguage (BYF Nigeria) (instance BeteLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation BeteLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BeteLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Nigeria. SIL code: BYF. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: Few speakers out of 3,000 population (1992). Region: Taraba State, Takum LGA, Bete town, at the foot of Bete mountain. Comments: Reported to have been close to Lufu and Bibi. The language is dying out. The people now speak Jukun. 6 subgroups: Aphan (Afan), Ruke, Osu, Agu, Botsu, Humiyan. Formerly had land disputes with the Tiv. Christian, traditional religion. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 11. BhatolaLanguage (BTL India) (instance BhatolaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation BhatolaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BhatolaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%India. SIL code: BTL. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Madhya Pradesh.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 12. BungLanguage (BQD Cameroon) (instance BungLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation BungLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BungLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Cameroon. SIL code: BQD. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 3 (1995 Bruce Connell). Region: Near the Kwanja language. Comments: It may have been a form of Kwanja. No one uses the language any longer. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 13. CaguaLanguage (CBH Colombia) (instance CaguaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation CaguaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CaguaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Colombia. SIL code: CBH. ISO 639-2: sai. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 14. CallawallaLanguage (CAW Bolivia) (instance CallawallaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation CallawallaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CallawallaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Bolivia. SIL code: CAW. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 10 or 20 (1995 estimate SIL). Region: Highlands and high valleys, eastern Andes north of La Paz, Charazani area north of Lake Titicaca. Alternate names: CALLAHUAYA. Comments: Their language seems to have Quechua affixes and syntactic patterns, but distinctive roots from a dialect of the extinct Puquina language (Girault 1990). Bilingualism in North Bolivia Quechua, Aymara, Spanish. Women and children do not speak Callawalla, but speak Spanish, North Bolivia Quechua, or Aymara. Spoken only by the men. A special language used by the herb doctors of the Inca emperors, they continue as herb doctors. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 15. CandoshiShapraLanguage (CBU Peru) (instance CandoshiShapraLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation CandoshiShapraLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CandoshiShapraLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Peru. SIL code: CBU. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 3,000 (1981 SIL). Region: Morona, Pastaza, Huitoyacu and Chapuli rivers. Alternate names: KANDOSHI, CANDOSHI, CANDOXI, MURATO. Dialects: CHAPARA (SHAPRA), KANDOASHI. Comments: May be distantly related to Arawakan, probably not Jivaroan. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 88.5%, 1 10%, 2 1%, 3 .5%, 4 0%, 5 0%. Strong preference for Candoshi. Dictionary. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT 1979-1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 16. CanichanaLanguage (CAZ Bolivia) (instance CanichanaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation CanichanaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CanichanaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Bolivia. SIL code: CAZ. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: There may be 500 in the ethnic group (1991 Adelaar). Region: Lowlands. Alternate names: KANICHANA. Comments: Said to be of the Tucanoan family. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 17. CarabayoLanguage (CBY Colombia) (instance CarabayoLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation CarabayoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CarabayoLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Colombia. SIL code: CBY. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 150 estimate. Region: Amazonas Department, half way between the San Bernardo and Pure rivers. 3 long houses, at least. Alternate names: 'AMAZONAS MACUSA'. Comments: The name 'Macusa' or 'Macu' means 'savage', and is arbitrarily applied to uncontacted groups.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 18. CentuumLanguage (CET Nigeria) (instance CentuumLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation CentuumLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CentuumLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Nigeria. SIL code: CET. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: Small (1992 Crozier and Blench). Region: Bauchi State, Balanga LGA, Cham town, among the Dijim. Alternate names: CEN TUUM. Comments: Older people. The Dijim call the people 'Jalabe' or 'Jaabe.' Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 19. ChakLanguage (CKH Myanmar) (instance ChakLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation ChakLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ChakLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Myanmar. SIL code: CKH. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: Population: total both countries 910 or more. Region: Most in Arakan Blue Mts., Myanmar. Also spoken in Bangladesh. Comments: Distinct from Chakma. Tropical forest. Agriculturalists. Traditional religion. Also spoken in: Bangladesh. (Language name: CHAK.) Population: 909 in Bangladesh (1981 census). Comments: Distinct from Chakma. Tropical forest. Agriculturalists. Traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 20. ChipiajesLanguage (CBE Colombia) (instance ChipiajesLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation ChipiajesLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ChipiajesLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Colombia. SIL code: CBE. ISO 639-2: sai. Comments: A Saliba last name. Many Guahibo have that last name. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 21. CholonLanguage (CHT Peru) (instance CholonLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation CholonLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CholonLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Peru. SIL code: CHT. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 1 or 2 speakers left (1986). Region: Valley of the Huallaga River from Tingo Maria to Valle. Alternate names: TINGANESES, SEEPTSA. Comments: Ruhlen says it is Andean. Many speak Quechua. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 22. CoximaLanguage (KOX Colombia) (instance CoximaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation CoximaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CoximaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Colombia. SIL code: KOX. ISO 639-2: sai. Alternate names: KOXIMA. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 23. DosoLanguage (DOL Papua New Guinea) (instance DosoLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation DosoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%DosoLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: DOL. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 700 (1973 D. Shaw). Region: Western Province, Aramia River and Wawoi Falls areas, near the Kamula. Comments: A separate language from Kamula.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 24. GailLanguage (GIC South Africa) (instance GailLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation GailLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GailLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%SouthAfrica. SIL code: GIC. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: Used by an estimated 20,000 as second or third language. Region: Mainly in Johannesburg, Pretoria, Cape Town, Durban, Bloemfontein, and Port Elizabeth. Comments: In Johannesburg it is more English based, in Pretoria more Afrikaans based. Reported to be related to Polari in the United Kingdom. The first language of users is English or Afrikaans. An in-group language among some people. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 25. HaitianVodounCultureLanguage (HVC Haiti) (instance HaitianVodounCultureLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation HaitianVodounCultureLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%HaitianVodounCultureLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Haiti. SIL code: HVC. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: LANGAY, LANGAJ. Comments: Used for religion, song, dance. It uses some Haitian creole words, and others which may have African or American Indian influence. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 26. HibitoLanguage (HIB Peru) (instance HibitoLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation HibitoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%HibitoLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Peru. SIL code: HIB. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: In 1851 there were 500. Region: Bobonaje River, tributary of Jelache, tributary of Huayabamba, coming into Huallaga on the left side. Alternate names: JIBITO, CHIBITO, ZIBITO, IBITO, XIBITA. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 27. HimarimaLanguage (HIR Brazil) (instance HimarimaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation HimarimaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%HimarimaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: HIR. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: Small. Region: Amazonas, near the Jamamadi and Jarawara.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 28. HwlaLanguage (HWL Togo) (instance HwlaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation HwlaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%HwlaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Togo. SIL code: HWL. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 31,719 (1983 Togo Linguistic Atlas). Region: Unknown region. Comments: Bilingualism in Ewe, French. May be the same as Hwe in Togo or Xwla-Gbe in Benin. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 29. IapamaLanguage (IAP Brazil) (instance IapamaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation IapamaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%IapamaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: IAP. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: No estimate available. Region: Border region of Para and Amapa. Comments: Existence uncertain.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 30. ImeraguenLanguage (IME Mauritania) (instance ImeraguenLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation ImeraguenLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ImeraguenLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Mauritania. SIL code: IME. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 120 (1967 Gerteiny). Region: Near Nouakchott, the region stretching from Cape Timiris to Nouadhibou. Alternate names: IMRAGUEN. Comments: The language is reported to be a variety of Hassaniyya structured on an Azer (Soninke) base. Vassals to important Hassan tribes, especially the Oulad Bou Sba. Reported to be remnants of the Bafours. They use nets for fishing. Coastal. Fishermen.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 31. KaimbeLanguage (QKQ Brazil) (instance KaimbeLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation KaimbeLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KaimbeLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: QKQ. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: (1,100 to 1,400 in ethnic group, 1986 SIL). Region: Bahia. Comments: Ethnic group now speaks Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 32. KambaLanguage (QKZ Brazil) (instance KambaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation KambaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KambaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: QKZ. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: (2,000 in ethnic group, 1986 SIL). Region: Mato Grosso do Sul, near Corumba. Alternate names: CAMBA. Comments: May have been Tupi. Ethnic group came from Bolivia, and now speak Spanish. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 33. KambiwaLanguage (QKH Brazil) (instance KambiwaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation KambiwaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KambiwaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: QKH. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: (1,108 in ethnic group, 1995 SIL). Region: Pernambuco. Comments: Ethnic group now speaks Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 34. KapinawaLanguage (QKP Brazil) (instance KapinawaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation KapinawaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KapinawaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: QKP. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: (354 in ethnic group, 1995 AMTB). Region: Pernambuco. Comments: Ethnic group now speaks Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 35. KaraLanguage (KAH Central African Republic) (instance KaraLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation KaraLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KaraLanguage is a language of unknown classification from the &%CentralAfricanRepublic. SIL code: KAH. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 4,800 (1996). Region: Birao Subprefecture. Alternate names: FER, DAM FER, FERTIT. Comments: Different from Gula (Kara of Sudan). Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 36. KarahawyanaLanguage (XKH Brazil) (instance KarahawyanaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation KarahawyanaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KarahawyanaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: XKH. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 40 (1995 SIL). Region: Amazonas, near the Waiwai. Comments: Probably Cariban. Today some live with the Waiwai and some near the Hixkaryana, and speak those languages. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 37. KaripunaLanguage (KGM Brazil) (instance KaripunaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation KaripunaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KaripunaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: KGM. ISO 639-2: sai. Region: Territory of Amapa, on French Guiana border. Alternate names: KARIPUNA DO UACA, KARIPUNA DO AMAPA. Comments: It has been suggested, but not demonstrated, that this was a Tupi-Guarani language. The descendants now speak Karipuna Creole French. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 38. KaririXocoLanguage (KZW Brazil) (instance KaririXocoLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation KaririXocoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KaririXocoLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: KZW. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: (1,062 in ethnic group, 1995 SIL). Region: Alagoas. Alternate names: KARIRI, KARIRI XUCO, KIPEA, XOKO-KARIRI, XUKURU KARIRI, XUKURU, XOCO, XOKO. Dialects: KIPEA (QUIPEA), KAMURU (CAMURU), DZUBUKUA (DZUBUCUA), SABUJA (PEDRA BRANCA). Comments: Other dialects or languages are even less well attested. Classified as Equatorial (Greenberg 1959), Macro-Carib (Swadesh 1959), Macro-Ge (Rodrigues 1975), Isolate (Rivet and Loukotka 1952, Larsen 1984). The ethnic group is monolingual in Portuguese. Catechism (Mamiani 1698). Grammar. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 39. KaririXokoLanguage (XOO Brazil) (instance KaririXokoLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation KaririXokoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KaririXokoLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: XOO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: (1,800 in the ethnic group, 1995 SIL). Region: Pernambuco, Serra de Uruba (Aroba) near the city of Cimbres, Bahia. Alternate names: XUKURU, SHOCU, SHOCO, KIRIRI. Comments: The people are monolingual in Portuguese. Apparently distinct from Kariri-Xoco. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 40. KembraLanguage (XKW Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance KembraLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation KembraLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KembraLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: XKW. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 30 (1991 SIL). Region: Jayawijaya Kabupaten, Okbibab Kecamatan, east of the Sogber River. Comments: Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 41. KehuLanguage (KHH Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance KehuLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation KehuLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KehuLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: KHH. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: No estimate available. Region: Area between Auye and Dao who live in the foothills, and the Wapoga River. Comments: Lowland swamps.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 42. KohoroxitariLanguage (KOB Brazil) (instance KohoroxitariLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation KohoroxitariLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KohoroxitariLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: KOB. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 622 (1976 RC). Region: Amazonas, Prelazia Rio Negro. Comments: Possibly Tucanoan. May be the same as Baniwa.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 43. KoruboLanguage (QKF Brazil) (instance KoruboLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation KoruboLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KoruboLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: QKF. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 500 (1995 AMTB). Region: Amazonas. Alternate names: CACETEIROS. Comments: Possibly Panoan. May be the same as Marubo, or related to Yanomami.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; TRM ;; 44. KujargeLanguage (VKJ Chad) (instance KujargeLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation KujargeLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KujargeLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Chad. SIL code: VKJ. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 1,000 (1983 Bender). Region: Dar Fongoro, 7 villages near Jebel Mirra, and scattered among the Fur and Sinyar in Sudanese villages along the lower Wadis Salih and Azum rivers. The Daju Galfige are to the west, Sinyar to the north, Fur-Dalinga, Fongoro, Formono, and Runga to the east and south. Comments: Fur is used as second language and some use Daju. A few groups. Hunter-gatherers: honey, little agriculture or animal husbandry.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 45. KunzaLanguage (KUZ Chile) (instance KunzaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation KunzaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KunzaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Chile. SIL code: KUZ. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: A few speakers were located in 1949 and since by anthropologists. Region: Peine, Socaire (Salar de Atacama), and Caspana. Alternate names: LIKANANTAI, LIPE, ULIPE, ATACAMENO. Comments: Greenberg places it in Macro-Chibchan. Group now speaks Spanish. Dictionary. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 46. KwaviLanguage (CKG Tanzania) (instance KwaviLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation KwaviLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KwaviLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Tanzania. SIL code: CKG. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 7,378 (1957 census). Alternate names: PARAKUYO. Comments: Limited understanding of other languages. Not a Bantu language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 47. LaalLanguage (GDM Chad) (instance LaalLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation LaalLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LaalLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Chad. SIL code: GDM. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 300 to 500 (1977 Boyeldieu). Damtar village had its own dialect, called 'Laabe' with 3 speakers left in 1977. Region: Southwest, Moyen-Chari Prefecture, Sarh Subprefecture, between Korbol and Dik. Centered in Gori, villages of Gori, Damtar, and Mailao near Kouno, northwest of Sarh. Alternate names: GORI. Dialects: LAAL, LAABE. Comments: Some lexical relationship to the Bua group, but Boyeldieu says it should not be classified with Bua. Probably Adamawa, some sources say Chadic. Further study needed.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 48. LecoLanguage (LEC Bolivia) (instance LecoLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation LecoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LecoLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Bolivia. SIL code: LEC. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: Some speakers out of possibly 200 in the ethnic group (1996 W. Adelaar). Region: East of Lake Titicaca, some in Apolo area, scattered families. Comments: Reported to be Quechuan. Preserve some folklore, dances, and music. Reported to be recently extinct linguistically. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 49. LencaLanguage (LEN Honduras) (instance LencaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation LencaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LencaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Honduras. SIL code: LEN. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: Only a few speakers out of 100,000 or more ethnic population (1993 Ramon D. Rivas). Region: La Paz, Intibuca, Lempira, Comayagua, Santa Barbara, Valle and Francisco Morozan departments. Also spoken in El Salvador. Comments: Some consider it to be Macro-Chibchan. The dialect in El Salvador is different from Honduras. Bilingualism in Spanish. Nearly extinct. Also spoken in: El Salvador. (Language name: LENCA.) Population: (36,858 in ethnic group in El Salvador, 1987, or .6% of the population, 1982 Barrett). Comments: A different dialect of Lenca is in Honduras. Some classify this as Macro-Chibchan. Bilingualism in Spanish. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 50. LepkiLanguage (LPE Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance LepkiLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation LepkiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LepkiLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: LPE. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 530 (1991 SIL). Region: Jayawijaya kabupaten, Okbibab kecamatan, on the Sogber River, east and north of the Ketengban. Comments: Some speakers at Luban have some ability in Ketengban. SOV, head and dependent marking, tonal.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 51. LufuLanguage (LDQ Nigeria) (instance LufuLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation LufuLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LufuLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Nigeria. SIL code: LDQ. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: Ethnic group: 2,000 to 3,000 (1992). Region: Taraba State, Takum LGA, Lufu and Lufu Jauro. Comments: One report says the language is mostly spoken by elders (1992). The people now speak Jukun. Culture and religion similar to the Jukun Kapya. Language reported to have been close to Bete and Bibi. Former speakers at Arufu near Wukari have lost the language. Christian, traditional religion. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 52. LuoLanguage (LUW Cameroon) (instance LuoLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation LuoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LuoLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Cameroon. SIL code: LUW. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 1 (1995 Bruce Connell). Region: A section of Atta. Comments: Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 53. MajhwarLanguage (MMJ India) (instance MajhwarLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation MajhwarLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MajhwarLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%India. SIL code: MMJ. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 27,958. Region: Madhya Pradesh, Bilaspur District, Katghora tahsil, Uttar Pradesh, Allahabad, Varanasi, Mirapur districts, Sikkim. Alternate names: MAJHVAR, MANJHI, MANJHIA. Comments: Possibly a dialect of Asuri. A Scheduled Tribe in Madhya Pradesh, speaking Chhattisgarhi as mother tongue. A Scheduled Caste in Uttar Pradesh, speaking Hindi as mother tongue. Hindu.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 54. MalakhelLanguage (MLD Afghanistan) (instance MalakhelLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation MalakhelLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MalakhelLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Afghanistan. SIL code: MLD. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 2,000 (1983). Region: Southwest of Kabul in Logar, north of Baraki. Comments: May be the same as Ormuru. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 55. MatoGrossoAraraLanguage (AXG Brazil) (instance MatoGrossoAraraLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation MatoGrossoAraraLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MatoGrossoAraraLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: AXG. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: Ethnic group has 100 (1998). Region: Mato Grosso. Alternate names: ARARA DO BEIRADAO, ARARA DO RIO BRANCO. Comments: Members of the ethnic group speak only Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 56. MawaLanguage (WMA Nigeria) (instance MawaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation MawaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MawaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Nigeria. SIL code: WMA. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: Ethnic population is small (1982 Shimizu). Region: Bauchi State, Toro LGA, possibly Mara village. Comments: Apparently different from the Mawa language of Chad, which is Chadic. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 57. MiarraLanguage (XMI Brazil) (instance MiarraLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation MiarraLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MiarraLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: XMI. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: No estimate available. Region: Xingu Park, Mato Grosso.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 58. MolengueLanguage (BXC Equatorial Guinea) (instance MolengueLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation MolengueLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MolengueLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%EquatorialGuinea. SIL code: BXC. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Southern, just inland from coast, about 4/9 of the way up, between the southern tip of the country and the Rio Benito. Alternate names: MOLENDJI, BALENGUE. Comments: One of 3 groups known as 'semi-playeros', who function well on the coast and in the jungle. Tropical forest. Coastal, riverine. Swidden agriculturalists. 0 to 100 meters.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 59. MonimboLanguage (MOL Nicaragua) (instance MonimboLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation MonimboLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MonimboLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Nicaragua. SIL code: MOL. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: No speakers out of an ethnic group of 10,000 (1981 MARC). Comments: Have retained few traits of their pre-conquest American Indian culture. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 60. MovimaLanguage (MZP Bolivia) (instance MovimaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation MovimaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MovimaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Bolivia. SIL code: MZP. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: Few speakers, probably 1,000 in ethnic group (1976 SIL). Region: Central Beni Department, in and around Santa Ana on the Yacuma River. Comments: Bilingualism in Spanish. A few older people along the rivers may speak Movima. Reported to be Tucanoan. Dictionary. Nearly extinct. Bible portions 1967.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 61. MukhaDoraLanguage (MMK India) (instance MukhaDoraLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation MukhaDoraLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MukhaDoraLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%India. SIL code: MMK. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 17,456 (1981 census). Region: Andhra Pradesh, Visakhapatnam, Srikakulam, Vizianagaram districts. Alternate names: REDDI-DORA, CONTA-REDDI, REDDI, RIDDI, NOOKA DORA, MUKHA DHORA. Comments: Possibly Dravidian. May be a dialect of Telugu. A Scheduled Tribe in India. Reported that they speak Telugu as mother tongue. Agriculturalists: shifting cultivation. Hindu.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 62. MunicheLanguage (MYR Peru) (instance MunicheLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation MunicheLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MunicheLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Peru. SIL code: MYR. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 3 (1988 SIL). Region: Town of Muniches on the Paranapura River. Alternate names: OTANAVE, OTANABE, MUNICHINO, MUNICHI. Comments: Bilingualism in Spanish. Dictionary. Grammar. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 63. MurkimLanguage (RMH Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance MurkimLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation MurkimLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MurkimLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: RMH. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: No estimate available. Region: Jayawijaya kabupaten, Kiwirok kecamatan, border area around the Mot airstrip, near the headwaters of the Sepik River.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 64. MutusLanguage (MUF Venezuela) (instance MutusLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation MutusLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MutusLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Venezuela. SIL code: MUF. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 200 or more (1977 Merrill Seely). Region: Town of Mutus, a little above Pueblo Llano, Barinas State. Alternate names: LOCO, MUTU. Comments: Possibly a remnant of Cuica or Timote--a dialect of Timote was Mukutu. All speak their language and Spanish, but comprehension of abstract concepts through Spanish is inadequate. Civilized, prosperous farmers. Synchretistic religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 65. NatagaimasLanguage (NTS Colombia) (instance NatagaimasLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation NatagaimasLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NatagaimasLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Colombia. SIL code: NTS. ISO 639-2: sai. Region: Tolima region. Comments: The group still exists as a tribal entity, but the language has not been spoken for several generations. Spanish is used. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 66. PankarareLanguage (PAX Brazil) (instance PankarareLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation PankarareLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PankarareLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: PAX. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: Ethnic group: 1,200 (1995 AMTB). Region: Bahia. Alternate names: PANKARE. Comments: Monolingual in Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 67. PapavoLanguage (PPV Brazil) (instance PapavoLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation PapavoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PapavoLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: PPV. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: No estimate available. Region: Acre, Taramaca River. Comments: A separate language. Limited bilingualism. Existence unconfirmed.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 68. PataxoHahaaiLanguage (PTH Brazil) (instance PataxoHahaaiLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation PataxoHahaaiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PataxoHahaaiLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: PTH. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: (2,950 in ethnic group, 1995 AMTB). Region: Minas Gerais, Bahia, Posto Paraguassu in the municipality of Itabuna. Alternate names: PATAXI, PATASHO, PATOXO, PATAXO-HAHAHAE. Comments: The people are monolingual in Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 69. PijaoLanguage (PIJ Colombia) (instance PijaoLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation PijaoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PijaoLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Colombia. SIL code: PIJ. ISO 639-2: sai. Region: Tolima region. Alternate names: PIAJAO. Comments: M. Durbin sai.d there is not enough data to classify it linguistically. They still exist as a tribal entity, but there have been no speakers since the 1950s. Spanish is used. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 70. PolariLanguage (PLD United Kingdom) (instance PolariLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation PolariLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PolariLanguage is a language of unknown classification from the &%UnitedKingdom. SIL code: PLD. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: PARLARE. Comments: An in-group language among theatrical and circus people. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 71. PuquinaLanguage (PUQ Peru) (instance PuquinaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation PuquinaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PuquinaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Peru. SIL code: PUQ. ISO 639-2: sai. Region: South shore of Lake Titicaca, town of Puquina. Comments: Extinct for at least 200 years. Proposals for its classification are inconclusive. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 72. QuinquiLanguage (QUQ Spain) (instance QuinquiLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation QuinquiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%QuinquiLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Spain. SIL code: QUQ. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Many live on the edge of towns. Comments: A blend language of certain urban ex-nomadic groups. It contains elements of Calo and Germania argot. They used to be tinsmiths--their name comes from 'quincalleria' meaning ironmongery. It is thought they came originally from Germany. They are blond. They prefer to be called 'mercheros'. Not Rom or Gypsies.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 73. RerBareLanguage (RER Ethiopia) (instance RerBareLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation RerBareLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%RerBareLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Ethiopia. SIL code: RER. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Wabi Shebelle River around Gode, eastern Ogaden, near Somali border, and along the Ganale and Dawa rivers. Alternate names: REREBERE, ADONA. Comments: Bilingualism in Somali. They speak Somali. It is uncertain if they spoke a different language earlier. They are called 'Rer Bare' in Somali, which means 'tribe Bare.' Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 74. SakirabiaLanguage (SKF Brazil) (instance SakirabiaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation SakirabiaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SakirabiaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: SKF. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 51 (1995 SIL). Region: Rondonia, Municipality of Cerejeira and Colorado do Oeste, on the Mequens River. Alternate names: SAKIRIABAR, SAKIRABIAK, SAKIRAP.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 75. ShobangLanguage (SSB India) (instance ShobangLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation ShobangLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ShobangLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%India. SIL code: SSB. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, West Bengal, Calcutta. Comments: Probably a variant spelling of Shom Peng.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 76. TapebaLanguage (TBB Brazil) (instance TapebaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation TapebaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TapebaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: TBB. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: Ethnic group: 984 (1995 AMTB). Region: Ceara. Alternate names: TABEBA. Comments: Monolingual in Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 77. TaushiroLanguage (TRR Peru) (instance TaushiroLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation TaushiroLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TaushiroLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Peru. SIL code: TRR. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 7 (1998 SIL). Region: Off the Tigre River, Aucayacu River, tributary of the Ahuaruna River. Alternate names: PINCHI, PINCHE. Comments: Possibly Zaparoan. Ruhlen says it is related to Candoshi. Speakers are somewhat bilingual in Spanish or Bobonaza-Tigre Quechua. VSO. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 78. TinguiBotoLanguage (TGV Brazil) (instance TinguiBotoLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation TinguiBotoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TinguiBotoLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: TGV. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: (800 in ethnic group, 1986 SIL). Region: Alagoas. Alternate names: TINGUI, CARAPATO, KARAPATO. Comments: People are monolingual in Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 79. TravellerScottishLanguage (TRL United Kingdom) (instance TravellerScottishLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation TravellerScottishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TravellerScottishLanguage is a language of unknown classification from the &%UnitedKingdom. SIL code: TRL. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 4,000 in Scotland. Population: total all countries 4,000 or more. Region: Also spoken in Australia, USA. Alternate names: SCOTTISH CANT, SCOTTISH TRAVELLER CANT. Comments: A blend language of High Romani and Elizabethan Cant. The earliest texts go back to the sixteenth century. Not Gypsies. Nomadic in Scotland. In USA they travel but have a fixed base.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 80. TremembeLanguage (TME Brazil) (instance TremembeLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation TremembeLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TremembeLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: TME. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Ceara. Comments: Bilingualism in Portuguese. Probably linguistically and culturally integrated. There may be no speakers left (1995). Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 81. TrukaLanguage (TKA Brazil) (instance TrukaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation TrukaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TrukaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: TKA. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: Ethnic group 909 (1995 AMTB). Region: Pernambuco, Bahia. Comments: People are monolingual in Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 82. UamueLanguage (UAM Brazil) (instance UamueLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation UamueLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%UamueLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: UAM. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: Ethnic group: 3,900 (1995 AMTB). Region: Pernambuco, vicinity of Floresta. Alternate names: ATICUM, ATIKUM, HUAMUE. Comments: Ethnic group now speaks only Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 83. UrarinaLanguage (URA Peru) (instance UrarinaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation UrarinaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%UrarinaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Peru. SIL code: URA. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 2,000 to 3,000 (1998 SIL). Region: Urarinas District, Pucayacu, Chambira, and Urituyacu rivers. Alternate names: SHIMACU, SIMACU, ITUCALI. Comments: There are several dialects with minor differences, inherently intelligible. Ruhlen and others classify it as Andean. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 60%, 1 20%, 2 10%, 3 7%, 4 3%, 5 0%. Women are monolingual. Men range from monolingual to fairly bilingual in Spanish--the majority are able to handle commercial matters. OVS. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: Below 5%. Bible portions 1973-1990.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 84. UruPaInLanguage (URP Brazil) (instance UruPaInLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation UruPaInLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%UruPaInLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: URP. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 200 (1995 SIL). Region: Rondonia, Municipality of Ariquemes. Comments: No permanent contact.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 85. WakonaLanguage (WAF Brazil) (instance WakonaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation WakonaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WakonaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: WAF. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: Ethnic group: 500 to 1,000 (1995 SIL). Region: Alagoas. Comments: They may not live together as a group. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 86. WaoraniLanguage (AUC Ecuador) (instance WaoraniLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation WaoraniLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WaoraniLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Ecuador. SIL code: AUC. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 800 (1993 SIL). Region: Eastern jungle between the Napo and Curaray rivers. Alternate names: 'AUCA', HUAORANI, WAODANI, HUAO, SABELA, AUISHIRI. Comments: Bilingual level estimates for Quichua, Spanish are 0 94%, 1 5%, 2 1%, 3 0%, 4 0%, 5 0%. 'Auca' means 'savage' in Quichua. SOV. Tropical forest. Riverine. Swidden agriculturalists. 300 to 400 meters. Traditional religion, Christian. NT 1992.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 87. WardujiLanguage (WRD Afghanistan) (instance WardujiLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation WardujiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WardujiLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Afghanistan. SIL code: WRD. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 5,000 (1994). Region: Werdoge River area west of Ishkashim, northeast Afghanistan. Comments: Probably a Persian dialect. May be Pamir. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 88. WasuLanguage (WSU Brazil) (instance WasuLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation WasuLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WasuLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Brazil. SIL code: WSU. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: Ethnic group: 1,024 (1995 AMTB). Region: Alagoas. Alternate names: WACU. Comments: People are monolingual in Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 89. WaxianghuaLanguage (WXA China) (instance WaxianghuaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation WaxianghuaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WaxianghuaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%China. SIL code: WXA. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 300,000 (1995 Milliken). Region: A 6,000 square km. area in western Hunan Province, Wuling Mts., including Yuanling, Chunxi, Jishou, Guzhang, and Dayong. Alternate names: XIANGHUA, WOGANG. Comments: It differs greatly from both Southwestern Mandarin (Xinan Guanhua) and Xiang Chinese (Hunanese), but is relatively uniform within itself. Neighboring Han Chinese, Miao and Tujia people do not understand it. Some view it as a special variety of Chinese, others as a minority language, perhaps related to Miao. Mountain slope.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 90. WeytoLanguage (WOY Ethiopia) (instance WeytoLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation WeytoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WeytoLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Ethiopia. SIL code: WOY. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: Ethnic population: 1,631: 1,519 (93%) speak Amharic as mother tongue, others speak other mother tongues. 1,532 speak no other language. Region: Lake Tana region. Alternate names: WAYTO, WEYT'O. Comments: The former language was possibly Eastern Sudanic or an Awngi variety (Bender 1983), or Cushitic (Bender, Bowen, Cooper and Ferguson 1976:14). The people now speak Amharic. Literacy rate in second language: 16.2%. Hunters: hippopotamus. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 91. XincaLanguage (XIN Guatemala) (instance XincaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation XincaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%XincaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Guatemala. SIL code: XIN. ISO 639-2: cai. Region: Southeastern. Alternate names: SZINCA. Comments: Language may be related to Lenca. All members of the ethnic group now speak Spanish. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 92. YariLanguage (YRI Colombia) (instance YariLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation YariLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%YariLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Colombia. SIL code: YRI. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: No estimate available. Region: Yari River, Caqueta region, above El Capitan waterfalls near the Yari River. About 50 years ago 140 of them migrated to the Apaporis River, and settled on the upper Vaupes River near Puerto Nare. Comments: Possibly a dialect of Carijona (Carib), a Western Tucanoan language, or Huitoto. They were given the name 'Yari' by outsiders because of their location on the Yari River. Investigation needed: intelligibility.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 93. YaruroLanguage (YAE Venezuela) (instance YaruroLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation YaruroLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%YaruroLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Venezuela. SIL code: YAE. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 2,000 to 3,000. Region: Orinoco, Sinaruco, Meta, and Apure rivers, Amazonas and Apure states. Alternate names: LLARURO, YARURU, PUME, YUAPIN. Comments: Their name for themselves and the local name is 'Pume'. Classified as Jivaroan and Macro-Chibchan. Plains.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 94. YaumaLanguage (YAX Angola) (instance YaumaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation YaumaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%YaumaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Angola. SIL code: YAX. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Southeast, Kwando (Cuando) River area. Also spoken in Zambia. Comments: Bible portions 1978. Also spoken in: Zambia. (Language name: YAUMA.) Comments: Bible portions 1978. See main entry under Angola.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 95. YeniLanguage (YEI Cameroon) (instance YeniLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation YeniLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%YeniLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Cameroon. SIL code: YEI. ISO 639-2: mis. Region: Not far north of Mayo Darle village in Nyalang area. Comments: Apparently all that remains of the language is a song, known by speakers of Sandani (Kwanja). Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 96. YuwanaLanguage (YAU Venezuela) (instance YuwanaLanguage UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage) (documentation YuwanaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%YuwanaLanguage is a language of unknown classification from &%Venezuela. SIL code: YAU. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 300 (1970 census, Chicano). Region: Central Venezuela. A northern group is in Bolivar Division on the Kaima River, a tributary of the Cuchivero River, an isolated southern group is in Amazonas on the Iguana, a tributary of the Asita River, and on the Parucito, a tributary of the Manapiare River. Alternate names: YOANA, YUANA, WARUWARU, CHICANO, CHIKANO, JOTI, HOTI. Comments: There are linguistic similarities to Yanomam and Piaroa (Salivan). The southern group is monolingual, the northern group is partially bilingual in Panare.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; g. MAJOR LANGUAGE FAMILIES ;; INCOMPLETE ;; I. AFRO-ASIATIC LANGUAGES (372 Languages) ;; AfroAsiaticLanguage (subclass AfroAsiaticLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation AfroAsiaticLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%AfroAsiaticLanguage is any one of 372 languages forming a major family of languages of Africa and Asia.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; BERBER LANGUAGES (26 Languages) ;; BerberLanguage (subclass BerberLanguage AfroAsiaticLanguage) (documentation BerberLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%BerberLanguage is one of 26 languages of the &%AfroAsiaticLanguage family.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; EASTERN BERBER LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; EasternBerberLanguage (subclass EasternBerberLanguage BerberLanguage) (documentation EasternBerberLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%EasternBerberLanguage is one of three languages in the eastern areas of the range of &%BerberLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; AWJILA-SOKNA LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; AwjilaSoknaLanguage (subclass AwjilaSoknaLanguage EasternBerberLanguage) (documentation AwjilaSoknaLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%AwjilaSoknaLanguage is one of two languages of the &%EasternBerberLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AwjilahLanguage (AUJ Libya) (instance AwjilahLanguage AwjilaSoknaLanguage) (documentation AwjilahLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AwjilahLanguage is an &%AwjilaSoknaLanguage of &%Libya. SIL code: AUJ. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 2,000 (1993). Region: Cyrenaica, eastern Libya. Alternate names: AUJILA, AUGILA, AOUDJILA. Comments: Most men are bilingual in Libyan Spoken Arabic. Women are monolingual. The language may be extinct. They cultivate small gardens using subsoil water from 6 to 12 meters below the surface. Sunni Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. Sawknah (SWN Libya) (instance SawknahLanguage AwjilaSoknaLanguage) (documentation SawknahLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SawknahLanguage is an &%AwjilaSoknaLanguage of &%Libya. SIL code: SWN. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: No estimate available. Region: Tripolitania. Alternate names: SOKNA. Comments: The language may be extinct. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SIWA GROUP LANGUAGES (1 Language) (subclass SiwaGroupLanguage EasternBerberLanguage) (documentation SiwaGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SiwaGroupLanguage consists solely of the &%SiwaLanguage (an &%EasternBerberLanguage).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. SiwiLanguage (SIZ Egypt) (instance SiwaLanguage SiwaGroupLanguage) (documentation SiwaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SiwaLanguage is an &%EasternBerberLanguage (&%SiwaGroupLanguage) of &%Libya. SIL code: SIZ. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 5,000 (1995). Region: Northwestern desert, Siwa Oasis, several isolated villages in the western oasis. Alternate names: SIWA, SIOUA, OASIS BERBER, ZENATI. Comments: Not closely related to other Berber languages. Bilingualism in Arabic. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; GUANCHE GROUP LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; GuancheGroupLanguage (subclass GuanacheGroupLanguage BerberLanguage) (documentation GuanacheGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GuanacheGroupLanguage consists solely of the &%GuancheLanguage (a &%BerberLanguage).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. GuancheLanguage (GNC Spain) (instance GuancheLanguage GuanacheGroupLanguage) (documentation GuancheLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GuancheLanguage is a &%BerberLanguage (&%GuancheGroupLanguage) of &%Spain. SIL code: GNC. ISO 639-2: ber. Region: Canary Islands. Comments: Extinct in the 16th century. Its relation to Berber has been questioned. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; NORTHERN AFRO-ASIATIC LANGUAGES (17 Languages) ;; NorthernAfroAsiaticLanguage (subclass NorthernAfroAsiaticLanguage AfroAsiaticLanguage) (documentation NorthernAfroAsiaticLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%NorthernAfroAsiaticLanguage is one of a group of 17 closely related &%AfroAsiaticLanguages found in North Africa and the Middle East.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. ChenouaLanguage (CHB Algeria) (instance ChenouaLanguage NorthernAfroAsiaticLanguage) (documentation ChenouaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ChenouaLanguage is a &%NorthernAfroAsiaticLanguage of &%Algeria. SIL code: CHB. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 15,000 to 75,000 (1996). Region: Towns are Cherchell, Hamadia, Gouraya, Damous, Oued Damous, Larhat, Marceau, Sidi Amar, Nador, Tipaza, Sidi Mousa, Ain Tagourirt. Comments: 77% lexical similarity with Chaouia, 76% with Kabyle. Men and young people use Algerian Spoken Arabic as second language. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ATLAS LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; AtlasLanguage (subclass AtlasLanguage NorthernAfroAsiaticLanguage) (documentation AtlasLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%AtlasLanguage is one of three closely related &%NorthernAfroAsiaticLanguages originating from the Atlas mountain range.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. JudeoBerberLanguage (JBE Israel) (instance JudeoBerberLanguage AtlasLanguage) (documentation JudeoBerberLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%JudeoBerberLanguage is an &%AtlasLanguage of &%Irael. SIL code: JBE. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 2,000 speakers (1992 Podolsky). Region: Formerly High Atlas range, Tifnut and other communities. Speakers went to Israel from 1950 to 1960. Comments: Monolingual communities may have disappeared before 1930 in Morocco. Speakers also used Judeo-Arabic (J. Chetrit 1985). All are elderly (1992). Hebrew script used. Jewish.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. TachelhitLanguage (SHI Morocco) (instance TachelhitLanguage AtlasLanguage) (documentation TachelhitLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TachelhitLanguage is an &%AtlasLanguage of &%Morocco. SIL code: SHI. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 3,000,000 in Morocco (1998). Population total all countries: 3,500,000. Region: Southwestern Morocco, from coast south to Ifni and north to near Agadir, northeast to outskirts of Marrakech, and east to Draa, including the valley of the Sous, and south near the border. Also spoken in Algeria and France. Alternate names: TASHILHEET, TACHILHIT, TASHELHIT, TASOUSSIT, SHILHA, SUSIUA, SOUTHERN SHILHA. Comments: Many men are bilingual in Arabic. Many women do not learn Arabic. 'Tachelhit' is their name for their language. 'Shilha' is the Arabic name for Moroccan Berber language varieties in general. Soussi are known as shop owners throughout Morocco. Muslim. Bible portions 1906-1925. Also spoken in: Algeria. (Language name: TACHELHIT.) Alternate names: TASHELHIT, TASHELHAIT, TASHELHAYT, TASOUSSIT, SHILHA, SOUTHERN SHILHA, TACHILHIT. Dialects: SUSIUA (SUS, SOUSSE). Comments: Many men are bilingual in Arabic, but many women do not learn Arabic. One of the major Berber languages. Their name for their language is 'Tachelhit'. 'Shilha' is the Arabic name for Moroccan Berber varieties in general. Muslim. Bible portions 1906-1925.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. TamazightLanguage (TZM Morocco) (instance TamazightLanguage AtlasLanguage) (documentation TamazightLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TamazightLanguage is an &%AtlasLanguage of &%Morocco. SIL code: TZM. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 3,000,000 in Morocco (1998). Population total all countries: 3,500,000. Region: Middle Atlas, High Atlas, eastern High Atlas Mountains. 1,200,000 in rural areas between Taza, Khemisset, Azilal, Errachidia, 100,000 outside the language area. Also spoken in Algeria, France. Alternate names: CENTRAL SHILHA, MIDDLE ATLAS BERBER, SHILHA. Dialects: CENTRAL ATLAS, SOUTH ORAN. Comments: 40% monolingual. Others use Arabic as second language. 65% live in rural areas, 10% live outside the traditional area. VSO (for Berber). Literacy rate in second language: Men 25%, women 5%. Bible portions 1919-1981. Also spoken in: Algeria. (Language name: TAMAZIGHT, CENTRAL ATLAS.) Alternate names: MIDDLE ATLAS BERBER, CENTRAL SHILHA. Dialects: SOUTH ORAN. Comments: One of the major Berber languages. 'Tamazight' is the name of the language, 'Berber' of the people. VSO. Muslim. Bible portions 1919-1981.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; KABYLE GROUP LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; KabyleGroupLanguage (subclass KabyleGroupLanguage NorthernAfroAsiaticLanguage) (documentation KabyleGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KabyleGroupLanguage consists solely of the &%KabyleLanguage (a &%NorthernAfroAsiaticLanguage).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. KabyleLanguage (KYL Algeria) (instance KabyleLanguage KabyleGroupLanguage) (documentation KabyleLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KabyleLanguage is a &%NorthernAfroAsiaticLanguage (a &%KabyleGroupLanguage) of &%Algeria. SIL code: KYL. ISO 639-2: kab. Population: 2,537,000 or more in Algeria (1995), 8% of the population. Estimates by some sources are up to 6,000,000 in Algeria (1998). Population total all countries: 3,074,000 or more. Region: Grande Kabylie Mt. range, western Kabylia. Also spoken in Belgium, France. Dialects: GREATER KABYLE, LESSER KABYLE. Comments: French is often used by men in trade and correspondence. Arabic is also used as second language. Kabyle is used in the home and market. Speakers have pride in Kabyle and resistance to Arabic. The name 'Kabyle' is reported by some sources to derive from the Arabic word for 'tribesman', 'qabila'. Patrilineal and patrilocal. Roman script. Mountain slope. Peasant agriculturalists: olives, figs, pomegranates, peaches, apricots, pears, plums, vegetables. Muslim, secular, Christian. NT 1901-1995.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ZENATI LANGUAGES (12 Languages) ;; ZenatiLanguage (subclass ZenatiLanguage NorthernAfroAsiaticLanguage) (documentation ZenatiLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%ZenatiLanguage is one of 12 closely related &%NorthernAfroAsiaticLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; EAST ZENATI LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; EastZenatiLanguage (subclass EastZenatiLanguage ZenatiLanguage) (documentation EastZenatiLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%EastZenatiLanguage is one of 3 closely related &%ZenatiLanguages of &%Libya and &%Tunisia.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. GhadamesLanguage (GHA Libya) (instance GhadamesLanguage EastZenatiLanguage) (documentation GhadamesLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GhadamesLanguage is an &%EastZenatiLanguage of &%Libya. SIL code: GHA. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 2,000 in Libya. Population total both countries: 4,000. Region: Ghadames, a small oasis near the Algeria-Tunisia border. Also spoken in Tunisia. Dialects: AYT WAZITEN, ELT ULID. Comments: Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. NafusiLanguage (JBN Libya) (instance NafusiLanguage EastZenatiLanguage) (documentation NafusiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NafusiLanguage is an &%EastZenatiLanguage of &%Libya. SIL code: JBN. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 141,000 in Libya (1998). Population total both countries: 167,000. Region: Tripolitania, western Libya, isolated area around the towns of Nalut and Yafran, Jabal Nafusah region, coastal area around Zuara, west of Tripoli. Alternate names: DJERBI, NEFUSI, JABAL NAFUSI, JEBEL NEFUSI, JBEL NAFUSI. Dialects: ZUARA (ZOUARA, ZUWARAH, ZWARA, ZURAA), TAMEZRET (DUWINNA), JERBI (JERBA). Comments: Zuara dialect well known in Jebel Nafusa area and in Jerba Tunisia. Some visit Zuara, but not vice versa. Dialect of Matmata and Tatawine area less well understood by speakers in Jerba or Zuara. Speakers in Zuara and Jebel areas understand Jerba stories well. Pre-school children are monolingual in Nafusi. In Nafusi villages they speak Nafusi among themselves. In towns they speak it among friends and families, most exclusively at home. All ages. They are not ashamed of Nafusi. Most live apart from Arabized inhabitants of the region. They built dams and terraces for cultivation. Semi-arid. Ibadite Muslim. Also spoken in: Tunisia. (Language name: DJERBI.) Population: 26,000 in Tunisia (1998). Alternate names: NAFUSI, JABAL NAFUSI. Dialects: TAMEZRET (DUWINNA), JERBA (DJERBA, GUELILI). Comments: Spoken only in the home. Many people from Chenini sell newspapers in Tunis. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. SenedLanguage (SDS Tunisia) (instance SenedLanguage EastZenatiLanguage) (documentation SenedLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SenedLanguage is an &%EastZenatiLanguage of &%Tunisia. SIL code: SDS. ISO 639-2: ber. Region: Sened and Tmagourt villages, northwest of Gabes. Southern Tunisia. Dialects: TMAGOURT (TMAGURT), SENED. Comments Only a few elderly people still remember a few words. Muslim. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; GHOMARA GROUP LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; EastZenatiLanguage (subclass GhomaraGroupLanguage ZenatiLanguage) (documentation GhomaraGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GhomaraGroupLanguage consists solely of the extinct &%GhomaraLanguage (an &%EastZenatiLanguage).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. GhomaraLanguage (GHO Morocco) (instance GhomaraLanguage EastZenatiLanguage) (documentation GhomaraLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GhomaraLanguage is an &%EastZenatiLanguage (a &%GhomaraGroupLanguage) of &%Morocco. SIL code: GHO. ISO 639-2: ber. Region: North and west of Tamazight, a small region near Chechaouen, western Rif mountains, Oued Laou Valley. Comments: Coon says Ghomara is intelligible with Tarifit. The ethnic group now speaks only Moroccan Spoken Arabic. Muslim. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; MZAB-WARGLA LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; MzabWarglaLanguage (subclass MzabWarglaLanguage ZenatiLanguage) (documentation MzabWarglaLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%MzabWarglaLanguage is one of four closely related &%ZenatiLanguages of &%Algeria.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. TaznatitLanguage (GRR Algeria) (instance TaznatitLanguage MzabWarglaLanguage) (documentation TaznatitLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TaznatitLanguage is a &%MzabWarglaLanguage of &%Algeria. SIL code: GRR. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 40,000 (1995). Region: Isolated, around Timimoun, near the Touat region and around 400 miles southwest of the Mzab. Dialects: GOURARA (GURARA), TOUAT (TUAT, TUWAT). Comments: Related to Tumzabt, Tagargrent, and Temacine Tamazight. Low intelligibility with other Tamazight speech forms, including Tumzabt and Tagargrent. Vigorous use. Speakers call their language 'Taznatit.' Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. TumzabtLanguage (MZB Algeria) (instance TumzabtLanguage MzabWarglaLanguage) (documentation TumzabtLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TumzabtLanguage is a &%MzabWarglaLanguage of &%Algeria. SIL code: MZB. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 70,000 (1995). Region: Mzab region, 330 miles south of Algiers. 7 oases, Ghardaia being the principal one. Alternate names: MZAB, MZABI, GHARDAIA. Comments: Only minor dialect variations. Related to Tagargrent, Temacine Tamzight, and Taznatit. Some speakers are probably bilingual in Arabic, French, or Spanish. Women virtually monolingual in Tumzabt. Vigorous use. 'Tumzabt' is their name for their language. Strong cultural vitality. Tumzabt villages are interspersed among Arabic-speaking villages. Dictionary. Known as traders throughout Algeria. Muslim (Kharedjite).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. TagargrentLanguage (OUA Algeria) (instance TagargrentLanguage MzabWarglaLanguage) (documentation TagargrentLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TagargrentLanguage is a &%MzabWarglaLanguage of &%Algeria. SIL code: OUA. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 5,000 (1995). Region: South of Constantine, near Mzab. Ouargla and Ngouca are the main centers. Alternate names: OUARGLA, OUARGLI, WARGLA. Dialects: OUEDGHIR (WADI), TEMACIN, TARIYIT. Comments: Related to Tumzabt, Temacine Tamazight, and Taznatit. Status as a language or dialect is not defined. Tariyit is a possible dialect spoken by the Haratine (former slaves of the Ouargli people. Healthy language and cultural attitudes. Dictionary. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. TemacineTamazightLanguage (TJO Algeria) (instance TemacineTamazightLanguage MzabWarglaLanguage) (documentation TemacineTamazightLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TemacineTamazightLanguage is a &%MzabWarglaLanguage of &%Algeria. SIL code: TJO. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 6,000 (1995). Region: Vicinity of Temacine, Tamelhat, Ghomra, and Meggarin. Alternate names: TOUGOURT, TOUGGOURT, TUGURT. Comments: Related to Tumzabt, Tagargrent and Taznatit. Possibly a dialect of Tagargrent, but not likely. People may have shifted to Arabic. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; RIFF LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; RiffLanguage (subclass RiffLanguage ZenatiLanguage) (documentation RiffLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%RiffLanguage is one of two closely related &%ZenatiLanguages of &%Algeria.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. TarifitLanguage (RIF Morocco) (instance TarifitLanguage RiffLanguage) (documentation TarifitLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TarifitLanguage is a &%RiffLanguage of &%Morocco. SIL code: RIF. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 1,500,000 in Morocco (1991). Population total all countries 2,000,000 (1991). Region: Northern Morocco. The dialects listed are near Al Hoceima. Also spoken in Algeria, France, Netherlands. Alternate names: RIFI, RIFIA, NORTHERN SHILHA, SHILHA. Dialects URRIGHEL, BENI IZNASSEN. Comments: The chief differences among dialects are phonological. There may be other dialects. Coon (1939) said Senhaja de Srair is a separate language. 'Rifia' is the Arabic name for their language, 'Rifi' (sg.) or 'Ruafa' (pl.) are names for the people, 'Rif' or 'Riff' geographical names. Muslim. Bible portions 1887-1890. Also spoken in: Algeria. (Language name: TARIFIT.) Alternate names: TIRIFIE, RIFF, RIFI, RUAFA, FIFIA, RIF, NORTHERN SHILHA, SHILHA. Dialects ARZEU, IGZENNAIAN, IZNACEN (BENI IZNASSEN). Comments: Muslim. Bible portions 1887-1890.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. SenhajaDeSrairLanguage (SJS Morocco) (instance SenhajaDeSrairLanguage RiffLanguage) (documentation SenhajaDeSrairLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SenhajaDeSrairLanguage is a &%RiffLanguage of &%Morocco. SIL code: SJS. ISO 639-2: ber. Region: Northern, west of Tarifit. Alternate names: SANHAJA OF SRAIR. Comments: Coon (1939) says it was a separate language from Tarifit. The ethnic group now speaks only Moroccan Spoken Arabic. Muslim. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SHAWIYA LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; ShawiyaLanguage (subclass ShawiyaLanguage ZenatiLanguage) (documentation ShawiyaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The only &%ZenatiLanguage classified as a &%ZenatiLanguage is the &%ChaouiaLanguage of &%Algeria.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. ChaouiaLanguage (SHY Algeria) (instance ChaouiaLanguage ShawiyaLanguage) (documentation ChaouiaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ChaouiaLanguage is a &%ShawiyaLanguage of &%Algeria. SIL code: SHY. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 1,400,000 (1993). Region: South and southeast of Grand Kabylie in the Aures Mts. Alternate names: SHAWIYA, SHAWIA. Comments One of the major Berber languages. Muslim. Bible portions 1950.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; TIDIKELT LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; TidikeltLanguage (subclass TidikeltLanguage ZenatiLanguage) (documentation TidikeltLanguage EnglishLanguage "The only &%ZenatiLanguage classified as a &%TidikeltLanguage is the &%TidikeltTamazightLanguage of &%Algeria.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. TidikeltTamazightLanguage (TIA Algeria) (instance TidikeltTamazightLanguage TidikeltLanguage) (documentation TidikeltTamazightLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TidikeltTamazightLanguage is a &%TidikeltLanguage of &%Algeria. SIL code: TIA. ISO 639-2: ber. Population: 9,000 (1995). Region: Tidikelt, in the vicinity of Salah, and Tit in southern Algeria. Dialects: TIDIKELT, TIT. Comments: People may have shifted to Arabic. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; TAMASHEQ GROUP LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; TamasheqGroupLanguage (subclass TamasheqGroupLanguage BerberLanguage) (documentation TamasheqGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TamasheqGroupLanguage is one of four closely related &%BerberLanguages of North Africa.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; NORTHERN TAMASHEQ LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; NorthernTamasheqLanguage (subclass NorthernTamasheqLanguage TamasheqGroupLanguage) (documentation NorthernTamasheqLanguage EnglishLanguage "The only &%TamasheqGroupLanguage classified as a &%NorthernTamasheqLanguage is the &%TahaggartTamahaqLanguage of &%Algeria.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. TahaggartTamahaqLanguage (THV Algeria) (instance TahaggartTamahaqLanguage NorthernTamasheqLanguage) (documentation TahaggartTamahaqLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TahaggartTamahaqLanguage is a &%NorthernTamasheqLanguage of &%Algeria. SIL code: THV. ISO 639-2: tmh. Population: 25,000 in Algeria, including 20,000 Hoggar, 5,000 Ghat (1987). Population total all countries: 62,000. Region: Hoggar dialect in south Hoggar (Ajjer) Mountain area around Tamanghasset and south into Niger. The Ghat dialect is in southeast Algeria around Ganet and west Libyan oases around Ghat. Alternate names: TAMACHEK, TAMASHEKIN, TOMACHEK, TUAREG, TOUAREG, TOURAGE. Dialects: HOGGAR (AHAGGAREN, AJJER, TAHAGGART), GHAT (GANET, DJANET). Comments: 'Tuareg' are the people, 'Targi' is the singular, 'Tamahaq' is the language. Volcanic mountains. Inaden: blacksmiths, jewelry craftsmen. Muslim. Bible portions 1948-1965. Also spoken in: Libya. (Language name: TAMAHAQ, TAHAGGART.) Population: 17,000 in Libya (1993 Johnstone). Alternate names: TAMASHEKIN, TOURAGE, TOMACHEK, TAMACHEK, TUAREG, TOUREG. Dialects: HOGGAR (AHAGGAREN, AJJER, TAHAGGART), GHAT (GANET, DJANET). Comments: 'Tuareg' are the people ('Targi' is the singular), 'Tamahaq' is the language. Volcanic mountains. Inadan: blacksmiths, jewelry craftsmen. Muslim. Bible portions 1948-1965. Also spoken in: Niger. (Language name: TAMAHAQ, TAHAGGART.) Population: 20,000 (1998). Alternate names: TAMASHEQ, TAMACHEK, TAMASHEKIN, TOMACHEK, TUAREG, TOUAREG, TOURAGE. Dialects: HOGGAR (AHAGGAREN, AJJER, TAHAGGART), GHAT (GANET, DJANET). Comments: 'Tamahaq' is the speakers' name for their language. 'Tuareg' is an Arabic name for the people. Nomadic. Traditional script called 'Shifinagh.' Volcanic mountains. Nomadic. Inadan caste: blacksmiths, jewelry craftsmen. Muslim. Bible portions 1948-1965.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SOUTHERN TAMASHEQ LANGUAGES (3 Language) ;; SouthernTamasheqLanguage (subclass SouthernTamasheqLanguage TamasheqGroupLanguage) (documentation SouthernTamasheqLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%SouthernTamasheqLanguage is one of three closely related &%TamasheqLanguages of North Africa.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. TamasheqLanguage (TAQ Mali) (instance TamasheqLanguage SouthernTamasheqLanguage) (documentation TamasheqLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TamasheqLanguage is a &%SouthernTamasheqLanguage of &%Mali. SIL code: TAQ. ISO 639-2: tmh. Population: 250,000 or more in Mali (1991). Population total all countries 270,000 or more. Region: Central, Timbuktu area, and northeast Mali. Also spoken in Algeria, Burkina Faso. Alternate names: KIDAL TAMASHEQ, TOMACHECK, TAMASHEKIN, 'TUAREG', TIMBUKTU, KIDAL. Dialects: TIMBUKTU (TOMBOUCTOU, TANASLAMT), TADHAQ (KIDAL). Comments: It may be two separate languages. The people are called 'Kel Tamasheq', the language 'Tamasheq'. The Bellah were formerly under the Tuareg economically. Investigation needed: intelligibility with dialects. The government is actively promoting the language through adult literacy classes. Language of instruction at primary level in some experimental schools. Pastoralists: cattle, goats, camels, donkeys. Muslim. Bible portions 1953-1998. Also spoken in: Burkina Faso. (Language name: TAMASHEQ, KIDAL.) Population: 20,000 to 30,000 in Burkina Faso (1991 SIL). Alternate names: TIMBUKTU, TOMACHECK, TAMASHEKIN, TUAREG. Dialects: TIMBUKTU (TOMBOUCTOU, TANASLAMT), TADGHAQ (KIDAL). Comments: The two dialects may be separate languages. People are called 'Tuareg' ('Targi', singular), language 'Tamasheq.' Muslim. Bible portions 1953.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. TayartTamasheqLanguage (THZ Niger) (instance TayartTamasheqLanguage SouthernTamasheqLanguage) (documentation TayartTamasheqLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TayartTamasheqLanguage is a &%SouthernTamasheqLanguage of &%Niger. SIL code: THZ. ISO 639-2: tmh. Population: 250,000 (1998). Region: Central, Agadez area. Alternate names: TAMACHEK, TOMACHECK, AMAZIGH, TUAREG, TOUAREG. Dialects: AIR (AGADEZ, TAYART, TAYERT, TAMESTAYERT), TANASSFARWAT (TAMAGARAST). Comments: The speakers' name for their language is 'Tamajeq'. Nomadic. Traditional script called 'Shifinagh.' Radio programs. Muslim. NT 1990.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. TawallammatTamasheqLanguage (TTQ Niger) (instance TawallammatTamasheqLanguage SouthernTamasheqLanguage) (documentation TawallammatTamasheqLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TawallammatTamasheqLanguage is a &%SouthernTamasheqLanguage of &%Niger. SIL code: TTQ. ISO 639-2: tmh. Population: 450,000 in Niger (1998). Population total all countries: 640,000. Region: The eastern dialect is in central Niger, around Tahoua from Ingal to the Mali border. The western dialect is in western Niger, north and northwest of Niamey and in eastern Mali, Menaka region. Alternate names: TAMASHEQ, TAMACHEK, TOMACHECK, TAMASHEKIN, TUAREG, TOUAREG, TOURAGE, AMAZIGH, TAHOUA, TEWELLEMET, TAHOUA TAMAJEQ. Dialects: TAWALLAMMAT TAN DANNAG (IOULLEMMEDEN), TAWALLAMMAT TAN ATARAM. Comments: 'Tuareg' is an Arabic name for the people. They call their language 'Tamajaq' and themselves 'Kel Tamajaq'. Nomadic. National language. Traditional script called 'Shifinagh.' Radio programs. Pastoralists, agriculturalists. Muslim. Bible portions 1979-1985. Also spoken in: Mali. (Language name: TAMAJAQ.) Population: 190,000 in Mali (1991). Alternate names: TAMAJEQ, TAMASHEQ, TOMACHECK, TAMASHEKIN, 'TUAREG', 'TOURAGE', TAHOUA, TAJAG. Dialects: TAWALLAMMET TAN DANNAG (IOULLEMMEDEN), TAWALLAMMAT TAN ATARAM. Comments: The people call themselves 'Kal Tamajaq.' Muslim. Bible portions 1979-1985. Also spoken in: Nigeria. Language name: TAMAJAQ, TAWALLAMMAT. Population: Few in Nigeria. Alternate names: TAMASHEQ, TOMACHECK, TAHOUA TAMAJEQ, TUAREG, BUZU, AZBINAWA. Dialects: IOULLEMMEDEN. Comments: It may be the eastern rather than the western dialect in Nigeria. Only seasonal migrants and laborers. No resident villages. Muslim. Bible portions 1979-1985.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ZENAGA GROUP LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; ZenagaGroupLanguage (subclass ZenagaGroupLanguage BerberLanguage) (documentation ZenagaGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "The only &%BerberLanguage classified as a &%ZenagaGroupLanguage is the &%ZenagaLanguage of &%Mauritania.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. ZenagaLanguage (ZEN Mauritania) (instance ZenagaLanguage ZenagaGroupLanguage) (documentation ZenagaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ZenagaLanguage is a &%BerberLanguage (a &%ZenagaGroupLanguage) of &%Mauritania. SIL code: ZEN. ISO 639-2: zen. Population: 200 to 300 (1998). Region: Between Mederdra and the Atlantic coast, southern Mauritania. Comments: The language is related to other Berber languages in basic structure though specific features are quite different. Bilingualism in Hassaniyya. It is reported that adult speakers are not teaching it to their children. People are bedouins, reported to travel mainly in caravans. Racially they are both white and black, the latter are descendants of slaves captured centuries ago. Pastoralists. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; NOTE: INCOMPLETE ;; CHADIC LANGUAGES (195 Languages) ;; ChadicLanguage (subclass ChadicLanguage AfroAsiaticLanguage) (documentation ChadicLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%ChadicLanguage is any of 195 related &%AfroAsiaticLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; II. ALACALUFAN LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; AlacalufanLanguage (subclass AlacalufanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation AlacalufanLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%AlacalufanLanguage is either of two languages found in the &%Chile that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. One of these two is now extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. QawasqarLanguage (ALC Chile) (instance QawasqarLanguage AlacalufanLanguage) (documentation QawasqarLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%QawasqarLanguage is an &%AlacalufanLanguage of &%Chile. SIL code: ALC. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 20 including 10 in Puerto Edin (1996 Oscar Aguilera). Region: Channel region, western Patagonia, Isle of Wellington off south Chilean coast, 49 degrees south with center in Puerto Edin. Speakers of the extinct Aksanas dialect also lived in Puerto Eden. Alternate names: KAWESKAR, KAWESQAR, ALACALUFE, ALACALUF, HALAKWULUP. Dialects: AKSANAS (AKSANA). Comments: Reports are that speakers are not bilingual in Spanish (Christos Clairis, M. Ruhlen 1987, personal communication). They are 20% monolingual in Qawasqar (O. Aguilera 1996, personal communication. The youngest speakers are from 3 to 20 years old (1996). Speakers have positive language attitudes. J. Suarez says Aksanas vocabulary differences might be explained by word taboo. Dictionary. Grammar. Fishermen.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. KakauhuaLanguage (KBF Chile) (instance KakauhuaLanguage AlacalufanLanguage) (documentation KakauhuaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KakauhuaLanguage is an &%AlacalufanLanguage of &%Chile. SIL code: KBF. ISO 639-2: sai. Alternate names: KAUKAUE, CACAHUE. Comments Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; III. ALGIC LANGUAGES (40 Languages) ;; AlgicLanguage (subclass AlgicLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation AlgicLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%AlgicLanguage is any one of 40 languages forming a major family of languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; IV. ALTAIC LANGUAGES (65 Languages) ;; AltaicLanguage (subclass AltaicLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation AltaicLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%AltaicLanguage is any one of 65 languages forming a major family of languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; TURKIC LANGUAGES (40 Languages) ;; TurkicLanguage (subclass TurkicLanguage AltaicLanguage) (documentation TurkicLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%TurkicLanguage is any one of 40 related &%AltaicLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; EASTERN TURKIC LANGUAGES (7 Languages) ;; EasternTurkicLanguage (subclass EasternTurkicLanguage TurkicLanguage) (documentation EasternTurkicLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%EasternTurkicLanguage is any of seven &%TurkicLanguages of &%China and other parts of &%Asia.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AinuTurkicLanguage (AIB China) (instance AinuTurkicLanguage EasternTurkicLanguage) (documentation AinuTurkicLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AinuTurkishLanguage is an &%EasternTurkicLanguage of &%China. SIL code: AIB. ISO 639-2: tut. Population 5,000 (1988). Region: Yengixar (Shule) town, Hanalik and Paynap villages in the Kashgar area, and Gewoz village near Hoban, Hetian, Luopu, Moyu, Shache, Yingjisha and Shulekuche counties of southwestern Xinjiang Autonomous Region. Alternate names: AYNU, AINI, ABDAL. Comments: The language has the same grammar as Uyghur but much Persian vocabulary. Some consider it to be a dialect of Uyghur, others to be an Iranian language heavily influenced by Uyghur. The government counts them as Uyghur. They speak Aynu in the family, but Uyghur to outsiders. The Uyghur despise them and call them 'Abdal' or 'beggar.' They do not intermarry with the Uyghur. Different from the Ainu spoken in Russia and Japan. Caste of circumcisers.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. ChagataiLanguage (CGT Turkmenistan) (instance ChagataiLanguage EasternTurkicLanguage) (documentation ChagataiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ChagataiLanguage is an &%EasternTurkicLanguage of &%Turkmenistan. SIL code: CGT. ISO 639-2: chg. Alternate names: CHAGHATAY, JAGATAI. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. IliTurkiLanguage (ILI China) (instance IliTurkiLanguage EasternTurkicLanguage) (documentation IliTurkiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%IliTurkiLanguage is an &%EasternTurkicLanguage of &%China. SIL code: ILI. ISO 639-2: tut. Population: 120 approximately, or at least 30 households in China (1980 R.F. Hahn). Population total both countries: 120 or more. Region: Ili Valley near Kuldja, Xinjiang. Probably some in Kazakhstan. Alternate names: T'URK, TUERKE. Comments: Reported to be a link between Chagatai and Kypchak (Uzbek dialect). Bilingualism in Kazakh, Uyghur. Spoken by older people. Younger people are intermarrying with neighboring groups. Ethnically and linguistically distinct, discovered in 1956. Their oral history says they came from the Ferghana Valley (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) about 200 years ago. SOV, vowel harmony, influenced greatly by Kazakh and Uyghur, has Arabic, Persian, Chinese, and Russian loans. Also spoken in: Kazakhstan. (Language name: ILI TURKI.) Alternate names: T'URK, TUERKE. Comments: The language is linguistically distinct, a link between Chagatai and Kypchak (Uzbek dialect). Their oral history says their ancestors came from the Ferghana Valley (Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan) about 200 years ago. Speakers are older. Younger people understand Ili Turki, but are adopting Kazakh or Uyghur, and intermarrying with neighboring groups.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. NorthernUzbekLanguage (UZB Uzbekistan) (instance NorthernUzbekLanguage EasternTurkicLanguage) (documentation NorthernUzbekLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NorthernUzbekLanguage is an &%EasternTurkicLanguage of &%Uzbekistan. SIL code: UZB. ISO 639-1: uz. ISO 639-2: uzb. Population: 16,539,000 in Uzbekistan (1995 UN). Population total all countries: 18,466,000. Region: Uzbekistan and throughout Asian republics of the former USSR. East of the Amu Darya and around the southern Aral Sea. Possibly in Munich, Germany. Also spoken in Australia, China, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia (Asia), Tajikistan, Turkey (Asia), Turkmenistan, Ukraine, USA. Alternate names: OZBEK. Dialects: KARLUK (QARLUG), KIPCHAK (KYPCHAK), OGHUZ. Comments: Distinct from Southern Uzbek of Afghanistan and Turkey. Russian influences in grammar, use of loan words, script. Oghuz may be a dialect of Khorasani Turkish (see Turkey) rather than Uzbek. 49% of speakers are bilingual in Russian, but rural people have limited proficiency. All ages. Children speak Uzbek at home. Vigorous. Used in theater. Turks of Fergana and Samarkand speak Uzbek. There are Uzbek-speaking Gypsy communities in Soviet central Asia. Increasing ethnic pride. People are about one-third urbanized. Much Persian influence in language and culture. Patrilineal. 'Sart' is an obsolete name for sedentary Uzbek, possibly those who are ethnically Tajik. Official language. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in second language: High. Cyrillic script used. Arabic and Roman scripts used formerly. Used in school. Radio programs, TV. Desert, semi-arid, fertile valleys. Agriculturalists: cotton, fruit, vegetables, grain, pastoralists: sheep, silk production, technicians, professionals, industrialists, communications, medicine, educators, administrators. Hanafi Sunni Muslim. NT 1992-1995. Also spoken in: China. (Language name: UZBEK, NORTHERN.) Population: 3,000 speakers out of 14,502 in the official nationality in China (1990 census). Alternate names: OZBEK, OUZBEK, USBEKI, USBAKI. Comments: Different from Southern Uzbek of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Turkey. They use Uyghur and Kazakh as literary languages. All are bilingual in Uyghur and can write Uyghur. An official nationality in China. SOV, has lost its historical vowel harmony and its vowel system now resembles that of Tajiki. Literacy rate in second language: 79%. It has an alphabetic script based on Arabic. Agriculturalists, some traders. Sunni Muslim. NT 1992-1995.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. SouthernUzbekLanguage (UZS Afghanistan) (instance SouthernUzbekLanguage EasternTurkicLanguage) (documentation SouthernUzbekLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SouthernUzbekLanguage is an &%EasternTurkicLanguage of &%Afghanistan. SIL code: UZS. ISO 639-2: tut. Population: 1,403,000 or 9% of population in Afghanistan (1991 WA). Population total all countries: 1,455,000 or more. Region: Many places in north Afghanistan, especially Fariab Province. Maimana town is largely Uzbek. Also possibly in Germany. Also spoken in Pakistan, Turkey (Asia). Alternate names: UZBEKI, USBEKI, UZBAK. Comments: Limited understanding of Northern Uzbek. Differences in grammar and loan words from Western Farsi. City dwellers are bilingual in Dari, village dwellers have limited ability in Dari. 20% use Dari as second language. Pashto is also used. The only literature is 2 journals, circulation 400. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30% (?) Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25% in Dari. Arabic script, orthography not yet standardized. Mainly settled agriculturalists, some nomads, some craftsmen in gold, jewels, pottery, leather. Hanafi Sunni Muslim. Also spoken in: Turkey (Asia). (Language name: UZBEK, SOUTHERN.) Population: 1,981 in Turkey (1982). Comments: Refugees from Afghanistan, now Turkish citizens. Distinct from Northern Uzbek of Uzbekistan and China. Sunni Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 6. UyghurLanguage (UIG China) (instance UyghurLanguage EasternTurkicLanguage) (documentation UyghurLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%UyghurLanguage is an &%EasternTurkicLanguage of &%China. SIL code: UIG. ISO 639-1: ug. ISO 639-2: uig. Population: 7,214,431 in China (1990 census), including 4,700,000 Central Uyghur, 1,150,000 Hotan, 25,000 Lop. Population total all countries 7,595,512 or more. Region: Throughout the Xinjiang Autonomous Region. Also spoken in Afghanistan, Australia, Germany, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Turkey (Asia), USA, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: UIGHUR, UYGUR, UIGUR, UIGHUIR, UIGUIR, WEIWUER, WIGA. Dialects: CENTRAL UYGHUR, HOTAN (HETIAN), LOP (LUOBU). Comments: The Akto Turkmen speak a dialect of Uyghur with 500 different seldom-used words. They have different appearance and customs. They say they originated in Samarkand, and are listed as Kirghiz by the government. There are 2,000 in two villages, Kosarap and Oytak in Akto County, south of Kashgar, Xinjiang. Dolan is a dialect spoken around the fringes of the Taklimakan desert in Xinjiang. Chinese linguists recognize 3 dialects. Others have used the following dialect names: Kashgar-Yarkand (Kashi-Shac he), Yengi Hissar (Yengisar), Khotan-Kerya (Hotan-Yutian), Charchan (Qarqan, Qiemo), Aksu (Aqsu), Qarashahr (Karaxahar), Kucha (Kuqa), Turfan (Turpan), Kumul (Hami), Ili (Kulja, Yining, Taranchi), Urumqi (Urumchi), Lopnor (Lopnur), Dolan, Akto Turkmen. One of the five main official nationalities in China. Those in the north are more influenced by modern Chinese culture. SOV, postpositions, genitives, adjectives, numerals, relatives before noun heads, question words initial, a few prefixes, 3 suffixes on nouns, 6 suffixes on verbs, word order distinguishes subjects and indirect objects, topic and comment, 8 noun cases shown by suffixes, verb suffixes mark subject person, number, 2nd person marks plural and 3 levels of respect, passive, reflexive, reciprocal and causative, comparatives, CV, CVC, CVCC, nontonal. Literacy rate in second language: 56%. Based on Central Uyghur as spoken in the area between Yili (Ili) and Urumqi. It had a Roman script in China. A new Arabic script was introduced in 1987. Cyrillic script has been used. Radio programs. Desert, oases. Valleys. Agriculturalists: grain, fruit, grapes, vegetables, cotton, traders, craftsmen. Sunni Muslim. Bible 1950. Also spoken in: Afghanistan. (Language name: UYGHUR.) Population: 3,000 in Afghanistan. Alternate names: UIGHUR, UYGHURI, WIGHOR, UIGHOR, UIGUIR. Dialects: KASHGAR-YARKAND (YARKANDI), TARANCHI. Comments: Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Sunni Muslim. Bible 1950. Also spoken in: Kazakhstan. (Language name: UYGHUR.) Population: 300,000 in Kazakhstan (1993), 86% speak it as mother tongue. Alternate names: UIGHUR, UIGUIR, UYGUR, NOVOUYGUR. Dialects: TARANCHI (KULJA), KASHGAR-YARKAND. Comments: There are significant dialect differences between China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. Cyrillic script. Agriculturalists. Sunni Muslim. Bible 1950. Also spoken in: Mongolia. (Language name: UYGHUR.) Population: 1,000 in Mongolia (1982 estimate). Alternate names: UYGUR, UIGHUR, UIGUR, UIGHUIR, UIGUIR. Comments: Literacy is in Halh in Mongolia and the Uyghur are generally assimilated to Halh culture. Sunni Muslim. Bible 1950. Also spoken in: Turkey (Asia). (Language name: UYGHUR.) Population: 500 or more first language speakers in Turkey (1981). Alternate names: UIGHUR, UYGUR, UIGUR. Comments: Roman script used. Sunni Muslim. Bible 1950.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 7. YugurLanguage (YBE China) (instance YugurLanguage EasternTurkicLanguage) (documentation YugurLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%YugurLanguage is an &%EasternTurkicLanguage of &%China. SIL code: YBE. ISO 639-2: tut. Population: 4,600 speakers out of ethnic group of 12,297 (1990 census). Region: Sunan Yugur Autonomous County near Zhangye (Kanchow) in northwest Gansu Province. Alternate names: SARYGH UYGUR, SARIG, YA LU, YELLOW UIGHUR, SARI YOGUR, YUKU, YUGU, SARY-UIGHUR. Comments: About one-third of the ethnic group speaks Chinese as first language. Written Chinese is in use. Chinese is used as a lingua franca with East Yugur. An official nationality together with East Yugur, which is a Mongolian language. SOV. Literacy rate in second language: 59%. Animal husbandry. Lamaist Buddhist, shamanism.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SOUTHERN TURKIC LANGUAGES (12 Languages) ;; SouthernTurkicLanguage (subclass SouthernTurkicLanguage TurkicLanguage) (documentation SouthernTurkicLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%SouthernTurkicLanguage is any of 12 &%TurkicLanguages of &%Asia.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; TURKMEMIAN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; TurkmenianLanguage (subclass TurkmenianLanguage SouthernTurkicLanguage) (documentation TurkmenianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The only &%SouthernTurkicLanguage classified as a &%TurkmenianLanguage is the &%TurkmenLanguage of &%Turkmenistan.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. TurkmenLanguage (TCK Turkmenistan) (instance TurkmenLanguage TurkmenianLanguage) (documentation TurkmenLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TurkmenLanguage is a &%SouthernTurkicLanguage of &%Turkmenistan. SIL code: TCK. ISO 639-1: tk. ISO 639-2: tuk. Population: 3,430,000 in Turkmenistan (1995), 99% of the ethnic group of 3,465,000 (1995). Population total all countries: 6,400,000. Region: Also spoken in Afghanistan, Germany, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia (Asia), Tajikistan, Turkey (Asia), USA, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: TURKOMANS, TURKMENLER, TURKMANIAN, TRUKHMEN, TRUKHMENY, TURKMANI. Dialects: NOKHURLI, ANAULI, KHASARLI, NEREZIM, YOMUD, TEKE (TEKKE), GOKLEN, SALYR, SARYQ, ESARI, CAWDUR. Comments: Some dialects differ from Teke. 50% claim a good knowledge of Russian. The so-called 'Turkmen' in Syria, and possibly Iraq and Jordan, actually speak an ancient form of Turkmen, so-called 'Turkmen' in Tibet may speak a different Turkic language. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. Cyrillic script. Radio programs. Sand desert, narrow oases. Agriculturalists: cotton, stock breeders: sheep, carpet weavers, traditionally pastoralists: sheep, Gas, oil workers. Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1880-1982. Also spoken in: Afghanistan. (Language name: TURKMEN.) Population: 500,000 in Afghanistan (1995). Alternate names: TURKOMAN, TRUKMEN, TURKMAN. Dialects: SALOR, TEKE (TEKKE, CHAGATAI, JAGATAI), ERSARI, SARIQ, YOMUT. Comments: Sharp dialect differences. Probably mainly Ersari dialect in Afghanistan. Bilingualism in Pashtu. Refugee group in Kabul. People called 'Turkomen' in Syria are Azerbaijani speakers. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Arabic script. Some better educated persons can read Cyrillic. Newspapers. Nomadic, cultivators, pastoralists, Persian lamb export, Persian rugs. Hanafi Sunni Muslim, occult. Bible portions 1880-1982. Also spoken in: Iran. (Language name: TURKMEN.) Population: 2,000,000 in Iran (1997), or 3.17% of the population (1997). Alternate names: TORKOMANI. Dialects: ANAULI, KHASARLI, NEREZIM, NOKHURLI (NOHUR), CHAVDUR, ESARI (ESARY), GOKLEN (GOKLAN), SALYR, SARYQ, TEKE (TEKKE), YOMUD (YOMUT), TRUKMEN. Comments: Bilingualism in Farsi. Not a literary language in Iran. Many are semi-nomadic. Ethnic groups: Yomut, Goklan. They could read Arabic script. Radio programs. Agriculturalists: cotton, wheat, barley, cattle. Hanafi Sunni and Shi'a Muslim, Goklan and Yomut: Shi'a Muslim. Bible portions 1880-1982. Also spoken in: Turkey (Asia). (Language name: TURKMEN.) Population: 925 in Turkey (1982). Alternate names: TRUKHMEN. Comments: Refugees from Afghanistan, now Turkish citizens. Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1880-1982.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; V. AMTO-MUSAN LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; AmtoMusanLanguage (subclass AmtoMusanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation AmtoMusanLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%AmtoMusanLanguage is either of two related languages of &%PapuaNewGuinea that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AmtoLanguage (AMT Papua New Guinea) (instance AmtoLanguage AmtoMusanLanguage) (documentation AmtoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AmtoLanguage is an &%AmtoMusanLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: AMT. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 230 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Region: Sandaun Province, Amanab District and Rocky Peak District, south of the Upper Sepik River, toward the headwaters of the Left May River on the Samaia River. Villages: Amto, Habiyon (Sernion). Alternate names: KI, SIWAI, SIAWI, SIAFLI. Dialects: AMTO, SIAWI. Comments: Acculturating rapidly. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 35%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 60%. Tropical forest. Mountain slope, foothills. Hunter-gatherers. 230 to 500 feet. Traditional religion, Christian. Bible portions 1992-1998.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. MusanLanguage (MMP Papua New Guinea) (instance MusanLanguage AmtoMusanLanguage) (documentation MusanLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MusanLanguage is an &%AmtoMusanLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: MMP. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 75 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Region: Sandaun Province, village east of Amto. Alternate names: MUSIAN, MUSA. Comments: 29% lexical similarity with Amto. Amto and Musan 3% lexical similarity with Busa, 18 miles north. Both average 7% lexical similarity with Left May languages. Frequent interaction with Amto. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Amto.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; VI. ANDAMANESE LANGUAGES (13 Languages) ;; AndamaneseLanguage (subclass AndamaneseLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation AndamaneseLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%AndamaneseLanguage is any of 13 related languages of the Andaman Islands of &%India that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; GREAT ANDAMANESE LANGUAGES (10 Languages) ;; GreatAndamaneseLanguage (subclass GreatAndamaneseLanguage AndamaneseLanguage) (documentation GreatAndamaneseLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%GreatAndamaneseLanguage is any of 13 closely related &%AndamaneseLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; CENTRAL GREAT ANDAMANESE LANGUAGES (6 Languages) ;; CentralGreatAndamaneseLanguage (subclass CentralGreatAndamaneseLanguage GreatAndamaneseLanguage) (documentation CentralGreatAndamaneseLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of 13 &%GreatAndamaneseLanguages, six of these are classified as a &%CentralGreatAndamaneseLanguage. Except for the &%APucikwarLanguage, all are now extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. APucikwarLanguage (APQ India) (instance APucikwarLanguage CentralGreatAndamaneseLanguage) (documentation APucikwarLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%APucikwarLanguage is a &%CentralGreatAndamaneseLanguage of &%India. SIL code: APQ. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 36 (1997 CIIL). Region: Andaman Islands, Boratang Island, south coast of Middle Andaman Island, northeast coast of South Andaman Island. Alternate names: PUCIKWAR, PUCHIKWAR. Comments: Bilingualism in Hindi. Language shift to Hindi taking place. CIIL working to revive A-Pucikwar. Other languages in the Central Andamanese group are extinct. Great Andamanese is classified as a Scheduled Tribe in India, and Puchikwar is a subtribe. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. AkaBeaLanguage (ACE India) (instance AkaBeaLanguage CentralGreatAndamaneseLanguage) (documentation AkaBeaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AkaBeaLanguage is a &%CentralGreatAndamaneseLanguage of &%India. SIL code: ACE. ISO 639-2: mis. Region: Andaman Islands, coasts of South Andaman Island except northeast coast, and north and east interiors, coastal Rutland Island except south coast, small islands southeast of Rutland, and Labyrinth Islands. Alternate names: BEA, BEADA, BIADA, AKA-BEADA, BOJIGNIJI, BOGIJIAB, BOJIGYAB. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. AkaKedeLanguage (AKX India) (instance AkaKedeLanguage CentralGreatAndamaneseLanguage) (documentation AkaKedeLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AkaKedeLanguage is a &%CentralGreatAndamaneseLanguage of &%India. SIL code: AKX. ISO 639-2: mis. Region: Andaman Islands, central and north central Middle Andaman Island. Alternate names: KEDE. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. AkaKolLanguage (AKY India) (instance AkaKolLanguage CentralGreatAndamaneseLanguage) (documentation AkaKolLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AkaKolLanguage is a &%CentralGreatAndamaneseLanguage of &%India. SIL code: AKY. ISO 639-2: mis. Region: Andaman Islands, southeast Middle Andaman Island. Alternate names: KOL. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. AkarBaleLanguage (ACL India) (instance AkarBaleLanguage CentralGreatAndamaneseLanguage) (documentation AkarBaleLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AkarBaleLanguage is a &%CentralGreatAndamaneseLanguage of &%India. SIL code: ACL. ISO 639-2: mis. Region: Andaman Islands, Ritchie's Archipelago, Havelock Island, Neill Island. Alternate names: BALE, BALWA. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 6. OkoJuwoiLanguage (OKJ India) (instance OkoJuwoiLanguage CentralGreatAndamaneseLanguage) (documentation OkoJuwoiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%OkoJuwoiLanguage is a &%CentralGreatAndamaneseLanguage of &%India. SIL code: OKJ. ISO 639-2: mis. Region: Andaman Islands, west central and southwest interior Middle Andaman Island. Alternate names: OKU-JUWOI, JUWOI, JUNOI. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; NORTHERN GREAT ANDAMANESE LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; NorthernGreatAndamaneseLanguage (subclass NorthernGreatAndamaneseLanguage GreatAndamaneseLanguage) (documentation NorthernGreatAndamaneseLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of 13 &%GreatAndameseLanguages, four of these are classified as a &%NorthernGreatAndameseLanguage. All four of these languages are now extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AkaBoLanguage (AKM India) (instance AkaBoLanguage NorthernGreatAndamaneseLanguage) (documentation AkaBoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AkaBoLanguage is a &%NorthernGreatAndamaneseLanguage of &%India. SIL code: AKM. ISO 639-2: mis. Region: Andaman Islands, east central coast of North Andaman Island, and North Reef Island. Alternate names: BO, BA. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. AkaCariLanguage (ACI India) (instance AkaCariLanguage NorthernGreatAndamaneseLanguage) (documentation AkaCariLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AkaCariLanguage is a &%NorthernGreatAndamaneseLanguage of &%India. SIL code: ACI. ISO 639-2: mis. Region: Andaman Islands, north coast of North Andaman Island, Landfall Island, and other nearby small islands. Alternate names: CARI, CHARIAR. Comments Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. AkaKoraLanguage (ACK India) (instance AkaKoraLanguage NorthernGreatAndamaneseLanguage) (documentation AkaKoraLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AkaKoraLanguage is a &%NorthernGreatAndamaneseLanguage of &%India. SIL code: ACK. ISO 639-2: mis. Region: Andaman Islands, northeast and north central coasts of North Andaman Island, and Smith Island. Alternate names: KORA. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. AkaJeruLanguage (AKJ India) (instance AkaJeruLanguage NorthernGreatAndamaneseLanguage) (documentation AkaJeruLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AkaJeruLanguage is a &%NorthernGreatAndamaneseLanguage of &%India. SIL code: AKJ. ISO 639-2: mis. Region: Andaman Islands, interior and south North Andaman Island, and Sound Island. Alternate names: JERU, YERAWA. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SOUTH ANDAMANESE LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; SouthAndamaneseLanguage (subclass SouthAndamaneseLanguage AndamaneseLanguage) (documentation SouthAndamaneseLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%SouthAndamaneseLanguage is any of three closely related &%AndamaneseLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. JarawaLanguage (ANQ India) (instance JarawaLanguage SouthAndamaneseLanguage) (documentation JarawaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%JarawaLanguage is a &%SouthAndamaneseLanguage of &%India. SIL code: ANQ. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 200 (1997 CIIL). Region: Andaman Islands, interior and south central Rutland Island, central interior and south interior South Andaman Island. Comments: Different from Onge and Sentinel. Completely monolingual. They are semi-nomadic. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Hunter-gatherers. Traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. OngeLanguage (OON India) (instance OngeLanguage SouthAndamaneseLanguage) (documentation OngeLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%OngeLanguage is a &%SouthAndamaneseLanguage of &%India. SIL code: OON. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 96 (1997 CIIL). Region: Southern Andaman Islands, Dugong Creek and South Bay islands. Alternate names: ONG. Comments: A distinct language from Sentinelese. Speakers are mainly monolingual. Reserved toward outsiders. A Scheduled Tribe in India. Dictionary. Hunter-gatherers, fishermen. Traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. SentinelLanguage (STD India) (instance SentinelLanguage SouthAndamaneseLanguage) (documentation SentinelLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SentinelLanguage is a &%SouthAndamaneseLanguage of &%India. SIL code: STD. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 50 (?) (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Region: Southeastern Andaman Islands, Sentinel Island. Alternate names: SENTINELESE. Comments: Similar to Onge, but a distinct language. A Scheduled Tribe in India. Reserved toward outsiders. Hunter-gatherers, fishermen. Traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; VII. ARAUAN LANGUAGES (8 Languages) ;; ArauanLanguage (subclass AruanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation AruanLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%AruanLanguage is any of eight related languages of &%Brazil that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AruaLanguage (ARA Brazil) (instance AruaLanguage AruanLanguage) (documentation AruaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AruaLanguage is an &%AruanLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: ARA. ISO 639-2: sai. Alternate names: ARAWA. Comments: Became extinct in 1877. Known from an 1869 word list. Different from Tupi Arua and Ge Arua. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. BanawaLanguage (BNH Brazil) (instance BanawaLanguage AruanLanguage) (documentation BanawaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BanawaLanguage is an &%AruanLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: BNH. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 70 (1994 SIL). Region: Amazonas, upriver quite a distance from the Jamamadi. Half live on the Banawa River, others on small creeks and in scattered locations, 1 village and 2 extended family settlements. Alternate names: KITIYA, BANAVA, BANAUA, JAFI. Comments: Not as close to Jamamadi linguistically as previously thought. Some bilingualism in Jamamadi, and a little in Portuguese. They prefer their own language. They call themselves 'Kitiya.' Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: Below 5%. Tropical forest.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. CulinaLanguage (CUL Brazil) (instance CulinaLanguage AruanLanguage) (documentation CulinaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CulinaLanguage is an &%AruanLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: CUL. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 865 in Brazil (1995 SIL). Population total both countries: 1,300. Region: Amazonas, Acre. Alternate names: KULINA, KULYNA, CORINA, MADIJA, MADIHA. Comments: Minor changes from Peruvian dialect. The Arawan languages may not be Arawakan. Bible portions 1965-1985. Also spoken in: Peru. (Language name: CULINA.) Population: 500 or fewer in Peru (1998 SIL). Alternate names: KULINA, KULINO, KULYNA, KURINA, KOLLINA, MADIJA, MADIHA. Comments: The Arawan languages probably are not Arawakan. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 78%, 1 10%, 2 5%, 3 5%, 4 1.5%, 5 .5%. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions 1965-1985.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. DeniLanguage (DAN Brazil) (instance DeniLanguage AruanLanguage) (documentation DeniLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%DeniLanguage is an &%AruanLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: DAN. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 600 (1986 SIL). Region: Amazonas. Alternate names: DANI. Dialects: INAUINI. Comments: Sometimes called 'Jamamadi', but that is a separate language. Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. JamamadiLanguage (JAA Brazil) (instance JamamadiLanguage AruanLanguage) (documentation JamamadiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%JamamadiLanguage is an &%AruanLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: JAA. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 195 (1994 SIL) including 12 Mamoria. Region: Amazonas, scattered over 200,000 square miles. Alternate names: YAMAMADI, KANAMANTI, CANAMANTI. Dialects: BOM FUTURO, JURUA, PAUINI, MAMORIA (MAMORI), CUCHUDUA (MAIMA), TUKURINA. Comments: Other groups are called 'Jamamadi' which are closer to Culina or Deni. Tukurina may be a separate language. Dialects or related languages: Araua, Pama, Sewacu, Sipo, Yuberi. People want a school. OSV. Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Christian, traditional religion. Bible portions 1991.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 6. JaruaraLanguage (JAP Brazil) (instance JaruaraLanguage AruanLanguage) (documentation JaruaraLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%JaruaraLanguage is an &%AruanLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: JAP. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 150 (1993 SIL). Region: Amazonas, near the Jamamadi, 7 villages. Alternate names: JARAWARA. Comments: Formerly considered a dialect of Jamamadi. OSV. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 7. PaumariLanguage (PAD Brazil) (instance PaumariLanguage AruanLanguage) (documentation PaumariLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PaumariLanguage is an &%AruanLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: PAD. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 700 or more (1994 SIL). Region: Amazonas. 3 villages. Alternate names: PURUPURU. Dialects: PAUMARM (PAMMARI), KURUKURU (CURUCURU), UAIAI. Comments: Three inherently intelligible dialects. Speakers are fairly bilingual. Half the speakers are under 12 years of age (1984 SIL). Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT 1995.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 8. SuruahaLanguage (SWX Brazil) (instance SuruahaLanguage AruanLanguage) (documentation SuruahaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SuruahaLanguage is an &%AruanLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: SWX. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 130 (1995 AMTB). Region: Amazonas. Alternate names: SURUWAHA, ZURUAHA, MNDIOS DO COXODOA. Comments: First contact with the outside was 1980. Word minimality, word binarity, foot minimality. Tropical forest. Hunter-gatherers. Traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; VIII. ARAUCANIAN LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; AraucanianLanguage (subclass AraucanianLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation AraucanianLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%AraucanianLanguage is either of two languages found in the &%Chile and &%Argentina that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. MapudungunLanguage (ARU Chile) (instance MapudungunLanguage AraucanianLanguage) (documentation MapudungunLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MapudungunLanguage is an &%AraucanianLanguage of &%Chile. SIL code: ARU. ISO 639-2: arn. Population: 400,000 in Chile, 200,000 of whom are active users of the language (1982 R. Croese SIL). Population total both countries 440,000. Region: Between the Itata and Tolten rivers. Alternate names: MAPUDUNGU, 'ARAUCANO', MAPUCHE. Dialects: MOLUCHE (NGOLUCHE, MANZANERO), PICUNCHE, PEHUENCHE. Comments: Easy intelligibility among all dialects. Pehuenche and Moluche are very close. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 0%, 1 8%, 2 50%, 3 30%, 4 10%, 5 2%. Partly bilingual in Spanish. The language is called 'Mapudungun', the people 'Mapuche.' SVO. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 21%. 85,000 are reported to be literate in Spanish. Deciduous forest, rolling farm land. Mountain slope, coastal, plains, riverine. Peasant agriculturalists. 0 to 2,000 meters. Traditional religion, Christian. NT 1997. Also spoken in: Argentina. (Language name: MAPUDUNGUN.) Population: 40,000 or more in Argentina (1975 Golbert). Alternate names: ARAUCANO, MAPUTONGO, MAPUCHE, MAPUDUNGU. Dialects: PEHUENCHE. Comments: One or more dialects. Recent migration from Chile. NT 1997.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. HuillicheLanguage (HUH Chile) (instance HuillicheLanguage AraucanianLanguage) (documentation HuillicheLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%HuillicheLanguage is an &%AraucanianLanguage of &%Chile. SIL code: HUH. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: Several thousand speakers (1982 SIL R. Croese). Region: South of the Mapuche, Tenth Region, from Valdivia to Chiloe. Alternate names: VELICHE, HUILICHE. Dialects: TSESUNGUN. Comments: Related to Mapudungun, but barely intelligible with it. Most of the ethnic group speaks Spanish as first language. Used mainly among friends and for ceremonial purposes. Mountain valleys.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; IX. ARAWAKAN LANGUAGES (60 Languages) ;; ArawakanLanguage (subclass ArawakanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation ArawakanLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%ArawakanLanguage is any one of 60 languages forming a major family of languages apparently unrelated to other languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; X. ARUTANI-SAPE LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; ArutaniSapeLanguage (subclass ArutaniSapeLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation ArutaniSapeLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%ArutaniSapeLanguage is either of two languages found in &%Brazil and &%Venezuela that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. Both languages are now nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. ArutaniLanguage (ATX Brazil) (instance ArutaniLanguage ArutaniSapeLanguage) (documentation ArutaniLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ArutaniLanguage is an &%ArutaniSapeLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: ATX. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 17 in Brazil (1986 SIL). Population total both countries: 22. Region: Roraima. Alternate names: AUAQUE, AUAKE, AWAKE, AOAQUI, OEWAKU, URUAK, URUTANI. Comments: The remaining speakers are bilingual in Ninam. Most are intermarried with the Ninam, some with the Pemon (Arecuna) and a few with the Sapi and do not speak Arutani fluently. Nearly extinct. Also spoken in: Venezuela. (Language name: ARUTANI.) Population: 5 speakers out of a population of up to 30 in Venezuela (1977 Migliazza). Alternate names: AUAQUE, AUAKE, AWAKE, URUAK, URUTANI, AOAQUI, OEWAKU. Comments: The remaining speakers are bilingual in Ninam. Most are intermarried with the Ninam, some with the Pemon (Arecuna), a few with the Sape, and they do not speak Arutani fluently. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. SapeLanguage (SPC Brazil) (instance SapeLanguage ArutaniSapeLanguage) (documentation SapeLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SapeLanguage is an &%ArutaniSapeLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: SPC. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 5 speakers out of a population of fewer than 25 (1977 Migliazza). Region: 3 small settlements on Paragua and Karuna rivers. Alternate names: KARIANA, KALIANA, CALIANA, CHIRICHANO. Comments: Some lexical correspondences with Guinau (Arawak) and Warao (Chibchan) Greenberg classified it provisionally as Macro-Tucanoan. Most have intermarried with Arecuna (Pemon) and a few with Arutani and Ninam. There are conflicting reports on the number of speakers and degree of bilingualism. Nearly extinct. Bible portions.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; XI. AUSTRALIAN LANGUAGES (258 Languages) ;; AustralianLanguage (subclass AustralianLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation AustralianLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%AustralianLanguage is any one of 258 languages forming a major family of languages apparently unrelated to other languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; PAMA-NYUNGAN LANGUAGES (177 Languages) ;; PamaNyunganLanguage (subclass PamaNyunganLanguage AustralianLanguage) (documentation PamaNyunganLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%PamaNyunganLanguage is any one of 177 related languages of the family of &%AustralianLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; PAMAN LANGUAGES (44 Languages) ;; PamanLanguage (subclass PamanLanguage PamaNyunganLanguage) (documentation PamanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the &%PamaNyunganLanguages, 44 of the languages are classified as a &%PamanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; RARMUL PAMA LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; RarmulPamaLanguage (subclass RarmulPamaLanguage PamanLanguage) (documentation RarmulPamaLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the &%PamanLanguages, two of the languages are classified as a &%RarmulPamaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AghuTharnggaluLanguage (GGR Australia) (instance AghuTharnggaluLanguage RarmulPamaLanguage) (documentation AghuTharnggaluLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AghuTharnggaluLanguage is a &%RarmulPamaLanguage of &%Australia. SIL code: GGR. ISO 639-2: aus. Region: Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, Laura. Comments: Recently extinct. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. ThaypanLanguage (TYP Australia) (instance ThaypanLanguage RarmulPamaLanguage) (documentation ThaypanLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ThaypanLanguage is a &%RarmulPamaLanguage of &%Australia. SIL code: TYP. ISO 639-2: aus. Population: 2 (?) (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Region: Queensland, central Cape York Peninsula, Coleman River. Comments: Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; XII. AUSTRO-ASIATIC LANGUAGES (168 Languages) ;; AustroAsiaticLanguage (subclass AustroAsiaticLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation AustroAsiaticLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%AustroAsiaticLanguage is any one of 168 languages forming a major family of languages apparently unrelated to other languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; XIII. AUSTRONESIAN LANGUAGES (1262 Languages) ;; AustronesianLanguage (subclass AustronesianLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation AustronesianLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%AustronesianLanguage is any one of 1262 languages forming a major family of languages apparently unrelated to other languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XIV. AYMARAN LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; AymaranLanguage (subclass AymaranLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation AymaranLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%AymaranLanguage is any of three languages found in &%SouthAmerica that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. CentralAymaraLanguage (AYM Bolivia) (instance CentralAymaraLanguage AymaranLanguage) (documentation CentralAymaraLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CentralAymaraLanguage is an &%AymaranLanguage of &%Bolivia. SIL code: AYM. ISO 639-1: ay. ISO 639-2: aym. Population: 1,785,000 in Bolivia (1987), 23.7% of the population. Population total all countries 2,200,000. Region: Whole Altiplano west of eastern Andes. Some migration to the yungas and the lowlands. Comments: Dictionary. Grammar. Churches are active in literacy. Openings in government schools for the use of Aymara literature. Radio programs. Traditional religion, Christian. Bible 1987-1993. Also spoken in: Argentina. (Language name: AYMARA, CENTRAL.) Comments: Quite a few have come from Bolivia looking for work. Sugar mill workers. Bible 1987-1993. Also spoken in: Chile. (Language name: AYMARA, CENTRAL.) Population: 899 (1994 Hans Gundermann K.) speakers in Chile out of 20,000 population (1983 SIL). Comments: Chilean Aymara is very close to La Paz, Bolivia dialect. Bilingualism in Spanish. Bible 1987-1993. Also spoken in: Peru. (Language name: AYMARA, CENTRAL.) Population: 350,320 Aymara in Peru (1987 Cerron-Palomino). Comments: Lupaca is the main literary dialect. Bible 1987-1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. JaqaruLanguage (JQR Peru) (instance JaquaraLanguage AymaranLanguage) (documentation JaquaraLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%JaquaraLanguage is an &%AymaranLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: JQR. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 2,000 (1987 J. L. Rivarola). Region: Lima Department, Yauyos Province, Tupe village (Jaqaru) and Cachuy village (Cauqui). Alternate names: HAQEARU, HAQARU, HAQ'ARU, ARU. Dialects: CAUQUI (KAWKI, CACHUY). Comments: Jaqaru has 73% lexical similarity with Aymara, Kawki 79% with Aymara. Most or all use Spanish as second language. There may still be a few monolinguals, all women. Cauqui dialect is nearly extinct. Investigation needed: intelligibility, bilingual proficiency.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. SouthernAymaraLanguage (AYC Peru) (instance SouthernAymaraLanguage AymaranLanguage) (documentation SouthernAymaraLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SouthernAymaraLanguage is an &%AymaranLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: AYC. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: No estimate available. Region: From Lake Titicaca toward ocean. Comments: Some important verb forms and vocabulary differences from Central Aymara. Dialect intelligibility needs investigation in Tacna and Moquegua (P. Landerman 1984). Limited bilingualism. Investigation needed: intelligibility.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XV. BARBACOAN LANGUAGES (7 Languages) ;; BarbacoanLanguage (subclass BarbacoanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation BarbacoanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%BarbacoanLanguage is any of seven languages found in &%SouthAmerica that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ANDAQUI GROUP LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; AndaquiGroupLanguage (subclass AndaquiGroupLanguage BarbacoanLanguage) (documentation AndaquiGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AndaquiGroupLanguage of &%BarbacoanLanguages consists solely of the extinct &%AndaquiLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AndaquiLanguage (ANA Colombia) (instance AndaquiLanguage AndaquiGroupLanguage) (documentation AndaquiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AndaquiLanguage is a &%BarbacoanLanguage (an &%AndaquiGroupLanguage) of &%Colombia. SIL code: ANA. ISO 639-2: sai. Region: Southern highlands. Alternate names: ANDAKI. Comments: Not the same as Andoque, which is in Amazonas. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; CAYAPA-COLORADO LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; CayapaColoradoLanguage (subclass CayapaColoradoLanguage BarbacoanLanguage) (documentation CayapaColoradoLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%CapayaColoradoLanguage is either of two closely related &%BarbacoanLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. ChachiLanguage (CBI Ecuador) (instance ChachiLanguage CayapaColoradoLanguage) (documentation ChachiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ChachiLanguage is a &%CayapaColoradoLanguage of &%Ecuador. SIL code: CBI. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 5,000 (1987 N. Wiebe SIL). Region: North coastal jungle, Esmeraldas Province, Cayapas River and its tributaries (Onzole, Canande, Sucio, Cojimies, and others). Alternate names: CAYAPA, CHA' PALAACHI. Comments: Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 6%, 1 25.5%, 2 26.5%, 3 34.5%, 4 6%, 5 1.5%. Women, older people, and those living in the isolated headwaters of the river are less bilingual in Spanish. The name of the people is 'Chachilla.' Dictionary. SOV. Tropical forest. Coastal, riverine. Swidden agriculturalists: plantain, fishermen: shrimp, fish, hunters. 10 to 400 meters. Traditional religion, Christian. Bible portions 1964-1980.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. ColoradoLanguage (COF Ecuador) (instance ColoradoLanguage CayapaColoradoLanguage) (documentation ColoradoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ColoradoLanguage is a &%CayapaColoradoLanguage of &%Ecuador. SIL code: COF. ISO 639-2: sai. Population 2,100 (1999 SIL). Region: Northwestern jungle west of Quito, around Santo Domingo de los Colorados. Alternate names: TSACHILA. Comments: Dictionary. SOV. Tropical forest. Interfluvial. Peasant agriculturalists. 550 to 600 meters. Traditional religion, Christian. NT 1980-1990.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; COCONUCAN LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; CoconucanLanguage (subclass CoconucanLanguage BarbacoanLanguage) (documentation CoconucanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%CoconucanLanguage is either of two closely related &%BarbacoanLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. GuambianoLanguage (GUM Colombia) (instance GuambianoLanguage CoconucanLanguage) (documentation GuambianoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GuambianoLanguage is a &%CoconucanLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: GUM. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 9,000 (1977 SIL). Region: Central Andes Range near Popayan, Cauca. Alternate names: GUAMBIA, MOGUEX. Comments: Bilingualism in Spanish. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Agriculturalists. NT in press (2000).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. TotoroLanguage (TTK Colombia) (instance TotoroLanguage CoconucanLanguage) (documentation TotoroLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TotoroLanguage is a &%CoconucanLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: TTK. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: Only a few speakers in the mid 1970s. Region: 17 km. west of Silvia, Cauca, in town of Totoro. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; PASTO LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; PastoLanguage (subclass PastoLanguage BarbacoanLanguage) (documentation PastoLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%PastoLanguage is either of two closely related &%BarbacoanLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. BarbacoasLanguage (BPB Colombia) (instance BarbacoasLanguage PastoLanguage) (documentation BarbacoasLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BarbacoasLanguage is a &%PastoLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: BPB. ISO 639-2: sai. Region: Near the coastal town of Barbacoas, Narino. Comments Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. AwaCuaiquerLanguage (KWI Colombia) (instance AwaCuaiquerLanguage PastoLanguage) (documentation AwaCuaiquerLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AwaCuaiquerLanguage is a &%PastoLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: KWI. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 20,000 in Colombia (1986 SIL). Population total both countries 21,000. Region: Pacific slopes of the Andes, Narino, from Ecuador border north, near Barbacoas. Alternate names: COAIQUER, QUAIQUER, KWAIKER, AWA, AWA PIT, CUAIQUER. Comments: Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 55%, 1 30%, 2 10%, 3 5%, 4 0%, 5 0%. It is mainly women and children that are monolingual. Grammar. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: Below 5%. Tropical forest. Mountain slope. Swidden agriculturalists. 200 to 300 meters. Bible portions 1979-1982. Also spoken in: Ecuador. (Language name: AWA-CUAIQUER.) Population: 1,000 in Ecuador (1991 Adelaar). Alternate names: AWA, CUAIQUER. Comments: More distantly related to Chachi and Colorado. Speakers call themselves 'Awa' in Ecuador. Bible portions 1979-1982.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XVI. BASQUE GROUP LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; BasqueGroupLanguage (subclass BasqueGroupLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation BasqueGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%BasqueGroupLanguage is a small family of languages consisting entirely of three varieties of Basque from &%France and &%Spain and which are apparently unrelated to all other languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. BasqueLanguage (BSQ Spain) (instance BasqueLanguage BasqueGroupLanguage) (documentation BasqueLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BasqueLanguage is a &%BasqueGroupLanguage of &%Spain. SIL code: BSQ. ISO 639-1: eu. ISO 639-2(B): baq. ISO 639-2(T): eus. Population: 580,000 in Spain (1991 L. Trask U. of Sussex). There are 2,000,000 residents of the 3 provinces of Basque territory, 25% were born outside the territory, 40% in the territory were born to Basque parents. 4,400,000 in Spain have a Basque surname, 19% live in Basque country. Population total all countries: 580,000 or more. Region: French-Spanish border, 3 Basque provinces: Alava (Araba), Biskaia (Biskay), and Gipuzkoa of the Autonomous Basque Community (CAV), in the northern area of the Autonomous Region of Navarra (Nafarroa) of north central Spain. Also spoken in Australia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Philippines, USA. Alternate names: VASCUENSE, EUSKERA. Dialects: GUIPUZCOAN (GUIPUZCOANO, GIPUZKOAN), ALTO NAVARRO SEPTENTRIONAL (HIGH NAVARRESE, UPPER NAVARRAN), ALTO NAVARRO MERIDIONAL, BISCAYAN (VIZCAINO), AVALAN. Comments: Batua is based on Guipuzcoan, the central and most widely known dialect. A fair amount of inherent intelligibility among all regional varieties except Souletin. Regional varieties are sometimes preferred for oral use, but in Spain there is also a fairly strong desire for the Batua unified standard. Bilingualism in Castillian, Catalan sometimes. Ages 2 to 20 and over 50 as first language, all ages as first or second language in mainly Basque-speaking areas. 'Euzkadi' is the name of the Basque region, not for the language. Official language. Dictionary. Grammar. SOV, prepositions, genitives, articles, adjectives, numerals, relatives after noun heads, question word initial, verb affix gender agreement obligatory, prefix marks causative, comparative shown lexically. Batua uses a unified orthography. Deciduous forest. Mountain slope, coastal, riverine. sea level to 1,000 meters. Christian. Bible 1855-1994.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. NavarroLabourdinBasqueLanguage (BQE France) (instance NavarroLabourdinBasqueLanguage BasqueGroupLanguage) (documentation NavarroLabourdinBasqueLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NavarroLabourinBasqueLanguage is a &%BasqueGroupLanguage of &%France. SIL code: BQE. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 67,500 speakers (1991), including 45,000 Labourdin, 22,500 Lower Navarro. Total Basque speakers in France estimated at 80,000 (1991 L. Trask, U. of Sussex). Reported to be 730,000 ethnic Basque in France (1993 Johnstone). Region: French-Spanish border, 800 square miles surrounding Bayonne, Labourd (Lapurdi), and Basse-Navarre departments. Alternate names: NAVARRO-LABOURDIN. Dialects: LABOURDIN (LAPURDIERA), EASTERN LOW NAVARRESE (BENAFFARERA, BAJO NAVARRO ORIENTAL), WESTERN LOW NAVARRESE (BAJO NAVARRO OCCIDENTAL). Comments: Navarro-Labourdin is diverse from other Basque dialects, and needs separate literature. Bilingualism in French. Dictionary. Grammar. Christian. Bible 1856.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. SouletinBasqueLanguage (BSZ France) (instance SouletinBasqueLanguage BasqueGroupLanguage) (documentation SouletinBasqueLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SouletinBasqueLanguage is a &%BasqueGroupLanguage of &%France. SIL code: BSZ. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 8,700 (1991). Region: French-Spanish border, 800 square miles surrounding Bayonne, Soule, Pyrenees Atlantiques Province. Alternate names: SOULETIN, SOULETINO, SULETINO, XIBEROERA, ZUBEROERA, SUBEROAN. Comments: Souletin is more diverse and speakers have difficulty understanding other varieties, especially for complex and abstract discourse. Separate literature desired and needed. Dictionary. Grammar. Christian. Bible portions 1856-1888.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XVII. BAYONO-AWBONO LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; BayonoAwbonoLanguage (subclass BayonoAwbonoLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation BayonoAwbonoLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%BayonoAwbonoLanguage is either of two languages found in &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya) that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AwbonoLanguage (AWH Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance AwbonoLanguage BayonoAwbonoLanguage) (documentation AwbonoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AwbonoLanguage is a &%BayonoAwbonoLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: AWH. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 100 or fewer (1999 D. Clouse SIL). Region: South of Tokuni on the Modera River. Kvolyab is on the south coast, northwest of Korowai. Dialects: KVOLYAB. Comments: Not related to Ok, Asmat, Awyu-Dumut, Momuna, or highland languages like Dani or Mek. 55% lexical similarity with Bayono. No bilinguals among the Kvolyab. The Kvolyab are frequently at war with the Tokuni, Kopkaka, and Korowai. SOV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. BayonoLanguage (BYL Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance BayonoLanguage BayonoAwbonoLanguage) (documentation BayonoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BayonoLanguage is a &%BayonoAwbonoLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: BYL. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 100 or fewer (1999 D. Clouse SIL). Region: South of Tokuni on the Steenboom River. Comments: Not related to Ok, Asmat, Awyu-Dumut, Momuna, or highlands languages like Dani or Mek. 55% lexical similarity with Awbono. SOV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XVIII. CADDOAN LANGUAGES (5 Languages) ;; CaddoanLanguage (subclass CaddoanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation CaddoanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%CaddoanLanguage is any of seven languages of the &%UnitedStates that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; NORTHERN CADDOAN LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; NorthernCaddoanLanguage (subclass NorthernCaddoanLanguage CaddoanLanguage) (documentation NorthernCaddoanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the seven &%CaddoanLanguages, four of these are classified as a &%NorthernCaddoanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; PAWNEE-KITSAI LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; PawneeKitsaiLanguage (subclass PawneeKitsaiLanguage NorthernCaddoanLanguage) (documentation PawneeKitsaiLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the four &%NorthernCaddoanLanguages, three of these are classified as a &%PawneeKitsaiLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; KITSAI GROUP LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; KitsaiGroupLanguage (subclass KitsaiGroupLanguage PawneeKitsaiLanguage) (documentation KitsaiGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KitsaiGroupLanguage consists solely of the now extinct &%KitsaiLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. KitsaiLanguage (KII USA) (instance KitsaiLanguage KitsaiGroupLanguage) (documentation KitsaiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KitaiLanguage is a &%KitsaiGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: KII. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: No speakers out of 350 population (1977 SIL). Region: West central Oklahoma among the Caddo, Caddo County. Alternate names: KICHAI. Comments: Closer to Pawnee than to Wichita. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; PAWNEE GROUP LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; PawneeGroupLanguage (subclass PawneeGroupLanguage PawneeKitsaiLanguage) (documentation PawneeGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PawneeGroupLanguage consists of two of the three &%PawneeKitsaiLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. ArikaraLanguage (ARI USA) (instance ArikaraLanguage PawneeGroupLanguage) (documentation ArikaraLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ArikaraLanguage is a &%PawneeGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: ARI. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 90 speakers (1990 census), out of 1,000 population (1977 SIL). Region: Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota. Alternate names: ARIKARI, ARIKARIS, ARIKAREE, REE, RIS. Comments: Not inherently intelligible with Pawnee. Bilingualism in English. Most or all speakers are middle-aged or older. Arikara instructional material has been published for use in a language teaching program. Reported to be one of the groups Lewis and Clark met in 1804 in North Dakota. There had been 30,000 reduced to 6,000 because of smallpox. Dictionary. Grammar.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. PawneeLanguage (PAW USA) (instance PawneeLanguage PawneeGroupLanguage) (documentation PawneeLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PawneeLanguage is a &%PawneeGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: PAW. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 4 speakers (1996), out of 2,000 ethnic population (1977 SIL). Region: North central Oklahoma. Dialects: SOUTH BAND, SKIRI (SKIDI). Comments: Closely related to Arikara, but not inherently intelligible with it. Kitsai is between Pawnee and Wichita, but closer to Pawnee. Bilingualism in English. All speakers are elderly. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; WITCHITA GROUP LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; WitchitaGroupLanguage (subclass WitchitaGroupLanguage NorthernCaddoanLanguage) (documentation WitchitaGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WitchitaGroupLanguage consists solely of the nearly extinct &%WitchitaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. WitchitaLanguage (WIC USA) (instance WitchitaLanguage WitchitaGroupLanguage) (documentation WitchitaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WitchitaLanguage is a &%WitchitaGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: WIC. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 10 or fewer speakers (1998 James Brook, New York Times 4/9/98), out of 750 population (1977 SIL). Region: West central Oklahoma. Dialects: WACO, TAWAKONI. Comments: Close to Kitsai and Pawnee. Bilingualism in English. All speakers are elderly. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SOUTHERN CADDOAN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; SouthernCaddoanLanguage (subclass SouthernCaddoanLanguage CaddoanLanguage) (documentation SouthernCaddoanLanguage EnglishLanguage "The only &%SouthernCaddoanLanguage is the &%CaddoLanguage of the &%UnitedStates.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. CaddoLanguage (CAD USA) (instance CaddoLanguage SouthernCaddoanLanguage) (documentation CaddoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CaddoLanguage is a &%SouthernCaddoanLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: CAD. ISO 639-2: cad. Population: 141 speakers, including 6 monolinguals (1990 census), out of 1,800 population (1977 SIL). Region: Western Oklahoma, Caddo County. Formerly in northeastern Texas, extending into southwestern Arkansas. Alternate names: KADO, CADDOE, KADOHADACHO. Comments Related to Pawnee, Wichita, and two extinct languages: Kitsai and Adai. Bilingualism in English. Most or all speakers are middle-aged or older. The tribes are Cahinnio, Hasinai, Kadohadacho, Nanatsoho, Upper Nasoni, Upper Natchitoches, Upper Yatasi.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XIX. CAHUAPANAN LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; CahupanianLanguage (subclass CahuapananLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation CahuapananLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%CahuapananLanguage is either of two languages found in &%Peru that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. ChayahuitaLanguage (CBT Peru) (instance ChayahuitaLanguage CahuapananLanguage) (documentation ChayahuitaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GhayahuitaLanguage is a &%CahupanianLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: CBT. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 10,000 to 12,000 (1998 SIL). Region: Paranapura, Cahuapanas, Sillay and Shanusi rivers. Alternate names: CHAYAWITA, CHAWI, TSHAAHUI, CHAYHUITA, CHAYABITA, SHAYABIT, BALSAPUERTINO, PARANAPURA, CAHUAPA. Dialects: CHAYAHUITA, CAHUAPANA. Comments: Very slight intelligibility with Jebero. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 60%, 1 20%, 2 10%, 3 6%, 4 3%, 5 1%. Dictionary. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT 1978.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. JeberoLanguage (JEB Peru) (instance JeberoLanguage CahuapananLanguage) (documentation JeberoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%JeberoLanguage is a &%CahupanianLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: JEB. ISO 639-2: sai. Population 2,300 to 3,000 (1976 SIL). Region District of Jeberos. Alternate names: XEBERO, CHEBERO, XIHUILA. Comments: Widespread use of Spanish. Bible portions 1959.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XX. CANT LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; CantLanguage (subclass CantLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation CantLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%CantLanguage is the single &%EnglishTahitianLanguage known as the &%PitcairnNorfolkLanguage. This language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming a language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ENGLISH-TAHITIAN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; EnglishTahitianLanguage (subclass EnglishTahitianLanguage CantLanguage) (documentation EnglishTahitianLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%EnglishTahitianLanguage is the language group consisting only of the &%PitcairnNorfolkLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. PitcairnNorfolkLanguage (PIH Norfolk Island) (instance PitcairnNorfolkLanguage EnglishTahitianLanguage) (documentation PitcairnNorfolkLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PitcairnNorfolkLanguage is an &%EnglishTahitianLanguage of &%NorfolkIsland. SIL code: PIH. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: (580 on Norfolk Island, 1989 Holm). Region: Norfolk Island, Pitcairn Island. There are some second generation Pitcairn Islanders in Australia and New Zealand. Also spoken in Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Pitcairn. Alternate names: PITCAIRN ENGLISH. Dialects: NORFOLK ENGLISH. Comments: Slightly different variety than in Pitcairn. An in-group language used to assist in the preservation of identity. People speak Standard British English as mother tongue. Developed from mutineers settling on Pitcairn in 1790. Some were removed to Norfolk in 1859. Agriculturalists: breadfruit, banana, pineapple, passion fruit, watermelon, mango, custard apple, orange, lime, lemon, grapefruit. Second language only. Also spoken in: Australia. (Language name: PITCAIRN-NORFOLK.) Population: Some second language users. Alternate names: PITCAIRN ENGLISH. Comments: An in-group language used to assist in the preservation of identity. The people speak Standard English as mother tongue. There may be no speakers on the Australian mainland. Christian. Second language only. Also spoken in: New Zealand. (Language name: PITCAIRN-NORFOLK.) Alternate names: PITCAIRN ENGLISH. Comments: Developed from mutineers settling on Pitcairn in 1790. Some people were removed to Norfolk in 1859. An in-group language used to assist in the preservation of identity. People speak standard English as mother tongue. Christian. Second language only. Also spoken in: Pitcairn. (Language name: PITCAIRN-NORFOLK.) Population: Fewer than 50 on Pitcairn, 1989 J. Holm. DialectsL PITCAIRN ENGLISH. Comments: Developed from mutineers settling on Pitcairn in 1790. Some were removed to Norfolk in 1859. Slightly different variety than in Norfolk. An in-group language to assist in the preservation of identity. People speak Standard British English as mother tongue. Christian. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; XXI. CARIB LANGUAGES (29 Languages) ;; CaribLanguage (subclass CaribLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation CaribLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%CaribLanguage is any of 29 languages that form a family of related languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XXII. CHAPACURA-WANHAM LANGUAGES (5 Languages) ;; ChapacuraWanhamLanguage (subclass ChapacuraWanhamLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation ChapacuraWanhamLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 29 &%CaribLanguages, five more closely related languages are classified as a &%ChapacuraWanhamLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; GUAPORE LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; GuaporeLanguage (subclass GuaporeLanguage ChapacuraWanhamLanguage) (documentation GuaporeLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the five &%ChapacuraWanhamLanguages, two very closely related languages are classified as a &%GuaporeLanguage. At least one, and probably both, languages are now extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. IteneLanguage (ITE Bolivia) (instance IteneLanguage GuaporeLanguage) (documentation IteneLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%IteneLanguage is a &%GuaporeLanguage of &%Bolivia. SIL code: ITE. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: (100 in ethnic group in 1959). Region: North central Beni Department at junction of Mamore and Itenez rivers. Alternate names: ITENEO, ITENEZ, MORE. Dialects: ITOREAUHIP. Comments: Children were not speaking Itene and only some of the older people were actively using it 30 years ago. They speak Spanish. Related languages: Chapacura, Quitemoca, Cujuna, Cumana, Mataua, Uanham, Urunumacan, probably all extinct. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. KabixiLanguage (KBD Brazil) (instance KabixiLanguage GuaporeLanguage) (documentation KabixiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KabixiLanguage is a &%GuaporeLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: KBD. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 100 (1986 SIL). Region: Slopes of Planalto dos Parecis, right bank of upper Guapore, near Vila Bela, Mato Grosso. Alternate names: CABICHI, CABISHI. Comments: Related to Cujuna, Cumana, Mataua, Wanham, Urunumacan. Both people and language may be extinct. The name is also used for Parecis or Nambikuara.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; MADEIRA LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; MadeiraLanguage (subclass MadeiraLanguage ChapacuraWanhamLanguage) (documentation MadeiraLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the five &%ChapacuraWanhamLanguages, three very closely related languages of &%Brazil are classified as a &%MadeiraLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. OroWinLanguage (ORW Brazil) (instance OroWinLanguage MadeiraLanguage) (documentation OroWinLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%OroWinLanguage is a &%MadeiraLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: ORW. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 5 speakers (1996 D. Everett SIL) out of 55 in the ethnic group (1998). Region: Headwaters of the Pacaas-Novos River, a tributary of the Mamore River, along the Brazil-Bolivia border. Comments: Related to Tora, Itene (More), and Wari (Pakaasnovos), but not inherently intelligible with them. Bilingualism in Wari. All speakers over 40 years old (1986 D. Everett SIL). VOS. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. PakaasnovosLanguage (PAV Brazil) (instance PakaasnovosLanguage MadeiraLanguage) (documentation PakaasnovosLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%OroWinLanguage is a &%MadeiraLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: PAV. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 1,833 (1994 D. Everett SIL). Region: Rondonia, 7 villages. Alternate names: JARU, UOMO, PAKAANOVAS, PACAAS-NOVOS, PAKAANOVA, PACAHANOVO, ORO WARI, WARI. Comments Bible portions 1975-1984.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. ToraLanguage (TRZ Brazil) (instance ToraLanguage MadeiraLanguage) (documentation ToraLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ToraLanguage is a &%MadeiraLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: TRZ. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 40 out of an ethnic group of 120 (1990 YWAM). Region: Amazonas, on the lower Rio Marmelos, tributary of the Rio Madeira. Alternate names: TORAZ. Comments: Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; XXIII. CHIBCHAN LANGUAGES (22 Languages) ;; ChibchanLanguage (subclass ChibchanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation ChibchanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%ChibchanLanguage is any of 22 languages that form a family of related languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XXIV. CHIMAKUAN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; ChimakuanLanguage (subclass ChimakuanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation ChimakuanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%ChimakuanLanguage is the single language of the &%UnitedStates (Washington State) known as the &%QuileuteLanguage. This nearly extinct language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming a language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. QuileuteLanguage (QUI USA) (instance QuileuteLanguage ChimakuanLanguage) (documentation QuileuteLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%QuileuteLanguage is a &%ChimakuanLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: QUI. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 10 speakers possibly out of 300 population (1977 SIL). Region: Pacific side of Olympic Peninsula in Washington. Dialects: QUILEUTE, HOH. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; XXV. CHOCO LANGUAGES (10 Languages) ;; ChocoLanguage (subclass ChocoLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation ChocoLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%ChocoLanguage is any of 10 languages that form a family of related languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XXVI. CHON LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; ChonLanguage (subclass ChonLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation ChonLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%ChonLanguage is either of two languages found in &%Argentina that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. Both of these languages are now nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. OnaLanguage (ONA Argentina) (instance OnaLanguage ChonLanguage) (documentation OnaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%OnaLanguage is a &%ChonLanguage of &%Argentina. SIL code: ONA. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 1 to 3 speakers in Tierra del Fuego (1991 Adelaar). Region: Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego. Also formerly in Chile. Alternate names: AONA, SELKNAM, SHELKNAM. Comments: Bilingualism in Spanish. Steppe in the north, forest in the south. Island. Hunter-gatherers. Up to 800 meters. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. TehuelcheLanguage (TEH Argentina) (instance TehuelcheLanguage ChonLanguage) (documentation TehuelcheLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TehuelcheLanguage is a &%ChonLanguage of &%Argentina. SIL code: TEH. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 30 (1983 Casamiquela, in Clairis). Region: Patagonia. Alternate names: AONIKEN, GUNUA-KENA, GUNUNA-KENA, INAQUEN. Comments: The people have come from Chile. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XXVII. CHUKOTKO-KAMCHATKAN LANGUAGES (5 Languages) ;; ChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage (subclass ChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation ChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%ChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage is any of five languages found in &%Russia (Asia) that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; NORTHERN CHUKOTKO-KAMCHATKAN LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; NorthernChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage (subclass NorthernChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage ChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage) (documentation NorthernChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the five &%ChukotkoKamchatkanLanguages, four of these are classified as a &%NorthernChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; CHUKOT GROUP LANGUAGE (1 Language) ;; ChukotGroupLanguage (subclass ChukotGroupLanguage NorthernChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage) (documentation ChukotGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the four &%NorthernChukotkoKamchatkanLanguages, one of these is classified as a &%ChukotGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. ChukotLanguage (CKT Russia - Asia) (instance ChukotLanguage ChukotGroupLanguage) (documentation ChukotLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ChukotLanguage is a &%NorthernChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage (a &%ChukotGroupLanguage) of &%Russia (Asia). SIL code: CKT. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 10,000 mother tongue speakers out of an ethnic population of 15,000 (1997 M. Krauss), Maritime Chukchi 25% of population, Raindeer Chukchi 75%. Region: Chukchi Peninsula, Chukot and Koryak National Okrug, northern Yakut ASSR, northeastern Siberia. Alternate names: CHUKCHA, CHUCHEE, CHUKCHEE, LUORAVETLAN, CHUKCHI. Dialects: UELLANSKIJ, PEVEKSKIJ, ENMYLINSKIJ, NUNLIGRANSKIJ, XATYRSKIJ, CHAUN, ENURMIN, YANRAKINOT. Comments: Bilingualism in Russian, Yakut, Lamut, Yukagir. Nomadic groups have adult and some children speakers. Settled groups have few or no children speakers. Although those under 50 speak Russian with varying proficiency, nomadic groups resist Russian language and culture. School at Anadyr. Chukchi in Magadan area are nomadic. Reindeer herdsmen. Shamanism.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; KORYAK-ALYUTOR LANGUAGE (3 Languages) ;; KoryakAlyutorLanguage (subclass KoryakAlyutorLanguage NorthernChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage) (documentation KoryakAlyutorLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the four &%NorthernChukotkoKamchatkanLanguages, three of these is classified as a &%KoryakAlyutorLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AlutorLanguage (ALR Russia - Asia) (instance AlutorLanguage KoryakAlyutorLanguage) (documentation AlutorLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AlutorLanguage is a &%KoryakAlyutorLanguage of &%Russia (Asia). SIL code: ALR. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 200 speakers out of 2,000 in the ethnic group (1997 M. Krauss). Region: Koryak National District, northeast Kamchatka Peninsula, many in Vyvenka and Rekinniki villages, and individual families in Tilichiki, Ossora, and Palana. Some speakers are separated at considerable distances and without regular contact. Alternate names: ALYUTOR, ALIUTOR, OLYUTOR. Dialects: ALUTORSKIJ, KARAGINSKIJ, PALANSKIJ. Comments: Considered a dialect of Koryak until recently. Bilingualism in Russian. The elderly speak Alutor actively and some are monolinguals, the middle-aged know it passively, those younger than 35 know only Russian (1997). Endangered. Children were sent to boarding schools during the 1950s to the 1970s.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. KoryakLanguage (KPY Russia - Asia) (instance KoryakLanguage KoryakAlyutorLanguage) (documentation KoryakLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KoryakLanguage is a &%KoryakAlyutorLanguage of &%Russia (Asia). SIL code: KPY. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 3,500 speakers out of an ethnic population of 7,000 (1997 M. Krauss). Region: Koryak National Okrug, south of the Chukot, northern half of Kamchatka Peninsula and adjacent continent. Alternate names: NYMYLAN. Dialects: CAVCUVENSKIJ (CHAVCHUVEN), APOKINSKIJ (APUKIN), KAMENSKIJ (KAMEN), XATYRSKIJ, PAREN, ITKAN, PALAN, GIN. Comments: Chavchuven, Palan, and Kamen are apparently not inherently intelligible. Bilingualism in Russian. A few children speak Koryak. Taught in school. Coast: fishermen, hunters, inland: cattle raisers. Traditional religion, Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. KerekLanguage (KRK Russia - Asia) (instance KerekLanguage KoryakAlyutorLanguage) (documentation KerekLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KerekLanguage is a &%KoryakAlyutorLanguage of &%Russia (Asia). SIL code: KRK. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 2 speakers out of an ethnic population of 400 (1997 M. Krauss). There were 200 to 400 speakers in 1900. Region: Cape Navarin, in Chukot villages. Dialects: MAINYPILGINO (MAJNA-PIL'GINSKIJ), KHATYRKA (XATYRSKIJ). Comments: Kerek is now classified as a separate language. Previously it had been considered a dialect of Chukot. Speakers are now assimilated into Chukot. All are elderly. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SOUTHERN CHUKOTKO-KAMCHATKAN LANGUAGES (1 Languages) ;; SouthernChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage (subclass SouthernChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage ChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage) (documentation SouthernChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the five &%ChukotkoKamchatkanLanguages, one of these are classified as a &%SouthernChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. ItelmenLanguage (ITL Russia - Asia) (instance ItelmenLanguage SouthernChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage) (documentation ItelmenLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ItelmenLanguage is a &%SouthernChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage of &%Russia (Asia). SIL code: ITL. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 100 or fewer speakers out of an ethnic population of 1,500 (1991 A.E. Kibrik). Region: Southern Kamchatka Peninsula, Koryak Autonomous District, Tigil region, primarily in Kovran and Upper Khairiuzovo villages, west coast of the Kamchatka River. Alternate names: ITELYMEM, WESTERN ITELMEN, KAMCHADAL, KAMCHATKA. Dialects: SEDANKA, KHARYUZ, ITELMEN, XAJRJUZOVSKIJ, NAPANSKIJ, SOPOCNOVSKIJ. Comments: Bilingualism in Russian. Speakers are primarily the older generation. From the 1950s to the 1980s the state sent all children to boarding schools. All are reported to be acculturated. Taught in school through fourth grade. Shamanism. Bible portions 1996.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XXVIII. CHUMASH GROUP LANGUAGES (7 Languages) ;; ChumashGroupLanguage (subclass ChumashGroupLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation ChumashGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%ChumashGroupLanguage is any of seven languages found in the &%UnitedStates that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. All seven languages are now extinct meaning that this language family is also extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. BarbarenoLanguage (BOI USA) (instance BarbarenoLanguage ChumashGroupLanguage) (documentation BarbarenoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BarbarenoLanguage is a &%ChumashGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: BOI. ISO 639-2: nai. Region: Southern California, near Santa Barbara. Comments: Was not intelligible with other Chumash varieties. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. ChumashLanguage (CHS USA) (instance ChumashLanguage ChumashGroupLanguage) (documentation ChumashLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ChumashLanguage is a &%ChumashGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: CHS. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: No speakers out of a possible 100 population (1977 SIL). Region: Southern California coast near Santa Barbara. Comments: Extinct since 1965. Inherently unintelligible Chumash varieties formerly spoken included Obispeno, Ineseno, Purisimeno, Barbareno, Ventureno, and Cruzeno (Island Chumash, Isleno), named after the missions to which they were brought. Marianne Mithun says it is not Hokan. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. CruzenoLanguage (CRZ USA) (instance CruzenoLanguage ChumashGroupLanguage) (documentation CruzenoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CruzenoLanguage is a &%ChumashGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: CRZ. ISO 639-2: nai. Region: Southern California, near Santa Barbara. Alternate names: ISLAND CHUMASH, ISLENO. Comments: Was not intelligible with other Chumash varieties. Had multiple dialects. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. InesenoLanguage (INE USA) (instance InesenoLanguage ChumashGroupLanguage) (documentation InesenoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%InesenoLanguage is a &%ChumashGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: INE. ISO 639-2: nai. Region: Southern California, near Santa Barbara. Comments: Was not intelligible with other Chumash varieties. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. ObispenoLanguage (OBI USA) (instance ObispenoLanguage ChumashGroupLanguage) (documentation ObispenoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ObispenoLanguage is a &%ChumashGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: OBI. ISO 639-2: nai. Region: Northernmost Chumash language, California, near Santa Barbara. Comments: Not inherently intelligible with other Chumash varieties. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 6. PurisimoLanguage (PUY USA) (instance PurisimoLanguage ChumashGroupLanguage) (documentation PurisimoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PurisimoLanguage is a &%ChumashGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: PUY. ISO 639-2: nai. Region: Southern California, near Santa Barbara. Comments: Was not intelligible with other Chumash varieties. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 7. VenturenoLanguage (VEO USA) (instance VenturenoLanguage ChumashGroupLanguage) (documentation VenturenoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%VenturenoLanguage is a &%ChumashGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: VEO. ISO 639-2: nai. Region: Southern California, near Santa Barbara. Comments: Was not intelligible with other Chumash varieties. Had multiple dialects. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XXIX. COAHUILTECAN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; CoahuiltecanLanguage (subclass CoahuiltecanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation CoahuiltecanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%CoahuiltecanLanguage is the single language of the &%UnitedStates (Oklahoma) known as the &%TonkawaLanguage. This now extinct language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming an extinct language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. TonkawaLanguage (TON USA) (instance TonkawaLanguage CoahuiltecanLanguage) (documentation TonkawaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TonkawaLanguage is a &%CoahuiltecanLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: TON. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: No fluent speakers left out of a population of 90 (1977 SIL). Region North central Oklahoma. Comments: The ethnic group speak English as mother tongue. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; XXX. DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES (75 Languages) ;; DravidianLanguage (subclass DravidianLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation DravidianLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%DravidianLanguage is any one of 75 languages forming a major family of languages of southern &%India.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XXXI. EAST BIRD'S HEAD LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; EastBirdsHeadLanguage (subclass EastBirdsHeadLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation EastBirdsHeadLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%EastBirdsHeadLanguage is any of three languages found in &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya) that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. ManikionLanguage (MNX Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance ManikionLanguage EastBirdsHeadLanguage) (documentation ManikionLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ManikionLanguage is an &%EastBirdsHeadLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: MNX. ISO 639-2: paa. Population 12,000 (1987 SIL). Region: East Bird's Head, east of Meyah, south of Manokwari, about 50 villages. Alternate names: MANTION, SOUGB, SOGH. Comments: Four dialects. NT 1996.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. MeyahLanguage (MEJ Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance MeyahLanguage EastBirdsHeadLanguage) (documentation MeyahLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MeyahLanguage is an &%EastBirdsHeadLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: MEJ. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 15,000 to 20,000 (1995 G. Gravelle SIL). Region: East Bird's Head, north coast, west of Manokwari, north of Hattam language, and scattered locations. Alternate names: MEAX, MEYACH, MEAH, MEJAH, MEJACH. Comments: Closest to Sougb. Many are becoming bilingual in Indonesian. Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT 1997.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. MoskonaLanguage (MTJ Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance MoskonaLanguage EastBirdsHeadLanguage) (documentation MoskonaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MoskonaLanguage is an &%EastBirdsHeadLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: MTJ. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 8,000 (1996 G. Gravelle SIL). Region: Southeast Bird's Head, south of Meyah and west of Manikion. Alternate names: SABENA, MENINGGO, MENINGO. Comments 85% lexical similarity with Meyah. Also related to Manikion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; XXXII. EAST PAPUAN LANGUAGES (36 Languages) ;; EastPapuanLanguage (subclass EastPapuanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation EastPapuanLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%EastPapuanLanguage is any one of 36 languages forming a distinct family of languages of &%PapuaNewGuinea.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; XXXIII. ESKIMO-ALEUT LANGUAGES (11 Languages) ;; EskimoAleutLanguage (subclass EskimoAleutLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation EskimoAleutLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%EskimoAleutLanguage is any one of 11 languages forming a distinct family of languages of &%NorthAmerica.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; XXXIV. GEELVINK BAY LANGUAGES (33 Languages) ;; GeelvinkBayLanguage (subclass GeelvinkBayLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation GeelvinkBayLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%GeelvinkBayLanguage is any one of 33 languages forming a distinct family of languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XXXV. GUAHIBAN LANGUAGES (5 Languages) ;; GuahibanLanguage (subclass GuahibanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation GuahibanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%GuahibanLanguage is any of five languages found in &%Colombia that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. CuibaLanguage (CUI Colombia) (instance CuibaLanguage GuahibanLanguage) (documentation CuibaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CuibaLanguage is a &%GuahibanLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: CUI. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 2,000 in Colombia (1979 SIL). Population: total both countries 2,650. Region: Meta Casanare and Capanapara rivers and tributaries. Alternate names: CUIVA, CUIBA-WAMONAE. Dialects: CHIRICOA, MASIWARE (MASIGUARE), CHIRIPO (WUPIWI, SIRIPU), YARAHUURAXI-CAPANAPARA, MAYAYERO, MOCHUELO-CASANARE-CUIBA, TAMPIWI (MARIPOSAS), AMARUWA (AMORUA). Comments: 8 dialects, 2 in Venezuela, 7 in Colombia. 50% in Colombia are monolingual. Semi-nomadic bands. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: 45%. Literacy rate in second language: 45%. Savannah. Hunter-gatherers, swidden agriculturalists. NT 1988. Also spoken in: Venezuela (Language name: CUIBA.) Population: 650 in Venezuela (1995 SIL). Alternate names: CUIVA. Dialects: CHIRICOA, AMARUWA (AMORUA), MASIGUARE, SIRIPU, YARAHUURAXI-CAPANAPARA, MELLA, PTAMO, SICUANE (SICUARI). Comments: Semi-nomadic bands. Nearly all are monolingual. Literacy rate in second language: 1%. Hunter-gatherers. NT 1988.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. GuahiboLanguage (GUH Colombia) (instance GuahiboLanguage GuahibanLanguage) (documentation GuahiboLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GuahiboLanguage is a &%GuahibanLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: GUH. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 15,000 in Colombia. Population total both countries 20,000. Region: Casanare, eastern Meta, Vichada, Guaviare, Guainia states, plains regions. Also spoken in Venezuela. Alternate names: GUAJIBO, GOAHIBO, GUAIGUA, GUAYBA, WAHIBO, GOAHIVA, 'SICUANI' Dialects: GUAHIBO (SIKUANI), AMORUA (RIO TOMO GUAHIBO), TIGRERO. Comments: The Guahiban languages may not be within Arawakan. The Guahibo range from good bilinguals to about 40% completely monolingual. Rio Tomo Guahibo are nomadic. The name 'Sicuani' is derogatory, and is disliked by most Guahibo. Dictionary. Grammar. SOV, SVO. Literacy rate in first language: 45%. Literacy rate in second language: 45%. Available in most areas. Available for some. Newspapers. Savannah, gallery forest. Plains, riverine, interfluvial. Swidden agriculturalists, fishermen, hunters-gatherers, limited animal husbandry. 200 meters. Traditional religion, Christian, secular. NT 1982. Also spoken in: Venezuela. (Language name: GUAHIBO.) Population: 5,000 in Venezuela. Alternate names: GUAJIBO, WAHIBO. Comments: The Guahiban languages may or may not be within Arawakan. Plains. NT 1982.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. GuayaberoLanguage (GUO Colombia) (instance GuayaberoLanguage GuahibanLanguage) (documentation GuayaberoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GuayaberoLanguage is a &%GuahibanLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: GUO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 1,200 (1991 Adelaar). Region: Upper Guaviare River, Meta and Guaviare states. Alternate names: JIW, CUNIMIA, MITUS, MITIA. Comments: Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 33%, 1 50%, 2 15%, 3 2%, 4 0%, 5 0%. Young children and older women are monolingual in Guayabero. Others know varying degrees of Spanish. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: Few. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 20%. Available in most villages. Savannah, tropical forest. Riverine. Hunter-gatherers, swidden agriculturalists. Traditional religion. Bible portions 1961-1995.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. MacaguanLanguage (MBN Colombia) (instance MacaguanLanguage GuahibanLanguage) (documentation MacaguanLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MacaguanLanguage is a &%GuahibanLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: MBN. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 130 or more (1981 SIL). Region: Arauca, Agualinda, and San Jose de Lipa between the Lipa, Ele, and Cuiloto rivers and Cano Colorado, and other scattered locations. Alternate names: MACAGUANE, AGUALINDA GUAHIBO, HITNU. Comments: Unintelligible to speakers of other Guahibo varieties. Most are monolingual. Vigorous. Small groups. Semi-nomadic. Dictionary. Grammar. Hunter-gatherers.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. PlayeroLanguage (GOB Colombia) (instance PlayeroLanguage GuahibanLanguage) (documentation PlayeroLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PlayeroLanguage is a &%GuahibanLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: GOB. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 150 to 160 (1983 SIL). Region: Arauca River, Venezuela border, Arauca Division, on the banks of the Arauca River from Gaviotas Island to Arauca. Alternate names: RIO ARAUCA GUAHIBO. Comments Low intelligibility with other Guahibo. Somewhat acculturated and bilingual in Spanish for trading purposes. Many have fields in Venezuela. Interested in literacy.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XXXVI. GULF LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; GulfLanguage (subclass GulfLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation GulfLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%GulfLanguage is any of four languages found in the Gulf of Mexico region of the &%UnitedStates that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. Since all four of these languages are now extinct, the entire language family is extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AtakapaLanguage (ALE USA) (instance AtakapaLanguage GulfLanguage) (documentation AtakapaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AtakapaLanguage is a &%GulfLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: ALE. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: No speakers left out of a few individuals in the ethnic group (1977 SIL). Region: Southwestern Louisiana and southeastern Texas. Comments: Dictionary. Grammar. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. ChitimachaLanguage (CHM USA) (instance ChitimachaLanguage GulfLanguage) (documentation ChitimachaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ChitimachaLanguage is a &%GulfLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: CHM. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: No speakers out of 300 population (1977 SIL). Region: Southern Louisiana. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. NatchezLanguage (NCZ USA) (instance NatchezLanguage GulfLanguage) (documentation NatchezLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NatchezLanguage is a &%GulfLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: NCZ. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: No speakers left. Region: Oklahoma. Comments: There are some individuals of Natchez descent among the Creek and Cherokee in Oklahoma. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. TunicaLanguage (TUK USA) (instance TunicaLanguage GulfLanguage) (documentation TunicaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TunicaLanguage is a &%GulfLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: TUK. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: No speakers left out of a population of 150 (1977 SIL). Region: Central Louisiana. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XXXVII. HARAKMBET LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; HarakmbetLanguage (subclass HarakmbetLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation HarakmbetLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%HarakmbetLanguage is either of two languages found in &%Peru that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AmarakaeriLanguage (AMR Peru) (instance AmarakaeriLanguage HarakmbetLanguage) (documentation AmarakaeriLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AmarakaeriLanguage is a &%HarakmbetLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: AMR. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 500 (1987 SIL). Region: Madre de Dios and Colorado rivers. Alternate names: AMARAKAIRE, AMARACAIRE, 'MASHCO'. Dialects: KISAMBAERI. Comments: The Harakmbet languages are probably not within Arawakan. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 20%, 1 30%, 2 40%, 3 5%, 4 5%, 5 0%. 'Mashco' is a derogatory term. Ethnic subgroups: Kochimberi, Kupondirideri, Wintaperi, Wakitaneri, Kareneri. Dictionary. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Gold panners. NT 1986.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. HuachipaeriLanguage (HUG Peru) (instance HuachipaeriLanguage HarakmbetLanguage) (documentation HuachipaeriLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%HuachipaeriLanguage is a &%HarakmbetLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: HUG. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 130 to 215 including about 12 Sapiteri, 10 Toyeri, 20 Arasairi, 50 Manuquiari, 36 to 50 Pukirieri (Puncuri) (1981 SIL). Region: Upper Madre de Dios and Keros rivers. Alternate names: HUACHIPAIRE, WACIPAIRE, 'MASHCO'. Dialects: HUACHIPAIRE, SAPITERI, TOYERI (TOYOERI, TUYUNERI), ARASAIRI. Comments: Closely related to Amarakaeri but they probably cannot use the same literature. The Sapiteri are integrating with the Amarakaeri. Toyeri is similar to Sapiteri. Some Kisambaeri (Amarakaeri dialect) have integrated with the Toyeri and others with the Sapiteri. Manuquiari may be a subgroup of Toyeri or Huachipaeri. Pukirieri may be a subgroup of Toyeri or Arasairi. Arasairi is distinct from Amarakaeri or Huachipaeri, similar to Sapiteri. Speakers are somewhat bilingual in Spanish. 'Mashco' is a derogatory name. SOV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; XXXVIII. HMONG-MIEN LANGUAGES (32 Languages) ;; HmongMienLanguage (subclass HmongMienLanguage LanguageFamily) (documentation HmongMienLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%HmongMienLanguage is any one of 32 languages forming a distinct family of languages unrelated to others. These languages are found in Southeast Asia.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; XXXIX. HOKAN LANGUAGES (28 Languages) ;; HokanLanguage (subclass HokanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation HokanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%HokanLanguage is any one of 28 languages forming a distinct family of languages unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XL. HUAVEAN LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; HuaveanLanguage (subclass HuaveanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation HuaveanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%HuaveanLanguage is any of the four Huave languages found in &%Mexico that together form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. SanDionisioDelMarHuaveLanguage (HVE Mexico) (instance SanDionisioDelMarHuaveLanguage HuaveanLanguage) (documentation SanDionisioDelMarHuaveLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SanDionisioDelMarHuaveLanguage is a &%HuaveanLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: HVE. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 3,000 to 5,000 speakers (1993 G. Stairs SIL). Region: Southeastern coast, Oaxaca, Juchitan Distrct, San Dionisio del Mar. Comments: 98% intelligibility of Santa Maria del Mar Huave, 88% of San Mateo del Mar Huave. Bilingualism in Spanish. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency. Nontonal. Desert. Coastal. Fishermen. 0 to 60 meters.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. SanFranciscoDelMarHuaveLanguage (HUE Mexico) (instance SanFranciscoDelMarHuaveLanguage HuaveanLanguage) (documentation SanFranciscoDelMarHuaveLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SanFranciscoDelMarHuaveLanguage is a &%HuaveanLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: HUE. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 900 speakers out of an ethnic population of 3,900 (1990 census). Region: Southeastern coast, Oaxaca, Juchitan District, San Francisco del Mar, old town and new town. Comments: 38% intelligibility of San Mateo del Mar Huave. The most divergent variety of Huave. Only fishermen were tested, and they are familiar with the other varieties. Younger speakers use Spanish as second language. 2,000 to 3,000 in the new San Francisco town have shifted from Huave to Spanish. 30% to 40% monolingual in the old village. Nontonal. Desert. Coastal. Fishermen. 0 to 60 meters.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. SanMateoDelMarHuaveLanguage (HUV Mexico) (instance SanMateoDelMarHuaveLanguage HuaveanLanguage) (documentation SanMateoDelMarHuaveLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SanMateoDelMarHuaveLanguage is a &%HuaveanLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: HUV. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 12,000 including 1,800 monolinguals (1990 census). Region: Southeastern coast, Oaxaca, San Mateo del Mar. Comments: Only very limited intelligibility of other Huave varieties, 88% of San Dionicio del Mar. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 0.5%, 1 14.5%, 2 40%, 3 35%, 4 10%, 5 0%. Their legend says they came from Central America. SVO, nontonal, short words, affixes. Literacy rate in first language: 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Desert. Coastal. Fishermen, agriculturalists. sea level. NT 1972-1996.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. SantaMariaDelMarHuaveLanguage (HVV Mexico) (instance SantaMariaDelMarHuaveLanguage HuaveanLanguage) (documentation SantaMariaDelMarHuaveLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SantaMariaDelMarHuaveLanguage is a &%HuaveanLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: HVV. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 500 speakers in 100 families (1993 G. Stairs SIL). Region: Southeastern coast, Oaxaca, Santa Maria del Mar. Comments: Very limited intelligibility of other Huave, although closest to San Dionisio. Bilingualism in Spanish. Children learn Spanish first, but learn Huave by adulthood, because adults speak Huave. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Spanish. Nontonal. Desert. Coastal. Fishermen. 0 to 60 meters.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE (NOTE: COMPLETE EXCEPT FOR THE INDO-IRANIAN LANGUAGES) ;; XLI. INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES (433 Languages) ;; IndoEuropeanLanguage (subclass IndoEuropeanLanguage LanguageFamily) (documentation IndoEuropeanLanguage EnglishLanguage "There are 433 languages categorized as an &%IndoEuropeanLanguage, forming a major family of the world's languages and including many of the most familiar languages of Europe and South Asia.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ALBANIAN LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; AlbanianLanguage (subclass AlbanianLanguage IndoEuropeanLanguage) (documentation AlbanianLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%AlbanianLanguage is any of four closely related &%IndoEuropeanLanguages spoken in &%Albania and nearby countries.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; GHEG GROUP ALBANIAN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; GhegGroupAlbanianLanguage (subclass GhegGroupAlbanianLanguage AlbanianLanguage) (documentation GhegGroupAlbanianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the four &%AlbanianLanguages, one is classified as a &%GhegGroupAlbanianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. GhegAlbanianLanguage (ALS Yugoslavia) (instance GhegAlbanianLanguage GhegGroupAlbanianLanguage) (documentation GhegAlbanianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GhegAlbanianLanguage is a &%GhegGroupAlbanianLanguage of &%Yugoslavia. SIL code: ALS. ISO 639-1: sq. ISO 639-2(B): alb. ISO 639-2(T): sqi. Population: 1,372,750 to 1,800,000 in Yugoslavia (1992). Ethnic Albanians are 90% of Kosovo's 2,000,000 people (1998 Los Angeles Times). Population total all countries 2,000,000 (1980 UBS). Region: Kossovo-Metohija (Kosmet). Also spoken in Albania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Romania, Slovenia, USA. Alternate names: GEG. Comments: Books are published in Gheg in Yugoslavia. Restrictions on Albanian at Kossovo's university since 1990. Not endangered. Speakers are called 'Kossovar' in Yugoslavia. Official language. Newspapers. Shiptars: Muslim. NT 1869-1990. Also spoken in: Albania. (Language name: ALBANIAN, GHEG.) Population: 300,000 in Albania. Alternate names: GEG, GHEG, SHOPNI, GUEGUE. Dialects: MANDRICA, SHIP (KOSOVE), SCUTARI, ELBASAN-TIRANA. Comments: Speakers may be bilingual in Standard Albanian. Predominantly Muslim except in the northwest around Scutari and the Mirdita, which are RC. NT 1869-1990. See main entry under Yugoslavia. Also spoken in: Bulgaria. (Language name: ALBANIAN, GHEG.) Population: 1,000 in Bulgaria (Newmark). Comments: Not intelligible with Tosk Albanian. NT 1869-1990. Also spoken in: Macedonia. (Language name: ALBANIAN, GHEG.) Population: 242,250 in Macedonia (1992). Alternate names: GEG. Comments: Shiptars: Sunni and Bektashi Muslim. NT 1869-1990.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; TOSK GROUP ALBANIAN LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; ToskGroupAlbanianLanguage (subclass ToskGroupAlbanianLanguage AlbanianLanguage) (documentation ToskGroupAlbanianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the four &%AlbanianLanguage, three are classified as a &%ToskGroupAlbanianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. ArberesheAlbanianLanguage (AAE Italy) (instance ArberesheAlbanianLanguage ToskGroupAlbanianLanguage) (documentation ArberesheAlbanianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ArberesheAlbanianLanguage is a &%ToskGroupAlbanianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: AAE. ISO 639-2: ine. Population: 80,000 (L. Newmark) to 100,000 speakers (N. Vincent in B. Comrie 1987), out of a population of 260,000 (1976 M. Stephens). Region: Southern, Calabria, Apulia, Basilicata, Molise, Sicily. Alternate names: ARBERESHE. Dialects: SICILIAN ALBANIAN, CALABRIAN ALBANIAN, CENTRAL MOUNTAIN ALBANIAN, CAMPO MARINO ALBANIAN. Comments: Speakers say the four Italian dialects are not inherently intelligible with each other. 45% lexical similarity with Tosk Albanian. Speakers are bilingual in Italian and regional Italian varieties in varying degrees, one report says they are highly bilingual. Albanian is the language of the home. Strong position in some districts. Not used in schools. No official status. Descendents of 15th century mercenaries. Some literature. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Italian, attitudes toward Italian. Farmers, shepherds. Christian. Bible portions 1868-1869.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. ArvanitikaAlbanianLanguage (AAT Greece) (instance ArvanitikaAlbanianLanguage ToskGroupAlbanianLanguage) (documentation ArvanitikaAlbanianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ArvanitikaAlbanianLanguage is a &%ToskGroupAlbanianLanguage of &%Greece. SIL code: AAT. ISO 639-2: ine. Population: 50,000 (Newmark) to 140,000 possible speakers (1977 Trudgill and Tzavaras). Region: Attica (Attiki), Bocotia (Viotia), southern Euboea (Evia), and the island of Salamis (Salamina), Epyrus region and Athens. Mainly rural. Alternate names: ARVANITIKA, ARVANITIC, ARBERICHTE. Dialects: THRACEAN ARVANITIKA, NORTHWESTERN ARVANITIKA, SOUTH CENTRAL ARVANITIKA. Comments: Arvanitika is partially intelligible to speakers of Tosk. Dialects are perceived as unintelligible to speakers of other dialects. Bilingualism in Greek. Speakers are older people. Young people are migrating to Athens and assimilating as Greeks. Some cultural revival since the 1980s. Speakers are called 'Arvanites'. The language is heavily influenced by Greek. Greek or Roman script. Christian. NT 1827.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. ToskAlbanianLanguage (ALN Albania) (instance ToskAlbanianLanguage ToskGroupAlbanianLanguage) (documentation ToskAlbanianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ToskAlbanianLanguage is a &%ToskGroupAlbanianLanguage of &%Albania. SIL code: ALN. ISO 639-1: sq. ISO 639-2(B): alb. ISO 639-2(T): sqi. Population: 2,900,000 in Albania (1989). 3,202,000 in Albania including Gheg (1989), 98% of the population (1989). Population total all countries 3,000,000 for Tosk, 5,000,000 for all Albanian (L. Newmark and WA 1999). Region: Mainly south Albania to the Shkumbi River. Also spoken in Belgium, Canada, Egypt, Germany, Sweden, Turkey (Europe), Ukraine, USA. Alternate names: TOSK, ARNAUT, SHKIP, SHQIP, SKCHIP, SHQIPERE, ZHGABE. Dialects: ARBANASI (ZADAR), SREM (SYRMIA), CAMERIJA, KORCA. Comments: Reported to be inherently unintelligible with Gheg Albanian and partially intelligible with Arvanitika Albanian of Greece. Not intelligible with Arbereshe of Italy. Tosk has been the basis of the official language for Standard Albanian since 1952. It is used in schools. The Jevgjit claim to be Egyptians, but may be assimilated Roma. National language. Grammar. SVO. Deciduous forest. Coastal, mountain slope. Peasant agriculturalists, animal husbandry: sheep, petroleum workers. Sea level to 800 meters. Muslim, Christian (Orthodox). Bible 1993. Also spoken in: Turkey (Europe). (Language name: ALBANIAN, TOSK.) Population: 15,000 first language speakers (1980), out of 65,000 in Turkey (1993 Johnstone), 1,075 monolinguals (1965 census). Comments: 96% of speakers can use Turkish as second language. Sunni Muslim. Bible 1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ARMENIAN GROUP LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; ArmenianGroupLanguage (subclass ArmenianGroupLanguage IndoEuropeanLanguage) (documentation ArmenianGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%ArmenianGroupLanguage is either of two closely related &%IndoEuropeanLanguages spoken in &%Armenia.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. ArmenianLanguage (ARM Armenia) (instance ArmenianLanguage ArmenianGroupLanguage) (documentation ArmenianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ArmenianLanguage is an &%ArmenianGroupLanguage of &%Armenia. SIL code: ARM. ISO 639-1: hy. ISO 639-2(B): arm. ISO 639-2(T): hye. Population: 3,197,000 in Armenia (1993 Johnstone). 91% of the ethnic group in the former USSR spoke it as mother tongue (1979 census). Population total all countries 6,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Throughout the country. Also spoken in 29 other countries including Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Egypt, Estonia, France, Georgia, Greece, Honduras, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon. Alternate names: HAIEREN, SOMKHURI, ENA, ERMENICE, ERMENI DILI, ARMJANSKI YAZYK. Dialects: EASTERN ARMENIAN, EREVAN (ERIWAN), TBILISI (TIFLIS), KARABAGH, SHAMAKHI (SCHAMACHI), ASTRAKHAN (ASTRACHAN), DZHULFA (DSCHUGHA, DSCHULFA), AGULIS, KHVOY-SALMST (CHOI-SALMST), URMIA-MARAGHEH (URMIA-MARAGHA), ARTVIN (ARTWIN), KARIN (ERZURUM, ERZERUM), MUS (MUSCH), VAN (WAN), TIGRANAKERT (DIYARBAKIR, DIARBEKIR), KHARBERD (CHARBERD, ERZINCAN, ERZENKA), SHABIN-KARAHISSAR (SCHABIN-KARAHISSAR), TRABZON (TRAPEZUNT), HAMSHEN (HAMSCHEN), MALATYA (MALATIA), KILIKIEN, SYRIA (SYRIEN), ARABKIR, AKN, SEBASTE, EWDOKIA (TOKAT), SMYRNA (IZMIR), NORTH KOMEDIA, CONSTANTINOPLE (KONSTANTINOPEL, ISTANBUL), RODOSTO, CRIMEA (KRIM), ASHKHARIK. Comments: All dialects in all countries usually reported to be inherently intelligible. Russian (about 30% of Armenians in Armenia). Eastern Armenian (Ashkharik) spoken in Armenia, Turkey, Iran. National language. SVO. Unique alphabet. National Armenian Christian Church. Bible 1883-1994. Also spoken in: Azerbaijan. (Language name: ARMENIAN.) Alternate names: HAIEREN, SOMKHURI, ERMENICE, ARMJANSKI. Dialects: WESTERN ARMENIAN. Comments: Christian, Monophysite. Bible 1853-1978. Also spoken in: Cyprus. (Language name: ARMENIAN.) Population: 2,740 in Cyprus (1987). Alternate names: HAIEREN, SOMKHURI, ERMENICE, ARMJANSKI. Dialects: WESTERN ARMENIAN. Comments: Most speak Greek. The older ones speak Turkish. Urban population. Christian. Bible 1853-1978. Also spoken in: Iran. (Language name: ARMENIAN.) Population: 170,800 in Iran (1993). Alternate names: HAIEREN, SOMEKHURI, ERMENICE, ARMJANSKI. Dialects: EASTERN ARMENIAN, AGULIS, ASTRAKHAN, EREVAN, JOLFA (DZHULFA), KARABAGH SHAMAKHI, TBILISI (TIFLIS), ARTVIN, KHOI-SALMST (KHVOY), URMIA-MARAGHEH. Comments: Dialects listed are Eastern. Eastern Armenian is spoken in Armenia and its Turkish and Iranian borderlands, Western Armenian is spoken elsewhere. Western Armenian is understood only by some in Iran. Christian. Bible 1883-1994. Also spoken in: Iraq. (Language name: ARMENIAN.) Population: 60,000 in Iraq. Dialects: WESTERN ARMENIAN. Comments: Christian. Bible 1853-1978. Also spoken in: Israel. (Language name: ARMENIAN.) Population: 3,000 in Israel (1971 The Armenian Review). Alternate names: HAIEREN, SOMKHURI, ERMENICE, ARMJANSKI. Dialects: WESTERN ARMENIAN. Comments: Bilingualism in South Levantine Arabic. Eastern Armenian is spoken in Armenia, Turkey, and Iran, Western in other countries, including Israel. SVO. Christian. Bible 1853-1978. Also spoken in: Jordan. (Language name: ARMENIAN.) Population: 8,000 in Jordan (1971 The Armenian Review). Dialects: WESTERN ARMENIAN. Comments: Christian. Bible 1853-1978. Also spoken in: Lebanon. (Language name: ARMENIAN.) Population: 234,600 in Lebanon, 6% of the population (1986). Alternate names: ERMENICE, ARMANSKI, HAIEREN, SOMKHURI. Dialects: WESTERN ARMENIAN. Comments: Eastern dialect (4,341,000) spoken in Armenia and in its Turkish and Iranian borderlands. Western dialect (879,612) spoken elsewhere. Language of wider communication. Christian. Bible 1853-1978. Also spoken in: Syria. (Language name: ARMENIAN.) Population: 320,000 in Syria (1993), 2.8% of the population (1986). Alternate names: HAIEREN, SOMKHURI, ERMENICE, ARMJANSKI. Dialects: WESTERN ARMENIAN. Comments: Eastern dialect spoken in Armenia and its Turkish and Iranian borderlands. Western dialect spoken elsewhere. In Syria, people in Kessaberen (northeastern mountain village of Kessab) and the village of Musa Dagh (now relocated to Lebanon) speak related varieties which other Western Armenian speakers do not understand. Most speakers of Kessaberen have now learned Western Armenian. Language of wider communication. Christian. Bible 1853-1978. Also spoken in: Turkey (Europe). (Language name: ARMENIAN.) Population: 40,000 first language speakers out of 70,000 ethnic group in Turkey (1980 estimate), 1,022 monolingual speakers (1965 census). Alternate names: HAIEREN, SOMKHURI, ERMENICE, ARMJANSKI. Dialects: EASTERN ARMENIAN. Comments: Eastern dialect spoken in Armenia and its Iranian and Turkish borderlands. Western dialect spoken elsewhere. Western (Turkish) Armenian and Ararat (Russian) are easily intelligible. 96% bilingual in Turkish. Christian. Bible 1883-1994.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. LomavrenLanguage (RMI Armenia) (instance LomavrenLanguage ArmenianGroupLanguage) (documentation LomavrenLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LomavrenLanguage is an &%ArmenianGroupLanguage of &%Armenia. SIL code: RMI. ISO 639-2: ine. Population: No estimate available. Region: Armenia, southern Caucasus. Also spoken in Azerbaijan, Russia (Asia), Syria. Alternate names: ARMENIAN BOSHA, ARMENIAN BOSA, BOSHA, BOSA. Comments: Gramatically restructured to be like Armenian with phonology and lexicon also influenced by Armenian. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Armenian. Also spoken in: Syria. (Language name: LOMAVREN.) Alternate names: ARMENIAN BOSHA, ARNEBUAB BISA, BOSHA, BOSA. Comments: Restructured Armenian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; BALTIC LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; BalticLanguage (subclass BalticLanguage IndoEuropeanLanguage) (documentation BalticLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%BalticLanguage is any of three closely related &%IndoEuropeanLanguages spoken in the Baltic lands.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; EASTERN BALTIC LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; EasternBalticLanguage (subclass EasternBalticLanguage BalticLanguage) (documentation EasternBalticLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the three &%BalticLanguages, two are classified as an &%EasternBalticLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. LatvianLanguage (LAT Latvia) (instance LatvianLanguage EasternBalticLanguage) (documentation LatvianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LatvianLanguage is an &%EasternBalticLanguage of &%Latvia. SIL code: LAT. ISO 639-1: lv. ISO 639-2: lav. Population: 1,394,000 in Latvia including over 500,000 Latgalians. Population total all countries 1,500,000 (1995 V. Zeps). Region: Also spoken in Australia, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, Estonia, Germany, Lithuania, New Zealand, Russia (Europe), Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom, USA, Venezuela. Alternate names: LATVISKA, 'LETTISH', 'LETTISCH'. Dialects: WEST LATVIAN (CENTRAL LATVIAN), EAST LATVIAN (HIGH LATVIAN, LATGALIAN). Comments: Tamian is a subdialect of Central Latvian. Latvians do not like the term 'Lettish.' National language. Grammar. Roman script. Christian. Bible 1689-1995.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. LithuanianLanguage (LIT Lithuania) (instance LithuanianLanguage EasternBalticLanguage) (documentation LithuanianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LithuanianLanguage is an &%EasternBalticLanguage of &%Lithuania. SIL code: LIT. ISO 639-1: lt. ISO 639-2: lit. Population: 2,955,200 in Lithuania (including 3,460 Tatar) or about 80% of the population (1998). Population total all countries 4,000,000 (1993 UBS). Region: Lithuania. Capital is Vilnius. Also spoken in Argentina, Australia, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Poland, Russia (Europe), Sweden, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, United Kingdom, Uruguay, USA, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: LIUTUVISKAI, LIETUVI, LITOVSKIY, LITEWSKI, LITAUISCHE. Dialects: AUKSHTAITISH (AUKSHTAICHIAI, AUKSTAITISKAI, HIGHLAND LITHUANIAN), DZUKISH (DZUKISKAI), SHAMAITISH (SAMOGITIAN, ZHEMAITISH, ZEMAITIS, ZEMAITISKAI, ZEMACHIAI, LOWLAND LITHUANIAN), SUVALKIETISKAI. Comments: Aukstaitiskai speakers can understand Suvalkai easily, Dzukai with a little difficulty, and vice versa. Zemaitiskai is difficult for all others to understand. Second languages Russian or English used with foreigners. All domains. All ages. Highlanders look down on lowlanders. Some speakers have reserved attitudes toward Russian and Polish. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. Postpositions, genitives, relatives after noun heads. Literacy rate in first language: 99%. Roman script. Christian, Muslim (Tatar). Bible 1735-1998.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; WESTERN BALTIC LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; WesternBalticLanguage (subclass WesternBalticLanguage BalticLanguage) (documentation EasternBalticLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the three &%BalticLanguages, one is classified as a &%WesternBalticLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. PrussianLanguage (PRG Poland) (instance PrussianLanguage WesternBalticLanguage) (documentation PrussianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PrussianLanguage is a &%WesternBalticLanguage of &%Poland. SIL code: PRG. ISO 639-2: bat. Region: East Prussia, formerly in Germany, now in Poland and Russia. Alternate names: OLD PRUSSIAN. Comments: Among other extinct Baltic languages are: Selonian, Yotvingian, Semigallian, Curonian. Became extinct the end of the 17th or beginning of the 18th century. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; CELTIC LANGUAGES (7 Languages) ;; CelticLanguage (subclass CelticLanguage IndoEuropeanLanguage) (documentation CelticLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%CelticLanguage is any of seven closely related &%IndoEuropeanLanguages spoken in the &%UnitedKingdom, &%Ireland, and northern &%France.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INSULAR CELTIC LANGUAGES (7 Languages) ;; InsularCelticLanguage (subclass InsularCelticLanguage CelticLanguage) (documentation InsularCelticLanguage EnglishLanguage "All seven &%CelticLanguages are also classified as an &%InsularCelticLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; BRYTHONIC LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; BrythonicLanguage (subclass BrythonicLanguage InsularCelticLanguage) (documentation BrythonicLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the seven &%InsularCelticLanguages (&%CelticLanguages), three are classified as a &%BrythonicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. BretonLanguage (BRT France) (instance BretonLanguage BrythonicLanguage) (documentation BretonLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BretonLanguage is a &%BrythonicLanguage of &%France. SIL code: BRT. ISO 639-1: br. ISO 639-2: bre. Population: 500,000 speakers for whom it is the daily language in France (1989 ICDBL). 1,200,000 know Breton who do not regularly use it. Population total both countries 500,000. Region: Western Brittany, and dispersed in Eastern Brittany and Breton emigrant communities throughout the world. Also spoken in USA. Alternate names: BREZHONEG. Dialects: LEONAIS, TREGORROIS, VANNETAIS, CORNOUAILLAIS. Comments: Some claim to be monolingual in Breton. 18,000 speakers are children under 14 years, 56,250 between 15 and 24, 423,000 between 25 and 64, 168,000 over 65 (1974). No official status. Strong nationalistic movement demanding recognition, a place in the schools, media, and public life. VSO, prepositions, genitives, adjectives, relatives after noun heads, articles, numerals before noun heads, question word initial, probably 2 prefixes, 2 or 3 suffixes on a word, topic or focus first, verb second, verb affixes mark person, number of subject, passives, causatives and comparatives shown lexically, up to 3 consonants syllable initially, and 3 finally, one vowel, nontonal. Literacy rate in first language: 25% can read and write Breton. Radio programs, TV. Bible 1866-1985.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. CornishLanguage (CRN United Kingdom) (instance CornishLanguage BrythonicLanguage) (documentation CornishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CornishLanguage is a &%BrythonicLanguage of the &%UnitedKingdom. SIL code: CRN. ISO 639-1: kw. ISO 639-2: cor. Population: A number of people under 20 years of age are first language speakers. There are 1,000 speakers who use Cornish as their everyday language, and about 2,000 others who speak it fluently (1999). Region: Duchy of Cornwall, southwest of England. Alternate names: KERNOWEK, KERNEWEK, CURNOACK. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Some children grow up bilingual. Church services are held in Cornish. There are evening classes, correspondence courses, summer camps, children's play groups. There is a Cornish Language Board. It became extinct as a first language in 1777, but is being revived. Two spelling systems are in use. Taught in some schools. Bible portions 1936.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. WelshLanguage (WLS United Kingdom) (instance WelshLanguage BrythonicLanguage) (documentation WelshLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WelshLanguage is a &%BrythonicLanguage of the &%UnitedKingdom. SIL code: WLS. ISO 639-1: cy. ISO 639-2(B): wel. ISO 639-2(T): cym. Population: 508,098 speakers (1991 census). Out of 575,102 speakers in 1971, it included 32,700 monolinguals, 542,402 bilinguals (1971 census). Population total all countries 580,000. Region: Northern, western, and southern Wales. Also spoken in Argentina, Canada. Alternate names: CYMRAEG. Dialects: NORTHERN WELSH, SOUTHERN WELSH, PATAGONIAN WELSH. Comments: 44,600 between 5 and 9 years old and speak Welsh, 47,100 between 10 and 14 years old (1991). 19% of the Welsh population speak the language, and 33% able to understand it (1998). Literature being produced. The Royal National Eisteddfod meets annually. 88% of those questioned believe they should be proud of Welsh, and that it should be treated equally with English. There is an increase in the number of parents choosing a Welsh-medium education for their children. Official language. Dictionary. Grammar. VSO. 525 Welsh primary and secondary schools provide Welsh-medium education to over 82,000 children (1999). Compulsory in most Welsh schools. Magazines, radio programs, TV. Bible 1588-1988.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; GOIDELIC LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; GoidelicLanguage (subclass GoidelicLanguage InsularCelticLanguage) (documentation GoidelicLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the seven &%InsularCelticLanguages (&%CelticLanguages), three are classified as a &%GoidelicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. IrishGaelicLanguage (GLI Ireland) (instance IrishGaelicLanguage GoidelicLanguage) (documentation IrishGaelicLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%IrishGaelicLanguage is a &%GoidelicLanguage of &%Ireland. SIL code: GLI. ISO 639-1: ga. ISO 639-2: gle. Population: 260,000 fluent or native speakers (1983 census), 13% of the population (1983 census). 13% of the population over 3 claim to be Irish speakers (1981 census). Population total all countries 260,000 or more. Region: Western isles northwest and southwest coasts, Galway, part of Mayo, Kerry, Donegal, Meath, Cork, Waterford, Scotland (Albain), Isle of Mann. Also spoken in Brazil, Canada, United Kingdom, USA. Alternate names: IRISH, ERSE, GAEILGE. Dialects: MUNSTER, CONNACHT, DONEGAL, LEINSTER, ULSTER. Comments: Bilingualism in English. It is taught as an official language in schools and encouraged by the government. National language. VSO. Bible 1685-1989. Also spoken in: United Kingdom. (Language name: GAELIC, IRISH.) Alternate names: IRISH, ERSE. Comments: Grammar. Bible 1685-1989.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. ScotsGaelicLanguage (GLS United Kingdom) (instance ScotsGaelicLanguage GoidelicLanguage) (documentation ScotsGaelicLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ScotsGaelicLanguage is a &%GoidelicLanguage of the &%UnitedKingdom. SIL code: GLS. ISO 639-1: gd. ISO 639-2: gla. Population: 88,892 including 477 monolinguals, 88,415 bilinguals in Scotland (1971 census). Population total all countries 94,000. Region: North and central counties of Ross, Islands of Hebrides and Skye. Also spoken in Australia, Canada, USA. Alternate names: GAIDHLIG, GAELIC. Dialects: EAST SUTHERLANDSHIRE. Comments: Church Gaelic is based on the Perthshire dialect of 200 years ago, and is at a distance from spoken dialects. East Sutherlandshire dialect is so different from other spoken dialects as to be a barrier to communication. In some communities it is primarily used in the home, in church, and for social purposes. Books and journals are produced on various topics. Resurgence of interest in Scots Gaelic in the 1990s has been given a boost by the establishing of Scotland's own Parliament, for the first time in 300 years. Investigation needed: intelligibility with East Sutherlandshire. VSO. Literacy rate in first language: 50% (1971 census). In bilingual areas Gaelic is usually the first language of instruction for most primary subjects. Gaelic Medium Education schools have been set up. Newspapers, radio programs. Bible 1801-1991.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. SheltaLanguage (STH Ireland) (instance SheltaLanguage GoidelicLanguage) (documentation SheltaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SheltaLanguage is a &%GoidelicLanguage of &%Ireland. SIL code: STH. ISO 639-2: cel. Population: 6,000 in Ireland. Population total all countries 86,000. Region: Also spoken in United Kingdom, USA. Alternate names: THE CANT, CANT, IRISH TRAVELER CANT, SHELDRU, GAMMON. Comments: The secret language, or cryptolect, of Travellers in the British Isles. Based largely on Irish. Not Gypsies.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. ManxLanguage (MJD United Kingdom) (instance ManxLanguage GoidelicLanguage) (documentation ManxLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ManxLanguage is a &%GoidelicLanguage of the &%UnitedKingdom. SIL code: MJD. ISO 639-1: gv. ISO 639-2: glv. Population: On the Isle of Man: 77,000 residents (1998 UN). Region Isle of Man, part of the British Isles, a Crown Dependency, with its own Parliament, laws, currency, and taxation. The United Kingdom represents the Isle of Man at the United Nations. Alternate names: GAELG, GAILCK, MANX GAELIC. Comments: It became extinct during this century as a first language. There are efforts to revive it. Second language for 200 to 300 who have mainly learned it as adults. Used for some public functions. It was supplanted by Manx Vernacular English, which in turn is now being supplanted by other varieties of English. Grammar. Extinct. Bible 1773.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; GERMANIC LANGUAGES (58 Languages) ;; GermanicLanguage (subclass GermanicLanguage IndoEuropeanLanguage) (documentation GermanicLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%GermanicLanguage is any of 58 closely related &%IndoEuropeanLanguages spoken in the &%UnitedKingdom and northern and central &%Europe.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; EAST GERMANIC LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; EastGermanicLanguage (subclass EastGermanicLanguage GermanicLanguage) (documentation EastGermanicLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 58 &%GermanicLanguages, just one is classified as an &%EastGermanicLanguage. This is the extinct &%GothicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; GothicLanguage (GOF Ukraine) (instance GothicLanguage EastGermanicLanguage) (documentation GothicLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GothicLanguage is an &%EastGermanicLanguage of the &%Ukraine. SIL code: GOF. ISO 639-2: got. Region: Bulgaria and central Europe. Dialects: CRIMEAN GOTHIC, OSTROGOTH, VISIGOTH. Comments Some settlements survived in Crimea until the 18th century (Bloomfield 1933). Extinct. Bible 520. Also spoken in: Bulgaria. (Language name: GOTHIC. Dialects: CRIMEAN GOTHIC, OSTROGOTH, VISIGOTH. Comments: Some settlements survived in the Crimea until the 18th century (Bloomfield 1933). Extinct. Bible 520.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; NORTH GERMANIC LANGUAGES (14 Languages) ;; NorthGermanicLanguage (subclass NorthGermanicLanguage GermanicLanguage) (documentation NorthGermanicLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 58 &%GermanicLanguages, 14 are classified as a &%NorthGermanicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; EAST SCANDINAVIAN LANGUAGES (8 Languages) ;; EastScandinavianLanguage (subclass EastScandinavianLanguage NorthGermanicLanguage) (documentation EastScandinavianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 14 &%NorthGermanicLanguages, eight are classified as a &%EastScandinavianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; DANISH-SWEDISH LANGUAGES (8 Languages) ;; DanishSwedishLanguage (subclass DanishSwedishLanguage EastScandinavianLanguage) (documentation DanishSwedishLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the eight &%EastScandinavianLanguages, all eight are classified as a &%DanishSwedishLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; DANISH-BOKMAL LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; DanishBokmalLanguage (subclass DanishBokmalLanguage DanishSwedishLanguage) (documentation DanishBokmalLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the eight &%DanishSwedishLanguages, four are classified as a &%DanishBokmalLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; BOKMAL GROUP LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; BokmalGroupLanguage (subclass BokmalGroupLanguage DanishBokmalLanguage) (documentation DanishBokmalLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the four &%DanishBokmalLanguages, one is classified as a &%BokmalGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. BokmaalNorwedianLanguage (NRR Norway) (instance BokmalNorwegianLanguage BokmalGroupLanguage) (documentation BokmalNorwegianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BokmalNorwegianLanguage is a &%BokmalGroupLanguage of &%Norway. SIL code: NRR. ISO 639-1: nb. ISO 639-2: nob. Population: 4,250,000 including Nynorsk, 99.5% of population (1991 WA). Population total all countries: 5,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Also spoken in Canada, Ecuador, Sweden, UAE, USA. Alternate names: BOKMAAL, RIKSMAAL, DANO-NORWEGIAN, NORWEGIAN. Dialects: WESTERN NORWEGIAN (COASTAL NORWEGIAN), CENTRAL NORWEGIAN (MIDLAND NORWEGIAN), EASTERN NORWEGIAN (OSTLANDET), NORTHERN NORWEGIAN (TRONDELAAG, NORDLAND). Comments: Norwegian form of Danish and based on urban dialects. One of the two norms for written Norwegian. Spoken Norwegian has many dialects, grouped as shown under the dialect list. It was reported in 1971 that 82.5% of the pupils used Riksmaal as their main written language. Primarily urban. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. SVO. Bible 1834-1978.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; DANISH GROUP LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; DanishGroupLanguage (subclass DanishGroupLanguage DanishBokmalLanguage) (documentation DanishGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the four &%DanishBokmalLanguages, three are classified as a &%DanishGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. DanishLanguage (DNS Denmark) (instance DanishLanguage DanishGroupLanguage) (documentation DanishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%DanishLanguage is a &%DanishGroupLanguage of &%Denmark. SIL code: DNS. ISO 639-1: da. ISO 639-2: dan. Population: 5,000,000 in Denmark (1980). Population total all countries: 5,326,000. Region: Also spoken in Canada, Germany, Greenland, Norway, Sweden, UAE, USA. Alternate names: DANSK, CENTRAL DANISH, SJAELLAND. Comments: See separate entries for Skane, often called 'Eastern Danish' and Jutish, often called 'Western Danish'. Also see Norwegian, Riksmal. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. SVO. Christian. Bible 1550, in press (1993). Also spoken in: Germany. (Language name: DANISH.) Population: 50,000 in Germany (1976 Stephens). Alternate names: DANISCH, DANSK. Comments: There are Danish schools. Bible 1550, in press (1993). Also spoken in: Greenland. (Language name: DANISH.) Population: 7,830 in Greenland, 14.5% of the population (1986). Comments: National language. Bible 1550, in press (1993).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. JutishLanguage (JUT Denmark) (instance JutishLanguage DanishGroupLanguage) (documentation JutishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%JutishLanguage is a &%DanishGroupLanguage of &%Denmark. SIL code: JUT. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: German-Danish border area, Southern Jutland on the Danish side, and in northern Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Also spoken in Germany. Alternate names: JUTLANDISH, JYSK, WESTERN DANISH. Comments: The westernmost and southernmost dialects differ so much from Standard Danish, that many people from the Eastern Islands have great difficulty understanding it. From the viewpoint of inherent intelligibility, it could be considered a separate language (Norbert Strade). All inhabitants in Rudbol village are reported to be able to speak 5 languages: Danish, Jutish, North Frisian, Low Saxon, and German.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. TravellerDanishLanguage (RMD Denmark) (instance TravellerDanishLanguage DanishGroupLanguage) (documentation TravellerDanishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TravellerDanishLanguage is a &%DanishGroupLanguage of &%Denmark. SIL code: RMD. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: RODI, ROTWELSCH. Comments: An independent language based on Danish with heavy lexical borrowing from Northern Romani. Not inherently intelligible with Angloromani. It may be intelligible with Traveller Norwegian and Traveller Swedish. There are reported to be few speakers. It may be linguistically extinct (D. Kenrick 1986). Romani people were transported to Denmark by James IV of Scotland in July 1505.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SWEDISH GROUP LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; SwedishGroupLanguage (subclass SwedishGroupLanguage DanishSwedishLanguage) (documentation SwedishGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the eight &%DanishSwedishLanguages, four are classified as a &%SwedishGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. DalecarlianLanguage (DLC Sweden) (instance DalecarlianLanguage SwedishGroupLanguage) (documentation DalecarlianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%DalecarlianLanguage is a &%SwedishGroupLanguage of &%Sweden. SIL code: DLC. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 1,500 (1996 Oesten Dahl). Region: Upper Dalecarlia (Oevre Dalarna), especially Aelvdalen (Elfdal). Alternate names: DALSKA, DALMAAL. Comments: Quite deviant from other varieties. Various dialects, some of which are reported to be unintelligible to each others' speakers. Bilingualism in Swedish.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. SkaneLanguage (SCY Sweden) (instance SkaneLanguage SwedishGroupLanguage) (documentation SkaneLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SkaneLanguage is a &%SwedishGroupLanguage of &%Sweden. SIL code: SCY. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 1,500,000 (1998 Scanian Regional Institute). Population total both countries 1,500,000. Region: Blekinge, Halland, Skane in Sweden. The main regional city is Malmo. Alternate names: SKANSKA, SCANIAN, SKANSK. Dialects: HALLAENDSKA, SKANSKA, BLEKINGSKA, BORNHOLM. Comments: Speakers are highly bilingual in Swedish. The language has had no recognition since Sweden obtained Scania from Denmark in 1658. It is called 'Southern Swedish' in Sweden, and 'Eastern Danish' in Denmark. Today it is heavily influenced by Swedish in Sweden. Dictionary. Literacy rate in second language: 100% Swedish. Bible 1523. Also spoken in: Denmark. (Language name: SKANE.) Alternate names: SKANSKA, SCANIAN, EASTERN DANISH. Dialects: HALLAENDSKA, SKANSKA, BLEKINGSKA, BORNHOLM. Comments: Speakers are highly bilingual in Swedish or Danish. The language has had no recognition since Sweden obtained Scania from Denmark in 1658. It is called 'Southern Swedish' in Sweden, and 'Eastern Danish' in Denmark. Bible 1523.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. SwedishLanguage (SWD Sweden) (instance SwedishLanguage SwedishGroupLanguage) (documentation SwedishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SwedishLanguage is a &%SwedishGroupLanguage of &%Sweden. SIL code: SWD. ISO 639-1: sv. ISO 639-2: swe. Population: 7,825,000 in Sweden, 93% of the population (1986), including 5,000 speakers of Gutniska (1998 Sven Hakansson). Gutniska has 10,000 second language speakers. Population total all countries 9,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: The Gota dialect group is southern, including parts of Smaland, south Swedish provinces, Varmland, Vastergvtland, the Svea dialect group is northern, including Halsingland, parts of Ostergotland and Uppland, and the Swedish-speaking parts of Finland. Southern Swedish is in Skaane, Blekinge, southern Smaland, southern Halland. Northern Swedish is from northern Halsingland and Jamtland and northwards. Eastern Swedish is in Finland, Estonia, and Gammalsvenskby, Ukraine. Gutnic is in southeastern Isle of Gotland and Faaroe. Nearly extinct in Estonia. Also spoken in Canada, Estonia, Finland, Norway, UAE, USA. Alternate names: SVENSKA, RUOTSI. Dialects: NORTHERN SWEDISH (NORRLAND), EASTERN SWEDISH (FINLAND SWEDISH, ESTONIAN SWEDISH), SVEA, GUTNISKA (GUTAMAL, GOTLANDIC, GUTNIC). Comments: 'Proper' Swedish is considered to be spoken in Svealand. Dialect investigation is needed of diverse varieties Gutniska, Overkalixmal, Norpes, Pitemal, provinces around the Bothnic Sea (Vasterbotten and Norbotten in Sweden, and Oesterbotten in Finland), and the island of Gotland. Gutniska is descended from Forngutniska (Old Gotlandic), which is ranked as a separate language. A mixed variety, with Turkish influence, Rinkebysvenska, is used among immigrants. There are, or were, Swedish varieties spoken in Estonia and Ukraine which are now more or less extinct. See separate listing for Skane, often called Southern Swedish. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Gutniska, Overkalixmal, Pitemal, Norpes, Skane. National language. Bible 1541-1999. Also spoken in: Finland. (Language name: SWEDISH.) Population: 296,000 in Finland, 5.7% of the population (1997). Dialects: STANDARD SWEDISH, OSROBOTHNIAN, ALAND ISLANDS SWEDISH, SOUTHWEST FINLAND SWEDISH, UUSIMAA SWEDISH. Comments: Swedish Finns have a distinctive pronunciation compared to the dialect in Sweden, but no apparent difficulty in intelligibility. Some Ostrobothnian dialects are intelligible to others with difficulty. Perhaps 3/4 of speakers are fluent in Finnish, 1/4 are totally bilingual. National language. Bible 1541-1999.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. TavringerRomaniLanguage (RMU Sweden) (instance TavringerRomaniLanguage SwedishGroupLanguage) (documentation TavringerRomaniLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TavringerRomaniLanguage is a &%SwedishGroupLanguage of &%Sweden. SIL code: RMU. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 25,000 in Sweden (1998 Hallman). Population total both countries 31,000. Region: Scattered all over Sweden. Alternate names: ROMMANI, SVENSK ROMMANI, TRAVELLER SWEDISH, 'TATTARE'. Comments: Not intelligible with Angloromani. Speakers are fluent in Swedish or Norwegian. Used mainly as a secret language by the speakers (D. Kenrick 1985), a Gypsy group in Sweden. An independent language based on Swedish with heavy lexical borrowing from Northern Romani. Romani people arrived in Sweden via Denmark in 1512. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Traveller Norwegian, Traveller Danish, bilingual proficiency in Swedish. Also spoken in: Norway. (Language name: TAVRINGER ROMANI.) Population: 6,000 in Norway (1998 Hallman). Alternate names: ROMMANI, SVENSK ROMMANI, TRAVELLER SWEDISH, 'TATTARE'. Comments: Not intelligible with Angloromani. Speakers are fluent in Swedish or Norwegian. Used mainly as a secret language by the speakers (D. Kenrick 1985). An independent language based on Swedish with heavy lexical borrowing from Northern Romani. Romani people arrived in Sweden via Denmark in 1512. A Gypsy group.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; WEST GERMANIC LANGUAGES (43 Languages) ;; WestGermanicLanguage (subclass WestGermanicLanguage GermanicLanguage) (documentation NorthGermanicLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 58 &%GermanicLanguages, 43 are classified as a &%WestGermanicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ENGLISH GROUP LANGUAGES (5 Languages) ;; EnglishGroupLanguage (subclass EnglishGroupLanguage WestGermanicLanguage) (documentation EnglishGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 43 &%WestGermanicLanguages, five are classified as an &%EnglishGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. CaymanIslandsEnglishLanguage (CYE Cayman Islands) (instance CaymanIslandsEnglishLanguage EnglishGroupLanguage) (documentation CaymanIslandsEnglishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CaymanIslandsEnglishLanguage is an &%EnglishGroupLanguage of the &%CaymanIslands. SIL code: CYE. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 10,770 (1995). Comments: The colloquial English seems to have borrowed creole features similar to Jamaica and Central America without having undergone creolization (John Holm 1989:479-80). Structurally similar to a creole language. May be close to Northern Central America Creole English. Agriculturalists: cotton.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. EnglishLanguage (ENG United Kingdom) (instance EnglishLanguage EnglishGroupLanguage) (documentation EnglishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%EnglishLanguage is an &%EnglishGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedKingdom. SIL code: ENG. ISO 639-1: en. ISO 639-2: eng. Population: 55,000,000 first language speakers in United Kingdom (1984 estimate). Population total all countries 341,000,000 first language speakers (1999 WA), 508,000,000 including second language speakers (1999 WA). Region: Also spoken in 104 other countries including American Samoa, Andorra, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Botswana, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cameroon, Canada, Cayman Islands, Cook Islands, Denmark. Dialects: COCKNEY, SCOUSE, GEORDIE, WEST COUNTRY, EAST ANGLIA, BIRMINGHAM (BRUMMY, BRUMMIE), SOUTH WALES, EDINBURGH, BELFAST, CORNWALL, CUMBERLAND, CENTRAL CUMBERLAND, DEVONSHIRE, EAST DEVONSHIRE, DORSET, DURHAM, BOLTON LANCASHIRE, NORTH LANCASHIRE, RADCLIFFE LANCASHIRE, NORTHUMBERLAND, NORFOLK, NEWCASTLE NORTHUMBERLAND, TYNESIDE NORTHUMBERLAND, LOWLAND SCOTTISH, SOMERSET, SUSSEX, WESTMORLAND, NORTH WILTSHIRE, CRAVEN YORKSHIRE, NORTH YORKSHIRE, SHEFFIELD YORKSHIRE, WEST YORKSHIRE. Comments: 60% lexical similarity with German, 27% with French, 24% with Russian. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. SVO, prepositions, genitives after noun heads, articles, adjectives, numerals before noun heads, question word initial, word order distinguishes subject, object, indirect objects, given and new information, topic and comment, active and passive, causative, comparative, consonant and vowel clusters, nontonal. Deciduous forest. Island, plains, hills. Industrial, fishermen, craftsman. Christian. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: American Samoa. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,248 first language speakers in American Samoa, foreign born (1970 census), 15,050 mainly second language speakers, representing 75% of the native born population. Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Anguilla. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Antigua and Barbuda. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Aruba. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Dialects: ARUBA ENGLISH. Comments: The third most important language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Australia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 15,682,000 in Australia (1987), 95% of population (1980 WA). Dialects: AUSTRALIAN STANDARD ENGLISH, ABORIGINAL ENGLISH, NEO-NYUNGAR (NOONGA, NOONGAR, NOOGAR). Comments: Minor regional dialect differences. Neo-Nyungar is the community dialect of the Nyungar people. National language. Dictionary. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Bahamas. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Barbados. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 13,000 (1995). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Belize. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers: 55,998 in Belize (1991 census). Comments: Used in education, government, and business. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Bermuda. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 58,800 in Bermuda (1989 estimate). Dialects: BERMUDAN ENGLISH. Comments: Colloquial English may not be a creole but a regional variety of uncreolized English. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Botswana. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Alternate names: SEKGOA. Comments: International trade, medium of western influences, language of instruction from fifth grade, written language, official purposes, as second language. Official language. Taught as a subject from the beginning of primary school as a required subject. Officially becomes the language of instruction in Standard 5. Standard 7 exams are written in English. Medium of instruction. Newspapers, magazines, radio programs, TV. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: British Indian Ocean Territory. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: The indigenous population no longer resides in the islands. Current residents include members of the USA military, a small detachment of British officials, and support staff, mainly of Mauritian and Philippine origin. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: British Virgin Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 2,000 (1998). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Brunei. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 8,000 in Brunei. 16% of ethnic Chinese speak English as first language. Probably other first language speakers. Comments: Government, education. Used increasingly by educated speakers as first or second language. National language. Newspapers, TV. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Cameroon. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Canada. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 17,100,000 mother tongue speakers in Canada, or 60% of the population (1998 Statistics Canada). 820,000 mother tongue speakers in Quebec (1995 Statistics Canada), plus another 1,500,000 in Quebec whose first or second language is English (1995 Statistics Canada). Dialects: NEWFOUNDLAND ENGLISH. Comments: National language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Cayman Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 9,200 (1993). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Cook Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 683 in Cook Islands (1966 UN report). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Dominica. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Dialects: DOMINICAN ENGLISH. Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Eritrea. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Language of higher education and many technical fields. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Ethiopia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,986 mother tongue speakers, 169,726 second language users (1998 census). Comments: Language of higher education, many technical fields, and international communication. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Falkland Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,991 in Falkland Islands (1993 Johnstone). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Fiji. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 4,929 Europeans in Fiji (1976 census). An additional 10,276 or 1.8% of population (1976 census) are part-European, and speak English and Fijian. Comments: Also used by many urban Chinese (4,652 in 1976), Rotuman, occasionally by Indians, rarely by Fijians (P. Geraghty 1981). Main language of commerce, education, government. There are also reports of a Fijian Pidgin English. National language. Newspapers, radio programs. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Gambia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Ghana. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers: 1,000,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Gibraltar. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 3,300 in Gibraltar (1993 Johnstone). Dialects: YANITO. Comments: Yanito is spoken by most Gibraltarians among themselves. It is a dialect of English with a strong Spanish influence, with over 500 words coming from Genoese (Ligurian) and Hebrew. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Grenada. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Dialects: GRENADIAN ENGLISH. Comments: Post-creole English with French Creole influences (M. Alleyne). National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Guam. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 28,800 in Guam (1987). Comments: USA military and dependents. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Guyana. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Dialects: GUYANESE ENGLISH. Comments: Spoken as first language by some Blacks and some Hindustanis. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Honduras. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 9,000 first language speakers in Honduras. Comments: Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: India. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers: 11,021,610 (1961 census). Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Ireland. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 2,600,000 in Ireland (1983 estimate). Dialects: SOUTH HIBERNO ENGLISH, NORTH HIBERNO ENGLISH. Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Israel. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 100,000 in Israel (1993). Alternate names: ANGLIT. Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Jamaica. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Kenya. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Mainly second language speakers. Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Kiribati. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 338 in Kiribati (1978 census). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Lebanon. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Has been used to some extent since the founding of the American University of Beirut in 1866. Many English language publications. Not spoken on the street or in Lebanese homes. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Lesotho. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Liberia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 69,000 or 2.5% of the population are Americo-Liberian (1993). Dialects: LIBERIAN STANDARD ENGLISH. Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Malawi. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 16,000 in Malawi (1993). Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Malaysia (Peninsular). (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Malta. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 2,400 speakers in Malta (1993 Johnstone). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Marshall Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Mauritius. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 3,000 in Mauritius (1993 Johnstone). Comments: Used in secondary school, courts, for road signs. Not widely known. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Micronesia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 3,540 first language speakers in Micronesia, foreign born (1970 census). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Midway Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 2,256 in Midway (1975 WA). Comments: National language. 99% USA military. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Montserrat. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Namibia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 10,941 in Namibia (1991 census). Comments: Not understood or spoken by everyone. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Nauru. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 564 first language speakers, 7,254 including second language users (1979 Government figures). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Netherlands Antilles. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Post-creole English is the dialect used (Alleyne). The third most important language in Netherlands Antilles. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: New Zealand. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 3,213,000 in New Zealand (1987), 90% of the population. Comments: National language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Nigeria. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers: 1,000,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Comments: Used in government, education. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Niue. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers in Niue: 2,082. Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Norfolk Island. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,678 in Norfolk Island (1980 Government report). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Northern Mariana Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Pakistan. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Mainly second language speakers in Pakistan. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Palau. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Papua New Guinea. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 50,000 in Papua New Guinea (1987), 1.5% of the population. Comments: Official language. Used in schools. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Philippines. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 32,802 in Philippines (1990 census). 52% of the population said they could speak it as a second language (1980 census). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Pitcairn. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Puerto Rico. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 82,000 mother tongue speakers (1995), 376,371 second language users (1970 census). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Rwanda. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Mainly second language speakers. Comments: There may be more users of English than of French. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Seychelles. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,601 in Seychelles (1971 census). Comments: Principal language of the schools. Official language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Sierra Leone. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Used in administration, law, education, commerce. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Singapore. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 227,000 speakers, 8.9% of population, 729,000 second language users (literate in English) in Singapore, 28.5% of population (1985 estimate). Comments: Ethnic groups which use English: Chinese 154,000, 68%, European and Eurasian 34,000, 15%, Indian 32,000, 14%, Malay 6,000, 3%. Chinese varieties and Tamil also used at home. National language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Solomon Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Somalia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Used more in the north. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: South Africa. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 3,500,000 in South Africa (1991 Christos van Rensburg), 9.1% of the population (1995 The Economist). Comments: The main means of communication in urban areas. Many second generation people from India, Portugal, Germany, and Greece speak English as first language. Official language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Sri Lanka. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 97,000 first language speakers in Sri Lanka (1962). Comments: Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: St. Helena. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: St. Kitts-Nevis. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: St. Lucia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Dialects: ST. LUCIAN ENGLISH. Comments: There is an emerging English vernacular on St. Lucia, in a certain rural area. It is significantly restructured, heavily French creole-influenced, English lexicon (Paul Garrett 1998). National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: St. Pierre and Miquelon. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 188 in St. Pierre and Miquelon (1967 census). Comments: Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: St. Vincent and the Grenadines. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Swaziland. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Taught in all government and private schools. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Tanzania. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers in Tanzania: 1,500,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Comments: Used by some Asian residents as mother tongue. Taught in secondary school and university. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Tokelau. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Used in schools. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Tonga. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Trinidad and Tobago. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Turks and Caicos Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: U.S. Virgin Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 8,414 mother tongue speakers in U.S. Virgin Islands (1970 census). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Uganda. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers: 1,000,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Comments: Used in primary schools, law courts. Official language. Newspapers, radio programs. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: USA. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 210,000,000 first language speakers in USA (1984 estimate). 8,400,000 USA residents with no one 14 years old or older who speaks fluent English, 38% or 7,700,000 households headed by immigrants. Dialects: BLACK ENGLISH. Comments: There are many regional dialects. Official language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Vanuatu. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,900 in Vanuatu (1995), 1.1% of the population. Comments: First language speakers are from the United Kingdom. Also spoken in: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Wake Island. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,730 on Wake Island (1987). Comments: National language. 99% USA military. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Western Samoa. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Zambia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 41,434 in Zambia (1969 census). Comments: Spoken as mother tongue by Europeans mainly. A small minority of Zambian Africans speak it as a mother tongue. Used as a second language. The only language of Parliament. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Zimbabwe. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 375,490 in Zimbabwe (1969 census). Comments: Spoken by most Europeans and an increasing number of Africans. Used in all or most education. Official language. Newspapers. Bible 1535-1989.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. AngloromaniLanguage (RME United Kingdom) (instance AngloromaniLanguage EnglishGroupLanguage) (documentation AngloromaniLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AngloromaniLanguage is an &%EnglishGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedKingdom. SIL code: RME. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 90,000 in Britain (1990 I. Hancock). Population total all countries: 170,000 to 270,000. Region: England, Wales, Scotland. Also spoken in Australia, South Africa, USA. Alternate names: ENGLISH ROMANI, ROMANI ENGLISH, ROMANICHAL, POGADI CHIB, POSH 'N' POSH. Comments: Angloromani not inherently intelligible with Welsh Romani, Traveller Swedish, Traveller Norwegian, or Traveller Danish. The grammar is basically English with heavy Romani lexical borrowing. Many dialects. It has been spoken in the United Kingdom for 500 years. 'The Romanichal population must be considered as being more actively determined to retain the ethnic language than some other British minorities.' (I. Hancock). Also spoken in: Australia. (Language name: ANGLOROMANI. Population: 5,000 in Australia. Alternate names: ROMANICHAL, ENGLISH ROMANI, POGADI CHIB. Comments: A variety of English with heavy Romani lexical borrowing. Also spoken in: USA. (Language name: ANGLOROMANI.) Population: 100,000 or fewer in North America. Alternate names: ENGLISH ROMANI, ROMANI ENGLISH, ROMANICHAL, ROMANIS. Comments: A variety of English with heavy Romani lexical borrowing. See main entry under United Kingdom.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. ScotsLanguage (SCO United Kingdom) (instance ScotsLanguage EnglishGroupLanguage) (documentation ScotsLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ScotsLanguage is an &%EnglishGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedKingdom. SIL code: SCO. ISO 639-2: sco. Population: 100,000 (1999 Billy Kay) including 60,000 in Lallans, 30,000 in Doric, 10,000 in Ulster. Population total both countries 100,000. Region: All of Scotland except highlands: lowlands: Aberdeen to Ayrshire. Northern Ireland. Doric dialect in northeastern Scotland, Lallans in South Scotland lowlands, Ulster in Northern Ireland. Also spoken in Ireland. Dialects: DORIC, LALLANS, ULSTER. Comments: Difficult intelligibility among dialects. Northern Scots on the Scottish Islands is considered by some to be a different language (Shetlandic or Orcadian). Doric and Ulster are inherently intelligible to speakers, but difficulties are common in speech and writing. Lallans is the main literary dialect. Ulster Scots has its own development group. Scots is closest to English and Frisian. English is considered to be the language of education and religion. Used with family and friends. All ages. 1,500,000 speak it as second language. Dictionary. SVO, prepositions, gentivies, articles, adjectives, numerals before noun heads, relatives without noun heads, question word initial, 2 prefixes, 1 suffix, word order distinguishes subjects, objects, indirect objects, given and new information, topic and comment, affixes indicate genitive case of noun phrase, passives, comparatives, CVC, nontonal. Literacy rate in second language: 97% English. Poetry, magazines. Christian. NT 1901-1984. Also spoken in: Ireland. (Language name: SCOTS.) Comments: English is considered to be the language of education and religion. Used with family and friends. All ages. Christian. NT 1901-1984. See main entry under United Kingdom.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. YinglishLanguage (YIB USA) (instance YinglishLanguage EnglishGroupLanguage) (documentation YinglishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%YinglishLanguage is an &%EnglishGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: YIB. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Also spoken in the United Kingdom. Alternate names: AMERIDISH. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Professor Joshua A. Fishman says, ''Yinglish' is a variety of English influenced by Yiddish (lexically, particularly, but also grammatically and phonetically). Any good English dictionary will now include 50-100 or more 'borrowings from Yiddish' (=Yinglish)... These forms are now used not only by Jews but by others, inversely proportionally to their distance from NYC. In the case of non-Jews the original Yiddish meaning may no longer be known and a related metaphoric or contextual meaning is intended...Since the variety is only used...by speakers who can always speak 'proper English'. Yinglish is never a mother tongue acquired by the usual process of intergenerational transmission. French, Spanish, and Russian counterparts (also a Hebrew counterpart) also exist, but are more restricted in nature, both in size as well as in availability to non-Jews.' Jewish. Second language only. Also spoken in: United Kingdom. (Language name: YINGLISH.) Comments: Bilingualism in English. Professor Joshua A. Fishman says, ''Yinglish' is a variety of English influenced by Yiddish (lexically, particularly, but also grammatically and phonetically). Any good English dictionary will now include 50-100 (or more) 'borrowings from Yiddish' (=Yinglish)....Since the variety is only used...(by speakers who can always speak 'proper English') Yinglish is never a mother tongue acquired by the usual process of intergenerational transmission. French, Spanish, and Russian counterparts (also a Hebrew counterpart) also exist(s), but are more restricted in nature, both in size as well as in availability to non-Jews.' Jewish. Second language only.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; FRISIAN LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; FrisianLanguage (subclass FrisianLanguage WestGermanicLanguage) (documentation FrisianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 43 &%WestGermanicLanguages, three are classified as a &%FrisianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. EasternFrisianLanguage (FRS Germany) (instance EasternFrisianLanguage FrisianLanguage) (documentation EasternFrisianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%EasternFrisianLanguage is a &%FrisianLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: FRS. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 11,000 (1976 Stephens). Language of the home for 1,500 to 2,000 (1977 SIL). Population total both countries: 11,000. Region: Schleswig-Holstein, Ostfriesland, the area around the towns of Emden and Oldenburg in Lower Saxony, and Saterland, Jeverland, and Butjadingen in 1976. Reported to be used only in Saterland, Eastern Frisia in 1998. Also spoken in USA. Alternate names: OSTFRIESISCH, SATERLANDIC FRISIAN, SEELTERSK FRISIAN. Comments: Not intelligible with Western Frisian of the Netherlands or Northern Frisian (E. Matteson SIL 1978). 77% lexical similarity with Standard German, 74% with Western Frisian. Speakers are mainly the older generation. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency, attitudes.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. NorthernFrisianLanguage (FRR Germany) (instance NorthernFrisianLanguage FrisianLanguage) (documentation NorthernFrisianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NorthernFrisianLanguage is a &%FrisianLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: FRR. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 10,000 speakers out of 60,000 population (1976 Stephens). Language of the home for 10,000 (1977 SIL). Region: Schleswig-Holstein, on the coastal strip between the rivers Eider in the south and Wiedau in the north, and adjacent islands of Fohr, Amrum, Sylt, Norstrand, Pellworm, the ten islands of the Halligen group, and Helgoland. Alternate names: NORDFRIESISCH. Dialects: MOORINGER (MOORINGA, MAINLAND FRISIAN), FERRING (FOHR-AMRUM), SOLRENG (SYLT), HELGOLAND. Comments: The first 3 dialects listed are different enough that more than one set of literature would be needed. Ferring dialect is actively used. Not intelligible to Eastern Frisian of Germany or Western Frisian of the Netherlands except to a few educated bilingual speakers of West Frisian. Mooringer has 70% lexical similarity with Standard German, 55% with English, 66% with Eastern Frisian, Fohr has 69% with Standard German, 62% with English, 68% with Western Frisian, 73% with Eastern Frisian, 86% with Mooringer, 91% with Amrum, Sylt has 64% with Standard German, 61% with English, 79% with Mooringer, 85% with Fohr. Standard German, Low Saxon, and some English are used as second languages, but fluency is limited. Few children speakers. The Solreng dialect is nearly extinct. There is ethnic pride, efforts to revive Frisian literature and bilingual education. Education is in Standard German only. Business and church services in German. Investigation needed: intelligibility with 3 dialects, BLN German, Low Saxon. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: Few read Frisian. Bible portions 1954.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. WesternFrisianLanguage (FRI Netherlands) (instance WesternFrisianLanguage FrisianLanguage) (documentation WesternFrisianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WesternFrisianLanguage is a &%FrisianLanguage of the &%Netherlands. SIL code: FRI. ISO 639-1: fy. ISO 639-2: fry. Population: 700,000 in the Netherlands, including 400,000 in Friesland, 300,000 elsewhere (1976 Stephens). Population total all countries 730,000 or more. Region: Friesland, northern Netherlands. Also spoken in Canada, Denmark, Germany, USA. Alternate names: FRYSK, FRIES. Dialects: TOWN FRISIAN. Comments: Linguistically between Dutch and English. Not intelligible with Eastern and Northern Frisian of Germany (E. Matteson SIL 1978). 71% lexical similarity with Standard German, 61% with English, 74% with Eastern Frisian. Most speakers are bilingual in Dutch. Over 70% of those in Friesland still speak Western Frisian. Town Frisian is a mixed language. National language. Literacy rate in first language: Speakers not generally literate in Frisian. Bilingual education is compulsory in Friesland but speakers are not generally literate in Frisian. Has an official orthography in the Netherlands. Bible 1943-1978.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; HIGH GERMAN LANGUAGES (19 Languages) ;; HighGermanLanguage (subclass HighGermanLanguage WestGermanicLanguage) (documentation HighGermanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 43 &%WestGermanicLanguages, 19 are classified as a &%HighGermanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; GERMAN GROUP LANGUAGES (17 Languages) ;; GermanGroupLanguage (subclass GermanGroupLanguage WestGermanicLanguage) (documentation HighGermanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 19 &%HighGermanLanguages, 17 are classified as a &%GermanGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; MIDDLE GERMAN LANGUAGES (8 Languages) ;; MiddleGermanLanguage (subclass MiddleGermanLanguage GermanGroupLanguage) (documentation MiddleGermanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 17 &%GermanGroupLanguages, eight are classified as a &%MiddleGermanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; EAST MIDDLE GERMAN LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; EastMiddleGermanLanguage (subclass EastMiddleGermanLanguage MiddleGermanLanguage) (documentation MiddleGermanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the eight &%MiddleGermanLanguages, three are classified as an &%EastMiddleGermanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. GermanLanguage (GER Germany) (instance GermanLanguage EastMiddleGermanLanguage) (documentation GermanLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GermanLanguage is an &%EastMiddleGermanLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: GER. ISO 639-1: de. ISO 639-2(B): ger. ISO 639-2(T): deu. Population: 75,300,000 in Germany (1990). Population total all countries 100,000,000 first language speakers (1999 WA), 128,000,000 including second language speakers (1999 WA). Region: Also spoken in 40 other countries including Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan. Alternate names: DEUTSCH, HOCHDEUTSCH, HIGH GERMAN. Dialects: ERZGEBIRGISCH. Comments: Major related language areas are Bavarian, Schwabisch, Allemannisch, Mainfrankisch, Hessisch, Palatinian, Rheinfrankisch, Westfalisch, Saxonian, Thuringian, Brandenburgisch, and Low Saxon. Many varieties are not inherently intelligible with each other. Our present treatment in this edition is incomplete. Standard German is one High German variety, which developed from the chancery of Saxony, gaining acceptance as the written standard in the 16th and 17th centuries. High German refers to dialects and languages in the upper Rhine region. 60% lexical similarity with English, 29% with French. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. Poetry, newspapers, radio programs, films, TV, videos. Christian. Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Austria. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Population: 7,500,000 in Austria (J.A. Hawkins in B. Comrie 1987), 98% of the population (1990 WA). Comments: National language. Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Belgium. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Population: 150,000 in Belgium (J.A. Hawkins in B. Comrie 1988), 1.5% of the population. Comments: Official language. Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Czech Republic. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Population: 50,000 in Czech Republic (1998). Dialects: ERZGEBIRGISCH. Comments: Bilingualism in Czech. Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Denmark. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Population: 23,000 first language speakers (1976 Stephens). Comments: There are German schools. Official language. Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Hungary. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Population: 250,000 in Hungary (J.A. Hawkins in B. Comrie 1988) .5% of the population. Comments: Germans in Hungary speak other Germanic varieties than Standard German at home. Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Italy. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Population: 225,000 in Italy (N. Vincent in B. Comrie 1987). Comments: German used in schools. Official language. Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Kazakhstan. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Population: 958,000 in Kazakhstan excluding Plautdietsch. 57% of ethnic Germans speak it as mother tongue. Comments: Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Liechtenstein. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Comments: German dialects vary. National language. Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Luxembourg. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Population: 9,200 or more (1993 Johnstone). Comments: Used as a second language by industrial workers and rural people. Taught in school as a second language. National language. Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Paraguay. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Population: 166,000 in Paraguay including 19,000 who are also mother tongue speakers of Plautdietsch. Comments: Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Poland. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Population: 500,000 in Poland (1998). Comments: Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Romania. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Population: 150,000 in Romania (1993). Dialects: TRANSYLVANIA. Comments: Over 70% of the 500,000 1988 population has emigrated to Germany since 1988 (1993 Johnstone). The people are known as 'Saxons.' Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Slovakia. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Population: 5,900 in Czech Republic (1991 census) to 15,000 (1999). Comments: Bilingualism in Slovakian, Hungarian. Christian. Bible 1466-1982. Also spoken in: Switzerland. (Language name: GERMAN, STANDARD.) Comments: Not used as mother tongue by many. Official language. Main language used in education in Schwyzerdutsch- (German) and Rheto-Romansch-speaking areas. Bible 1466-1982.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. LowerSilesianLanguage (SLI Poland) (instance LowerSilesianLanguage EastMiddleGermanLanguage) (documentation LowerSilesianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LowerSilesianLanguage is an &%EastMiddleGermanLanguage of &%Poland. SIL code: SLI. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Dolny Slask (Lower Silesia). Alternate names: LOWER SCHLESISCH. Comments: Bilingualism in Polish. Even spoken by younger people. There is literature by Gerhard Hauptmann. Different than Upper Silesian, a dialect of Polish. Also spoken in: Czech Republic. (Language name: SILESIAN, LOWER.) Alternate names: LOWER SCHLESISCH. Comments: Different than Upper Silesian, a dialect of Polish. Also spoken in: Germany. (Language name: SILESIAN, LOWER.) Alternate names: LOWER SCHLESISCH. Comments: Bilingualism in Standard German. Spoken by younger people. There is literature by Gerhard Hauptmann. Different from Upper Silesian, a dialect of Polish.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. UpperSilesianLanguage (SXU Germany) (instance UpperSilesianLanguage EastMiddleGermanLanguage) (documentation UpperSilesianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%UpperSilesianLanguage is an &%EastMiddleGermanLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: SXU. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 2,000,000 or more (1998 Andreas Thomsen). Region: Eastern Germany, southeast, Sachsen with Dresden, Leipzig, Chemnitz, Halle in Sachsen-Anhalt. Comments: Bilingualism in Standard German. Spoken by 'several millions.'(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; MOSELLE FRANCONIAN MIDDLE GERMAN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; MoselleFranconianMiddleGermanLanguage (subclass MoselleFranconianMiddleGermanLanguage MiddleGermanLanguage) (documentation MiddleGermanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the eight &%MiddleGermanLanguages, one is classified as a &%MoselleFranconianMiddleGermanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. LuxembourgeoisLanguage (LUX Luxembourg) (instance LuxembourgeoisLanguage MoselleFranconianMiddleGermanLanguage) (documentation LuxembourgeoisLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LuxembourgeoisLanguage is a &%MoselleFranconianMiddleGermanLanguage of &%Luxembourg. SIL code: LUX. ISO 639-1: lb. ISO 639-2: ltz. Population: 250,000 first language speakers in Luxembourg, perhaps 50,000 as second language (1998). Population total all countries: 300,000. Region: Also spoken in Belgium, France, Germany, USA. Alternate names: LUXEMBURGISH, LUXEMBURGIAN, LUXEMBOURGISH, LETZBURGISCH, LETZEBUERGESCH, MOSELLE FRANCONIAN, FRANKISH. Comments: As distinct from Standard German as is Dutch (Stephens 1976), and not inherently intelligible with it. A Moselle variety of Frankish-German origin, related to varieties of Mitteldeutsch of Belgium. Bilingual level estimates for French are 0 0%, 1 10%, 2 25%, 3 40%, 4 15%, 5 10%. Speakers learn French and German mainly in school. Younger well-educated people speak English. Most written statements are in French (official) or German (less official, TV, newspaper). French used in high school, for speaking to foreigners at work. German used in school for technical terms, speaking to tourists, commuters from Germany. Everyday life, home, school for explanations, court, parliament. All ages. Vigorous use. The mother tongue of most of the population. Taught in school. For most people it is the language of creativity. Literature flourishes at a modest level. Pride in ethnic identity and language. West and Central varieties considered to be more sophisticated, North considered more rural, peasant-like. The variety used by older Belgian-border inhabitants is considered old-fashioned and riddled with French words, but perfectly intelligible. German is considered to be a foreign language, not to be used with others who speak Luxembourgeois. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. SVO, prepositions, genitives, articles, adjectives, numerals, relatives before noun heads, question word initial, 3 prefixes, 2 suffixes on a word, rigid word order, passives, nontonal. Literacy rate in second language: 99% German, French. Written Luxembourgeois not taught in school, so use depends on individual. Letters often written in it. Newspapers, radio programs, TV. Christian. Also spoken in: Belgium. (Language name: LUXEMBOURGEOIS.) Population: 30,000 in Belgium (1998). Alternate names: LETZBURGISCH. Also spoken in: France. (Language name: LUXEMBOURGEOIS.) Alternate names: FRANKISH, PLATT. Comments: As distinct from Standard German as is Dutch (Stephens 1976), and not inherently intelligible with it. The common language of French and German coal miners. Also spoken in: Germany. (Language name: LUXEMBOURGEOIS.) Population: A few. Alternate names: LUXEMBURGIAN, LETZBURGISCH, LETZEBUERGESCH, MOSELLE FRANCONIAN.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; WEST MIDDLE GERMAN LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; WestMiddleGermanLanguage (subclass WestMiddleGermanLanguage MiddleGermanLanguage) (documentation WestMiddleGermanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the eight &%MiddleGermanLanguages, four are classified as a &%WestMiddleGermanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; MOSELLE FRANCONIAN WEST MIDDLE GERMAN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; MoselleFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage (subclass MoselleFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage WestMiddleGermanLanguage) (documentation MoselleFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the four &%WestMiddleGermanLanguages, one is classified as a &%MoselleFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. PennsylvaniaGermanLanguage (PDC USA) (instance PennsylvaniaGermanLanguage MoselleFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage) (documentation PennsylvaniaGermanLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PennsylvaniaGermanLanguage is a &%MoselleFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: PDC. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 85,000 in USA, including 70,000 Old Order Amish, 15,000 Old Order Mennonites, fewer Pennsylvanisch (Lutheran). Population total both countries: 100,000 out of an ethnic population of 200,000 (1978 Kloss and McConnell). Region: Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Oklahoma, Virginia, West Virginia, and Florida. Also spoken in Canada. Alternate names: PENNSYLVANISH, PENNSYLVANIA DUTCH. Dialects: AMISH PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN (PLAIN PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN), NON-AMISH PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN (PENSYLVANISCH DEITSCH, NON-PLAIN PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN). Comments: Blending of several German dialects, primarily Rhenish Palatinate (Pfalzer) German, with syntactic elements of High German and English. Mostly incomprehensible now to a person from the Palatinate (H. Kloss 1978). Non-plain community: youngest fluent speakers 40 to 50 years old (M. Louden 1987). Plain community not shifting to English, but has stable bilingualism (M. Louden 1987). Separate orthographies for Pennsylvania and Ohio dialects. Christian. NT 1994. Also spoken in: Canada. (Language name: GERMAN, PENNSYLVANIA.) Population: 15,000 in Canada (1995). Alternate names: PENNSYLVANISCH, PENNSYLVANIA DUTCH. Dialects: AMISH PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN, NON-AMISH PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN (PENNSYLVANISCH DEITSCH). Comments: Christian. NT 1994.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; RHENISCH FRANCONIAN WEST MIDDLE GERMAN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; RhenishFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage (subclass RhenischFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage WestMiddleGermanLanguage) (documentation RhenischFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the four &%WestMiddleGermanLanguages, one is classified as a &%RhenischFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. PfaelzischLanguage (PFL Germany) (instance PfaelzischLanguage RhenischFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage) (documentation PfaelzischLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PfaelzischLanguage is a &%RhenischFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: PFL. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Southwest Palatinate, Rheinpfalz. Alternate names: PFALZISCHE, PFALZISCH. Comments: Various dialects. Bilingualism in Standard German. There is literature published in the language. Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; RIPUARIAN FRANCONIAN WEST MIDDLE GERMAN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; RipuarianFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage (subclass RipuarianFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage WestMiddleGermanLanguage) (documentation RipuarianFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the four &%WestMiddleGermanLanguages, one is classified as a &%RipuarianFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. KolschLanguage (KOR Germany) (instance KolschLanguage RipuarianFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage) (documentation KolschLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KolschLanguage is a &%RipuarianFranconianWestMiddleGermanLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: KOR. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 250,000 (1997 Holger Jakobs). Region: Cologne (Koln) and surrounding areas. Comments: Nearly all use Standard German as second language. Used in theaters, literature, and an academy for teaching it. All ages. Literacy rate in second language: 99%. Christian. Bible portions 1992.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; UPPER GERMAN LANGUAGES (8 Languages) ;; UpperGermanLanguage (subclass UpperGermanLanguage GermanGroupLanguage) (documentation UpperGermanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 17 &%GermanGroupLanguages, eight are classified as an &%UpperGermanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ALEMANNIC LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; AlemannicLanguage (subclass AlemannicLanguage UpperGermanLanguage) (documentation AlemannicLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the eight &%UpperGermanLanguages, three are classified as an &%AlemannicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AlemannischLanguage (GSW Switzerland - Alsatian) (instance AlemannischLanguage AlemannicLanguage) (documentation AlemannischLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AlemannischLanguage is an &%AlemannicLanguage of &%Switzerland (Alsatian). SIL code: GSW. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 4,215,000 in Switzerland, 63.6% of the population (1990 census). Population total all countries: 6,044,000 or more. Region: Central, south central, north central, northeast, and eastern cantons. Also spoken in Austria, France, Germany, Liechtenstein. Alternate names: SCHWYZERDUTSCH. Dialects: BERN (BARNDUTSCH), ZURICH, LUCERNE, BASEL, OBWALD, APPENZEL, ST. GALLEN, GRAUBENDEN-GRISONS (VALSERISCH), WALLIS. Comments: Swiss varieties are High Alemannisch (most) and Highest Alemannisch (several in central Switzerland). Not functionally intelligible to speakers of Standard German. Each canton has a separate variety, many of which are unintelligible to each others' speakers. Only a few of the 20 to 70 varieties are listed as dialects (subdialects). Close to Schwabish in south central Germany. All speakers are actively or passively bilingual in Standard German. Standard German is the language of instruction in school. There is an important literature. Used in some schools and churches. 93.3% of German speakers in Switzerland speak a Swiss German dialect, and 66.4% speak dialect only, and no High German (1990 census). 72% of the entire population of Switzerland speak Schwyzerdutsch every day (1990 census). They have a strong social function, being used to maintain the borders of regions or cantons, or even to keep one village different from another. They also draw the line between Germans, Swiss, and Austrians. Called 'Schwytzertutsch' in Switzerland, and 'Alsatian' in France. Grammar. NT 1984. Also spoken in: Austria. (Language name: ALEMANNISCH.) Population: 300,000 in Austria (1991 Annemarie Schmidt). Alternate names: ALEMANNIC. Dialects: HIGH ALEMANNISCH (HOCHALEMANNISCH). Comments: Similar to Swabian. Called 'Schwyzerdutsch' in Switzerland and 'Alsatian' in southeastern France. NT 1984. See main entry under Switzerland. Also spoken in: France. (Language name: ALEMANNISCH.) Population: 1,500,000 in France (J.A. Hawkins in B. Comrie 1988). Alternate names: ALEMANNIC. Dialects: ALSATIAN (ALSACIEN, ELSAESSISCH). Comments: No standard form of Alsatian, but a variety of village dialects. All speakers do not necessarily understand or read Standard German, but most are bilingual in French. Bilingualism in Standard French varies from 79% to 90% of the population in the different regions. Standard German is taught in some primary schools, and used in local newspapers. Called 'Schwyzerdutsch' in Switzerland and 'Alemannisch' in Austria and parts of Germany. Christian. NT 1984. Also spoken in: Germany. (Language name: ALEMANNISCH.) Alternate names: ALEMANNIC. Dialects: LOW ALEMANNISCH, HIGH ALEMANNISCH. Comments: Varieties in Germany include Low and High Alemannisch. Approximately 40% inherent intelligibility with Standard German. Close to 'Schwyzerdutsch' in Switzerland. 'Alsatian' in northeastern France. Similar to Swabian. Speakers are bilingual in Standard German. NT 1984. Also spoken in: Liechtenstein. (Language name: ALEMANNISCH.) Population: 29,000. Alternate names: ALEMANNIC, SCHWYZERDUTSCH, SCHWYTZERTUETSCH. Dialects: HIGH ALEMANNISCH. Comments: Bilingualism in Standard German. Spoken by the majority of the people in the country. NT 1984.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. ColoniaTovarGermanLanguage (GCT Venezuela) (instance ColoniaTovarGermanLanguage AlemannicLanguage) (documentation ColoniaTovarGermanLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ColoniaTovarGermanLanguage is an &%AlemannicLanguage of &%Venezuela. SIL code: GCT. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: ALEMAN COLONEIRO. Comments: Developed from the Alemannisch (Oberdeutsch) of 1843 under the influence of many other dialects of south Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Not intelligible with Standard German. Bilingualism in Spanish. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Spanish. Newspapers.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. SwabianLanguage (SWG Germany) (instance SwabianLanguage AlemannicLanguage) (documentation SwabianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SwabianLanguage is an &%AlemannicLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: SWG. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Southwest, Wuerttemberg, the eastern part of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Schwaben, western Bavaria. Alternate names: SCHWABISCH, SUABIAN, SCHWAEBISCH. Comments: A variety of Highest Alemannisch. More distinct than Bavarian from Standard German. 40% inherently intelligible with Standard German (estimate). Swabian of the Black Forest is different from Swabian in the Alb (H. Kloss 1978). Bilingualism in Standard German. Dictionary. Bible portions.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ALLEMANNIC LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; AllemannicLanguage (subclass AllemannicLanguage UpperGermanLanguage) (documentation AllemannicLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the eight &%UpperGermanLanguages, one is classified as an &%AllemannicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. WalserLanguage (WAE Switzerland) (instance WalserLanguage AllemannicLanguage) (documentation WalserLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WalserLanguage is an &%AllemannicLanguage of &%Switzerland. SIL code: WAE. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 10,000 to 20,000 speakers in Switzerland out of 21,900 population (1980 C. Buchli). Population total all countries: 20,000 to 40,000. Region: Bosco-Gurin, Canton Ticino, Wallis, Simplon, Graubunden, Obersaxen, Valsertal (Vals, St. Martin), Safiental (Valendas, Versam, Tenna, Safien), Rheinwald (Medels, Nufenen, Splngen, Sufers, Hinterrhein, Avers), Schanfigg (Arosa, Langwiesn), Albula (Mutten, Schmitte Wiesen), Landquart (Davos, Klosters, Furna, Says, St. Antonien, Valzeina). 26 communities in Switzerland, and 7 former ones. Also spoken in Austria, Italy, Liechtenstein. Alternate names: WALSCHER. Comments: Ancestors came from the Wallis Canton between the 12th and 13th centuries. Close but different from Schwytzertusch spoken in Wallis Canton in Switzerland. Different from Cimbrian, Mocheno, or Bavarian. Also spoken in: Austria. (Language name: WALSER.) Population: 5,000 to 10,000 in Austria (1995 C. Buchli). Alternate names: WALSCHER. Comments: Ancestors came from the Wallis Canton between the 12th and 13th centuries. Close but different from Schwytzertusch. Different from Cimbrian, Mocheno, or Bavarian. Also spoken in: Italy. (Language name: WALSER.) Population: 3,400 in Italy (1978 Fazzini). Alternate names: WALSCHER. Comments: Ancestors came from the Wallis Canton between the 12th and 13th centuries. Close but different from Schwytzertusch. Different from Cimbrian, Mocheno, or Bavarian. All ages. Used for children's services in church. In Valle d'Aosta it has been influenced by Franco-Provencal and Piemontese, elsewhere in Italy by Italian. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Italian. Also spoken in: Liechtenstein. (Language name: WALSER.) Population: 1,300 in Liechtenstein (1995 C. Buchli). Alternate names: WALSCHER. Comments: Ancestors came from the Wallis Canton in Switzerland. Close but different from Schwytzertusch. Different from Cimbrian, Mocheno, or Bavarian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; BAVARIAN-AUSTRIAN LANGUAGES (4 Language) ;; BavarianAustrianLanguage (subclass BavarianAustrianLanguage UpperGermanLanguage) (documentation BavarianAustrianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the eight &%UpperGermanLanguages, four are classified as a &%BavarianAustrianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. BavarianLanguage (BAR Austria) (instance BavarianLanguage BavarianAustrianLanguage) (documentation BavarianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BavarianLanguage is a &%BavarianAustrianLanguage of &%Austria. SIL code: BAR. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Central Bavarian is in the Alps and Lower Austria and Salzburg, North Bavarian in the north of Regensburg, to Nuremburg and Western Bohemia, Czech Republic, South Bavarian in the Bavarian Alps, Tyrol, Styria, including the Heanzian dialect of Burgenland, Carinthia, northern Italy, and part of Gottschee. Also spoken in Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy. Alternate names: BAYERISCH, BAIRISCH, BAVARIAN AUSTRIAN, OST-OBERDEUTSCH. Dialects: CENTRAL BAVARIAN, NORTH BAVARIAN, SOUTH BAVARIAN. Comments: School is compulsory for 9 years, and is taught in Standard German. However, one report indicated that active competence in Standard German is limited for some speakers. News broadcasts in German are understood poorly by some of the population. Not endangered. SVO, prepositions, genitives, articles, adjectives, numerals, relatives before noun heads, question word initial, 2 prefixes, 3 to 4 suffixes on a word, word order distinguishes subjects, objects, indirect objects, affixes indicate case of noun phrase, obligatory verb affixes mark person and number of subject, other suffixes can mark gender of subject and person, number, and gender of object, causatives, comparatives, CV, CVC, CVV, CCV. Bible 1998. Also spoken in: Czech Republic. (Language name: BAVARIAN.) Alternate names: BAYERISCH, BAVARIAN AUSTRIAN. Dialects: CENTRAL BAVARIAN, NORTH BAVARIAN, SOUTH BAVARIAN. Comments: Investigation needed: intelligibility with dialects, bilingual proficiency, attitudes. Bible 1998. Also spoken in: Germany. (Language name: BAVARIAN.) Alternate names: BAIRISCH, BAYERISCH, BAVARIAN AUSTRIAN. Dialects: CENTRAL BAVARIAN, NORTH BAVARIAN, SOUTH BAVARIAN. Comments: Bilingualism in Standard German, Czech. School is taught in Standard German. Bible 1998. Also spoken in: Hungary. (Language name: BAVARIAN.) Alternate names: BAYERISCH, BAVARIAN-AUSTRIAN. Comments: Standard German used by educated people. Hungarian, Standard German used in professions. Used at home. Investigation needed: intelligibility, bilingual proficiency, attitudes. Bible 1998. Also spoken in: Italy. (Language name: BAVARIAN.) Alternate names: BAYERISCH, BAVARIAN AUSTRIAN. Dialects: CENTRAL BAVARIAN, NORTH BAVARIAN, SOUTH BAVARIAN. Comments: School in South Tyrol is taught in Standard German. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Standard German, bilingual proficiency in Italian, attitudes toward German, Italian. Bible 1998.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. CimbrianLanguage (CIM Italy) (instance CimbrianLanguage BavarianAustrianLanguage) (documentation CimbrianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CimbrianLanguage is a &%BavarianAustrianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: CIM. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 2,230 including 500 in Lusernese Cimbrian in Trentino Alto Oolige 40 km. southeast from Trento, plus 1,500 Sette Comuni Cimbrian (40% of Roana (Rowan), 70% of Messaselva di Roana Rotzo) in Veneto around 60 km. north of Vicenza (1978 H. Kloss), and 230 or 65% of Giazza (Ijetzan) Veneto, 43 km. northeast of Verona (1992 R. Zamponi). There were 22,700 speakers in Sieben Gemainde and 12,400 in Dreizehn Gemeinde in 1854. Region: Northeast Italy, Sette and Tredici Comuni (Sieben and Dreizehn Gemainde) south of Trent, towns of Giazza (Glietzen, Ljetzen), Roana (Rabam), Lusern, some in Venetia Province. Alternate names: TZIMBRO, ZIMBRISCH. Dialects: LUSERNESE CIMBRIAN, TREDICI COMMUNI CIMBRIAN (TAUCH), SETTE COMUNI CIMBRIAN. Comments: Structural and intelligibility differences indicate that the 3 dialects listed could be considered separate languages. Lusernese Cimbrian is heavily influenced by Italian. Heavily influenced by Bajuwarisch dialects. It is sometimes considered to be a dialect of south Bavarian. Different from Bavarian, Walser, and Mocheno. No written influence from Standard German. Speakers are all bilingual in Standard Italian and Venetian (Trentine), and many know Standard German. Pastors preached in Cimbrian until the late 19th century. Attempts to promote it have been increasing in recent decades. It is taught in some classes and is scheduled to become required. Newspapers.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. HutteriteGermanLanguage (GEH Canada) (instance HutteriteGermanLanguage BavarianAustrianLanguage) (documentation HutteriteGermanLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%HutteriteGermanLanguage is a &%BavarianAustrianLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: GEH. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 15,000 in western Canada, including 7,000 in Alberta (1981 P. Fast SIL). Population total both countries 30,000 (1982 V. Peters). Other estimates up to 100,000. Region: 76 colonies in Alberta, 12 or 13 in Saskatchewan, 27 in Manitoba, some in British Columbia, 30 in USA, with about 100 people in each, an estimated 300 colonies around the world. Alternate names: TYROLESE, TIROLEAN, HUTTERIAN GERMAN. Comments: About 70% intelligible to a speaker of Pennsylvania German, about 50% to a speaker of Plautdietsch and Standard German. Although it is called 'Tirolean', it is not a Tirolean dialect. In addition to attendance at public schools, children attend supplemental private schools with instruction in religion and Standard German. Some reports say adults are usually equally fluent in English and Standard German, others that most understand English better and have limited understanding in Standard German. They all use Standard German in church for written sermons and for Scriptures. All ages in the home. Strict communal living. Communal groups in New York, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Japan have affiliated recently with the Hutterians, but are not ethnically Hutterian (Victor Peters 1982). Intensive agriculturalists. Christian. Also spoken in: USA. (Language name: GERMAN, HUTTERITE.) Population: 5,000 in USA (1981 P. Fast SIL). Alternate names: TYROLESE, TIROLEAN, HUTTERIAN GERMAN. Comments: Called 'Tirolean', but not a Tirolean dialect. Speakers use Standard German in church and for Scriptures. They are partly bilingual in English and Standard German. Have their own schools. Strict communal living. Communal groups in New York, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Japan have affiliated recently with Hutterians but are not ethnically Hutterian. Intensive agriculturalists. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. MochenoLanguage (QMO Italy) (instance MochenoLanguage BavarianAustrianLanguage) (documentation MochenoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MochenoLanguage is a &%BavarianAustrianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: QMO. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 1,900 including 400 Fierozzo, 1,000 Palu, 460 Gereut (1992 Raoul Zamponi). Region: Valle del Fersina (Trentino). Dialects: FIEROZZO (FLORUTZ), PALU (PALAI), FRASSILONGO (GEREUT). Comments: Speakers can partially understand Bavarian, Cimbrian, or Standard German. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Italian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; YIDDISH LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; YiddishLanguage (subclass YiddishLanguage WestGermanicLanguage) (documentation YiddishLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 43 &%WestGermanicLanguages, two are classified as a &%YiddishLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; EasternYiddishLanguage (YDD Israel) (instance EasternYiddishLanguage YiddishLanguage) (documentation EasternYiddishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%EasternYiddishLanguage is a &%YiddishLanguage of &%Israel. SIL code: YDD. ISO 639-1: yi. ISO 639-2: yid. Population: 215,000 in Israel, 5% of the population (1986). Population total all countries: 3,000,000 (J.A. Fishman 1991:194). Region: Southeastern dialect in Ukraine and Romania, Mideastern in Poland and Hungary, Northeastern dialect in Lithuania and Belarus. Also spoken in Argentina, Australia, Belarus, Belgium, Canada, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Panama, Poland, Puerto Rico, Romania, Russia (Europe), South Africa, Ukraine, Uruguay, USA. Alternate names: JUDEO-GERMAN, YIDDISH. Dialects: SOUTHEASTERN YIDDISH, MIDEASTERN YIDDISH, NORTHEASTERN YIDDISH. Comments: Has many loans from Hebrew and local languages where spoken. Eastern Yiddish originated east of the Oder River through Poland, extending into Belarus, Russia (to Smolensk), Lithuania, Latvia, Hungary, Rumania, Ukraine, and pre-state British-Mandate Palestine (Jerusalem and Safed). Western Yiddish originated in Germany, Holland, Switzerland, Alsace (France), Czecholovakia, western Hungary, and is nearing extinction. It branched off medieval High German (mainly Rhenish dialects) and received Modern German influences during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Eastern and Western Yiddish have difficult inherent intelligibility, because of differing histories and influences from other languages. There are some Western Yiddish speakers in Israel too (M. Herzog 1977). The vast majority speak Eastern Yiddish. SVO. Usually written in Hebrew character. Radio programs. Jewish. Bible 1821-1936. Also spoken in: Latvia. (Language name: YIDDISH, EASTERN.) Population: 40,000 (1991). Alternate names: JUDEO-GERMAN. Comments: Of the 1,811,000 Jewish people listed in the 1979 USSR census, the majority spoke Russian as their first language and virtually all others spoke Russian as their second language. About 50,000 Jews spoke Georgian, Tat, or Tajiki as their first language. There may be no Yiddish speakers in Latvia now (1995). Had literary status, but very little literature. Jewish. Bible 1821-1936.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; WesternYiddishLanguage (YIH Germany) (instance WesternYiddishLanguage YiddishLanguage) (documentation WesternYiddishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WesternYiddishLanguage is a &%YiddishLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: YIH. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Southwestern dialect in southern Germany, Switzerland, and Alsace France, Midwestern dialect in central Germany and parts of the former Czechoslovakia, Northwestern dialect is northern Germany and the Netherlands. Also spoken in France, Hungary, Netherlands, Switzerland. Alternate names: YIDDISH, YIDISH, JUDEO-GERMAN. Dialects: SOUTH WESTERN YIDDISH, MIDWESTERN YIDDISH, NORTHWESTERN YIDDISH. Comments: Western Yiddish originated in Germany, Holland, Switzerland, Alsace (France), Czechoslovakia, western Hungary. 'The variety of Western Yiddish in Hungary is probably the most readily intelligible to Yiddish speakers in Romania, the Baltic, and the Slavic countries in the East. The Western Yiddish variety in Holland less so, the Western Yiddish in Alsace [France] and Switzerland, least so' (M. Herzog 1997). On the eve of the Holocaust it was spoken by several tens of thousands. Hebrew characters. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; LOW SAXON-LOW FRANCONIAN LANGUAGES (16 Languages) ;; LowSaxonLowFranconianLanguage (subclass LowSaxonLowFranconianLanguage WestGermanicLanguage) (documentation LowSaxonLowFranconianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 43 &%WestGermanicLanguages16 are classified as a &%LowSaxonLowFranconianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; LOW FRANCONIAN LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; LowFranconianLanguage (subclass LowFranconianLanguage LowSaxonLowFranconianLanguage) (documentation LowFranconianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of 16 &%LowSaxonLowFranconianLanguages, three are classified as a &%LowFranconianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AfrikaansLanguage (AFK South Africa) (instance AfrikaansLanguage LowFranconianLanguage) (documentation AfrikaansLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AfrikaansLanguage is a &%LowFranconianLanguage of &%SouthAfrica. SIL code: AFK. ISO 639-1: af. ISO 639-2: afr. Population: 6,200,000 in South Africa (1991 Christos van Rensburg), of whom 1,000,000 are native bilinguals with English (1989 J. Holm), 15.1% of the population (1995 The Economist). 4,000,000 in South Africa use it as a second or third language (1989 J. Holm). Population total all countries: 6,381,000. Including second language users: 10,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Pretoria and Bloemfontein are principal centers of population. Cape Malays live mainly in Capetown, with some in Johannesburg, Pretoria, Durban, and Port Elizabeth. Also spoken in Australia, Botswana, Canada, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, New Zealand, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Dialects: CAPE AFRIKAANS (WEST CAPE AFRIKAANS), ORANGE RIVER AFRIKAANS, EAST CAPE AFRIKAANS. Comments: A variant of the Dutch spoken by the 17th century colonists, with some lexical and syntactic borrowings from Malay, Bantu languages, Khoisan languages, Portuguese, and other European languages. Their ancestors were brought from Java 300 years ago. 150,000 Cape Malays speak Afrikaans, some also speak English. National language. Cape Malays: builders, carpenters. Cape Malay: Muslim, Christian. Bible 1933-1983. Also spoken in: Botswana. (Language name: AFRIKAANS. Population: 20,000 in Botswana (1995 LBT). Comments: Spoken as mother tongue by Afrikaners (Ghanzi District) and by people of mixed racial background (Kweneng and Kgalagadi districts). Literacy rate in first language: 100% in Ghanzi, 50% in Kweneng and Kgalagadi. Literacy rate in second language: 75% in Kweneng and Kgalagadi districts in Tswana, 50% in English, few in Ghanzi District in Tswana, most in English. Christian. Bible 1933-1983. Also spoken in: Malawi. (Language name: AFRIKAANS.) Comments: Spoken by people of Dutch descent from South Africa. Bible 1933-1983. Also spoken in: Namibia. (Language name: AFRIKAANS.) Population: 133,324 in Namibia (1991 census). Used by 25% of the population in Windhoek in their homes (1995 census). Comments: It formerly had official status. Bible 1933-1983. Also spoken in: Zambia. (Language name: AFRIKAANS.) Comments: Language of wider communication. Bible 1933-1983.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. DutchLanguage (DUT Netherlands) (instance DutchLanguage LowFranconianLanguage) (documentation DutchLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%DutchLanguage is a &%LowFranconianLanguage of the &%Netherlands. SIL code: DUT. ISO 639-1: nl. ISO 639-2(B): dut. ISO 639-2(T): nld. Population: 13,400,000 in the Netherlands (1976 WA). Population total all countries: 20,000,000 or more (1988 J.G. Kooij in B. Comrie). Region: Also spoken in: Aruba, Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Indonesia, Israel, Netherlands Antilles, Philippines, Suriname, UAE, USA. Alternate names: NEDERLANDS, HOLLANDS. Dialects: BREDAS, VENLOS. Comments: The name 'Dutch' is resented by some speakers. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. SOV. Bible 1522-1988. Also spoken in: Aruba. (Language name: DUTCH.) Comments: It is decreasing in importance. Official language. Bible 1522-1988. Also spoken in: Belgium. (Language name: DUTCH.) Population: 4,620,150 in Belgium (1990 WA). Alternate names: NEDERLANDS. Dialects: BRABANTS, OOST-VLAAMS. Comments: The variety of Dutch (not Vlaams) spoken in Belgium is only slightly different from the variety spoken in the Netherlands. Called 'Vlaams' in Belgium, even though it is different from the (West) Vlaams spoken there. In the Dutch linguistic area there are minority rights for French-speaking persons in Drogenbos, Kraainem, Linkebeek, Sint-Genesius-Rode, Wemmel, Wezembeek-Oppem, Mesen, Spiere-Helkijn, Ronse, Bever, Herstappe, Voeren. Official language. Radio programs, TV. Bible 1522-1988. Also spoken in: France. (Language name: DUTCH.) Population: 80,000 in Westhoek. Comments: Not used in schools. Usage is reported to be diminishing. Bible 1522-1988. Also spoken in: Netherlands Antilles. (Language name: DUTCH.) Comments: It is decreasing in importance. Official language. Bible 1522-1988. Also spoken in: Suriname. (Language name: DUTCH.) Population: 200,000 mother tongue speakers in Suriname (1997 Christa DeKleine), many of whom are native bilingual speakers with Sranan or Sarnami Hindustani. Comments: National language. Bible 1522-1992.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. VlaamsLanguage (VLA Belgium - Flemish) (instance VlaamsLanguage LowFranconianLanguage) (documentation VlaamsLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%VlaamssLanguage is a &%LowFranconianLanguage of &%Belgium (Flemish). SIL code: VLA. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 1,070,000, over 89% of the inhabitants of West Flanders in Belgium (1998 U. of Ghent). Population total all countries 1,300,000 (1998 University of Ghent) including 220,000 in Zeeuws, 1,100,000 in West Vlaams and Frans Vlaams. Region: Large parts of the Province of West Flanders. Alternate names: FLAMAND, VLAEMSCH. Dialects: WEST VLAAMS (VLAEMSCH). Comments: Bilingualism in French, some English. All ages. Speakers attitude toward French was hostile, but has normalized. Speakers are called 'Vlamingen', language 'Vlaemsch.' Dictionary. SOV. The spelling systems in the 3 countries differ so as to make acceptance of written materials difficult among them. Christian. Also spoken in: France. (Language name: VLAAMS.) Population: 10,000 in France (1984 Menheere, 1993 Evenhuis). Alternate names: FLAMAND, FLEMISH, VLAEMSCH. Dialects: FRANS VLAAMS (VLAEMSCH). Comments: Close to Dutch, English, Frisian. Dutch is not understood in France, but Vlaams dialects in Belgium and the Netherlands are understood. Bilingualism in French, some English. Used for informal situations. Speakers are over 50 years old. Speakers view Dutch as a completely different, friendly language. Speakers in France are called 'Vlamingen', the language called 'Vlaemsch'. Speakers sometimes refer to Dutch as 'Vlaams.' Dictionary. SOV. Different orthographies used in the 3 countries. Christian. Also spoken in: Netherlands. (Language name: VLAAMS.) Population: 222,000, or 60% of the 370,000 inhabitants of Zeeland in the Netherlands (1998 U. of Ghent). Alternate names: FLAMAND, FLEMISH. Dialects: ZEEUWS (ZEAWS), WEST VLAAMS, FRANS VLAAMS (VLAEMSCH). Comments: Close to Dutch, English, Frisian. Subdialects of Zeeuws include: Goerees, Flakkees, Schouws, Duvelands, Fluplands, Bevelands, Walchers, Axels, Kezands. Speakers have difficulty understanding nearby Brabant dialect of Dutch. Bilingualism in Dutch, English, German. Used for informal situations. Varies locally from all ages to over 40. Speakers have Vlaams as first and sometimes only language. 50,000 speak it as second language. Speakers sometimes refer to Dutch as 'Vlaams'. They view Dutch as the language of trade, tourism, school. Dictionary. SOV. Literacy rate in second language: 99% Dutch. There is a magazine, drama, folk music. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; LOW SAXON GROUP LANGUAGES (13 Languages) ;; LowSaxonGroupLanguage (subclass LowSaxonGroupLanguage LowSaxonLowFranconianLanguage) (documentation LowSaxonGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of 16 &%LowSaxonLowFranconianLanguages, 13 are classified as a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AchterhoeksLanguage (ACT Netherlands) (instance AchterhoeksLanguage LowSaxonGroupLanguage) (documentation AchterhoeksLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AchterhoeksLanguage is a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage of the &%Netherlands. SIL code: ACT. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northeastern, Gelderland Province. Alternate names: ACHTERHOEK, AACHTERHOEKS. Comments Bilingualism in Dutch. Official language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. DrentsLanguage (DRT Netherlands) (instance DrentsLanguage LowSaxonGroupLanguage) (documentation DrentsLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%DrentsLanguage is a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage of the &%Netherlands. SIL code: DRT. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Drenthe Province, northeastern Netherlands near German border. Alternate names: DRENTE. Dialects: NORTH DRENTE (NOORD-DRENTS), SOUTH DRENTE (ZUID-DRENTS). Comments: Bilingualism in Dutch. Official language. Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. EastVeluwsLanguage (VEE Netherlands) (instance EastVeluwsLanguage LowSaxonGroupLanguage) (documentation EastVeluwsLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%EastVeluwsLanguage is a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage of the &%Netherlands. SIL code: VEE. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northeastern, Gelderlaand Province. Alternate names: EAST VELUWE. Comments: Bilingualism in Dutch. Official language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. GroningsLanguage (GOS Netherlands) (instance GroningsLanguage LowSaxonGroupLanguage) (documentation GroningsLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GroningsLanguage is a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage of the &%Netherlands. SIL code: GOS. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Groningen Province. Alternate names: GRONINGEN, GRUNNINGS. Dialects: WEST GRONINGEN (WEST GRONINGS), GRONINGEN-EAST FRISIAN (GRONINGS-OOSTFRIES). Comments: Most use Dutch as second language. The primary language of many rural people. Official language. Dictionary. Bible portions 1955-1956.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. LowSaxonLanguage (SXN Germany) (instance LowSaxonLanguage LowSaxonGroupLanguage) (documentation LowSaxonLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LowSaxonLanguage is a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: SXN. ISO 639-2: nds. Population: An estimated 10,000,000 understand it in Germany, but much fewer are native speakers (1996 Reinhard F. Hahn). Region: Northern Germany. The dialects listed are northwest, southwest, south central, northeast, and southeast, respectively. Lower Rhine region below a line from Aachen to Witenberg. Alternate names: NEDDERSASSISCH, NIEDERSAECHSISCH, NEDERSAKSISCH, LOW GERMAN, PLATTDNNTSCH, NEDDERDNNTSCH. Dialects: NORTHERN LOW SAXON, EASTPHALIAN (OSTFAELISCH, OSTFALISCH), MECKLENBURG-ANTERIOR POMERANIA (MECKLENBURGISCH-VORPOMMERSCH), MARK-BRANDENBURG (MAERKISCH-BRANDENBURGISCH, MARKISCH-BRANDENBURGISCH). Comments: The dialects listed are in Germany. The first three dialects listed are Western Low Saxon, the other two are Eastern Low Saxon. Not intelligible to speakers of Standard German. A direct descendant of Old Saxon, related to English. 20 to 30 dialects with differing inherent intelligibility, depending on geographic distance. They did not experience the second consonantal shift of the 8th and 9th centuries (J. Thiessen, U. of Winnipeg 1976). Its modern forms have been largely suppressed until recently, and have received much German, Dutch, or Frisian influence, depending on the area. Low Saxon varieties listed as separate entries in the Netherlands, where they have official status. Pomerano is used in Latin America. Westphaelian and Plautdietsch also have separate entries. Most speakers in Germany are bilingual in Standard German. Officially recognized as a regional (separate) language in 8 states of Germany and in the northeastern provinces of the Netherlands. Recognized as a regional (separate) language by the European Charta on Languages. Printed fairly widely outside Europe, particularly in North and Latin America, Australia, Southern Africa, Eastern Europe (Siberia, Kazakhstan). Dictionary. Bible 1478-1534.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 6. NorthVeluwsLanguage (VEL Netherlands) (instance NorthVeluwsLanguage LowSaxonGroupLanguage) (documentation NorthVeluwsLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NorthVeluwsLanguage is a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage of the &%Netherlands. SIL code: VEL. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northeastern. Alternate names: NOTH VELUWE. Comments: Bilingualism in Dutch. Official language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 7. PlautdietschLanguage (GRN Canada) (instance PlautdietschLanguage LowSaxonGroupLanguage) (documentation PlautdietschLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PlautdietschLanguage is a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: GRN. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: 80,000 or more first language speakers and 20,000 second language speakers in Canada (1978 Kloss and McConnell). Total German mother tongue speakers in Canada including standard German, 561,000 (J.A. Hawkins in B. Comrie 1986). Population total all countries: 400,000, of whom 150,000 use it habitually. 110,735 or more in Latin America are fairly monolingual. Region: Southern Canada, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Alberta, British Columbia. Also spoken in: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Germany, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Paraguay, Russia (Asia), Uruguay, USA. Alternate names: LOW GERMAN, MENNONITE GERMAN, MENNONITEN PLATT. Comments: Not intelligible with many other Low German languages, Standard German, Pennsylvania German or Hutterite German. 110,735 or more speakers in Latin America are mainly monolingual in Plautdietsch. 50% of speakers in Canada speak Standard German and 95% speak English as second language. Literacy rate in second language: 95%. Christian. NT 1987. Also spoken in: Belize. (Language name: PLAUTDIETSCH.) Population: 5,763 in Belize (1991 census), 4% of the population (1989 J. Holm). 110,735 or more in Latin America are fairly monolingual. Alternate names: GERMAN, MENNONITE GERMAN. Comments: 15% speak German, many speak English, and some speak Creole or Spanish as second language. Christian. NT 1987. Also spoken in: Bolivia. (Language name: PLAUTDIETSCH.) Population: 28,567 in Bolivia (1996 editor, Menno-Bote). Alternate names: GERMAN, MENNONITE GERMAN. Comments: 6% speak Spanish or Standard German as second language. Christian. NT 1987. Also spoken in: Brazil. (Language name: PLAUTDIETSCH.) Population: 5,955 in Brazil (1985 SIL). 110,735 or more in Latin America are fairly monolingual. Alternate names: LOW GERMAN, MENNONITE GERMAN. Comments: Bilingualism in Portuguese, Standard German. Christian. NT 1987. Also spoken in: Costa Rica. (Language name: PLAUTDIETSCH. Population: 100 in Costa Rica (1974 Minnich). Alternate names: LOW GERMAN, MENNONITE GERMAN. Comments: Bilingualism in Spanish. People speak Plautdietsch in the home. Church services are in Spanish. Christian. NT 1987. Also spoken in: Germany. (Language name: PLAUTDIETSCH.) Population: 90,000 possibly (1996 Reuben Epp). Comments: NT 1987. Also spoken in: Kazakhstan. (Language name: PLAUTDIETSCH.) Population: 100,000 in Russia and Kazakhstan (1986). Alternate names: LOW GERMAN. Comments: 50% speak Russian as second language. Christian. NT 1987. Also spoken in: Mexico. (Language name: PLAUTDIETSCH.) Population: 40,000 in Mexico (1996). Alternate names: LOW GERMAN, MENNONITE GERMAN. Comments: Not intelligible with other Low Saxon languages or Standard German. 22% speak Standard German, 5% speak English, 30% speak Spanish, 5% speak Russian as second language. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Intensive agriculturalists, cheese production. Christian. NT 1987. Also spoken in: Paraguay. (Language name: PLAUTDIETSCH.) Population: 38,000 first language speakers in Paraguay, including 19,000 who speak Plautdietsch and Standard German both as mother tongue. Alternate names: LOW GERMAN. Comments: Bilingualism in Spanish, German. Agriculturalists: dairy, grain, cotton, peanuts. Christian. NT 1987. Also spoken in: USA. (Language name: PLAUTDIETSCH. Population: 10,000 in USA (1978 Kloss and McConnell). Alternate names: LOW GERMAN, MENNONITE GERMAN. Comments: Not inherently intelligible with Pennsylvania German, Hutterite German, many other Low German languages or Standard German. 5% speak Standard German, 98% speak English as second language. Literacy rate in second language: 95%. Christian. NT 1987.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 8. SallandsLanguage (SNK Netherlands) (instance SallandsLanguage LowSaxonGroupLanguage) (documentation SallandsLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SallandsLanguage is a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage of the &%Netherlands. SIL code: SNK. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northeastern, Overijssels Province. Sallands in the Center. Alternate names: SALLAND, SALLAN. Comments: Bilingualism in Dutch. Official language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 9. StellingwerfsLanguage (STL Netherlands) (instance StellingwerfsLanguage LowSaxonGroupLanguage) (documentation StellingwerfsLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%StellingwerfsLanguage is a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage of the &%Netherlands. SIL code: STL. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northeastern, Stellingwerven region, Friesland Province. Centers are Oosterwoolde and Wolvege. Alternate names: STELLINGWERFSTELLINGWARFS. Comments: Bilingualism in Dutch. Official language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 10. TwentsLanguage (TWD Netherlands) (instance TwentsLanguage LowSaxonGroupLanguage) (documentation TwentsLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TwentsLanguage is a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage of the &%Netherlands. SIL code: TWD. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northeastern, Overijssels Province. Twents is in the east. Alternate names: TWENTE. Comments: Bilingualism in Dutch. Official language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 11. VeenkoloniaalsLanguage (VEK Netherlands) (instance VeenkoloniaalsLanguage LowSaxonGroupLanguage) (documentation VeenkoloniaalsLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%VeenkoloniaalsLanguage is a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage of the &%Netherlands. SIL code: VEK. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northeastern. Alternate names: VEEN COLONY. Comments Bilingualism in Dutch. Official language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 12. WesterwoldsLanguage (WEV Netherlands) (instance WesterwoldsLanguage LowSaxonGroupLanguage) (documentation WesterwoldsLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WesterwoldsLanguage is a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage of the &%Netherlands. SIL code: WEV. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northeastern. Alternate names: WESTERWOLD. Comments: Bilingualism in Dutch. Official language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 13. WestphalienLanguage (WEP Germany) (instance WestphalienLanguage LowSaxonGroupLanguage) (documentation WestphalienLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WestphalienLanguage is a &%LowSaxonGroupLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: WEP. ISO 639-2: gem. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northwestern, Westphalia. Alternate names: WESTFAELISCH, WESTFALISCH. Comments: Bilingualism in Standard German. See also Low Saxon entry.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; GREEK GROUP LANGUAGES (7 Languages) ;; GreekGroupLanguage (subclass GreekGroupLanguage IndoEuropeanLanguage) (documentation GreekGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%GreekGroupLanguage is any of seven closely related &%IndoEuropeanLanguages spoken in &%Greece and nearby regions.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ATTIC GREEK LANGUAGES (6 Languages) ;; AtticGreekLanguage (subclass AtticGreekLanguage GreekGroupLanguage) (documentation AtticGreekLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the seven &%GreekGroupLanguages, six of these are classified as an &%AtticGreekLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AncientGreekLanguage (GKO Greece) (instance AncientGreekLanguage AtticGreekLanguage) (documentation AncientGreekLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AncientGreekLanguage is an &%AtticGreekLanguage of &%Greece. SIL code: GKO. ISO 639-2: grc. Dialects: KOINE GREEK, CLASSICAL GREEK. Comments: Koine Greek is used as a religious language by the Greek Orthodox Church. The language of the text of the Christian New Testament. Extinct. Bible c. 42-98 A.D.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. CappadocianGreekLanguage (CPG Greece) (instance CappadocianGreekLanguage AtticGreekLanguage) (documentation CappadocianGreekLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CappadocianGreekLanguage is an &%AtticGreekLanguage of &%Greece. SIL code: CPG. ISO 639-2: ine. Region: Resettled to various locations in Greece in 1922. Formerly in central Turkey (Cappadocia). Sille was in Sille town near Konya, Western Cappadocian was in villages south of Kayseri, Pharasa was in Pharasa (Faras) and surrounding villages. Dialects: SILLE, WESTERN CAPPADOCIAN, PHARASA. Comments: Closest to Pontic. Even more distinct from Standard Greek than Pontic is. Language was under extensive attrition from Turkish at the time of the population exchanges in 1922, and has now died out since the 1960s under pressure from Standard Greek (N. Nicholas 1997, Costakis). Different from the ancient Anatolian language spoken in Cappadocia. Dictionary. Christian. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. GreekLanguage (GRK Greece) (instance GreekLanguage AtticGreekLanguage) (documentation GreekLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GreekLanguage is an &%AtticGreekLanguage of &%Greece. SIL code: GRK. ISO 639-1: el. ISO 639-2(B): gre. ISO 639-2(T): ell. Population: 9,859,850 in Greece, 98.5% of the population (1986). Population total all countries: 12,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Thoughout the country. Also spoken in 35 other countries including Albania, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bulgaria, Canada, Congo, Cyprus, DRC, Djibouti, Egypt, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan. Alternat names: ELLINIKA, GREC, GRAECAE, ROMAIC, NEO-HELLENIC. Dialects: KATHAREVOUSA, DIMOTIKI, SARACATSAN. Comments: Katharevousa is an archaic literary dialect, Dimotiki is the spoken literary dialect and now the official dialect. The Saracatsan are nomadic shepherds of northern Greece. Greeks in Russia and Ukraine speak either Greek or Turkish and are called 'Urums'. The Karamanli were Orthodox Christian Turks who came from central Turkey. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. SVO. Bible 1840-1955. Also spoken in: Albania. (Language name: GREEK.) Population: 60,000 in Albania, 1.8% of the population (1989). Comments: Bible 1840-1994. Also spoken in: Cyprus. (Language name: GREEK.) Population: 578,000 in Cyprus (1995), 75% of the population. Dialects: CYPRIOT GREEK. Comments: The dialect is reported to be closer to Classical Greek than that spoken in Greece in some vocabulary and grammar, and to have many Arabic and Turkish loan words. National language. Christian. Bible 1840-1994. Also spoken in: Egypt. (Language name: GREEK.) Population: 60,000 in Egypt (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Comments: Bible 1840-1994. Also spoken in: France. (Language name: GREEK.) Dialects: CARGESE. Comments: The Greek of Italy and that of Corsica are probably separate languages (R. Zamponi 1992). The last native speaker died about 1982 (Nick Nicalas 1997). The ethnic group speaks French. Bible 1840-1994. Also spoken in: Italy. (Language name: GREEK.) Population: 20,000 in Italy (N. Vincent in B. Comrie 1987). Dialects: SALENTO, ASPROMONTE. Comments: The Greek spoken in Italy and that of Corsica are probably two separate languages (R. Zamponi 1992). Mainly older speakers. Not used in schools. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Greek of Greece, Corsica. Bible 1840-1994. Also spoken in: Romania. (Language name: GREEK.) Comments: The Karakatchan are Romanian nomadic shepherds who speak Greek. Bible 1840-1955. Also spoken in: Turkey (Europe). (Language name: GREEK.) Population: 4,000 in Turkey (1993). Comments: Nearly all Greeks have now emigrated from Turkey. There were 1,500,000 in Turkey in 1900. Bible 1840-1994.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. PonticLanguage (PNT Greece) (instance PonticGreekLanguage AtticGreekLanguage) (documentation PonticGreekLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PonticGreekLanguage is an &%AtticGreekLanguage of &%Greece. SIL code: PNT. ISO 639-2: ine. Population: 200,000 in Greece (1993 Johnstone). Population total all countries: 320,000 or more. Region: The majority of speakers live in Salonica, borough of Kalamaria, and the rest of Macedonia in Greece. There may still be speakers on the Black Sea coast of Turkey. Also spoken in Azerbaijan, Canada, Georgia, Kazakhstan, USA. Alternate names: PONTIC GREEK. Comments: Speakers of Standard Greek cannot understand Pontic, and Pontic speakers are reported to not understand or speak Standard Greek. Pontic clubs and centers exist in the Athens-Peiraeus suburbs. Young people may speak Standard Greek as their first language. Speakers in North America are reported to hold onto their language more zealously than those in Greece. Ethnic Greeks in Georgia called 'Rumka' speak Pontic Greek. Brought to Greece in the 1920s and 1930s by immigrants from the Black Sea coast, which had been inhabited by Greeks since antiquity.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. RomanoGreekLanguage (RGE Greece) (instance RomanoGreekLanguage AtticGreekLanguage) (documentation RomanoGreekLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%RomanoGreekLanguage is an &%AtticGreekLanguage of &%Greece. SIL code: RGE. ISO 639-2: ine. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: HELLENOROMANI. Comments: Structured on Greek with heavy Romani lexicon.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 6. YevanicGreekLanguage (YEJ Israel) (instance YevanicGreekLanguage AtticGreekLanguage) (documentation YevanicGreekLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%YevanicGreekLanguage is an &%AtticGreekLanguage of &%Israel. SIL code: YEJ. ISO 639-2: ine. Population: 35 possibly in Israel. There were a few semi-speakers left in 1987, and may be none now. Population total both countries 50 or fewer. Region: There may be a handful of elderly speakers still in Turkey. Also spoken in USA. Alternate names: JUDEO-GREEK, YEVANITIKA. Comments: Jews gave it up in Rome by 4th century, Spain by 6-7th centuries, Crimea by 8th century. After 1000 A.D. almost entirely in Greece, some in the Balkans (Wexler 1985). Jewish. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; DORIC GREEK LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; DoricGreekLanguage (subclass DoricGreekLanguage GreekGroupLanguage) (documentation AtticGreekLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the seven &%GreekGroupLanguages, one of these are classified as a &%DoricGreekLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. TsakonianGreekLanguage (TSD Greece) (instance TsakonianGreekLanguage DoricGreekLanguage) (documentation TsakonianGreekLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TsakonianGreekLanguage is a &%DoricGreekLanguage of &%Greece. SIL code: TSD. ISO 639-2: ine. Population: (300 shepherds, 1981 J. Werner). Region: Towns of Kastanitsa, Sitena, Prastos, Leonidi, Pramatefti, Sapounakeika, Tyros,Melana, possibly Korakovunio, eastern coast of Peloponnesos. Isolated in summer in the mountains west of Leonidi in the eastern Peloponnesus, in winter they descend to Leonidi and neighboring towns. Alternate names: TSAKONIA. Dialects: NORTHERN TSAKONIAN (KASTANISTA- SITENA), SOUTHERN TSAKONIAN (LEONIDIO-PRASTOS), PROPONTIS TSAKONIAN (VATKA- HAVOUTSI). Comments: Derived from the Doric dialect spoken in Lakonia by ancient Spartans. Northern and Southern are reported to be intelligible to each other's speakers, but Propontis was more distinct, and closer to Standard Greek. Not inherently intelligible with modern Greek (Voegelin and Voegelin). All use Greek as second language. There were monolingual speakers in 1927. Few speakers of Northern Tsakonian. Speakers use Southern Tsakonian. Propontis Tsakonian has become extinct since 1970. Children attend Greek schools in winter, including kindergarten. Dictionary. Grammar. Pastoralists. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; INDO-IRANIAN LANGUAGES (296 Languages) ;; IndoIranianLanguage (subclass IndoIranianLanguage IndoEuropeanLanguage) (documentation IndoIranianLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%IndoIranianLanguage is any of 296 closely related &%IndoEuropeanLanguages spoken in south Asia and nearby regions.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES (210 Languages) ;; IndoAryanLanguage (subclass IndoAryanLanguage IndoIranianLanguage) (documentation IndoAryanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 296 &%IndoIranianLanguages, 210 of these are classified as an &%IndoAryanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; CENTRAL ZONE INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES (67 Languages) ;; CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage (subclass CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage IndoAryanLanguage) (documentation CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 210 &%IndoAryanLanguages, 67 of these are classified as a &%CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; BHIL LANGUAGES (16 Languages) ;; BhilLanguage (subclass BhilLanguage CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage) (documentation BhilLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 67 &%CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguages, 16 of these are classified as a &%BhilLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; DOM LANGUAGES (1 Languages) ;; DomLanguage (subclass DomLanguage CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage) (documentation DomLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 67 &%CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguages, one of these is classified as a &%DomLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; GUJARATI GROUP LANGUAGES (9 Languages) ;; GujaratiGroupLanguage (subclass GujaratiGroupLanguage CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage) (documentation GujaratiGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 67 &%CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguages, nine of these are classified as a &%GujaratiGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; KHANDESI LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; KhandesiLanguage (subclass KhandesiLanguage CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage) (documentation KhandesiLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 67 &%CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguages, three of these are classified as a &%KhandesiLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; PANJABI GROUP LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; PanjabiGroupLanguage (subclass PanjabiGroupLanguage CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage) (documentation PanjabiGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 67 &%CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguages, one of these is classified as a &%PanjabiGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; RAJASTHANI GROUP LANGUAGES (14 Languages) ;; RajasthaniGroupLanguage (subclass RajasthaniGroupLanguage CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage) (documentation RajasthaniGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 67 &%CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguages, 14 of these are classified as a &%RajasthaniGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ROMANI GROUP LANGUAGES (7 Languages) ;; RomaniGroupLanguage (subclass RomaniGroupLanguage CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage) (documentation RomaniGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 67 &%CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguages, seven of these are classified as a &%RomaniGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; WESTERN HINDI GROUP LANGUAGES (12 Languages) ;; WesternHindiGroupLanguage (subclass WesternHindiGroupLanguage CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage) (documentation WesternHindiGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 67 &%CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguages, 12 of these are classified as a &%WesternHindiGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; OTHER CENTRAL ZONE INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES (UNCLASSIFIED) (4 Languages) ;; 1. DangauraTharuLanguage (THL Nepal) (instance DangauraTharuLanguage CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage) (documentation DangauraTharuLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%DangauraTharuLanguage is an unclassified &%CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage of &%Nepal. SIL code: THL. ISO 639-2: inc. Population: 300,000 or more in Nepal (1991 census). 993,388 all Tharu, 5.37% of the population (1991 census). Population total both countries: 343,000. Region: Rapti Zone, Dang District. Also in other areas of the Tarai, like Bardiya, Banke, Kailali, and Kanchanpur districts. Alternate names: DANG THARU. Comments: 68% to 91% intelligibility of Rana, 95% to 97% of Kathoriya. Some varieties listed as dialects have only 71% to 79% intelligibility of others. Some intelligibility difficulty with speakers from India. Closest to Mari Tharu. Possibly Eastern Hindi Group. 74% to 79% lexical similarity with Kathoriya, 72% to 74% with Sunha, 63% to 72% with Rana Thakur, 61% to 67% with Chitwan, 58% to 65% with Hindi. Educated people tend to be more bilingual in Nepali, men more than women, young people more than older people. Hindi and Maithili are also used. Dangaura is used almost exclusively in the family, with older people, children, and mainly with village leaders. They usually use Tharu with other Tharu, but sometimes Nepali. All ages. Vigorous. The Rana Tharu and Dangaura Tharu are well known, but the Kathoriya Tharu and other smaller groups are often unknown. Dang and Dangora are separate clans. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Deokuri, Kathoriya. Dictionary. SOV; postpositions, genitives after noun heads, adjectives, numerals before noun heads, CV, CVC, CCV, nontonal. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 27.7% all Tharu (1991 census). Devanagari. Radio programs. Subtropical. Hill, valley. Agriculturalists. 600 to 900 meters. Traditional religion, Hindu overly. Also spoken in: India. (Language name: THARU, DANGAURA.) Population: 31,000 in India (1981 census). Alternate names: DANG, DANGORA, DANGURA, DANGALI, DANGHA. Comments: 63% to 72% lexical similarity with Rana Tharu, 74% to 79% with Kathoriya Tharu, 58% to 65% with Hindi. Hindi bilingual proficiency is limited among the 70% to 90% who are uneducated. Tharu is a Scheduled Tribe in India. Investigation needed: intelligibility with dialects. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25% (census). Hindu, traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. KathoriyaTharuLanguage (TKT Nepal) (instance KathoriyaTharuLanguage CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage) (documentation KathoriyaTharuLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KathoriyaTharuLanguage is an unclassified &%CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage of &%Nepal. SIL code: TKT. ISO 639-2: inc. Population: 60,000 (1981). Population total both countries: 60,000 or more. Region: Seti Zone, Kailali District. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: KATHARIYA. Comments: There appear to be differences in speech between Nepal and India dialects. Possibly Eastern Hindi Group. 79% lexical similarity with Dangaura and Rana, 66% with Hindi, 66% to 69% with Buksa, 63% with Chitwania. Bilingualism in Nepali. Hindi also used. Literacy rate in second language: 27.7% (1991 census). Traditional religion, Hindu overlay.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. ParyaLanguage (PAQ Tajikistan) (instance ParyaLanguage CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage) (documentation ParyaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ParyaLanguage is an unclassified &%CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage of &%Tajikistan. SIL code: PAQ. ISO 639-2: inc. Population: 1,000 in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan (1960). Population total all countries: 1,000 or more. Region: Hissar Valley in Tajikistan and some in the upper part of the Surkhandarya Valley in Uzbekistan. Also spoken in Afghanistan, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: AFGHANA-YI NASFURUSH, AFGHANA-YI SIYA RUI, LAGHMANI, PBHARYA. Comments It may be a dialect of Marwari, related to Panjabi, or the Laghman dialect of Southeast Pashayi of Afghanistan. Subgroups: Kalu, Jitain, Juni, Maggar, Bisiyan, Mussali, Shuiya. Bilingualism in Tajiki. Parya remains the exclusive language within the home. Uzbek and Tajiki men who marry Parya women learn Parya and become assimilated into the community. They came to Tajikistan from Laghman, Afghanistan in 1880. They refer to themselves as 'Changgars'. Subgroup names are similar to those of the Changgars of Lahore, and to names used for groups mistakenly called 'Gypsies.' Collective farm workers. Sunni Muslim. Also spoken in: Afghanistan. (Language name: PARYA.) Alternate names: AFGHANA-YI NASFURUSH, AFGHANA-YI SIYARUI, LAGHMANI. Comments: It may be related to Panjabi, or the Laghman dialect of Southeast Pashayi of Afghanistan. Bilingualism in Tajiki. Parya remains the exclusive language within the home. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. SonhaLanguage (SOI Nepal) (instance SonhaLanguage CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage) (documentation SonhaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SonhaLanguage is an unclassified &%CentralZoneIndoAryanLanguage of &%Nepal. SIL code: SOI. ISO 639-2: inc. Population: 10,000 (1985). Region: Along Karnali River in western Nepal, Kailali District, Seti Zone, Bheri River, Bheri Zone, Mahakali River, Mahakali Zone. Alternate names: SONAHAA. Comments: Close to Dangura Tharu, 80% intelligibility. Gold panners, agriculturalists.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; NORTHWESTERN ZONE INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES (39 Languages) ;; NorthwesternZoneIndoAryanLanguage (subclass NorthwesternZoneIndoAryanLanguage IndoAryanLanguage) (documentation NorthwesternZoneIndoAryanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 210 &%IndoAryanLanguages, 39 of these are classified as a &%NorthwesternZoneIndoAryanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; DARDIC LANGUAGES (27 Languages) ;; DardicLanguage (subclass DardicLanguage NorthwesternZoneIndoAryanLanguage) (documentation DardicLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 39 &%NorthwesternZoneIndoAryanLanguages, 27 of these are classified as a &%DardicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; KUNAR LANGUAGES (8 Languages) ;; KunarLanguage (subclass KunarLanguage DardicLanguage) (documentation KunarLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 27 &%DardicLanguages, eight of these are classified as a &%KunarLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; PASHAYI GROUP LANGUAGE (4 Languages) ;; PashhayiGroupLanguage (subclass PashayiGroupLanguage KunarLanguage) (documentation PashayiGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the eight &%KunarLanguages, four of these are classified as a &%PashayiGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. NortheastPashayiLanguage (AEE Afghanistan) (instance NortheastPashayiLanguage PashayiGroupLanguage) (documentation NortheastPashayiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NortheastPashayiLanguage is a &%PashayiGroupLanguage of &%Afghanistan. SIL code: AEE. ISO 639-2: inc. Population: No estimate available. Region: Side valleys between the Kunar and Pech rivers, in Kunar Province, west of Asadabad. Dialects: ARET, CHALAS (CHILAS), KANDAK, KURANGAL, KURDAR. Comments: Unintelligible to other Pashayi language speakers. The villages of Kandak, Shemul, Aret, Shumasht, and Kordar belong to the Chugani people, Chalas and Kurangal are separate. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. NorthwestPashayiLanguage (GLH Afghanistan) (instance NorthwestPashayiLanguage PashayiGroupLanguage) (documentation NorthwestPashayiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NorthwestPashayiLanguage is a &%PashayiGroupLanguage of &%Afghanistan. SIL code: GLH. ISO 639-2: inc. Population: No estimate available. Region: From Gulbahar across Kapisa and Laghman provinces to Nuristan on the Alingar River, especially the Alisheng Valley and valleys north of Sarobi. Dialects: GULBAHAR, KOHNADEH, LAUROWAN, SANJAN, SHUTUL, BOLAGHAIN, PACHAGAN, ALASAI, SHAMAKOT, UZBIN, PANDAU, NAJIL, PARAZHGHAN, PASHAGAR, WADAU, NANGARACH. Comments: Unintelligible to other Pashayi language speakers. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. SoutheastPashayiLanguage (DRA Afghanistan) (instance SoutheastPashayiLanguage PashayiGroupLanguage) (documentation SoutheastPashayiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SoutheastPashayiLanguage is a &%PashayiGroupLanguage of &%Afghanistan. SIL code: DRA. ISO 639-2: inc. Population: No estimate available. Region: Upper and Lower Darrai Nur Valley, Damench, Shale (Shari). North of Shewa in Nangarhar Province, and adjacent regions of the Alingar Valley in southern Laghman Province. Alternate names: PASHAI. Dialects: DARRAI NUR, WEGAL, LAGHMAN, ALINGAR, KUNAR. Comments: Unintelligible to other Pashayi language speakers. In the upper Darrai Nur there are ten villages (including Bamba Kot, Lamatek, and Sutan) which form a single people group with their own dialect. Residents of the lower Darrai Nur (Nur River) are separate and perhaps not ethnically an organized people. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. SouthwestPashayiLanguage (PSH Afghanistan) (instance SouthwestPashayiLanguage PashayiGroupLanguage) (documentation SouthwestPashayiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SouthwestPashayiLanguage is a &%PashayiGroupLanguage of &%Afghanistan. SIL code: PSH. ISO 639-2: inc. Population: 108,000 or .6% of the population (1982), including all Pashayi languages or dialects. Region: Tagau (Tagab) Valley, north of Sarobi, northeast of Kabul. Dialects: TAGAU, ISHPI, ISKEN. Comments: Not intelligible with other Pashayi languages. All Pashayi peoples have rich folklore and songs preserved by oral tradition. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; IRANIAN LANGUAGES (84 Languages) ;; IranianLanguage (subclass IranianLanguage IndoIranianLanguage) (documentation IranianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 296 &%IndoIranianLanguages, 84 of these are classified as an &%IranianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; EASTERN IRANIAN LANGUAGES (14 Languages) ;; EasternIranianLanguage (subclass EasternIranianLanguage IranianLanguage) (documentation EasternIranianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 84 &%IranianLanguages, 14 of these are classified as an &%EasternIranianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SOUTHEASTERN IRANIAN LANGUAGES (11 Languages) ;; SoutheasternIranianLanguage (subclass SoutheasternIranianLanguage EasternIranianLanguage) (documentation SoutheasternIranianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 14 &%EasternIranianLanguages, 11 of these are classified as a &%SouthasternIranianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; PASHTO LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; PashtoLanguage (subclass PashtoLanguage SoutheasternIranianLanguage) (documentation PashtoLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 11 &%SoutheasternIranianLanguages, four of these are classified as a &%PashtoLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. CentralPashtoLanguage (PST Afghanistan) (instance CentralPashtoLanguage PashtoLanguage) (documentation CentralPashtoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CentralPashtoLanguage is a &%PashtoLanguage of &%Afghanistan. SIL code: PST. ISO 639-1: ps. ISO 639-2: pus. Population: No estimate available. Region: Wazirstan, Bannu, Karak, southern tribal territories and adjacent areas. Alternate names: MAHSUDI. Dialects: WACIRI (WAZIRI), BANNUCHI (BANNOCHI, BANNU). Comments: Lexical comparison and interviews indicate this is distinct from Northern and Southern Pashto. Dictionary. Grammar. Sunni Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. NorthernPashtoLanguage (PBU Pakistan) (instance NorthernPashtoLanguage PashtoLanguage) (documentation NorthernPashtoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NorthernPashtoLanguage is a &%PashtoLanguage of &%Pakistan. SIL code: PBU. ISO 639-1: ps. ISO 639-2: pus. Population: 9,585,000 in Pakistan or 8.47% of population, including Southern Pashto (1993 estimate). Population total all countries: 9,685,000. Region: Along Afghanistan border, most of NWFP, Yusufzai and Peshawar. Also spoken in Afghanistan, India, UAE, United Kingdom. Alternate names: PAKHTO, PUSHTO. Dialects: NINGRAHARIAN PASHTO, NORTHEASTERN PASHTO. Comments: A good deal of similarity with Northwestern Pashto in Afghanistan. Subdialects of Northeastern Pashto are Kohat (Khatak), Yusufzai (Peshawar), Afridi, Shinwari, Mohmand, Shilmani. There is generally an 80% lexical similarity between Northeastern and Southwestern Pashto. Rich literary tradition. The Powinda are a nomadic Pashto-speaking group. Dictionary. Literacy rate in second language: Low. Modified Perso-Arabic script used. Used in schools and media in NWFP and adjacent tribal territories. Newspapers, radio programs, films, TV. Sunni Muslim, some Shi'a. Bible 1895. Also spoken in: Afghanistan. (Language name: PASHTO, NORTHERN.) Alternate names: PAKTU, PAKHTU, PAKHTOO, AFGHAN. Dialects: NORTHWESTERN PAKHTO, GHILZAI, DURANI. Comments: Bilingualism in Farsi. Since the early 1930s the Afghan government has been exerting considerable effort to standardize and publicize the language. One of the two official languages taught in schools. The Ghilzai speakers are nomadic and 24% of the national population. The Durani, 16%, live in permanent settlements. The people are called 'Pakhtoon' in the north, 'Pashtoon' in the south. Pashto clans are: Mohmandi, Ghilzai, Durani, Yusufzai, Afridi, Kandahari (Qandahari), Waziri, Chinwari (Shinwari), Mangal, Wenetsi. National language. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10% (?) Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Radio programs. Mainly Hanafi Sunni Muslim. Bible 1895. Also spoken in: United Arab Emirates. (Language name: PASHTO, NORTHERN. Population: 100,000 in UAE (1986). Alternate names: PUSTO, PASHTU, PASSTOO, PAKHTOO, PUSHTO. Comments: People called Pathans. Speakers have come from Pakistan. Modified Urdu script used. Unskilled laborers, drivers. Muslim. Bible 1895.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. SouthernPashtoLanguage (PBT Afghanistan) (instance SouthernPashtoLanguage PashtoLanguage) (documentation SouthernPashtoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SouthernPashtoLanguage is a &%PashtoLanguage of &%Afghanistan. SIL code: PBT. ISO 639-1: ps. ISO 639-2: pus. Population: 8,000,000 all Pashto in Afghanistan (1989), 35% to 50% of the population (1996). Population total all countries 9,204,000 or more. All Pashto in all countries: 19,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Kandahar area. Also spoken in Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, UAE, United Kingdom. Dialects: SOUTHWESTERN PASHTO, KANDAHAR PASHTO, QANDAHAR PASHTO. Comments: There is generally an 80% lexical similarity between the northern and southern varieties of Pashto. Grammar. Perso-Arabic script used. Muslim. Also spoken in: Iran. (Language name: PASHTO, SOUTHERN.) Population: 113,000 in Iran (1993). Alternate names: PASHTU, PAKTU. Comments: Different from Northern Pashto of Pakistan and India. Sunni Muslim. Also spoken in: Pakistan. (Language name: PASHTO, SOUTHERN.) Population: 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 in Pakistan (1992). Alternate names: PUSHTO, PUSHTU. Dialects: SOUTHEASTERN PASHTO, QUETTA PASHTO. Comments: 80% lexical similarity with Northern Pashto, 76% with Central Pashto. Some Pashto speakers educated in Urdu medium schools mix Urdu into their Pashto speech. Perso-Arabic script used. Muslim. Also spoken in: United Arab Emirates. (Language name: PASHTO, SOUTHERN.) Population: Thousands in UAE. Alternate names: PAKTU, PAKHTU, PAKHTOO, AFGHAN. Comments: Speakers have come from Afghanistan. Unskilled laborers, drivers, shopkeepers. Mainly Sunni Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. WaneciLanguage (WNE Pakistan) (instance WaneciLanguage PashtoLanguage) (documentation WaneciLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WaneciLanguage is a &%PashtoLanguage of &%Pakistan. SIL code: WNE. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: 95,000 (1998). Region: Northeastern Balochistan Province, Harnai area. Alternate names: WANECHI, WANETSI, VANECHI, TARINO, CHALGARI. Comments: 71% to 75% lexical similarity with Southern Pashto, 63% to 72% with other Pashto varieties, 27% with Ormuri. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: Below 5%. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; WESTERN IRANIAN LANGUAGES (69 Languages) ;; WesternIranianLanguage (subclass WesternIranianLanguage IranianLanguage) (documentation WesternIranianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 84 &%IranianLanguages, 69 of these are classified as a &%WesternIranianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; NORTHWESTERN IRANIAN LANGUAGES (53 Languages) ;; NorthwesternIranianLanguage (subclass NorthwesternIranianLanguage WesternIranianLanguage) (documentation NorthwesternIranianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 69 &%WesternIranianLanguages, 53 of these are classified as a &%NorthwesternIranianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; BALOCHI LANGUAGES (5 Languages) ;; BalochiLanguage (subclass BalochiLanguage NorthwesternIranianLanguage) (documentation BalochiLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 53 &%NorthwesternIranianLanguages, five of these are classified as a &%BalochiLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. BashkardiLanguage (BSG Iran) (instance BashkardiLanguage BalochiLanguage) (documentation BashkardiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BashkardiLanguage is a &%BalochiLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: BSG. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. EasternBalochiLanguage (BGP Pakistan) (instance EasternBalochiLanguage BalochiLanguage) (documentation EasternBalochiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%EasternBalochiLanguage is a &%BalochiLanguage of &%Pakistan. SIL code: BGP. ISO 639-2: bal. Population: 1,800,000 in Pakistan (1998). Population total both countries: 1,805,000. Including second language users of all Balochi languages: 5,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Northeastern Balochistan Province, northwestern Sind, southwestern Punjab. Alternate names: BALUCHI, BALUCI, BALOCI. Comments: One of the major languages in Pakistan. Distinct from Western Balochi and Southern Balochi. Balochi has a small body of literature. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Urdu script used. Radio programs. Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1815-1906. Also spoken in: India. (Language name: BALOCHI, EASTERN.) Population: 5,000 in India (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Alternate names: BALOCHI, BALUCI, BALOCI. Comments: Distinct from Western Balochi of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Turkmenistan, and Southern Balochi of Pakistan, Iran, Oman, United Arab Emirates. Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1815-1906.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. KoroshiLanguage (KTL Iran) (instance KoroshiLanguage BalochiLanguage) (documentation KoroshiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KoroshiLanguage is a &%BalochiLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: KTL. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: 160 to 200, or 40 to 50 families (Mohamedi). Comments: Appears to be Baluchi with some features of Farsi. They work for the Qashqai people. Camel keepers.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. SouthernBalochiLanguage (BCC Pakistan) (instance SouthernBalochiLanguage BalochiLanguage) (documentation SouthernBalochiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SouthernBalochiLanguage is a &%BalochiLanguage of &%Pakistan. SIL code: BCC. ISO 639-2: bal. Population: 2,765,000 in Pakistan (1998). Population total all countries: 3,400,000. Region: Southern Balochistan, southern Sind, Karachi. Also spoken in Iran, Oman, UAE. Alternate names: BALUCHI, BALUCI, BALOCI, MAKRANI. Dialects: COASTAL BALOCHI, KECHI, MAKRANI (LOTUNI). Comments: Distinct from Eastern Balochi and fairly distinct from Western Balochi. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Urdu script used. Sunni Muslim, and about 700,000 Zigri (Zikri) sect (semi-Muslim). Bible portions 1992-1994. Also spoken in: Iran. (Language name: BALOCHI, SOUTHERN.) Population: 405,000 in Iran. Alternate names: BALUCHI, BALUCI, BALOCI. Dialects: MAKRANI (LOTUNI). Comments: Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1992-1994. Also spoken in: Oman. (Language name: BALOCHI, SOUTHERN.) Population: 130,300 out of 312,000 ethnic population in Oman (1993). Alternate names: BALUCHI, BALUCI, BALOCI. Dialects: MAKRANI (LOTUNI, ZADGAALI), BARAHUWI, BASHGAADI, HUUTI. Comments: Ethnic Baloch who immigrated long ago are Omani citizens, but no longer speak Balochi. Speakers come from Pakistan. The majority are not Omani citizens. Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1992-1994. Also spoken in: United Arab Emirates. (Language name: BALOCHI, SOUTHERN.) Population: 100,000 in UAE. Alternate names: BALUCHI, BALUCI, BALOCI. Dialects: MAKRANI (LOTUNI). Comments: Speakers come from Oman, Iran, and Pakistan. Unskilled laborers, police, military. Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1992-1994.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. WesternBalochiLanguage (BGN Pakistan) (instance WesternBalochiLanguage BalochiLanguage) (documentation WesternBalochiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WesternBalochiLanguage is a &%BalochiLanguage of &%Pakistan. SIL code: BGN. ISO 639-2: bal. Population: 1,116,000 in Pakistan (1998). Population total all countries: 1,800,000. Region: Northwestern Balochistan Province. Also spoken in Afghanistan, Iran, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan. Alternate names: BALUCHI, BALOCI, BALUCI. Dialects: RAKHSHANI (RAXSHANI), SARAWANI. Comments: Balochi is the official spelling in Pakistan. It has a small body of literature. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Urdu script used. Radio programs. Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1984. Also spoken in: Afghanistan. (Language name: BALOCHI, WESTERN. Population: 200,000 in Afghanistan (1979 estimate). Alternate names: BALUCHI, BALUCI, BALOCI. Dialects: RAKHSHANI (RAXSHANI). Comments: Largely nomadic. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Arabic script. Newspapers. Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1984. Also spoken in: Iran. (Language name: BALOCHI, WESTERN.) Population: 451,000 in Iran, 1% of the population (1986). Alternate names: BALUCHI, BALUCI, BALOCI. Dialects: RAKHSHANI (RAXSHANI), SARAWANI. Comments: Strongly influenced by Fars, but not intelligible with Farsi. Few speak Farsi. Distinct from Eastern and Southern Balochi. Ethnic group: Yarahmadza. Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1984. Also spoken in: Turkmenistan. (Language name: BALOCHI, WESTERN.) Population: 28,000 in Turkmenistan (1993). Alternate names: BALOCI, BALUCHI, BALUCI. Comments: Turkmen is used as the literary language in Turkmenistan. Distinct from Eastern and Southern Balochi. Muslim. Bible portions 1984.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; CENTRAL IRANIAN LANGUAGES (11 Languages) ;; CentralIranianLanguage (subclass CentralIranianLanguage NorthwesternIranianLanguage) (documentation CentralIranianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 53 &%NorthwesternIranianLanguages, 11 of these are classified as a &%CentralIranianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AshtianiLanguage (ATN Iran) (instance AshtianiLanguage CentralIranianLanguage) (documentation AshtianiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AshtianiLanguage is a &%CentralIranianLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: ATN. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: No estimate available. Region: Tafres area. Alternate names: ASTIANI. Comments: Transitional between central Iranian dialects and Talysh. Very close to Vafsi. Speakers are bilingual in Farsi. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. DariLanguage (GBZ Iran) (instance DariLanguage CentralIranianLanguage) (documentation DariLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%DariLanguage is a &%CentralIranianLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: GBZ. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: 8,000 to 15,000 (1999). Region: Yezd and Kerman areas. Alternate names: 'GABRI', 'GABAR'. Comments: Related to Parsi-Dari. All use Western Farsi as second language. Spoken by Persian Zoroastrians in their personal communications as a private language. A different language from Dari (Eastern Farsi [PRS]) of Afghanistan, although both names come from Darius, the ancient Emperor, whom they both relate to. Many Zoroastrians speak Parsi-Dari, and do not know this language. 'Gabri' and 'Gabar' are derogatory names. Zoroastrian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. GaziLanguage (GZI Iran) (instance GaziLanguage CentralIranianLanguage) (documentation GaziLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GaziLanguage is a &%CentralIranianLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: GZI. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. KhunsariLanguage (KFM Iran) (instance KhunsariLanguage CentralIranianLanguage) (documentation KhunsariLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KhunsariLanguage is a &%CentralIranianLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: KFM. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Distinct from Kumzari of Oman. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. NatanziLanguage (NTZ Iran) (instance NatanziLanguage CentralIranianLanguage) (documentation NatanziLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NatanziLanguage is a &%CentralIranianLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: NTZ. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 6. NayiniLanguage (NYQ Iran) (instance NayiniLanguage CentralIranianLanguage) (documentation NayiniLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NayiniLanguage is a &%CentralIranianLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: NYQ. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 7. ParsiLanguage (PRP India) (instance ParsiLanguage CentralIranianLanguage) (documentation ParsiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ParsiLanguage is a &%CentralIranianLanguage of &%India. SIL code: PRP. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: 60,000 to 150,000 in India (1999). Population: total all countries 230,000 or more. Region: Gujarat; Maharashtra. Also reported to be in Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, Germany, Hong Kong, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, southern and western Africa, elsewhere in Europe. Also spoken in Pakistan, United Kingdom, USA. Alternate names: PARSEE. Comments: Parsi is reported to not be inherently intelligible with Parsi-Dari, from whom they separated 600 to 700 years ago or more. Other reports say they came to India 1300 years ago. Related to Dari [GBZ] in Iran. Many are reported to not speak other languages well. 'Parsee' is the name of the ethnic group. Literacy rate in second language: 90% in English. Well educated. Zoroastrian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 8. ParsiDariLanguage (PRD Iran) (instance ParsiDariLanguage CentralIranianLanguage) (documentation ParsiDariLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ParsiDariLanguage is a &%CentralIranianLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: PRD. ISO 639-2: ira. Population total both countries: 350,000 or more. Region: Also spoken in Afghanistan. Alternate names: PARSEE-DARI. Comments: Parsi-Dari is reported to not be inherently intelligible with Parsi of India, Pakistan, and other countries, but linguistically and ethnically related. Separated 600 to 700 years ago or more from that. It is related to Dari [GBZ]. Many are reported to not speak other languages well. 'Parsee' is the name of the ethnic group. Zoroastrian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 9. SivandiLanguage (SIY Iran) (instance SivandiLanguage CentralIranianLanguage) (documentation SivandiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SivandiLanguage is a &%CentralIranianLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: SIY. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 10. SoiLanguage (SOJ Iran) (instance SoiLanguage CentralIranianLanguage) (documentation SoiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SoiLanguage is a &%CentralIranianLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: SOJ. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: No estimate available. Comments: Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 11. VafsiLanguage (VAF Iran) (instance VafsiLanguage CentralIranianLanguage) (documentation VafsiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%VafsiLanguage is a &%CentralIranianLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: VAF. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: No estimate available. Region: Central Province, Arak District, Vafs, Tafres area. Comments: Various dialects. Transitional between central Iranian dialects and Talysh, very close to Ashtiani. Bilingualism in Western Farsi. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SOUTHWESTERN IRANIAN LANGUAGES (16 Languages) ;; SouthwesternIranianLanguage (subclass SouthwesternIranianLanguage WesternIranianLanguage) (documentation SouthwesternIranianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 69 &%WesternIranianLanguages 16 of these are classified as a &%SouthwesternIranianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; PERSIAN LANGUAGES (10 Languages) ;; PersianLanguage (subclass PersianLanguage SouthwesternIranianLanguage) (documentation PersianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 16 &%SouthwesternIranianLanguages, 10 of these are classified as a &%PersianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AimaqLanguage (AIQ Afghanistan) (instance AimaqLanguage PersianLanguage) (documentation AimaqLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AimaqLanguage is a &%PersianLanguage of &%Afghanistan. SIL code: AIQ. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: 480,000 in Afghanistan (1993) including 1,000 Jamshidi (1978 MARC). Population total all countries: 800,000 (1980 Dupree). Region: West of the Hazara, central northwest Afghanistan, eastern Iran, and Tajikistan (Jamshidi and Khazara). Also spoken in Iran, Tajikistan. Alternate names: BARBARI, BERBERI, CHAHAR-AIMAQ, CHAR AIMAQ. Dialects: TAIMURI (TEIMURI, TIMURI, TAIMOURI), TAIMANI, ZOHRI (ZURI), JAMSHIDI (JAMSHEDI, DJAMCHIDI, YEMCHIDI, DZHEMSHID), FIROZKOHI, MALIKI, MIZMAST, CHINGHIZI, ZAINAL. Comments: Dialect names listed are as much or more ethnic names. Dari Persian dialects with some Turkic and Mongolian elements, possibly quite distinct. 'Barbari' and 'Berberi' are also applied to Hazara people in and around Mashad, Iran. Investigation needed: intelligibility with related varieties. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Agriculturalists, pastoralists. Hanafi Sunni Muslim. Also spoken in: Iran. (Language name: AIMAQ.) Population: 170,000 (1993 Johnstone). Dialects: TEIMURI (TEIMURTASH).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. BukharicLanguage (BHH Israel) (instance BukharicLanguage PersianLanguage) (documentation BukharicLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BukharicLanguage is a &%PersianLanguage of &%Israel. SIL code: BHH. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: 50,000 in Israel (1995 H. Mutzafi). Population total all countries: 60,000. Region: Also spoken in USA, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: BOKHARIC, BUKHARIAN, BOKHARAN, BUKHARAN, JUDEO-TAJIK. Comments: Related to Tajiki Persian. May be easily intelligible with Tajiki or Farsi. Also close to Judeo-Persian. Many are recent immigrants (1995). Investigation needed: intelligibility, bilingual proficiency. Hebrew script used. Radio programs. Jewish. Also spoken in: Uzbekistan. (Language name: BUKHARIC.) Population: 10,000 in Uzbekistan (1995). Alternate names: BUKHARAN, JUDEO-TAJIK, BOKHARIC, BUKHARIN, BOKHARIAN. Comments: Related to Tajiki Persian. It may be easily intelligible with Tajiki or Farsi. Also close to Judeo-Persian. Hebrew script used. Jewish. See main entry under Israel.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. DehwariLanguage (DEH Pakistan) (instance DehwariLanguage PersianLanguage) (documentation DehwariLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%DehwariLanguage is a &%PersianLanguage of &%Pakistan. SIL code: DEH. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: 13,000 possibly (1998). Region: Central Balochistan, in Kalat and Mastung. Alternate names: DEGHWARI. Comments: Influenced by Brahui. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: Below 5%.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. DarwaziLanguage (DRW Afghanistan) (instance DarwaziLanguage PersianLanguage) (documentation DarwaziLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%DarwaziLanguage is a &%PersianLanguage of &%Afghanistan. SIL code: DRW. ISO 639-2: ira. Population 10,000 (1983). Region: Town of Darwaz on the Amu Darya River, in the northernmost tip of Afghanistan. May also be in Tajikistan. Comments: May be called Badakhshani. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. DzhidiLanguage (DZH Israel) (instance DzhidiLanguage PersianLanguage) (documentation DzhidiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%DzhidiLanguage is a &%PersianLanguage of &%Israel. SIL code: DZH. ISO 639-2: jpr. Population: 60,000 in Israel (1995). Population total both countries: 60,000 or more. Region: Also spoken in Iran. Alternate names: JUDEO-PERSIAN. Comments: Close to Bukharic, Western Farsi. Many are speakers of Western Farsi. Jewish. Also spoken in: Iran. (Language name: DZHIDI.) Population: (60,000 in Israel, 1995). Alternate names: JUDEO-PERSIAN, DJUDI, JUDI. Comments: Close to Bukharic, Western Farsi. Jewish.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 6. EasternFarsiLanguage (PRS Afghanistan) (instance EasternFarsiLanguage PersianLanguage) (documentation EasternFarsiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%EasternFarsiLanguage is a &%PersianLanguage of &%Afghanistan. SIL code: PRS. ISO 639-1: fa. ISO 639-2(B): per. ISO 639-2(T): fas. Population: 5,600,000 25% to 50% of population (1996). Population total both countries: 7,000,000. Region: Various Dari dialects in Khorasan Province (Iran), and provinces of Herat, Hazarajat, Balkh, Ghor, Ghazni, Budaksham, Panjsher, and Galcha-Pamir Mountains and Kabul regions. Alternate names: PERSIAN, DARI, PARSI. Dialects: DARI (AFGHAN FARSI, HERATI, TAJIKI, KABOLI, KABULI, KHORASANI), PARSIWAN. Comments: Radio Afghanistan broadcasts are promoting a standardized pronunciation of the literary language which is based on the old dictional tradition of the country, with its archaic phonetic characteristics. Formal style is closer to Tehrani Persian (Farsi), in formal style in some parts of Afghanistan is closer to Tajiki of Tajikistan. Phonological and lexical differences between Iran and Afghanistan cause little difficulty in comprehension. Most Afghan dialects are closer to literary Persian than Iranian dialects are to literary Persian. Zargari (Morghuli) is a secret language used among goldsmiths and perhaps others, based on a dialect of Persian. See also Balkan Romani in Iran. National language. Arabic script. Taught in schools. Radio programs. Sunni and Shi'a Muslim. 70 Jews (1980) speak the same dialect as Muslims. NT 1982-1985. Also spoken in: Pakistan. (Language name: FARSI, EASTERN.) Population: 1,000,000 in Pakistan, plus 1,400 in Madaglasht, and many refugees (1992 SIL). Alternate names: DARI, TAJIK, MADAGLASHTI, BADAKHSHI. Comments: Madaglasht community came from Badakhshan, Afghanistan 200 years ago. Other communities have been in Pakistan for many generations. Muslim. NT 1982-1985.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 7. HazaragiLanguage (HAZ Afghanistan) (instance HazaragiLanguage PersianLanguage) (documentation HazaragiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%HazaragiLanguage is a &%PersianLanguage of &%Afghanistan. SIL code: HAZ. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: 1,403,000 in Afghanistan (1989), 9% of the population (1989). Population total all countries: 1,756,000 to 6,000,000. Region: Central Afghanistan mountains between Kabul and Herat (Hazarajat), in Kabul, in area between Maimana and Sari-Pul, in settlements in north Afghanistan and from immediately south of the IKoh i Baba mountain Range almost all the way to Mazar e Sharif, and in the area of Qunduz, in Baluchistan and near Quetta in Pakistan. Some have moved to northern Iran. Many are refugees. Also spoken in Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan. Alternate names: AZARGI, HAZARA, HEZAREH. Comments: They speak a variety related to Dari, possibly distinct. Ethnic group names are (Central) Dai Kundi, Dai Zangi, Behsud, Yekaulang, (Southern) Polada, Urusgani, Jaguri, Ghazni Hazaras, Dai Miradad. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: Possibly 10% to 20%. In Hazarajat: agriculturalists, semi-sedentary pastoralists, in cities like Kabul and Mazar e Sharif: laborers, traders, shopkeepers, tradesmen, transportation workers. Muslim. Also spoken in: Iran. (Language name: HAZARAGI. Population: 283,000 in Iran (1993). Alternate names: HAZARA, HEZAREH, HEZARE'I. Comments: They speak a dialect related to Dari, possibly distinct from Dari. Ethnic group names are (Central) Dai Kundi, Dai Zangi, Behsud, Yekaulang, (Southern) Polada, Urusgani, Jaguri, Ghazni Hazaras, Dai Miradad. Agriculturalists, semi-sedentary pastoralists. Muslim: Imami Shi'a, Ismaili, some Sunni. Also spoken in: Pakistan. (Language name: HAZARAGI.) Population: 110,000 to 220,000 in Pakistan, including many recent refugees from Afghanistan (1998). Alternate names: AZARGI, HAZARA, HEZAREH. Comments: They speak a language related to Eastern Farsi (Dari). The alternate names listed refer to the people. Tribal or regional names are (Central) Dai Kundi, Dai Zangi, Behsud, Yekaulang, (Southern) Polada, Urusgani, Jaguri, Ghazni Hazaras, Dai Miradad, Kabul. Literacy rate in first language: Below 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10% to 30% Urdu, Dari or Farsi. Radio programs. Laborers, civil servants, tradesmen, shop keepers, traders. Imami Shi'a Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 8. TajikiLanguage (PET Tajikistan) (instance TajikiLanguage PersianLanguage) (documentation TajikiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TajikiLanguage is a &%PersianLanguage of &%Tajikistan. SIL code: PET. ISO 639-1: tg. ISO 639-2: tgk. Population: 3,344,720 in Tajikistan (1991), 98% speak it as mother tongue. Population total all countries: 4,380,000. Region: Also spoken in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia (Asia), Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: TADZHIK, TAJIKI PERSIAN, GALCHA. Comments: Four groups of small dialects, no distinct boundaries. Dialect blending into Dari Persian in Afghanistan. Most Tajiki are trilingual in Northern Uzbek, Russian, and Tajiki. There is some literature. Russian sources refer to all Persian dialects in Afghanistan as 'Tajiki'. So-called 'Tajiki' in China is actually Shugni or Wakhi. There are Tajiki-speaking Gypsy communities in Soviet central Asia. National language. Cyrillic script used. Agriculturalists. Sunni Muslim. Bible 1992.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 9. PahlavaniLanguage (PHV Afghanistan) (instance PahlavaniLanguage PersianLanguage) (documentation PahlavaniLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PahlavaniLanguage is a &%PersianLanguage of &%Afghanistan. SIL code: PHV. ISO 639-2: ira. Population: No estimate available. Region: Spoken in village Haji Hamza Khan of Karim Kushta in Chakhansoor Province. Comments: Similar to Dari Persian but still distinct. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 10. WesternFarsiLanguage (PES Iran) (instance WesternFarsiLanguage PersianLanguage) (documentation WesternFarsiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WesternFarsiLanguage is a &%PersianLanguage of &%Iran. SIL code: PES. ISO 639-1: fa. ISO 639-2(B): per. ISO 639-2(T): fas. Population: 22,000,000 in Iran, or 35.92% of the population (1997), including 800,000 Dari in Khorasan, Gilan, Tat, Bakhtiyari, Lor. Population total all countries: 24,280,000. Region: Central and south central Iran. Also spoken in 26 other countries including Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, India, Iraq, Israel, Netherlands, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sweden, Tajikistan. Alternate names: PERSIAN, PARSI. Dialects: QAZVINI, MAHALLATI, HAMADANI, KASHANI, ISFAHANI, SEDEHI, KERMANI, ARAKI, SHIRAZI, JAHROMI, SHAHRUDI, KAZERUNI, MASHADI (MESHED), BASSERI. Comments: The literary language is virtually identical in Iran and Afghanistan, with very minor lexical differences. Zargari may be a dialect used by goldsmiths (also see Balkan Romani in Iran). Dialect shading into Dari in Afghanistan and Tajiki in Tajikistan. National language. Grammar. SOV. All schools use Farsi. Radio programs. Mainly Shi'a Muslim. Bible 1838-1995. Also spoken in: Iraq. (Language name: FARSI, WESTERN.) Population: 227,000 in Iraq (1993), 1.2% of the population (1989). Alternate names: PERSIAN. Comments: Muslim. Bible 1838-1995. Also spoken in: Oman. (Language name: FARSI, WESTERN.) Population: 25,000 in Oman (1993). Alternate names: PERSIAN. Comments: Many women speak only Farsi. Men who go outside the community speak Arabic as second language, and many know 2 or 3 other languages. Shi'a Muslim. Bible 1838-1995. Also spoken in: Qatar. (Language name: FARSI, WESTERN.) Population: 73,000 in Qatar (1993), 23% of the population (1986). Alternate names: PERSIAN. Comments: Muslim. Bible 1838-1995. Also spoken in: Tajikistan. (Language name: FARSI, WESTERN.) Population: 31,000 in Tajikistan (1993 Johnstone), 31% speak it as mother tongue. Alternate names: PERSIAN. Comments: Dialect blending into Tajiki. Not a literary language in Tajikistan. Shi'a Muslim. Bible 1838-1995. Also spoken in: United Arab Emirates. (Language name: FARSI, WESTERN.) Population: 80,000 or 4.9% of population in UAE (1986). Alternate names: PERSIAN. Comments: Merchants, traders. Muslim. Bible 1838-1995.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ITALIC LANGUAGES (48 Languages) ;; ItalicLanguage (subclass ItalicLanguage IndoEuropeanLanguage) (documentation ItalicLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%ItalicLanguage is any of 48 closely related &%IndoEuropeanLanguages spoken in &%Europe.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; LATINO-FALISCAN LANGUAGES (1 Language) (subclass LatinoFaliscanLanguage ItalicLanguage) (documentation LatinoFaliscanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 48 &%ItalicLanguages, one of these is classified as a &%LatinoFaliscanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. LatinLanguage (LTN Vatican State) (instance LatinLanguage LatinoFaliscanLanguage) (documentation LatinLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LatinLanguage is a &%LatinoFaliscanLanguage of the &%HolySee (Vatican State). SIL code: LTN. ISO 639-1: la. ISO 639-2: lat. Alternate names: LATINA. Comments: Used in Roman Catholic liturgy. There is an effort to revive it. The Vatican Latin Foundation was established in 1976. National language. Dictionary. Radio programs. Extinct. Bible 1385-1906.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ROMANCE LANGUAGES (47 Languages) ;; RomanceLanguage (subclass RomanceLanguage ItalicLanguage) (documentation RomanceLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 48 &%ItalicLanguages, 47 of these are classified as a &%RomanceLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; EASTERN ROMANCE LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; EasternRomanceLanguage (subclass EasternRomanceLanguage RomanceLanguage) (documentation EasternRomanceLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 47 &%RomanceLanguages, four of these are classified as an &%EasternRomanceLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. IstroRomanianLanguage (RUO Croatia) (instance IstroRomanianLanguage EasternRomanceLanguage) (documentation IstroRomanianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%IstroRomanianLanguage is an &%EasternRomanceLanguage of &%Croatia. SIL code: RUO. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 555 to 1,500 (1994 T. Salminen). Region: Northeast Istrian Peninsula, Zejane village and a few villages to the south. Alternate names: ISTRO-ROMANIAN. Comments: Structurally a separate language from Romanian (F.B. Agard). Split from the other 3 Romanian languages between 500 and 1000 A.D. Not the same as the Istriot language. Few children speakers.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. MacedoRomanianLanguage (RUP Greece) (instance MacedoRomanianLanguage EasternRomanceLanguage) (documentation MacedoRomanianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MacedoRomanianLanguage is an &%EasternRomanceLanguage of &%Greece. SIL code: RUP. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 200,000 in Greece (1995 Greek Monitor of Human and Minority Rights 1.3 Dec. 1995), out of possibly 700,000 in the ethnic group (Association of French Aromanians). Population total all countries: 260,000 to 378,000. Region: Northwest Salonika, and northern Greece, Pindus Mts., around Trikala. Also spoken in Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Romania, Yugoslavia. Alternate names: MACEDO-RUMANIAN, ARUMANIAN, AROMANIAN, ARMINA, VLACH. Comments: Structurally a distinct language from Romanian (F. Agard). It split from the other 3 Rumanian languages between 500 and 1000 A.D. Many dialects. Bilingualism in Greek. People over 50 are fluent in Aromanian, many between 25 to 50 are passive speakers with limited knowledge of vocabulary and grammar. Some younger ones know the language. Rapid assimilation to Greek culture, children attend Greek schools. 20% live traditionally. No legal status in Greece. Not taught in school except for one course at the University of Salonica. Some revival of the culture in progress since the 1980s. 'Armini' refers to the people. Roman or Greek alphabet used. Traditionally shepherds and woodworkers. Christian. Bible portions 1881-1889. Also spoken in: Albania. (Language name: ROMANIAN, MACEDO.) Population: 50,000 (1995 T.J. Winnifrith) or more out of up to 400,000 in the ethnic group in Albania. Alternate names: MACEDO-RUMANIAN, ARUMANIAN, ARUMUN, AROMUNIAN, ARMINA, VLACH. Comments: Structurally a distinct language from Romanian (F. Agard). Inherent intelligibility with Romanian is very low. It split from the other three Romanian languages between 500 and 1000 A.D. No Arumanian language teaching, press, or television. A church in Korce holds services in Arumanian. 'Armini' refers to the people. Bible portions 1881-1889. Also spoken in: Bulgaria. (Language name: ROMANIAN, MACEDO.) Population: 2,000 to 3,000 (Sofia Aromanian Society). Alternate names: MACEDO-RUMANIAN, ARUMANIAN, AROMANIAN, ARMINA. Comments: Structurally a distinct language from Romanian (F. Agard). 'Armini' refers to the people. Their relatives emigrated from Macedonia and northern Greece between 1850 and 1914. The Romanian Cultural Institute has been closed since 1948. Bible portions 1881-1889. Also spoken in: Macedonia. (Language name: ROMANIAN, MACEDO.) Population: 8,467 (1994 official figures) to 100,000 (1994 British Helsinki Human Rights Group). Alternate names: ARUMANIAN, AROMUNIAN, ARMINA, MACEDO-RUMANIAN. Comments: Structurally a distinct language from Romanian (F. Agard). Split from the other 3 Romanian languages between 500 and 1000 A.D. 'Armini' refers to the people. Bible portions 1881-1889. Also spoken in: Romania. (Language name: ROMANIAN, MACEDO.) Population: 28,000 (official Romanian figure) to 150,000 (World Union of Aromanian Women), or 200,000 (President of the Aromanian Youth Foundation). Alternate names: AROMANIAN. Comments: The educational structure is being set up to teach in Aromanian. Speakers are officially related to the Romanians rather than classified as a minority. Newspapers, radio programs, TV. Also spoken in: Yugoslavia. (Language name: ROMANIAN, MACEDO.) Population: Up to 15,000 (Society of Aromanians).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. MeglenoRomanianLanguage (RUQ Greece) (instance MeglenoRomanianLanguage EasternRomanceLanguage) (documentation MeglenoRomanianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MeglenoRomanianLanguage is an &%EasternRomanceLanguage of &%Greece. SIL code: RUQ. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 12,000 (1995). Region: Meglen region, north of Salonika. Alternate names: MEGLENITIC, MEGLENITE. Comments: Structurally a distinct language from Romanian, Macedo Romanian, and Istro Romanian (F. Agard). The 4 Romanian languages split between 500 and 1000 A.D.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. RomanianLanguage (RUM Romania) (instance RomanianLanguage EasternRomanceLanguage) (documentation RomanianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%RomanianLanguage is an &%EasternRomanceLanguage of &%Romania. SIL code: RUM. ISO 639-1: mo. ISO 639-2: mol. ISO 639-1: ro. ISO 639-2(B): rum. ISO 639-2(T): ron. Population: 20,520,000 in Romania, 90% of the population (1986). Population total all countries 26,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Moldavian is in Moldova to the northeast, and Muntenian in Muntenia, or Wallachia in the southeast, other dialects in the north and west, including much of Transylvania. Also spoken in Australia, Azerbaijan, Canada, Finland, Hungary, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia (Europe), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, USA, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia. Alternate names: RUMANIAN, MOLDAVIAN, DACO-RUMANIAN. Dialects: MOLDAVIAN, MUNTENIAN (WALACHIAN), TRANSYLVANIAN, BANAT, BAYASH. Comments: Romanian has 77% lexical similarity with Italian, 75% with French, 74% with Sardinian, 73% with Catalan, 72% with Portuguese and Rheto-Romance, 71% with Spanish. The Bayash are Gypsies who have lost their language and now speak Romanian based on the Banat dialect with Romani and Hungarian influences. National language. Grammar. SVO. Deciduous forest. Mountain slope. Peasant agriculturalists, other. Christian. Bible 1688-1989. Also spoken in: Hungary. (Language name: ROMANIAN.) Population: 100,000 in Hungary (1995 Iosif Bena). Alternate names: RUMANIAN, DACO-ROMANIAN, MOLDAVIAN. Dialects: BAYASH ROMANIAN. Comments: The Bayash are ex-slave Roma who worked in houses, and were forbidden to speak Romani. The Bayash speak a very distinctive kind of Romanian. Substantial literature in Bayash. Radio programs. Bible 1688-1989. Also spoken in: Israel. (Language name: ROMANIAN.) Population: 250,000 in Israel (1993 Statistical Abstract of Israel). Comments: Bilingualism in Hebrew. Elderly speakers use Hebrew as second language but prefer Romanian. Radio programs. Jewish. Bible 1688-1989. Also spoken in: Moldova. (Language name: ROMANIAN.) Population: 2,664,000 in Moldova (1979 census). Alternate names: MOLDAVAN, ROUMANIAN, RUMANIAN. Dialects: MOLDAVAN (MOLDOVIAN, MOLDOVEAN), MUNTENIAN (WALACHIAN, MUNTEAN), BANAT, BAYASH, CHRISHANA, MARAMURESH, OLTENIA-LESSER WALLACHIA (OLTEAN). Comments: Little dialect variation. The Bayash are Gypsies who speak a dialect based on Banat, but influenced by Romani and Hungarian. Many Gypsies in Moldova and southern Ukraine speak Moldavan as mother tongue. Called 'Moldavan' in Moldova. National language. Cyrillic script was replaced by Roman script in 1989. Christian. Bible 1688-1984. Also spoken in: Ukraine. (Language name: ROMANIAN.) Population: 250,000 or fewer in Ukraine (1999). Alternate names: RUMANIAN, MOLDAVIAN, DACO-ROMANIAN. Comments: Mountain slope. Bible 1688-1989. Also spoken in: Yugoslavia. (Language name: ROMANIAN.) Population: 200,000 to 300,000 in Yugoslavia (1995 Iosif Bena). Alternate names: RUMANIAN, MOLDAVIAN, DACO-RUMANIAN. Comments: Radio programs, TV. Bible 1688-1989.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ITALO-WESTERN ROMANCE LANGUAGES (38 Languages) ;; ItaloWesternRomanceLanguage (subclass ItaloWesternRomanceLanguage RomanceLanguage) (documentation ItaloWesternRomanceLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 47 &%RomanceLanguages, 38 of these are classified as an &%ItaloWesternRomanceLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ITALO-DALMATIAN ROMANCE LANGUAGES (6 Languages) ;; ItaloDalmatianRomanceLanguage (subclass ItaloDalmatianRomanceLanguage ItaloWesternRomanceLanguage) (documentation ItaloDalmatianRomanceLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 36 &%ItaloWesternRomanceLanguages, six of these are classified as an &%ItaloDalmatianRomanceLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. DalmatianLanguage (DLM Croatia) (instance DalmatianLanguage ItaloDalmatianRomanceLanguage) (documentation DalmatianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%DalmatianLanguage is an &%ItaloDalmatianLanguage of &%Croatia. SIL code: DLM. ISO 639-2: roa. Region: Coast near Dubrovnik. Alternate names: RAGUSAN, VEGLIOTE. Comments: Recently extinct, late nineteenth century. A dialect of Croatian is now spoken in the area. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. IstriotLanguage (IST Croatia) (instance IstriotLanguage ItaloDalmatianRomanceLanguage) (documentation IstriotLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%IstriotLanguage is an &%ItaloDalmatianLanguage of &%Croatia. SIL code: IST. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 1,000 or fewer (1994 Tapani Salminen). Region: Western coast of Istrian Peninsula, now only in the towns of Rovinj (Rovigno) and Vodnjan (Dignano). Comments: Reported to be an archaic Romance language, often confused with Istro-Rumanian. Perhaps closer to Friulian or Dalmatian than to Istro-Rumanian. Few children speakers.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. JudeoItalianLanguage (ITK Italy) (instance JudeoItalianLanguage ItaloDalmatianRomanceLanguage) (documentation JudeoItalianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%JudeoItalianLanguage is an &%ItaloDalmatianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: ITK. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: A tiny number who speak it fluently. Perhaps 4,000 occasionally use elements of it in their speech (1/10th of Italy's 40,000 Jews). Alternate names: ITALKIAN. Comments: More commonly spoken two generations ago. Used in Passover song. Hebrew script. Jewish. Nearly extinct. Bible portions.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. ItalianLanguage (ITN Italy) (instance ItalianLanguage ItaloDalmatianRomanceLanguage) (documentation ItalianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ItalianLanguage is an &%ItaloDalmatianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: ITN. ISO 639-1: it. ISO 639-2: ita. Population: 55,000,000 mother tongue speakers, some of whom are native bilinguals of Italian and regional varieties, and some of whom may use Italian as second language. Population total all countries: 62,000,000. Region: Also spoken in 29 other countries including Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Croatia, Egypt, Eritrea, France, Germany, Israel, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Paraguay, Philippines, Puerto Rico, San Marino. Alternate names: ITALIANO. Dialects: TUSCAN, ABRUZZESE, PUGLIESE, UMBRIAN, LAZIALE, CENTRAL MARCHIGIANO, CICOLANO-REATINO-AQUILANO, MOLISANO. Comments: Regional varieties coexist with the standard language, some are inherently unintelligible (Nida) to speakers of other varieties unless they have learned them. Aquilano, Molisano, and Pugliese are very different from the other Italian 'dialects'. Piemontese and Sicilian are distinct enough to be separate languages (F.B. Agard 1981, personal communication). Venetian and Lombard are also very different (Philippe Cousson 1981, personal communication). Neapolitan is reported to be unintelligible to speakers of Standard Italian. Northern varieties are closer to French and Occitan than to standard or southern varieties (Agard, N. Vincent). 89% lexical similarity with French, 87% with Catalan, 85% with Sardinian, 82% with Spanish, 78% with Rheto-Romance, 77% with Rumanian. Most Italians use varieties along a continuum from standard to regional to local according to what is appropriate. Possibly nearly half the population do not use Standard Italian as mother tongue. Only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak standard Italian when it became a unified nation in 1861. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Pugliese with Standard Italian. National language. Grammar. SVO. Bible 1471-1985. Also spoken in: Croatia. (Language name: ITALIAN.) Population: 70,000 in Croatia whose mother tongue is Italian or Venetian, including 30,000 ethnic Italian and 40,000 ethnic Croats and Istrian people (1998 Eugen Marinov). Comments: Official language. Bible 1471-1985. Also spoken in: Eritrea. (Language name: ITALIAN.) Comments: Spoken as a second language. A few monolinguals. Bible 1471-1985. Also spoken in: France. (Language name: ITALIAN.) Population: 1,000,000 in France (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Comments: Few, if any, speakers of Italian dialects in France do not know French. Bible 1471-1985. Also spoken in: San Marino. (Language name: ITALIAN.) Comments: National language. Bible 1471-1985. Also spoken in: Slovenia. (Language name: ITALIAN.) Population: 4,009 in Slovenia (1991 census). Comments: Acknowledged as autochtonous communities and protected by the constitution. Official language. Bible 1471-1985. Also spoken in: Switzerland. (Language name: ITALIAN.) Population: 195,000 in Switzerland (1990). Comments: People in all in the Italian cantons speak Italian as first or second language. Used for education in Italian- and Ticino- (Lombard) speaking areas. Official language. Bible 1471-1985. Also spoken in: Holy See (Vatican State). (Language name: ITALIAN.) Comments: Bible 1471-1985.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. NapoletanoCalabreseLanguage (NPL Italy) (instance NapoletanoCalabreseLanguage ItaloDalmatianRomanceLanguage) (documentation NapoletanoCalabreseLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NapoletanoCalabreseLanguage is an &%ItaloDalmatianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: NPL. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 7,047,399 (1976). Region: Campania and Calabria provinces, southern Italy. Alternate names: NEAPOLITAN-CALABRESE. Dialects: NAPOLETANO (NEAPOLITAN, TIRRENIC), NORTHERN CALABRESE-LUCANO (LUCANIAN, BASILICATAN). Comments: Limited inherent intelligibility with Standard Italian. Neapolitan and Calabrese are reported to be very different from each other. Southern Calabrian is reported to be a dialect of Sicilian. Bilingualism in Italian. Vigorous. Not endangered. A large literature. It might be in Southern Romance instead of Italo-Western. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Neapolitan, Southern Calabrian with Sicilian. Bible portions 1861-1862.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 6. SicilianLanguage (SCN Italy) (instance SicilianLanguage ItaloDalmatianRomanceLanguage) (documentation SicilianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SicilianLanguage is an &%ItaloDalmatianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: SCN. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 4,680,715 (1976). Region: Sicily, an island off the southern mainland. Alternate names: CALABRO-SICILIAN. Dialects: WESTERN SICILIAN (PALERMO, TRAPANI, CENTRAL-WESTERN AGRIGENTINO), CENTRAL METAFONETICA, SOUTHEAST METAFONETICA, EASTERN NONMETAFONETICA, MESSINESE, ISOLE EOLIE, PANTESCO, SOUTHERN CALABRO. Comments: Distinct enough from Standard Italian to be considered a separate language. Pugliese (see Italian) and Southern Calabrese are reported to be dialects of Sicilian. Bilingualism in Italian. Vigorous. Not endangered. French influence. It may be Southern Romance instead of Italo-Western. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Pugliese, Southern Calabrian, bilingual proficiency in Italian. Bible portions 1860.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; WESTERN ROMANCE LANGUAGES (32 Languages) ;; WesternRomanceLanguage (subclass WesternRomanceLanguage ItaloWesternRomanceLanguage) (documentation WesternRomanceLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 38 &%ItaloWesternRomanceLanguages, 32 of these are classified as a &%WesternRomanceLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; GALLO-IBERIAN LANGUAGES (30 Languages) ;; GalloIberianLanguage (subclass GalloIberianLanguage WesternRomanceLanguage) (documentation GalloIberianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 32 &%WesternRomanceLanguages, 30 of these are classified as a &%GalloIberianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; GALLO-ROMANCE LANGUAGES (13 Languages) ;; GalloRomanceLanguage (subclass GalloRomanceLanguage GalloIberianLanguage) (documentation GalloRomanceLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 30 &%GalloIberianLanguages, 13 of these are classified as a &%GalloRomanceLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; GALLO-ITALIAN LANGUAGES (5 Languages) ;; GalloItalianLanguage (subclass GalloItalianLanguage GalloRomanceLanguage) (documentation GalloItalianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 13 &%GalloRomanceLanguages, five of these is classified as a &%GalloItalianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. EmilianoRomagnoloLanguage (EML Italy) (instance EmilianoRomagnoloLanguage GalloItalianLanguage) (documentation EmilianoRomagnoloLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%EmilianoRomagnoloLanguage is a &%GalloItalianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: EML. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 3,531,780 speakers in Emilia-Romagna (1987) Maurizio Masetti). About 10% of the people in the province come from elsewhere, and do not speak the language. Population total both countries: 3,551,892. Region: Northwest Italy, region of Piacenza to that of Ravenna, and between the Po and the Adriatic and the Apennines, in the territories of Emilia and Romagna, southern Pianura Padana (all provinces), southern Lombardia (Provinces Mantova and Pavia), northern Toscana (Lunigiana), northern Marche (Province Pesaro). Alternate names: EMILIANO, EMILIAN, SAMMARINESE. Dialects: WESTERN EMILIANO, CENTRAL EMILIANO, EASTERN EMILIANO, NORTHERN ROMAGNOLO, SOUTHERN ROMAGNOLO, MANTOVANO, VOGHERESE-PAVESE, LUNIGIANO. Comments: A structurally separate language from Italian (F.B. Agard). Related to Lombard (R.A. Hall 1974:29, S. Fleischman in OIEL 3.339:1992). Adults use Italian as second language. Not endangered. SVO. Literacy rate in second language: 100%. Christian. Bible portions 1862-1995. Also spoken in: San Marino. (Language name: EMILIANO-ROMAGNOLO.) Population: 20,112 in San Marino (1993), 83% of the population (1993 Johnstone). Dialects: SAMMARINESE.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. LigurianLanguage (LIJ Italy) (instance LigurianLanguage GalloItalianLanguage) (documentation LigurianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LigurianLanguage is a &%GalloItalianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: LIJ. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 1,853,578 (1976). Population total all countries: 1,856,680 or more. Region: Liguria, northern Italy, east and west of Genoa long the Riviera and mountain hinterland, St. Pietro and St. Antioch, islands off southwest coast of Sardinia, cities of Carloforte and Calasetta in Sardinia. Alternate names: LIGURU, LIGURE. Dialects: GENOESE (GENOAN, GENOVESE). Comments: Very different from Standard Italian. Speakers may all be adequately bilingual in Standard Italian. Not endangered. Bible portions 1860. Also spoken in: France. (Language name: LIGURIAN. Alternate names: LIGURE. Dialects: GENOESE (GENOAN, GENOVESE). Comments: Bible portions 1860. Also spoken in: Monaco. (Language name: LIGURIAN. Population: 5,100 in Monaco, 17% of the population (1988). Alternate names: LIGURE. Dialects: GENOESE (GENOAN, GENOVESE), MONEGASQUE (MUNEGASC, VENTIMIGLIESE). Comments: Ligurian is closer to Piemontese, Lombard, and French than to Standard Italian. Monegasque was nearly extinct in the 1970s. Compulsory learning in schools has revived it. Bible portions 1860.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. LombardLanguage (LMO Italy) (instance LombardLanguage GalloItalianLanguage) (documentation LombardLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LombardLanguage is a &%GalloItalianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: LMO. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 8,671,210 in Italy (1976). Population total all countries: 8,974,000. Region: Milan, Lombardy, 3 valleys of Graubnnden (Val Mesolcina, Val Bregaglia, Val Poschiavo), northern Italy. Western Lombard varieties also in Sicily. Ticino is in Switzerland. Also spoken in Switzerland, USA. Alternate names: LOMBARDO. Dialects: MILANESE, EASTERN LOMBARD, WESTERN LOMBARD (PIAZZA ARMERINA, NOVARA, NICOSIA, SAN FRATELLO), ALPINE LOMBARD, NOVARESE LOMBARD, TRENTINO WESTERN, LATIN FIAMAZZO, LATIN ANAUNICO, BERGAMASCO, TICINESE (TICINO). Comments: A group of dialects, some of which may be separate languages. Western Lombard dialects (of Ticino and Graubnnden) are inherently intelligible to each other's speakers. Speakers in more conservative valleys may have to use some kind of 'standard' dialect to communicate with speakers of other dialects of Lombard. Very different from Standard Italian. Speakers may all be adequately bilingual in Standard Italian. Not endangered. Investigation needed: intelligibility with dialects, bilingual proficiency in Italian. Bible portions 1859-1860. Also spoken in: Switzerland. (Language name: LOMBARD.) Population: 303,000 or fewer (1995). Dialects: TICINESE (TICINO, TESSINIAN, TICINES, TICINEES). Comments: No intelligibility with Standard Italian. Speakers are adequately bilingual in Standard Italian. Ticinese is the form of Lombard used in the home in Italy. Used more extensively in Switzerland than in Italy. 14.5% of the population of Switzerland speak 'Italian' every day (1990 census). Dictionary. Radio programs, TV. Bible portions 1859-1860.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. PiemonteseLanguage (PMS Italy) (instance PiemonteseLanguage GalloItalianLanguage) (documentation PiemonteseLanguage EnglishLanguage "SIL code: PMS. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 3,000,000 (1976). Population: total all countries 3,000,000. Region: Northwest Italy, Piedmont, except for the Provencal- and Franco-Provencal-speaking Alpine valleys. Also spoken in Australia, USA. Alternate names: PIEMONTEIS, PIEDMONTESE. Dialects: HIGH PIEMONTESE, LOW PIEMONTESE. Comments: Distinct enough from Standard Italian to be considered a separate language. Considerable French influence. Speakers may all be highly bilingual in Standard Italian. NT 1835.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. VenetianLanguage (VEC Italy) (instance VenetianLanguage GalloItalianLanguage) (documentation VenetianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%VenetianLanguage is a &%GalloItalianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: VEC. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 2,109,502 in Italy (1976). Population: total all countries 2,210,000. Region: Northern Italy, city of Venice, area of the Tre Venezie, Venezia Euganea westward to Verona, southward to the Po, and eastward to the border of the Fruili, Venezia Tridentina, in the Adige valley and neighboring mountain regions to the north of Trent, and Venezia Giulia, east of the Friuli, and including Trieste. Bisiacco is spoken in Gorizia Province. Also spoken in Croatia, Slovenia. Alternate names: VENETO. Dialects: ISTRIAN, TRIESTINO, VENETIAN PROPER, BISIACCO. Comments: Very different from Standard Italian. Bilingualism in Italian. Vigorous. Not endangered. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Italian, attitudes. Bible portions 1859. Also spoken in: Croatia. (Language name: VENETIAN.) Population: 100,000 in Croatia and Slovenia (1994 Tapani Salminen). See also Italian in Croatia. Dialects: ISTRIAN, TRETINE, VENETIAN PROPER. Comments: Very different from Standard Italian. Vigorous. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency, attitudes. Bible portions 1859.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; GALLO-RHAETIAN LANGUAGES (8 Languages) ;; GalloRhaetianLanguage (subclass GalloRhaetianLanguage GalloRomanceLanguage) (documentation GalloRhaetianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 13 &%GalloRomanceLanguages, eight of these are classified as a &%GalloRhaetianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; OIEL LANGUAGES (5 Languages) ;; OielLanguage (subclass OielLanguage GalloRhaetianLanguage) (documentation OielLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the eight &%GalloRhaetianLanguages, five of these are classified as an &%OielLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; FRENCH GROUP LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; FrenchGroupLanguage (subclass FrenchGroupLanguage OielLanguage) (documentation FrenchGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the five &%OielLanguages, four of these are classified as a &%FrenchGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. CajunFrenchLanguage (FRC USA) (instance CajunFrenchLanguage FrenchGroupLanguage) (documentation CajunFrenchLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CajunFrenchLanguage is a &%FrenchGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: FRC. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 1,000,000 (M. Harris in B. Comrie 1988.212). Region: Southern Louisiana west of the Mississippi as far north as Avoyelles, Evangeline, Allen, and Calcasieu parishes. Alternate names: FRANCAIS ACADIEN, ACADIAN, CAJUN, CAJAN, CADIEN. Dialects: MARSH FRENCH, PRAIRIE FRENCH, BIG WOODS FRENCH. Comments: Ancestors came from French Canada in the 18th century. It is reported that Cajun speakers can partially understand Standard French, but Cajun is difficult for some Standard French speakers. Different from the variety of 'Broken French' used by 8,000 African Americans, or the 'Napoleanic Era French' (located around Houma and north of Theriot on Hwy. 315, speaking an archaic French and English). Many are reported to have limited proficiency in English. Some use Cajun English. Most under 50 speak English as first language, Cajun as second. There are children actively speaking Cajun to friends and family. Textbooks on Cajun, translations of some classics. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in second language: 60% English, 0% French. Radio programs. Swamps. Fishermen, fur trappers. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. FrenchLanguage (FRN France) (instance FrenchLanguage FrenchGroupLanguage) (documentation FrenchLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%FrenchLanguage is a &%FrenchGroupLanguage of &%France. SIL code: FRN. ISO 639-1: fr. ISO 639-2(B): fre. ISO 639-2(T): fra. Population: 51,000,000 first language speakers in France. Population total all countries: 77,000,000 first language speakers (1999 WA), 128,000,000 including second language speakers (1999 WA). Region: Also spoken in 53 other countries including Algeria, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, CAR, Chad, Comoros Islands, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, DRC, Djibouti, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon. Alternate names: FRANCAIS. Dialects: STANDARD FRENCH, NORMAN (NORMAND), PICARD (ROUCHI, CHTIMI), WALLON (WALLOON), ANGEVIN, BERRICHON, BOURBONNAIS, BOURGUIGNON, FRANC-COMTOIS, GALLO, LORRAINE, POITEVIN, SANTONGEAIS. Comments: 89% lexical similarity with Italian, 80% with Sardinian, 78% with Rheto-Romance, 75% with Portuguese, Romanian, and Spanish, 29% with German, 27% with English. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Walloon, Picard Jerrais. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. SVO. Deciduous forest. Intensive agriculturalists, industry, business. 80 meters. Christian. Bible 1530-1995. Also spoken in: Algeria. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 110,600 in Algeria (1993). Comments: 20% of the population can read and write French, and more can speak it. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Andorra. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 2,400 in Andorra, 6% of the population (1986). Comments: National language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Belgium. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 4,000,000 in Belgium (M. Harris in B. Comrie 1988), 33% of the population (1990 WA). Alternate names: FRANCAIS. Dialects: WALLOON (WALLON), PICARD. Comments: The eastern subdialect of Walloon is considered to be more difficult to understand within Belgium. The following municipalities have minority rights for Dutch-speaking persons: Comines-Warneton, Mouscron, Enghien, Floubecques, and for German-speaking persons: Malmedy, Weismes, Welkenraedt. Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Benin. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 16,700 in Benin (1993 Johnstone). Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Burkina Faso. (Language name: FRENCH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Burundi. (Language name: FRENCH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Cameroon. (Language name: FRENCH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Canada. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 6,700,000 mother tongue speakers in Canada, or less than 24% (1998 Statistics Canada). Mother tongue of over 80% of Quebec's population (1997 DiverCite Langues). 300,000 speak Acadien, 500,000 speak Franco-Ontariens. Alternate names: FRANCAIS. Dialects: QUEBEICOIS, FRANCO-ONTARIEN, ACADIAN (ACADIEN). Comments: Difficult intelligibility between speakers of Quebecois and Acadian for speakers not fluent in Standard French. National language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Central African Republic. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 9,000 in CAR (1996). Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Chad. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 3,000 in Chad (1993). Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Comoros Islands. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 1,700 in Comoros Islands (1993). Comments: Language of all formal education except Koranic. Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Congo. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 28,000 in Congo (1993). Comments: Sole language of formal education. Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Cote d'Ivoire. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 17,470 in Cote d'Ivoire (1988 census). Comments: Official language. Grammar. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Democratic Republic of Congo. (Language name: FRENCH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Djibouti. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 15,440 in Djibouti, 2.84% of the population (1988). Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: French Guiana. (Language name: FRENCH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: French Polynesia. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 15,338 first language speakers in French Polynesia, foreign born (1977). 50,215 attending French schools, second language users (1978). Comments: National language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Gabon. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 37,500 in Gabon (1993 Johnstone). Comments: The only language of formal education. Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Guadeloupe. (Language name: FRENCH.) Comments: There is a variety on the northwest end of St. Barthelemy, west of but not including Gustavia, similar to Cajun French of the USA, which may or may not be a French dialect (Julianne Maher 1997). National language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Guinea. (Language name: FRENCH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Haiti. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: Second language speakers in Haiti: 400,000. Comments: National language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Italy. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 100,000 in Italy (M. Harris in B. Comrie 1987). Alternate names: FRANCAIS. Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Lebanon. (Language name: FRENCH.) Comments: An estimated 20% of the population speak French in their daily lives, and up to 65% of the population can read and converse in French. A number of government and private universities teach in French. Official language. The language of instruction in most schools. Newspapers, magazines. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Luxembourg. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 13,100 or more (1993 Johnstone). Comments: Used mainly by intellectuals, professionals, authorities. Taught in school as a third language. Used for streets, shops, travel tickets, hotel registries, menus. National language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Madagascar. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 18,000 in Madagascar (1993 Johnstone). Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Mali. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 9,000 in Mali (1993 Johnstone). Comments: Official language for instruction in schools. Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Martinique. (Language name: FRENCH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Mauritius. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 37,000. Comments: Used in stores. Widely used by young people as second language. The elderly tend to use creole. Newspapers, radio programs, TV. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Mayotte. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 2,450 in Mayotte (1993 Johnstone). Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Monaco. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 17,400 in Monaco, 58% of the population (1988). Alternate names: FRANCAIS. Comments: National language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: New Caledonia. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 53,400 first language speakers in New Caledonia (1987), 35.6% of the population. Comments: National language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Niger. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 6,000 in Niger (1993 Johnstone). Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Reunion. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 2,400 in Reunion (1993 Johnstone). Including second language speakers: 160,500 in Reunion, 30% of the population (1986). Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Rwanda. (Language name: FRENCH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Senegal. (Language name: FRENCH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Seychelles. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 977 in Seychelles (1971 census). Comments: Spoken by the French settler families, 'grands blancs.' Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: St. Pierre and Miquelon. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 5,114 out of 5,235 population in St. Pierre and Miquelon (1967 census). Comments: National language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Switzerland. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 1,272,000 in Switzerland, 19.2% of the population (1990 census). Alternate names: FRANCAIS. Dialects: FRANCHE-COMTOIS (JURASSIEN, FRIBOURGOIS). Comments: 33% of the population of Switzerland speak French every day (1990 census). Official language. Used for education in French-speaking areas. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Togo. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 3,000 in Togo (1993). Comments: Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Tunisia. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 11,000 in Tunisia (1993). Comments: Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: United Kingdom. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 14,000 in England (1976 Stephens). Dialects: JERRIAIS, DGERNESIAIS. Comments: French is only spoken by about 11% of the population of Channel Islands, mainly older people. Official language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Vanuatu. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 6,300 in Vanuatu (1995), 3.8% of the population. Comments: National language. Bible 1530-1986. Also spoken in: Wallis and Futuna. (Language name: FRENCH.) Population: 120 in Wallis and Futuna (1993 Johnstone). Comments: National language. Bible 1530-1986.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. PicardLanguage (PCD France) (instance PicardLanguage FrenchGroupLanguage) (documentation PicardLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PicardLanguage is a&%FrenchGroupLanguage of &%France. SIL code: PCD. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: No estimate available. Region: Most of the Region de Picardie (Amiens, Abbeville, Beauvais, St. Quentin), the Region Nord-Pas-de-Calais (Lille, Douai, Cambrai, Arras, Valenciennes, Boulogne sur Mer, Calais), except the Dunkerque District, and a little eastern zone (border with Picardie of the Region de Haute Normandie near Dieppe). Alternate names: ROUCHI, CHTIMI. Dialects: PONTHIEU, VIMEU, HAINAUT, ARTOIS, LILLOIS, BOULONNAIS, SANTERRE, CALAISIS, CAMBRESIS, VERMANDOIS, AMIENOIS. Comments: All dialects, including those in Belgium are inherently intelligible to speakers. French is spoken at school, in court, for administration, with outsiders. Home, family, friends, in local stores. The Belgian government recognizes Picard officially as an indigenous regional language. The European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages considers it as a language. Some reports used and edited by the French government consider it a separate language from French. No standardized writing system. Poetry. Also spoken in: Belgium. (Language name: PICARD.) Alternate names: ROUCHI, CHTIMI. Dialects: BELGIAN PICARD. Comments: All dialects, including those in France are inherently intelligible to speakers. French is spoken at school, in court, for administration, with outsiders. Home, family, friends, in local stores. The Belgian government recognizes Picard officially as an indigenous regional language. The European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages considers it as a language. Some reports used and edited by the French government consider it a separate language from French. No standardized writing system. Poetry.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. ZarphaticLanguage (ZRP France) (instance ZarphaticLanguage FrenchGroupLanguage) (documentation ZarphaticLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ZarphaticLanguage is a &%FrenchGroupLanguage of &%France. SIL code: ZRP. ISO 639-2: roa. Alternate names: JUDEO-FRENCH. Comments: Jewish. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SOUTHEASTERN OIEL LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; SoutheasternOielLanguage (subclass SoutheasternOielLanguage OielLanguage) (documentation SoutheasternOielLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the five &%OielLanguages, one of these is classified as a &%SoutheasternOielLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. FrancoProvencalLanguage (FRA France) (instance FrancoProvencalLanguage SoutheasternOielLanguage) (documentation FrancoProvencalLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%FrancoProvencalLanguage is a &%SoutheasternOielLanguage of &%France. SIL code: FRA. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: Population total all countries 77,000 or more. Region: Savoie, southeastern France, near the Italian and Switzerland borders. Alternate names: PATOIS. Dialects: DAUPHINOIS, LYONNAIS, NEUCATELAIS, SAVOYARD. Comments: Structurally separate language from Provencal, French, Piemontese, and Lombard (F. B. Agard). Bilingualism in French. Bible portions 1830. Also spoken in: Italy. (Language name: FRANCO-PROVENCAL.) Population: 70,000 in Italy (1971 census), including 700 Faetar speakers (1995 Naomi Nagy). Dialects: VALLE D'AOSTA (PATOE VALDOTEN, VALDOTAIN, VALDOSTANO), FAETO (FAETAR), CELLE SAN VITO. Comments: A structurally separate language from Provencal, French, Piemontese, and Lombard (F.B. Agard). Bilingualism in Italian, Piemontese. Most occasions. Bible portions 1830. Also spoken in: Switzerland. (Language name: FRANCO-PROVENCAL. Population: 7,000 in Valais Canton, Switzerland (1998). Alternate names: PATOIS. Dialects: SAVOYARD, NEUCH-TELOIS, VALAISAN, VAUDOIS. Comments: A structurally separate language from Provencal, French, Piemontese, and Lombard (F.B. Agard). Every canton in Switzerland has its own dialect, with no standardization. Difficult intelligibility among the dialects, and especially with Fribourg. Bilingualism in French. Valais Canton: young and old in Evolene commune, communes of Heremence, Vex, Saint-Martin, Saviese, Nendaz, Cermignon, Fully, Arbaz, Ayent, Vissole, and other smaller villages in the central Valais, and persons in towns like Sion and Sierre, spoken by persons 50 and older, understood by persons 35-40. Fribourg Canton: rural areas as Gruyere. Dictionary. Bible portions 1830.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; RHAETIAN LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; RhaetianLanguage (subclass RhaetianLanguage GalloRhaetianLanguage) (documentation RhaetianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the eight &%GalloRhaetianLanguages, three of these are classified as a &%RhaetianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. FriulianLanguage (FRL Italy) (instance FriulianLanguage RhaetianLanguage) (documentation FriulianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%FriulianLanguage is a &%RhaetianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: FRL. ISO 639-2: fur. Population: 600,000 (1976 Stephens). Region: Northeast and adjacent areas, northern Friuli-Venezia-Giulia on the borders of the Austrian province of Corinthia and the Republic of Slovenia. Alternate names: FURLAN, FRIOULAN, FRIOULIAN, PRIULIAN, FRIULANO. Dialects: EAST CENTRAL FRIULIAN, WESTERN FRIULIAN, CARNICO. Comments: Friulian, Ladin, and Romansch are separate languages (R. A. Hall, Jr. 1978, personal communication). F.B. Agard considers it to be structurally closer to Italian than to Romansch (personal communication 1981). Most speakers know Standard Italian. Some are cultivating Friulian as a literary language. In the area of Gorizia all the Slovenes speak it as a second or third language. Germans in the area also speak it. Regional pride. NT 1972.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. LadinLanguage (LDD Italy) (instance LadinLanguage RhaetianLanguage) (documentation LadinLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LadinLanguage is a &%RhaetianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: LDD. ISO 639-2: afa. Population: 30 (1973 SIL). Region: Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA, Kayarda and Luri villages. Comments: Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Hausa. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. RomanschLanguage (RHE Switzerland) (instance RomanschLanguage RhaetianLanguage) (documentation RomanschLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%RomanschLanguage is a &%RhaetianLanguage of &%Switzerland. SIL code: RHE. ISO 639-1: rm. ISO 639-2: roh. Population: 40,000 or 0.6% of the population (1990 census). Region: Borders of Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Graubunden Canton, Grisons valley of Surselva, valley of Voderrhein, Engadin and Val Mustair, southeast Switzerland. Alternate names: RHETO-ROMANCE, RHAETO-ROMANCE, ROMANSH, ROMANCHE. Dialects: LOWER ENGADINE (PUTER-LOWER ENGADINE, GRISONS), UPPER ENGADINE (VALLADER-UPPER ENGADINE), SURSILVAN (SURSELVA, SUTSILVAN-HINTERRHEIN), SURSILVAN-OBERLAND, SURMIRAN-ALBULA. Comments: Friulian, Ladin, and Romansch are separate languages (R. A. Hall, Jr., personal communication 1978). 78% lexical similarity with Italian and French, 76% with Catalan, 74% with Spanish, Sardinian, and Portuguese, 72% with Romanian. Speakers are bilingual. Standard German is the language of instruction in school. An official written language is in common use now, called Grischuna. Official language. All dialects taught in school. Newspapers. Bible 1679-1953.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; IBERO-ROMANCE LANGUAGES (17 Languages) ;; IberoRomanceLanguage (subclass IberoRomanceLanguage GalloIberianLanguage) (documentation IberoRomanceLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 30 &%GalloIberianLanguages, 17 of these are classified as an &%IberoRomanceLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; EAST IBERIAN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; EastIberianLanguage (subclass EastIberianLanguage IberoRomanceLanguage) (documentation EastIberianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 17 &%IberoRomanceLanguages, one of these is classified as an &%EastIberianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. CatalanValencianBalearLanguage (CLN Spain) (instance CatalanValencianBalearLanguage EastIberianLanguage) (documentation CatalanValencianBalearLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CatalanValencianBalearLanguage is an &%EastIberianLanguage of &%Spain. SIL code: CLN. ISO 639-1: ca. ISO 639-2: cat. Population: 6,472,828 mother tongue speakers (1996), plus 5,000,000 second or third language speakers in Spain (1994 La Generalitat de Catalunya). Population total all countries 6,565,000 or more. Including second language users: 10,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Northeastern Spain, around Barcelona, Catalonia, Valencia Provinces, Balearic Islands, region of Carche, Murcia Province. Menorquin is on Menorca. Pallarese, a subdialect of Northwestern Catalan, is in Pallars. Ribagorcan, another subdialect extends from the Valley of Aran to the south of Tamarit, and from the Noguera Ribagorcana to the border with Aragonese. Also spoken in Algeria, Andorra, Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Switzerland, Uruguay, USA, Venezuela. Alternate names: CATALA, CATALAN, BACAVES, CATALONIAN. Dialects: CATALAN-ROUSILLONESE (NORTHERN CATALAN), VALENCIAN (VALENCIANO, VALENCIA), BALEARIC (BALEAR, INSULAR CATALAN, MALLORQUI, MENORQUI, EIVISSENC), CENTRAL CATALAN, ALGHERESE, NORTHWESTERN CATALAN (PALLARESE, RIBAGORCAN, LLEIDATA, AIGUAVIVAN). Comments: The standard variety is a literary composite which no one speaks, based on several dialects. Pallarese and Ribogorcan dialects are less similar to standard Catalan. Benasquese and Aiguavivan people live in isolated valleys and have a distinct phonology from their neighbors. Tortosin may be closer to Valencian. Central Catalan has about 90% to 95% inherent intelligibility to speakers of Valencian (R.A. Hall, Jr., 1989). Written Catalan is closest to Barcelona speech. Central Catalan has 87% lexical similarity with Italian, 85% with Portuguese and Spanish, 76% with Rheto-Romance, 75% with Sardinian, 73% with Rumanian. Bilingualism in Spanish, French, Italian, Sard, Occitan. All domains. All ages. Official language. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 96%. The high literacy in Catalan (60%) is recent. Pallarese and Ribogorcan speakers have less education, less contact with the standard, and live in high valleys of the Pyrenees. Some Valencian speakers desire separate literature. Radio programs, TV. Christian, secular. Bible 1478-1993. Also spoken in: Andorra. (Language name: CATALAN-VALENCIAN-BALEAR. Population: 31,000 in Andorra (1990), 61% of the population (1990). Alternate names: CATALA, CATALAN, BACAVES. Comments: National language. Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Christian. Bible 1478-1993. Also spoken in: France. (Language name: CATALAN-VALENCIAN-BALEAR.) Population: 100,000 in France (1996). Comments: Population given above may be the ethnic group, not mother tongue speakers. Bible 1478-1993. Also spoken in: Italy. (Language name: CATALAN-VALENCIAN-BALEAR. Population: 20,000 in Alghero (1996). Dialects: ALGHERESE. Comments: Italian or Logudorese Sardinian are used as second language by many. Bible 1478-1993. See main entry under Spain.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; OC LANGUAGES (6 Languages) ;; OcLanguage (subclass OcLanguage IberoRomanceLanguage) (documentation OcLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 17 &%IberoRomanceLanguages, six of these are classified as an &%OcLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AuvergnatLanguage (AUV France) (instance AuvergnatLanguage OcLanguage) (documentation AuvergnatLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AuvergnatLanguage is an &%OcLanguage of &%France. SIL code: AUV. ISO 639-1: oc. ISO 639-2: oci. Population: No estimate available. Region: Auvergne, Haut-Auvergnat in Cantal and south of Haute-Loire, Bas-Auvergnat in the north of Haute-Loire and in Puy-de-Dome. Alternate names: AUVERNHAS, AUVERNE, OCCITAN. Dialects: HAUT-AUVERGNAT, BAS-AUVERGNAT. Comments: Highly fragmented dialect situation, with limited intelligibility between northern and southern varieties. Bilingualism in French. More vigorous use in the south. Attitudes are strong and differ about how different the Oc varieties are from each other. Investigation needed: intelligibility with northern and southern varieties. Bible portions 1831.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. GasconLanguage (GSC France) (instance GasconLanguage OcLanguage) (documentation GasconLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GasconLanguage is an &%OcLanguage of &%France. SIL code: GSC. ISO 639-1: oc. ISO 639-2: oci. Population: 250,000 speakers in France (1990 P. Blanchet), The population in the Bearn region of southern Gasconha, France is 400,000 (1982), 51% speak Gascon, 70% understand it, 85% are in favor of saving it. Population total both countries 254,800. Region: Gascogne Province, from Medoc to the Pyrenees, from the Atlantic to the Catalan area. Bearnese is spoken by a strong majority in the Bearn. Alternate names: OCCITAN. Dialects: LANDAIS, BEARNAIS (BIARNESE), ARIEGEOIS, ARANESE. Comments: Gascon, Languedocien, and Limousin are structurally separate languages (F.B. Agard). Gascon speakers have some intelligibility of Provencal, some or limited intelligibility of Languedocien (reports differ). Inherently intelligible with Aranese Gascon in Spain, which is a dialect. Literacy rate in first language: Much lower than in Spain. Bible portions 1583-1983. Also spoken in: Spain. (Language name: GASCON, ARANESE.) Population: 3,814 speakers, plus 1,283 who understand it in Spain (1991 linguistic census) out of 5,922 in the valley (1991 census). Alternate names: ARANES, ARANESE, ARNAIS, GASCON, ARANESE OCCITAN. Dialects: BAISH ARANES, MIJARANES ARANES, NAUT ARANES. Comments: Some regional variation. Inherently intelligible with Commingese Gascon of France. Not as close to Limousin, Auvergnat, Languedocien, or Provencal, related languages of France. Over half the speakers are fluent in French, Spanish, Catalan, or Occitan. Catalan and Spanish are taught in school. About half of those in Spain also speak French because of commercial traffic both ways across the border. Most occasions. Speakers in Spain: 532 ages 2-14, 775 15-29, 733 30-44, 750 45-64, 609 over 65, 9 without age indicated. The Aranese magazine 'Toti' is published monthly. The Center of Linguistic Normalization is dedicated to the promotion of its use. Called 'Aranese' in France. Aranese is influenced by Catalan and Spanish more than French. Official language. Literacy rate in first language: 32% Aranese. Literacy rate in second language: Nearly 100% in Spanish, 50% in Catalan. Own orthography in Spain. Taught regularly in school since 1984. Newspapers. Bible portions 1583-1983.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. LimousinLanguage (LMS France) (instance LimousinLanguage OcLanguage) (documentation LimousinLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LimousinLanguage is an &%OcLanguage of &%France. SIL code: LMS. ISO 639-1: oc. ISO 639-2: oci. Population: Spoken by 10% to 20% of the population of the region. Region: Limousin Province. Haut-Limousin around Limoges, Gueret, and Nontron in Charente, Bas-Limousin around Correze and Perigord. Alternate names: LEMOSIN, OCCITAN. Dialects: HAUT-LIMOUSIN, BAS-LIMOUSIN. Comments: Limousin, Languedocien, and Gascon are structurally separate languages (F.B. Agard). Partially intelligible to Provencal. In the north of the province people use a transition dialect with certain Oil (north French) features. People speak French as first or second language. Few children speakers. Attitudes are strong and differ about how different the Oc varieties are from each other.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. LanguedocienLanguage (LNC France) (instance LanguedocienLanguage OcLanguage) (documentation LanguedocienLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LanguedocienLanguage is an &%OcLanguage of &%France. SIL code: LNC. ISO 639-1: oc. ISO 639-2: oci. Population: Fluent speakers are 10% of the population in the region. About 20% more have some knowledge of it. Region: Languedoc Province, from Montpellier to Toulouse, Bordeaux, Rodez, and Albi. Alternate names: LENGADOUCIAN, LANGUEDOC, LANGADOC, OCCITAN, OCCITANI. Dialects: BAS-LANGUEDOCIEN, LANGUEDOCIEN MOYEN, HAUT-LANGUEDOCIEN, GUYENNAIS. Comments: A separate language from Provencal (P. Blanchet 1990). Gascon speakers have limited intelligibility of Languedocien. Everyone speaks French as first or second language. To family and close friends. Mainly spoken in rural communities by people over 50. Attempts to standardize Languedocien for all languages of southern France have not been accepted by speakers of those languages. Attitudes are strong and differ about how different the Oc varieties are from each other. Languedocien resembles most the literary variety of Middle Occitan used in the Troubadours of the Middle Ages. Literacy rate in second language: 99%. Toulouse orthography is different from Ron. Poetry, newspapers. Bible portions 1888.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. ProvencalLanguage (PRV France) (instance ProvencalLanguage OcLanguage) (documentation ProvencalLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ProvencalLanguage is an &%OcLanguage of &%France. SIL code: PRV. ISO 639-1: oc. ISO 639-2: oci. Population: 250,000 fluent speakers in France, 800,000 with some knowledge (1990 P. Blanchet). Population total all countries: 354,500. Region: Southeastern France, province of Provence, south of Dauphine, region of Nimes in Languedoc. Alternate names: PROUVENCAU, MISTRALIEN. Dialects: TRANSALPIN, NICARD (NICOIS), MARITIME PROVENCAL (MARSEILLAIS, TOULONNAIS, VAROIS), GAVOT (ALPIN, VALEIEN, GAPIAN, FORCALQUIEREN), RHODANIEN (NIMOIS), DAUPHINOIS (DROMOIS). Comments: Gascon, Languedocien, and Limousin are structurally separate languages (F. Agard). Provencal and Languedocien (Occitan) are separate languages (P. Blanchet 1990). No Provencal variety is universally accepted as the standard literary form. Nicard and Northern Gavot (Valeien and Gapian) are more difficult for other dialect speakers to understand. Through increased contact in army and school, most speakers are actively bilingual in French. Literary French is sometimes difficult for speakers with less school education. Regional French has a lot of Provencal influence. Most speakers are over 50 years old. There is regional pride and increasing status as a literary language. Strong demand for teaching in school and books in Provencal. Attitudes are strong and differ about how different the Oc varieties are from each other. The Nobel Prize laureate Frederic Mistal wrote in Provencal. Two orthographies in use: Ron and Toulousse. Bible portions 1824-1975. Also spoken in: Italy. (Language name: PROVENCAL. Population: 100,000 in Italy (1990 P. Blanchet). Alternate names: PROVENZALE. Dialects: TRANSALPIN. Comments: Bilingualism in Piemontese, Italian. All ages. It is widely spoken. Bible portions 1824-1975. Also spoken in: Monaco. (Language name: PROVENCAL.) Population: 4,500 in Monaco, 15% of the population (1988). Dialects: NICARD (NICOIS). Comments: Speakers come from Nice and Cannes. Bible portions 1824-1975.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 6. ShuaditLanguage (SDT France) (instance ShuaditLanguage OcLanguage) (documentation ShuaditLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ShuaditLanguage is an &%OcLanguage of &%France. SIL code: SDT. ISO 639-1: oc. ISO 639-2: oci. Region: Department of Vaucluse in southern France, and city of Avignon. Alternate names: SHUADI, JUDEO-PROVENCAL, JUDEO-COMTADINE. Comments: It became extinct in 1977. May still be used in Passover song. Jewish. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; WEST IBERIAN LANGUAGES (10 Language) ;; WestIberianLanguage (subclass WestIberianLanguage IberoRomanceLanguage) (documentation WestIberianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 17 &%IberoRomanceLanguages, 10 of these is classified as a &%WestIberianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ASTURO-LEONESE LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; AsturoLeoneseLanguage (subclass AsturoLeoneseLanguage WestIberianLanguage) (documentation AsturoLeoneseLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 10 &%WestIberianLanguages, two of these are classified as an &%AsturoLeoneseLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AsturianLanguage (AUB Spain) (instance AsturianLanguage AsturoLeoneseLanguage) (documentation AsturianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AsturianLanguage is an &%AsturoLeoneseLanguage of &%Spain. SIL code: AUB. ISO 639-2: ast. Population: 100,000 first language speakers, plus 450,000 second language speakers able to speak or understand it (1994 F. F. Botas). 50,000 in Central Asturian, 30,000 in Western Asturian, 20,000 in Eastern Asturian. 550,000 in the ethnic group. Population total both countries: 100,000 or more. Region: Princedom of Asturias except for the most western section where Galician is spoken, the western part of Cantabria and Leon, and northern Castilla-Leon. In Cantabria and Las Penamelleras (Asturies) people speak Montanes, a Spanish dialect with Asturian influence. Leonese associations promote their language variety. There are Leonese minorities in Portugal. Also spoken in Portugal. Alternate names: ASTUR-LEONESE, ASTURIAN-LEONESE, ASTURIANU. Dialects: LEONESE (LLEONES), WESTERN ASTURIAN, CENTRAL ASTURIAN (BABLE), EASTERN ASTURIAN. Comments: As different from Spanish as Galician or Catalan, more different than Murcian and Andalusian. Close to Leonese. About 80% intelligibility with Spanish (R.A. Hall, Jr. 1989), enough to cause disruption of communicative ability (T. Erickson SIL 1992). The Vaqueiros ethnic group speaks Western Asturian. Intelligibility among the three dialects is functional. Central Asturian is considered the model, and has the most speakers. Closely related to Mirandes in Portugal. Leonese may be a separate language. Bilingualism in Spanish. May be studied in school by ages 6 to 19 if teachers and books are available. They use Spanish in formal situations and with outsiders. There is literature, both popular and literary, since the 17th century, poetry, and traditional ballads and chivalric novels of oral tradition. The Academy of the Asturian Language was formed in 1981, to revive the academy of the 18th century. About 43% of the population in the region have immigrated into the region from the south since the 1950s, and they have not absorbed the Asturian culture or language. Official language. Dictionary. Western Asturian may need orthography adaptation. NT 1997. Also spoken in: Portugal. (Language name: ASTURIAN.) Alternate names: ASTURIAN-LEONESE. Dialects: WEST ASTURIAN, CENTRAL ASTURIAN (BABLE). Comments: As different from Spanish as Galician or Catalan, more different than Murcian and Andalusian. Close to Leonese. About 80% intelligibility with Spanish (R.A. Hall, Jr. 1989), enough to cause disruption of communicative ability (T. Erickson SIL 1992). Intelligibility among the dialects is adequate. Central Asturian is considered the model, and has the most speakers. Children 6 to 16 are required to study it in school. It is voluntary for those 16-19. They use Spanish in formal situations and with outsiders. There is literature, both popular and literary, since the 17th century, poetry, and traditional ballads and chivalric novels of oral tradition. The Academy of the Asturian Language was formed in 1981, to revive the academy of the 18th century. The Vaqueros ethnic group speaks Western Asturian. Dictionary. Western Asturian may need orthography adaptation. NT 1997.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. MirandaDoDouroLanguage (MWL Portugal) (instance MirandaDoDouroLanguage AsturoLeoneseLanguage) (documentation MirandaDoDouroLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MirandaDoDouroLanguage is an &%AsturoLeoneseLanguage of &%Portugal. SIL code: MWL. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 10,000 (1995 SIL). Region: Northeast Portugal, southeastern tip of Tras Os Montes area, on the Spain border, at the latitude of Zamora, city of Miranda. Alternate names: MIRANDESA, MIRANDES. Comments: Related to Asturian and Leones. Probably separated from them at the time of the invasion of the Moors. A folklore group is promoting the language and culture. The language has been introduced into the schools. The people have a different style of dress from their neighbors (black, handwoven cloth). Official language. Agriculturalists.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; CASTILIAN LANGUAGES (5 Languages) ;; CastilianLanguage (subclass CastilianLanguage WestIberianLanguage) (documentation CastilianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 10 &%WestIberianLanguages, five of these are classified as a &%CastilianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. CaloLanguage (RMR Spain) (instance CaloLanguage CastilianLanguage) (documentation CaloLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CaloLanguage is a &%CastilianLanguage of &%Spain. SIL code: RMR. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 40,000 to 140,000 in Spain. Population total all countries: 65,000 to 170,000. Region: Also spoken in Brazil, France, Portugal. Alternate names: GITANO, IBERIAN ROMANI, HISPANOROMANI. Dialects: SPANISH CALO, PORTUGUESE CALAO (CALAO, LUSITANO-ROMANI), CATALONIAN CALO, BASQUE CALO, BRAZILIAN CALAO. Comments: A cryptological variety of Spanish (I. Hancock 1995). McLane found 300 to 400 words based on Romani, but no individual was acquainted with more than 100. The Iberian base for Calo is regional dialects, where the overlap is not distinct between Spanish and Portuguese. Bilingualism in Spanish. There is a movement to revive the defunct inflected Spanish Romani, and a book has been printed in it (I. Hancock 1990). Grammar. Christian. Bible portions 1837-1872. Also spoken in: Brazil. (Language name: CALO.) Population: 10,000 in Latin America. Alternate names: CALO, GITANO, IBERIAN ROMANI. Dialects: BRAZILIAN CALAO. Comments: Very different from other Romani. A cryptolectal variety of Portuguese. Bilingualism in Portuguese. Christian. Bible portions 1837-1872. Also spoken in: France. (Language name: CALO.) Population: 10,000 to 20,000 in France. Alternate names: GITANO, IBERIAN ROMANI. Dialects: BASQUE CALO, CATALONIAN CALO, SPANISH CALO. Comments: Related to Spanish. Bilingualism in Spanish, Portuguese. Christian. Bible portions 1837-1872. Also spoken in: Portugal. (Language name: CALO.) Population: 5,000 in Portugal. Alternate names: CALAO, GITANO, IBERIAN ROMANI. Dialects: SPANISH CALO, PORTUGUESE CALAO (CALAO, LUSITANO-ROMANI), CATALONIAN CALO, BASQUE CALO, BRAZILIAN CALAO. Comments: A Gypsy language very different from other Romani. Calao of Portugal is structured on Portuguese regional dialects where the overlap is not distinct between Spanish and Portuguese. Bilingualism in Portuguese. Christian. Bible portions 1837-1872.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. ExtremaduranLanguage (EXT Spain) (instance ExtramaduranLanguage CastilianLanguage) (documentation ExtramaduranLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%EstramaduranLanguage is a &%CastilianLanguage of &%Spain. SIL code: EXT. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 200,000 active speakers, plus 500,000 able to use it, including some monolinguals (1994 T. Erickson). Most speakers are in the northern dialect. 1,100,000 in the ethnic group. Region: Autonomous region of Extremadura (except the Fala-speaking valley in the northwest, Portuguese dialect-speaking strips in the west, and Spanish-speaking strip in the east), and a few neighboring areas. Alternate names: EXTREMENO, EHTREMENU, CAHTUO, CAHTUO. Dialects: NORTHERN EXTREMADURAN (ARTU EHTREMENU), CENTRAL EXTREMADURAN (MEYU EHTREMENU), SOUTHERN EXTREMADURAN (BAHU EHTREMENU). Comments: Related to the eastern dialect of Tur-Leonese. Dialects: are inherently intelligible to each others' speakers. Those who have gone to school speak Spanish in formal situations and to outsiders. Most speakers are over 30 years old (1994). They use Extremaduran in all contexts. SVO. Literacy rate in second language: 90%. 2 orthographies, one Castilian-like, developed around the turn of the century by the famous poet Jose Maria Gabriel y Galan, the other more recent and more phonetic.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. LadinoLanguage (SPJ Israel) (instance LadinoLanguage CastilianLanguage) (documentation LadinoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LadionLanguage is a &%CastilianLanguage of &%Israel. SIL code: SPJ. ISO 639-2: lad. Population: 100,000 or more in Israel (1985). Population total all countries: 160,000 or fewer (1992). Region: Ethnic group members also in Salonica, Greece, Sofia, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia. Formerly also in Morocco. Also spoken in Puerto Rico, Turkey (Europe), USA. Alternate names: JUDEO SPANISH, SEFARDI, DZHUDEZMO, JUDEZMO, SPANYOL, HAQUETIYA. Dialects: JUDEZMO (JUDYO, JIDYO), LADINO, HAQUETIYA (HAKETIA, HAKETIYA, HAKITIA). Comments: The Balkan dialect is more influenced by Turkish and Greek. The North African dialect is more influenced by Arabic and French. There are no monolinguals. It is not the dominant language for most speakers. Formerly the main language of Sefardic Jewry. The name 'Dzhudezmo' is used by Jewish linguists and Turkish Jews, 'Judeo-Spanish' by Romance philologists, 'Ladino' by laymen, especially in Israel, 'Hakitia' by Moroccan Jews, 'Spanyol' by some others. Different from Ladin in the Rhaeto-Romansch group. The Hebrew (Rashi) alphabet does not work well because of the need to differentiate vowels. Yet there are texts in Hebrew script. Newspapers, radio programs. Jewish. Bible 1829. Also spoken in: Turkey (Europe). Language name: LADINO. Population: 8,000 or fewer first language speakers out of 15,000 people in Turkey (1976). Alternate names: DZHUDEZMO, JUDEO SPANISH, SEFARDI, JUDEZMO, HAKITIA, HAKETIA, SPANYOL. Comments: Nearly all are bilingual in Turkish. Chief language of Sefardic Jews. The Donme are a Ladino-speaking group in Turkey, adherents of Shabbetai Zevi (Zvi). Roman. Newspapers. Jewish. Bible 1829.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. LoretoUcayaliSpanishLanguage (SPQ Peru) (instance LoretoUcayaliSpanishLanguage CastilianLanguage) (documentation LoretoUcayaliSpanishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LoretoUcayaliSpanishLanguage is a &%CastilianLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: SPQ. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: No estimate available. Region: Loreto and Ucayali River areas. Alternate names: JUNGLE SPANISH. Comments: Some other speakers have limited understanding of colloquial standard Spanish. There are monolingual speakers.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. SpanishLanguage (SPN Spain) (instance SpanishLanguage CastilianLanguage) (documentation SpanishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SpanishLanguage is a &%CastilianLanguage of &%Spain. SIL code: SPN. ISO 639-1: es. ISO 639-2: spa. Population: 28,173,600 in Spain, 72.8% of the population (1986). Population total all countries: 322,200,000 to 358,000,000 first language users (1999 WA--source for the second figure), 417,000,000 including second language users (1999 WA). Region: Central and southern Spain and the Canary Islands. Also spoken in 43 other countries including Andorra, Argentina, Aruba, Australia, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia, Canada, Cayman Islands, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Finland, France. Alternate names: ESPANOL, CASTELLANO, CASTILIAN. Dialects: ANDALUSIAN, MURCIAN, ARAGONESE, NAVARRESE, CASTILIAN, CANARY ISLANDS SPANISH, AMERICAN SPANISH. Comments: Leonese has similarities to Asturian, and may be extinct. 89% lexical similarity with Portuguese, 85% with Catalan, 82% with Italian, 76% with Sardinian, 75% with French, 74% with Rheto-Romance, 71% with Rumanian. Most mother tongue speakers of other languages in Spain use Spanish as second language. The Aragonese dialect of Spanish is different from the Aragonese language. Official language. Dictionary. Grammar. SVO, prepositions, genitives, relatives after noun heads, articles, numerals before noun heads, adjectives before or after noun heads depending on whether it is evaluative or descriptive, question word initial, (C(C))V(C), nontonal. Christian. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Andorra. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 24,600 in Andorra, 60% of population (1986). Alternate names: CASTILIAN. Comments: Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Argentina. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 33,000,000 in Argentina (1995 estimate). Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Belize. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 80,477 in Belize (1991 census). Alternate names: ESPANOL, CASTELLANO. Comments: Radio programs, TV. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Bolivia. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 3,483,700 in Bolivia (1995 estimate). Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Chile. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 13,800,000 in Chile, including 25% Spanish, 66% mestizo (1995). Alternate names: ESPANOL, CASTELLANO. Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Colombia. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 34,000,000 in Colombia (1995 estimate). Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Costa Rica. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 3,300,000 in Costa Rica (1995 estimate). Alternate names: ESPANOL, CASTELLANO. Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Cuba. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 10,000,000 in Cuba (1995 estimate). Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Dominican Republic. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 6,886,000 in Dominican Republic (1995 estimate), 87% of the population. Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Ecuador. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 9,500,000 in Ecuador (1995 estimate). Comments: National language. Christian. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: El Salvador. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 5,900,000 in El Salvador (1995), or 92.3% of the population (1982 Barrett). Alternate names: ESPANOL, CASTELLANO. Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Equatorial Guinea. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 11,500 in Equatorial Guinea (1993 Johnstone). Comments: Official language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: France. (Language name: SPANISH.) Alternate names: CASTILLIAN. Comments: Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Gibraltar. (Language name: SPANISH.) Comments: Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Guatemala. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 4,673,000 in Guatemala (1995 estimate). Alternate names: ESPANOL, CASTELLANO. Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Honduras. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 5,600,000 in Honduras (1996). Alternate names: ESPANOL, CASTELLANO. Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Mexico. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 86,211,000 first language speakers in Mexico (1995), 88% of the population. Alternate names: ESPANOL, CASTELLANO. Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Morocco. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 20,000 in Morocco (1993 Johnstone). Comments: Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Nicaragua. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 4,347,000 in Nicaragua (1995 estimate). Alternate names: ESPANOL, CASTELLANO. Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Panama. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 2,100,000 in Panama (1995 estimate). Alternate names: ESPANOL, CASTELLANO. Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Paraguay. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 110,000 in Paraguay (1979 estimate). Comments: Used in education and government. National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Peru. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 20,000,000 in Peru (1995 estimate). Alternate names: ESPANOL, CASTELLANO. Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Philippines. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 2,658 (1990 census). Comments: Formerly the official language. Used by a few families as mother tongue. Christian. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Puerto Rico. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 3,437,120 speakers in Puerto Rico, 90% of the population (1996). Comments: Some dialects are considered to be archaic. National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Trinidad and Tobago. (Language name: SPANISH.) Comments: Users seem to be second language users only. Frequent contact with Venezuelan fishing communities that lie nine miles off the coast of Trinidad. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Uruguay. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 3,000,000 in Uruguay (1995 estimate). Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: USA. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 22,400,000 in USA, 8.9% of the population (1990 census). Alternate names: ESPANOL, CASTELLANO. Comments: Population: has increased 61% or more since 1970. Official language. Bible 1553-1979. Also spoken in: Venezuela. (Language name: SPANISH.) Population: 21,480,000 in Venezuela (1995 estimate). Comments: National language. Bible 1553-1979.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; PORTUGUESE-GALICIAN LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; PortugueseGalicianLanguage (subclass PortugueseGalicianLanguage WestIberianLanguage) (documentation PortugueseGalicianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 10 &%WestIberianLanguages, three of these are classified as a &%PortugueseGalicianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. FalaLanguage (FAX Spain) (instance FalaLanguage PortugueseGalicianLanguage) (documentation FalaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%FalaLanguage is a &%PortugueseGalicianLanguage of &%Spain. SIL code: FAX. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 10,500 including 5,500 active speakers in the language area, 5,000 outside, many of whom return each summer (1994 T. Erickson). Region: Northwest corner of the autonomous region of Extremadura, an isolated valley on the Portuguese border called Val de Xalima or Val du riu Ellas, towns of Valverdi du Fresnu, As Ellas and Sa Martin de Trebellu. Alternate names: A FALA DE XALIMA, A FALA DO XALIMA, GALAICO-EXTREMADURAN, 'CHAPURREAU'. Dialects: VALVIDEIRU, MANEGU, LAGARTEIRU. Comments: Dialects: are inherently intelligible to each others' speakers. Not easily intelligible with the surrounding language varieties. Intelligible to speakers of Galician. They speak Spanish in school, church, and with outsiders. Spoken in all contexts except school, church, and contacts with outsiders. All ages. Vitality is high. The speakers do not identify with the Galicians. Literacy rate in second language: Nearly 100%. Speakers do not want orthography to be like Galician.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. GalicianLanguage (GLN Spain) (instance GalicianLanguage PortugueseGalicianLanguage) (documentation GalicianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GalicianLanguage is a &%PortugueseGalicianLanguage of &%Spain. SIL code: GLN. ISO 639-1: gl. ISO 639-2: glg. Population: 3,173,400 in Spain, 8.2% of the population (1986). Population total both countries: 4,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Northwest Spain, Autonomous Region of Galicia. Also spoken in Portugal. Alternate names: GALEGO, GALLEGO. Comments: Galician is between Portuguese and Spanish, but closer to Portuguese. Portuguese has about 85% intelligibility to speakers of Galician (R.A. Hall, Jr., 1989). Many dialects. Bilingualism in Spanish. There is an Academy of the Galician Language. It has had many decades of development as a language of serious literature, including poetry, essays on novel, ideological, philosophical, and sociological topics, and for all levels of education, including higher education. A growing sense of ethnic identity and of the Galician language. Investigation needed: intelligibility with dialects on the border with Asturian. Official language. Bible 1989-1992. Also spoken in: Portugal. (Language name: GALICIAN.) Population: 15,000 in Tras Os Montes (1994 D. and N. Burns). Alternate names: GALEGO, GALLEGO. Comments: Galician is between Portuguese and Spanish, but closer to Portuguese. There is an Academy of the Galician Language. There is tension between those in Tras Os Montes Portugal and Spain over dialect differences and identity. There is tension between those in Tras Os Montes Portugal and Spain over orthography. Bible 1989-1992.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. PortugueseLanguage (POR Portugal) (instance PortugueseLanguage PortugueseGalicianLanguage) (documentation PortugueseLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PortugueseLanguage is a &%PortugueseGalicianLanguage of &%Portugal. SIL code: POR. ISO 639-1: pt. ISO 639-2: por. Population: 10,000,000 in Portugal. Population total all countries: 176,000,000 first language speakers (1999 WA), 191,000,000 including second language speakers (1999 WA). Region: Iberia, Azores, Madeira. Also spoken in 33 other countries including Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Cape Verde Islands, China, Congo, France, Germany, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Luxembourg, Malawi, Mozambique. Alternate names: PORTUGUES. Dialects: BEIRA, GALICIAN, MADEIRA-AZORES, ESTREMENHO, BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE. Comments: Standard Portuguese of Portugal is based on Southern or Estremenho dialect (Lisbon and Coimbra). Official language. Dictionary. Grammar. SVO. Literacy rate in second language: 83% to 84%. Christian. Bible 1751, in press (1993). Also spoken in: Angola. (Language name: PORTUGUESE.) Population: 57,600 in Angola (1993). Comments: Official language. Bible 1751, in press (1993). Also spoken in: Brazil. (Language name: PORTUGUESE.) Population: 158,000,000 in Brazil (1997 UBS). Comments: National language. Literacy rate in first language: 71%. Christian, spiritism. Bible 1751-1996. Also spoken in: Cape Verde Islands. (Language name: PORTUGUESE.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1751, in press (1993). Also spoken in: France. (Language name: PORTUGUESE.) Population: 750,000 in France (1989 National Geographic). Comments: Literacy rate in second language: Relatively low. Bible 1751, in press (1993). Also spoken in: Guinea-Bissau. (Language name: PORTUGUESE.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1751, in press (1993). Also spoken in: Mozambique. (Language name: PORTUGUESE.) Population: 30,000 or more in Mozambique (1998 SIL), 27% speak it as second language (1980 census). Comments: Official language. Bible 1751, in press (1993). Also spoken in: Sao Tome e Principe. (Language name: PORTUGUESE.) Population: 2,580 in Sao Tome (1993). Comments: Used by many people as their primary language until their late 20s, when they become more active in Sao Tomense society, and relearn Sao Tomense, the language of social networks above age 30. Used as a second language by some people. Official language. Bible 1751, in press (1993). Also spoken in: Timor Lorosae. (Language name: PORTUGUESE.) Alternate names: PORTUGUES. Comments: Probably 2% of the population from Timor Lorosae worldwide can function in it, including about 9,000 people living overseas. Dictionary. Grammar. Christian. Bible 1751, in press (1993).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; PYRENEAN-MOZARABIC LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; PyreneanMozarabicLanguage (subclass PyreneanMozarabicLanguage WesternRomanceLanguage) (documentation PyreneanMozarabicLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 32 &%WesternRomanceLanguages, two of these are classified as a &%PyreneanMozarabicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; MOZARABIC GROUP LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; MozarabicGroupLanguage (subclass MozarabicGroupLanguage PyreneanMozarabicLanguage) (documentation MozarabicGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the two &%PyreneanMozarabicLanguages, one of these is classified as a &%MozarabicGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. MozarabicLanguage (MXI Spain) (instance MozarabicLanguage MozarabicGroupLanguage) (documentation MozarabicLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MozarabicLanguage is a &%MozarabicGroupLanguage of &%Spain. SIL code: MXI. ISO 639-2: roa. Comments: A Romance language with Arabic influences. It is still used liturgically by 2 churches in Toledo. Used by Christians during the Moorish occupation of Spain in the Middle Ages. Christian. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; PYRENEAN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; PyreneanLanguage (subclass PyreneanLanguage PyreneanMozarabicLanguage) (documentation PyreneanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the two &%PyreneanMozarabicLanguages, one of these is classified as a &%PyreneanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AragoneseLanguage (AXX Spain) (instance AragoneseLanguage PyreneanLanguage) (documentation AragoneseLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AragoneseLanguage is a &%PyreneanLanguage of &%Spain. SIL code: AXX. ISO 639-2: roa. Population: 11,000 or more active speakers. An additional 20,000 people use it as second language (1993 Counsel of the Aragonese Language). The majority speak Eastern Aragonese. 2,000,000 in the ethnic group. Region: Zaragoza, Uesca Province. The northern limit is the Pyrenean border, separating Aragon from Occitania, the western limit is the border of Navarra, the eastern limit is north of Montso. Western Aragonese includes the towns of Anso, Echo, Chasa, Berdun, and Chaca, Central Aragonese the towns of Panticosa, Biescas, Torla, Broto, Bielsa, Yebra, and L'Ainsa, Eastern Aragonese the towns of Benas (Benasque, Benasc, Patues), Plan, Bisagorri, Campo, Perarruga, Graus, Estadilla, Southern Aragonese the towns of Aguero, Ayerbe, Rasal, Bolea, Lierta, Uesca, Almudebar, Nozito, Labata, Alguezra, Angues, Pertusa, Balbastro, Nabal. Alternate names: ARAGOIERAZ, ALTOARAGONES, ARAGONES, FABLA ARAGONESA, PATUES, HIGH ARAGONESE. Dialects: WESTERN ARAGONESE (ANSOTANO, CHESO), CENTRAL ARAGONESE (BELSETAN, CHISTABINO, TENSINO, PANDICUTO, BERGOTES), EASTERN ARAGONESE (BENASQUES, GRAUSINO, RIBAGORZANO, FOBANO, CHISTABINO), SOUTHERN ARAGONESE (AYERBENSE, SEMONTANES). Comments: There are local varieties. Different from the local variety of Spanish (also called 'Aragonese', which is influenced by High Aragonese). Eastern Aragonese is transitional to Catalan. Similarities to Catalan, Occitan, and Gascon. Speakers use Spanish (Castilian) in varying degrees, depending on their education, generally they use it well. Used with outsiders. Speakers include 500 elderly monolinguals (1993). There is an Aragonese Speakers' League (Ligallo de Fablans de l'Aragones) in Zaragoza, and a Council of the Aragonese Language (Consello d'a Fabla Aragonesa) in Uesca. There are 5 magazines in Aragonese, and at least 6 organizations of mother tongue speakers working in the language. The written language is based on Central and Eastern Aragonese. Official language. Grammar. Literacy rate in second language: Nearly 100%. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SOUTHERN ROMANCE LANGUAGES (5 Languages) ;; SouthernRomanceLanguage (subclass SouthernRomanceLanguage ItaloWesternRomanceLanguage) (documentation SouthernRomanceLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 36 &%ItaloWesternRomanceLanguages, five of these are classified as a &%SouthernRomanceLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; CORSICAN GROUP LANGUAGES (1 Language) (subclass CorsicanGroupLanguage SouthernRomanceLanguage) (documentation CorsicanGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the five &%SouthernRomanceLanguages, one of these is a &%CorsicanGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. CorsicanLanguage (COI France) (instance CorsicanLanguage CorsicanGroupLanguage) (documentation CorsicanLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CorsicanLanguage is a &%CorsicanGroupLanguage, of &%France (Corsica). SIL code: COI. ISO 639-1: co. ISO 639-2: cos. Population: 281,000 in Corsica (1993 Johnstone). Population total all countries: 341,000 or more (1976). Region: Corsica, Paris, Marseilles. Also spoken in Bolivia, Canada, Cuba, Italy, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, USA, Venezuela. Alternate names: CORSU, CORSO, CORSE, CORSI. Dialects: SARTENAIS, VICO-AJACCIO, NORTHERN CORSICAN (CAPE CORS, BASTIA), VENACO. Comments: Corsican is in the Tuscan group of Italian varieties. Southern Corsican is closer to northern Sardinian or Gallurese than other Corsican dialects (R. A. Hall, Jr.) Dialects: of Bastia, Venaco, Vico, and Sartene have 79% to 89% lexical similarity. Bonifacio on the southern tip of the island has 78% lexical similarity (highest) with Bastia at extreme north. Ajaccio dialect is central and prestigious. Speakers are bilingual in French but many are not fluent in it. There is a movement for bilingual education. Corsican has been recognized as a separate language by the French government. Not endangered. Bible portions 1861-1994. Also spoken in: Italy. (Language name: CORSICAN.) Alternate names: CORSO, CORSU, CORSE, CORSI. Comments: Southern Corsican is closer to Gallurese Sardinian than to other Corsican dialects (R.A. Hall, Jr.) Bible portions 1861.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SARDINIAN LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; SardinianLanguage (subclass SardinianLanguage SouthernRomanceLanguage) (documentation SardinianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the five &%SouthernRomanceLanguages, four of these is a &%SardinianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. CampidaneseSardinianLanguage (SRO Italy) (instance CampindaneseSardinianLanguage SardinianLanguage) (documentation CampindaneseSardinianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CampindaneseSardinianLanguage is a &%SardinianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: SRO. ISO 639-1: sc. ISO 639-2: srd. Population: No estimate available. Region: Southern Sardinia. Alternate names: SARDU, CAMPIDANESE, CAMPIDESE, SOUTH SARDINIAN. Dialects: CAGLIARE (CAGLIARI, CAGLIARITAN), ARBORENSE, SUB-BARBARICINO, WESTERN CAMPIDENESE, CENTRAL CAMPIDANESE, OGLIASTRINO, SULCITANO, MERIDIONALE, SARRABENSE. Comments: Cagliaritan is the dialect of Cagliari, the capital of Sardinia. Campidanese is quite distinct from the other Sardinian languages. Cagliare has 62% lexical similarity with Standard Italian, 73% with Logudorese, 66% with Gallurese. It is in general use in the south. A movement is growing to recognize Sard as an important part of their linguistic and cultural heritage. Bible portions 1860-1900.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. GallureseSardinianLanguage (SDN Italy) (instance GallureseSardinianLanguage SardinianLanguage) (documentation GallureseSardinianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GallureseSardinianLanguage is a &%SardinianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: SDN. ISO 639-1: sc. ISO 639-2: srd.Population: No estimate available. Region: Gallurese is in northeastern Sardinia. Alternate names: NORTHEASTERN SARDINIAN, GALLURESE. Comments: 83% lexical similarity with Standard Italian, 81% with Sassarese, 70% with Logudorese, 66% with Cagliare. A growing movement to recognize Sard as an important part of their cultural and linguistic heritage. Influenced by Corsican and Tuscan (Standard Italian). They call Campidanese and Logudorese 'Sard', and the people 'Sards', but do not include themselves or their language in those terms. Bible portions 1861-1862.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. LogudoreseSardinianLanguage (SRD Italy) (instance LogudoreseSardinianLanguage SardinianLanguage) (documentation LogudoreseSardinianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LogudoreseSardinianLanguage is a &%SardinianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: SRD. ISO 639-1: sc. ISO 639-2: srd. Population: 1,500,000 including all Sardinian languages (1977 M. Ibba, Rutgers University). Region: Central Sardinia. Alternate names: SARD, SARDARESE, LOGUDORESE, CENTRAL SARDINIAN. Dialects: NUORESE, NORTHERN LOGUDORESE, BARBARICINO, SOUTHWESTERN LOGUDORESE. Comments: No one form of Sardinian is selected as standard for literary purposes. Logudorese is quite different from other Sardinian varieties. 68% lexical similarity with Standard Italian, 73% with Sassarese and Cagliarese, 70% with Gallurese. 'Sardinian' has 85% lexical similarity with Italian, 80% with French, 78% with Portuguese, 76% with Spanish, 74% with Rumanian and Rheto-Romance. Italian is used for literary and teaching purposes. Farmers and housewives over 35 use almost no Italian. Sardinian is in general use in central and southern areas. It has prestige equal to Italian in some contexts including writing. There is a growing movement to recognize Sard as an important part of their linguistic and cultural heritage. Christian. Bible portions 1858-1861.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. SassareseSardinianLanguage (SDC Italy) (instance SassareseSardinianLanguage SardinianLanguage) (documentation SassareseSardinianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SassureseSardinianLanguage is a &%SardinianLanguage of &%Italy. SIL code: SDC. ISO 639-1: sc. ISO 639-2: srd. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northwestern Sardinia. Alternate names: NORTHWESTERN SARDINIAN, SASSARESE. Comments: 81% lexical similarity with Gallurese, 76% with Standard Italian. There is a growing movement to recognize Sard as an important part of their cultural and linguistic heritage. Influenced by Ligurian and Pisan (Pisa, northwest coast of Italy). They call Campidanese and Logudorese 'Sard', and the people 'Sards', but do not include themselves or their language in those terms. Bible portions 1863-1866.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SLAVIC LANGUAGES (18 Languages) ;; SlavicLanguage (subclass SlavicLanguage IndoEuropeanLanguage) (documentation SlavicLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%SlavicLanguage is any of 18 closely related &%IndoEuropeanLanguages spoken in central and eastern &%Europe.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; EAST SLAVIC LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; EastSlavicLanguage (subclass EastSlavicLanguage SlavicLanguage) (documentation EastSlavicLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 18 &%SlavicLanguages, four are classified as an &%EastSlavicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. RusynLanguage (RUE Ukraine) (instance RusynLanguage EastSlavicLanguage) (documentation RusynLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%RusynLanguage is an &%EastSlavicLanguage of the &%Ukraine. SIL code: RUE. ISO 639-2: sla. Population: Population total both countries 50,000 or more. Region: Transcarpathian Oblast of Ukraine. Also possibly in Romania. Alternate names: RUTHENIAN, CARPATHIAN, CARPATHO-RUSYN. Comments: Rusyn is called a dialect of Ukrainian, but speakers are reported to consider themselves distinct from Ukrainians. Standard Ukrainian used for literature, signs. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Ukrainian. Radio programs, TV. Christian. Also spoken in: Slovakia. (Language name: RUSYN.) Population: 50,000 in Slovakia (1991 census). Alternate names: RUTHENIAN, CARPATHIAN, CARPATHO-RUSYN. Dialects: LEMKO. Comments: Rusyn is sometimes called a dialect of Ukrainian, but speakers are reported to consider themselves distinct from Ukrainians. Nearly two-thirds have assimilated culturally and linguistically with the Slovaks. Some ethnic Rusyns in Yugoslavia are reported to speak Eastern Slovak, Sarish dialect, not Rusyn. In 1995 it was declared a normative, codified language in Slovakia, can formally be taught in schools, used for publications, school textbooks. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Ukrainian, bilingual proficiency in Slovak. Dictionary. Radio programs, TV. Christian. See main entry under Ukraine.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. RussianLanguage (RUS Russia - Europe) (instance RussianLanguage EastSlavicLanguage) (documentation RussianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%RussianLanguage is an &%EastSlavicLanguage of &%Russia (Europe). SIL code: RUS. ISO 639-1: ru. ISO 639-2: rus. Population: 153,655,000 in the republics of the former USSR. Population total all countries: 167,000,000 first language speakers (1999 WA), 277,000,000 including second language users (1999 WA). Region: Also spoken in 30 other countries including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Greece, India, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova. Alternate names: RUSSKI. Dialects: NORTH RUSSIAN, SOUTH RUSSIAN. Comments: The Chuvan are a Yukagiric people now speaking Russian. The Meshcheryak are ethnically Erzya, but speak Russian. The Teryukhan are ethnically Erzya in Gorkiy, but speak Russian. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. SVO, prepositions, genitives after noun heads, articles, adjectives, numerals before noun heads, question word initial, 1 prefix on a word, recursive addition of suffixes allowed, nontonal. Christian. Bible 1680-1993. Also spoken in: China. (Language name: RUSSIAN.) Population: 13,504 in China (1990 census). Alternate names: OLOSSU, ELUOSI, RUSS, RUSSKI. Comments: An official nationality in China. Agriculturalists, animal husbandry. Christian. Bible 1680-1993. Also spoken in: Israel. (Language name: RUSSIAN.) Population: 750,000 in Israel (1999 H. Mutzafi). Alternate names: RUSSIT, RUSSKI. Comments: Most speakers use Hebrew as second language but prefer Russian. Radio programs. Jewish. Bible 1860-1993. Also spoken in: Mongolia. (Language name: RUSSIAN.) Population: 4,000 in Mongolia (1993 Johnstone). Alternate names: RUSSKI. Comments: Russians who are permanent residents are called 'Mectny Oros'. Widely taught in schools and for higher education. Mainly atheist, many occultist. Bible 1680-1993. Also spoken in: USA. (Language name: RUSSIAN.) Population: 334,615 in USA (1970 census). Alternate names: RUSSKI. Comments: The Doukhobors and Molokans are conservative religious groups who speak Standard Russian. Other Russian speakers in the USA have long-standing residence, still others have come more recently. Bible 1680-1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. BelarusanLanguage (RUW Belarus) (instance BelarusanLanguage EastSlavicLanguage) (documentation BelarusanLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BelarusanLanguage is an &%EastSlavicLanguage of &%Belarus. SIL code: RUW. ISO 639-1: be. ISO 639-2: bel. Population: 7,905,000 in Belarus, 98% of the population (1993 Johnstone). Population total all countries: 10,200,000. 74% of the ethnic group from the former USSR speak it as mother tongue. Region: Also spoken in Azerbaijan, Canada, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Russia (Europe), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, USA, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: BELARUSIAN, BELORUSSIAN, BIELORUSSIAN, WHITE RUSSIAN, WHITE RUTHENIAN, BYELORUSSIAN. Dialects: NORTHEAST BELARUSAN (POLOTS, VITEB-MOGILEV), SOUTHWEST BELARUSAN (GRODNEN-BARANOVICH, SLUTSKO-MOZYR, SLUTSKA-MAZYRSKI), CENTRAL BELARUSAN. Comments: Linguistically between Russian and Ukrainian, with transitional dialects to both. National language. Cyrillic script used. Christian, Muslim (Tatar). Bible 1973. Also spoken in: Poland. (Language name: BELARUSAN.) Population: 230,000 in Poland (1993 Johnstone). Alternate names: BYELORUSSIAN, WHITE RUSSIAN. Comments: Cyrillic alphabet. Bible 1973.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. UkrainianLanguage (UKR Ukraine) (instance UkrainianLanguage EastSlavicLanguage) (documentation UkrainianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%UkrainianLanguage is an &%EastSlavicLanguage of the &%Ukraine. SIL code: UKR. ISO 639-1: uk. ISO 639-2: ukr. Population: 31,058,000 in Ukraine (1993), 83% of 37,419,000 in the ethnic group (1993 Johnstone). 75% of the population is ethnic Ukrainian. Population total all countries: 47,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Western Ukraine, adjacent republics. Also spoken in 25 other countries including Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Paraguay, Poland, Romania, Russia (Asia), Slovakia. Dialects: NORTHWEST UKRAINIAN, SOUTHWEST UKRAINIAN, EAST UKRAINIAN. Comments: Dialect differences are slight. Official language. Grammar. Cyrillic script. Christian. Bible 1903-1962. Also spoken in: Poland. (Language name: UKRAINIAN.) Population: 1,500,000 in Poland. Comments: The largest minority language group in Poland. Christian. Bible 1903-1962. Also spoken in: Slovakia. (Language name: UKRAINIAN.) Population: 100,000 in Slovakia. Comments: Christian. Bible 1903-1962.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SOUTH SLAVIC LANGUAGES (6 Languages) ;; SouthSlavicLanguage (subclass SouthSlavicLanguage SlavicLanguage) (documentation SouthSlavicLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 18 &%SlavicLanguages, six are classified as a &%SouthSlavicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SOUTHEASTERN SLAVIC LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; SoutheasternSlavicLanguage (subclass SoutheasternSlavicLanguage SouthSlavicLanguage) (documentation SoutheasternSlavicLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the six &%SouthSlavicLanguages, three are classified as a &%SoutheasternSlavicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. BulgarianLanguage (BLG Bulgaria) (instance BulgarianLanguage SoutheasternSlavicLanguage) (documentation BulgarianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BulgarianLanguage is a &%SoutheasternSlavicLanguage of &%Bulgaria. SIL code: BLG. ISO 639-1: bg. ISO 639-2: bul. Population: 7,986,000 in Bulgaria, 85% of the population (1986). Population total all countries: 9,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Also spoken in Canada, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Moldova, Romania, Turkey (Europe), Ukraine, USA, Yugoslavia. Alternate names: BALGARSKI. Dialects: PALITYAN (PALITIANI, BOGOMIL). Comments: Palityan is functionally intelligible with Standard Bulgarian. The Sopa are of Petecheneg origin and speak Bulgarian. National language. Grammar. SVO. Christian. Bible 1864-1923. Also spoken in: Greece. (Language name: BULGARIAN.) Population: 30,000 in Greece (1998 Greek Helsinki Monitor). Dialects: POMAK (POMAKCI, POMAKIKA). Comments: Pomak is close to Serbian and Bulgarian, geographical dialect shading toward each. Bilingualism in Turkish, Greek. They speak Pomak at home. Also referred to locally as 'Macedonian' and 'Vlach'. The term 'Vlach' is applied variously to varieties of Bulgarian, Romani, and Romanian in Romania, Greece, Albania, and Yugoslavia. Many Greek loan words and others from the dead language, Thraco-Illyrian. Viewed as Turks in Greece. Muslim. Bible 1864-1923. Also spoken in: Moldova. (Language name: BULGARIAN.) Population: 361,000 in Moldova (1979 census), 68% speak it as mother tongue. Comments: Christian. Bible 1864-1923. Romania. (Language name: BULGARIAN.) Population: 10,439 (1966 census). Dialects: PALITYAN (PALITIANI, BOGOMIL). Comments: The Palityan dialect is apparently intelligible with other Bulgarian dialects. In Romania it is a recognized minority language. Christian. Bible 1864-1923. Also spoken in: Turkey (Europe). (Language name: BULGARIAN.) Population: 270,000 in Turkey, including refugees from Bulgaria (1993 Johnstone). Alternate names: POMAK. Dialects: POMAK. Comments: 93% bilingual in Turkish. Spoken by Muslim Pomaks in Turkey and Greece. Sunni Muslim. Bible 1864-1923. Also spoken in: Yugoslavia. (Language name: BULGARIAN.) Comments: Catholic Bulgarians are in Yugoslav and Romanian Banat. Bible 1864-1923.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. MacedonianLanguage (MKJ Macedonia) (instance MacedonianLanguage SoutheasternSlavicLanguage) (documentation MacedonianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MacedonianLanguage is a &%SoutheasternSlavicLanguage of &%Macedonian. SIL code: MKJ. ISO 639-1: mk. ISO 639-2(B): mac. ISO 639-2(T): mkd. Population: 1,386,000 in Macedonia (1986). Population total all countries: 2,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: The northern dialect is in Kumanovo-Kratovo region, the southeastern dialect around Gevgelija, Strumica, and Lake Dojran, the western dialect has one subdialect in the Veles, Prilep, Kichevo, and Bitola region, and another in the Debar-Galchnik region. Also spoken in Albania, Bulgaria, Canada, Greece, Hungary, Slovenia. Alternate names: MAKEDONSKI, SLAVIC, MACEDONIAN SLAVIC. Dialects: NORTHERN MACEDONIAN, SOUTHEASTERN MACEDONIAN, WESTERN MACEDONIAN. Comments: The standard dialect was recognized in 1944. Sociopolitical attitudes are strong: called 'Slavic' in Greece, considered to be a dialect of Bulgarian by some in Bulgaria. National language. Grammar. Newspapers, radio programs. Bible 1990. Also spoken in: Albania. (Language name: MACEDONIAN.) Population: 30,000 in Albania (1993 Johnstone). Alternate names: SLAVIC, MACEDONIAN SLAVIC. Comments: Called 'Slavic' in Greece. Bible 1990. Also spoken in: Bulgaria. (Language name: MACEDONIAN.) Comments: Bible 1990. Also spoken in: Greece. (Language name: SLAVIC.) Population: 41,017 mother tongue speakers in Greece, 0.537% of the population (1951 census). Alternate names: MACEDONIAN SLAVIC, MACEDONIAN. Comments: Speakers are bilingual in Greek, which is used for education and religion. Called 'Slavic' in Greece, where 'Macedonian' refers only to people living in Macedonia, a region in Greece. Bible 1990.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. OldChurchSlavonicLanguage (SLN Russia - Europe) (instance OldChurchSlavonicLanguage SoutheasternSlavicLanguage) (documentation OldChurchSlavonicLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%OldChurchSlavonicLanguage is a &%SoutheasternSlavicLanguage of &%Russia (Europe). SIL code: SLN. ISO 639-1: cu. ISO 639-2: chu. Comments: Used as liturgical language of various Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic churches. Christian. Extinct. Bible 1581-1751.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SOUTHWESTERN SLAVIC LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; SouthwesternSlavicLanguage (subclass SouthwesternSlavicLanguage SouthSlavicLanguage) (documentation SouthwesternSlavicLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the six &%SouthSlavicLanguages, three are classified as a &%SouthwesternSlavicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. RomanoSerbianLanguage (RSB Yugoslavia) (instance RomanoSerbianLanguage SouthwesternSlavicLanguage) (documentation RomanoSerbianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%RomanoSerbianLanguage is a &%SouthwesternSlavicLanguage of &%Yugoslavia. SIL code: RSB. ISO 639-2: sla. Population: No estimate available. Region: Serbia. Alternate names: TENT GYPSY. Comments: Related linguistically to Serbian with influences from Romani.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. SlovenianLanguage (SLV Slovenia) (instance SlovenianLanguage SouthwesternSlavicLanguage) (documentation SlovenianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SlovenianLanguage is a &%SouthwesternSlavicLanguage of &%Slovenia. SIL code: SLV. ISO 639-1: sl. ISO 639-2: slv. Population: 1,727,360 in Slovenia (1991 census). Population total all countries: 2,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Carniola and southern parts of Styria and Carinthia, Lower Carniola in Dolenjsko, Upper Carniola in Gorenjska, Primorski in West Slovenia, Stajerski in Styria. Also spoken in Argentina, Australia, Austria, Canada, Croatia, Hungary, Italy, USA, Yugoslavia. Alternate names: SLOVENSCINA, SLOVENE. Dialects: LOWER CARNIOLA, UPPER CARNIOLA, STAJERSKI, PRIMORSKI. Comments: The literary dialect is between the two main dialects, based on Dolenjsko. Dialects: are diverse. National language. Grammar. SVO. Radio programs. Bible 1584-1996. Also spoken in: Austria. (Language name: SLOVENIAN.) Population: 20,000 to 40,000 in Austria (1993 T. Priestly), including at least several thousand Windisch speakers (1995). Alternate names: SLOVENE. Dialects: WINDISCH. Comments: Separated by the Karawanken Mts. from the larger group of Slovenes in Slovenia. They and their speech are called 'Windisch', an archaic form of Slovene, heavily influenced by German. The dialects of Slovene, generally, tend to differ from one another very much. No one has made any kind of a measured dialect analysis, so it is not possible at this time (1995) to say how different any of the dialects are from the standard (T. Priestly, U. of Alberta, personal communication 1995). Some speakers speak Standard Slovene well, some use it only in church. Some of the ethnic group are able to speak the dialects, some are losing their command of them. Many speakers go to church, where they hear Standard Slovene. Speakers are bilingual or trilingual in the Slovenian dialect (Windisch), a German regional variety (Karntnerisch or Steierisch), or Standard German. Most speakers educated since 1945 speak Standard German reasonably well. Most do not consider themselves to be Slovenians, but Carinthians, belonging to the German culture. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Standard Slovenian. Official language. Bible 1584-1996. Also spoken in: Hungary. (Language name: SLOVENIAN.) Population: 4,205 in Hungary (1970). Alternate names: SLOVENE. Dialects: PREKMURSKI. Comments: Bible 1584-1996. Also spoken in: Italy. (Language name: SLOVENIAN.) Population: 100,000 in Italy (N. Vincent in B. Comrie 1987). Alternate names: SLOVENE. Dialects: PRIMORSKI, CIVIDALE, RESIA. Comments: Some dialects are very diverse. The Slovene have their own schools. Bible 1584-1996.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. SerboCroatianLanguage (SRC Yugoslavia) (instance SerboCroatianLanguage SouthwesternSlavicLanguage) (documentation SerboCroatianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SerboCroatianLanguage is a &%SouthwesternSlavicLanguage of &%Yugoslavia. SIL code: SRC. ISO 639-1: bs. ISO 639-2: bos. ISO 639-1: hr. ISO 639-2(B): scr. ISO 639-2(T): hrv. ISO 639-1: sr. ISO 639-2(B): scc. ISO 639-2(T): srp. Population: 10,200,000 in Yugoslavia and Macedonia (1981 WA). Population total all countries: 21,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Serbia, Kossovo, and Montenegro. Also spoken in 23 other countries including Albania, Australia, Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, Romania, Russia (Europe), Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey (Europe). Alternate names: SERBIAN, MONTENEGRIN. Dialects: CHAKAVIAN, KAJKAVIAN, STOKAVIAN, TORLAKIAN. Comments: Speakers are Serbs, Croatians, Bosnians, Montenegrins. National language. Grammar. SVO, postpositions, genitives, articles, adjectives, numerals, relatives after noun heads, question word initial, 1 suffix, case determines subject, object, obligatory verb affixes mark person, number, gender of subject, object, other noun phrase, passive for each tense, today not commonly used, causatives marked by separate words, comparatives marked by prefix, CCVCVC, nontonal. Roman script used by Croats, both Cyrillic and Roman by Serbs and Montenegrins. Orthodox (most Serbs). Bible 1804-1968. Also spoken in: Albania. (Language name: SERBO-CROATIAN.) Alternate names: MONTENEGRIN. Comments: Montenegrins. Mainly Muslim. Bible 1804-1968. Also spoken in: Austria. (Language name: SERBO-CROATIAN.) Population: 103,000 or more in Austria (1991). Dialects: BURGENLAND CROATIAN. Comments: The form of Croat spoken in Burgenland differs extensively from that spoken in the Republic of Croatia and intelligibility is difficult. Some dialects are heavily influenced by German. Bilingualism in Standard German. About 40 primary schools teach bilingually through Croat and German. Croat is used extensively by the RC church. Rapid assimilation with the German-speaking population. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Standard German. Literacy rate in first language: Few. Christian. Bible 1804-1968. Also spoken in: Bosnia-Herzegovina. (Language name: BOSNIAN.) Population: 4,000,000 in Bosnia-Herzegovina (1995). Dialects: BOSNIAN, CROATIAN, SERBIAN. Comments: There are influences from Turkish and Arabic. Macedonian and Montenegrin are ethnic minorities speaking varieties of this language. Official language. Dictionary. SVO. Literacy rate in second language: 97%. Roman script used. Muslim, Christian, Jewish. Bible 1804-1999. Also spoken in: Croatia. (Language name: CROATIAN.) Population: 4,800,000 in Croatia (1995). Alternate names: HRVATSKI. Dialects: KAYKAVSKI, CHAKAVSKI, SHTOKAVSKI. Comments: Shtokavski is the official dialect, but the others are recognized as valid dialects, with a large body of literature. Other dialects in other countries, like Burgenland Croatian in Austria, are less intelligible. Bilingualism in English, German. Official language. SVO. Literacy rate in second language: 90%. Roman script. Christian, Muslim. Bible 1831-1968. Also spoken in: Hungary. (Language name: SERBO-CROATIAN.) Population: 32,130 in Hungary, .3% of the population (1986). Dialects: CROATIAN, SERBIAN. Comments: Roman script used by Croats. Croats tend to be RC Christian. Bible 1804-1968. Also spoken in: Italy. (Language name: SERBO-CROATIAN.) Population: 3,500 in Italy (N. Vincent in B. Comrie 1987). Dialects: CROATIAN. Comments: They are reviving the use of Serbo-Croatian literature. Descendents of 15th and 16th century refugees. Official language. Christian, Muslim. Bible 1804-1968. Also spoken in: Macedonia. (Language name: SERBO-CROATIAN.) Dialects: SERBIAN. Comments: SVO. Roman script used. Christian. Bible 1831-1968. Also spoken in: Romania. (Language name: SERBO-CROATIAN.) Population: 80,000 in Romania (1993 Johnstone). Alternate names: SERBIAN. Comments: Several dialects. Christian, Muslim. Bible 1804-1968. Also spoken in: Russia (Europe). (Language name: SERBO-CROATIAN.) Population: 5,000 in Russia (1959 census). Alternate names: SERBIAN. Comments: Cyrillic script. Christian, Muslim. Bible 1804-1968. Also spoken in: Slovakia. (Language name: SERBO-CROATIAN.) Dialects: CROATIAN. Comments: Latin script used by Croats, Cyrillic by Serbs and Montenegrins. Christian, Muslim. Bible 1804-1968. Also spoken in: Turkey (Europe). (Language name: SERBO-CROATIAN.) Population: 20,000 first language speakers (1980), out of 61,000 in Turkey (1980 estimate), 2,345 monolinguals (1965 census). Alternate names: BOSNIAN. Comments: 95% bilingual in Turkish. Muslim. Bible 1804-1968.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; WEST SLAVIC LANGUAGES (8 Languages) ;; WestSlavicLanguage (subclass WestSlavicLanguage SlavicLanguage) (documentation WestSlavicLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 18 &%SlavicLanguages, eight are classified as a &%WestSlavicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; CZECH-SLOVAK LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; CzechSlovakLanguage (subclass CzechSlovakLanguage WestSlavicLanguage) (documentation CzechSlovakLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the eight &%WestSlavicLanguages, three are classified as a &%CzechSlovakLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. CzechLanguage (CZC Czech Republic) (instance CzechLanguage CzechSlovakLanguage) (documentation CzechLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CzechLanguage is a &%CzechSlovakLanguage of the &%CzechRepublic. SIL code: CZC. ISO 639-1: cs. ISO 639-2(B): cze. ISO 639-2(T): ces. Population: 10,004,800 in Czech Republic (1990 WA). Population total all countries: 12,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Western, Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia. Also spoken in Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Israel, Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine, USA. Alternate names: CESTINA, BOHEMIAN. Dialects: CENTRAL BOHEMIAN, CZECHO-MORAVIAN, HANAK, LACH (YALACH), NORTHEAST BOHEMIAN, SOUTHWEST BOHEMIAN. Comments: All Czech and Slovak dialects are inherently intelligible to each other's speakers. National language. Grammar. SVO. Christian. Bible 1380-1980.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. KnaanicLanguage (CZK Czech Republic) (instance KnaanicLanguage CzechSlovakLanguage) (documentation KnaanicLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KnaanicLanguage is a &%CzechSlovakLanguage of the &%CzechRepublic. SIL code: CZK. ISO 639-2: sla. Alternate names: CANAANIC, LESHON KNAAN, JUDEO-SLAVIC. Dialects: JUDEO-CZECH. Comments: Became extinct in late Middle Ages. The name 'Knaanic' applied mainly to Judeo Czech, but also to other Judeo-Slavic varieties. Jewish. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. SlovakLanguage (SLO Slovakia) (instance SlovakLanguage CzechSlovakLanguage) (documentation SlovakLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SlovakLanguage is a &%CzechSlovakLanguage of &%Slovakia. SIL code: SLO. ISO 639-1: sk. ISO 639-2(B): slo. ISO 639-2(T): slk. Population: 4,865,450 in Slovakia (1990 WA). Population total all countries: 5,606,000. Region: Western upland country around Bratislava. Also spoken in Canada, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Ukraine, USA, Yugoslavia. Alternate names: SLOVAKIAN. Comments: Western and central dialects of Slovak are inherently intelligible with Czech. National language. Grammar. Christian. Bible 1832-1926. Also spoken in: Hungary. (Language name: SLOVAK.) Population: 10,000 to 12,000 in Hungary (1990 Slovak Information Agency). Comments: Western and central dialects of Slovak are inherently intelligible to Czech speakers. Bible 1832-1926. Also spoken in: Yugoslavia. (Language name: SLOVAK.) Population: 80,000 in Yugoslavia (1996 W. Brown). Comments: Western and central dialects of Slovak are inherently intelligible to Czech speakers. Official language. Bible 1832-1926.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; LECHITIC LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; LechiticLanguage (subclass LechiticLanguage WestSlavicLanguage) (documentation LechiticLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the eight &%WestSlavicLanguages, three are classified as a &%LechiticLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. KashubianLanguage (CSB Poland) (instance KashubianLanguage LechiticLanguage) (documentation KashubianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KashubianLanguage is a &%LechiticLanguage of &%Poland. SIL code: CSB. ISO 639-2: sla. Population: A few thousand speakers. Most of the ethnic group of over 100,000 speak a regional variety of Polish (1993 Tapani Salminen). Population total both countries 3,000 or more. Region: The left bank of the Lower Vistula in north central Poland, near the Baltic coast, west of the Bay of Gdansk, and a narrow strip inland, southwest from Gdynia. Also spoken in Canada. Alternate names: KASZUBSKI, CASHUBIAN, CASSUBIAN. Dialects: KASHUBIAN PROPER, SLOVINCIAN. Comments: German influences in the language. There are transitional dialects between Kashubian Proper, Slovenian, and Polish. Few children speakers of Kashubian Proper. The Slovincian dialect is extinct. NT 1995.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. PolabianLanguage (POX Germany) (instance PolabianLanguage LechiticLanguage) (documentation PolabianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PolabianLanguage is a &%LechiticLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: POX. ISO 639-2: sla. Region: North of the Wend language area. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. PolishLanguage (PQL Poland) (instance PolishLanguage LechiticLanguage) (documentation PolishLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PolishLanguage is a &%LechiticLanguage of &%Poland. SIL code: PQL. ISO 639-1: pl. ISO 639-2: pol. Population: 36,554,000 in Poland, 98% of the population (1986). Population total all countries: 44,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Also spoken in Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Canada, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Russia (Europe), Slovakia, Ukraine, UAE, USA. Alternate names: POLSKI, POLNISCH. Dialects: UPPER SILESIAN. Comments: National language. SVO. Roman script. Christian, Muslim. Bible 1561-1965. Also spoken in: Czech Republic. (Language name: POLISH.) Population: 50,000 in Czech Republic. Alternate names: POLSKI. Comments: Christian. Bible 1561-1965. Also spoken in: Germany. (Language name: POLISH.) Population: 241,000 in Germany. Alternate names: POLSKI, POLNISCH. Comments: Christian. Bible 1561-1965. Also spoken in: Israel. (Language name: POLISH.) Population: 100,000 speakers out of 272,000 people of Polish origin (1992 H. Mutzafi). Alternate names: POLSKI. Comments: All speakers use Hebrew as second language but prefer Polish. Many other people of Polish origin speak Yiddish or Hebrew as first or second language. Jewish. Bible 1561-1965. Also spoken in: Romania. (Language name: POLISH.) Population: 10,000 in Romania. Alternate names: POLSKI. Comments: Christian. Bible 1561-1965. Also spoken in: Slovakia. (Language name: POLISH.) Population: 50,000 in Slovakia. Alternate names: POLSKI. Comments: Christian. Bible 1561-1965.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SORBIAN LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; SorbianLanguage (subclass SorbianLanguage WestSlavicLanguage) (documentation SorbianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the eight &%WestSlavicLanguages, two are classified as a &%SorbianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. LowerSorbianLanguage (WEE Germany) (instance LowerSorbianLanguage SorbianLanguage) (documentation LowerSorbianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LowerSorbianLanguage is a &%SorbianLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: WEE. ISO 639-2: wen. Population: 14,000 or fewer speakers (1991 Elle) out of a larger ethnic group. Region: Niederlausitz (Dolna Luzica) in eastern Germany, Cottbus (Chosebuz) the main town. The ethnic group has over 60 towns and villages. Alternate names: NIEDERSORBISCH, BAS SORABE, WENDISH, LUSATIAN, LOWER LUSATIAN, DOLNOSERBSKI, DELNOSERBSKI. Comments: Almost exclusively older generation. Their own name for the language is 'Dolnoserbski'. High school, Sorbian language school. Newspapers. Bible 1796-1824.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. UpperSorbianLanguage (WEN Germany) (instance UpperSorbianLanguage SorbianLanguage) (documentation UpperSorbianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%UpperSorbianLanguage is a &%SorbianLanguage of &%Germany. SIL code: WEN. ISO 639-2: wen. Population: 55,000 (1991 Elle). 15,000 are reported to be primary users. 40,000 to 45,000 others have some knowledge of it (1996). Region: Upper Saxony, eastern Germany, principal towns Bautzen (Budysin, Catholic) and Kamenz (Protestant). Perhaps a few in Texas, USA. Alternate names: OBERSORBISCH, HAUT SORABE, UPPER LUSATIAN, WENDISH, HORNJOSERBSKI, HORNOSERBSKI. Dialects: BAUTZEN, KAMENZ. Comments: Nearly all are bilingual in German. Mainly older speakers. Most of the monolinguals are the very young (Stephens 1976). Zgusta (1974) says Upper Sorbian and Lower Sorbian are two standard languages. Use of Sorbian is authorized in local government and schools. Increasing literature production. Now accepted as a minority language. Newspapers, radio programs, TV. Bible 1728-1797.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XLII. IROQUOIAN LANGUAGES (10 Languages) ;; IroquoianLanguage (subclass IroquoianLanguage LanguageFamily) (documentation IroquoianLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%IroquoianLanguage is any of 10 related languages found in &%NorthAmerica that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; NORTHERN IROQUOIAN LANGUAGES (8 Languages) ;; NorthernIroquoianLanguage (subclass NorthernIroquoianLanguage IroquoianLanguage) (documentation NorthernIroquoianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 10 &%IroquoianLanguages, eight related languages are classified as a &%NorthernIroquoianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; UNCLASSIFIED NORTHERN IROQUOIAN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; LaurentianLanguage (LRE Canada) (subclass LaurentianLanguage NorthernIroquoianLanguage) (documentation LaurentianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LaurentianLanguage is an unclassified &%NorthernIroquoianLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: LRE. ISO 639-2: iro. Region: Along the St. Lawrence River. Alternate names: ST. LAWRENCE IROQUOIAN. Comments: A group of languages, at least one with no modern descendents. Encountered by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and 1535. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; FIVE NATIONS LANGUAGES (5 Languages) ;; FiveNationsLanguage (subclass FiveNationsLanguage NorthernIroquoianLanguage) (documentation FiveNationsLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the eight &%NorthernIroquoianLanguages, five related languages are classified as a &%FiveNationsLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; MOHAWK-ONEIDA LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; MohawkOneidaLanguage (subclass MohawkOneidaLanguage FiveNationsLanguage) (documentation MohawkOneidaLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the five &%FiveNationsLanguages, two closely related languages are classified as a &%MohawkOneidaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. MohawkLanguage (MOH Canada) (instance MohawkLanguage MohawkOneidaLanguage) (documentation MohawkLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MohawkLanguage is a &%MohawkOneidaLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: MOH. ISO 639-2: moh. Population: 350 mother tongue speakers in Canada (1998 Statistics Canada) out of 30,000 population including USA (1999 SIL). Population total both countries: 2,000 to 4,000. Region: Southwestern Quebec, southern Ontario. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Most speakers are middle-aged or over. In some areas younger ones may speak the language. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions 1787-1991. Also spoken in: USA. (Language name: MOHAWK.) Population: 1,667 speakers in the USA (1990 census) out of 30,000 in the ethnic group in both countries (1999 SIL). Alternate names: KANIEN'KEHAKA. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Most speakers are middle-aged or older. In some areas the younger ones may speak the language. Bible portions 1787-1991.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. OneidaLanguage (ONE Canada) (instance OneidaLanguage MohawkOneidaLanguage) (documentation OneidaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%OneidaLanguage is a &%MohawkOneidaLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: ONE. ISO 639-2: iro. Population: 200 speakers in Canada (1991 H. Dale Kincade). Population total both countries: 250. Region: Southern Ontario. Comments: Bilingualism in English. In Canada most or all speakers are middle-aged or older. Grammar. Bible portions 1880-1942. Also spoken in: USA. (Language name: ONEIDA.) Population: 50 speakers in USA (1991 M. Dale Kincade). The 1990 census reports 6 monolinguals in the USA. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Only a few elderly speakers remain in New York. Bible portions 1880-1942.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SENECA-ONONDAGA LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; SenecaOnondagaLanguage (subclass SenecaOnondagaLanguage FiveNationsLanguage) (documentation SenecaOnondagaLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the five &%FiveNationsLanguages, three closely related languages are classified as a &%SenecaOnondagaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ONONDAGA GROUP LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; OnondagaGroupLanguage (subclass OnondagaGroupLanguage SenecaOnondagaLanguage) (documentation OnondagaGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the three &%SenecaOnondagaLanguages, one language is classified as an &%OnondagaGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. OnondagaLanguage (ONO Canada) (instance OnondagaLanguage OnondagaGroupLanguage) (documentation OnondagaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%OnondagaLanguage is an &%OnondagaGroupLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: ONO. ISO 639-2: iro. Population: 50 to 100 speakers in Canada (1991 H. Dale Kinkade). Population total both countries: 65 to 115 speakers out of 1,500 population (1977 SIL). Region: Southern Ontario. Alternate names: ONANDAGA. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Most or all speakers are middle-aged or older. Grammar. Also spoken in: USA Language name: ONONDAGA. Population: 15 speakers in USA (1993 V. Zeps), out of 1,000 population in USA (1993). Alternate names: ONANDAGA. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Most or all speakers are middle-aged or older.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SENECA-CAYUGA LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; SenecaCayugaLanguage (subclass SenecaCayugaLanguage SenecaOnondagaLanguage) (documentation SenecaCayugaLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the three &%SenecaOnondagaLanguages, two languages are classified as an &%SenecaCayugaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. CayugaLanguage (CAY Canada) (instance CayugaLanguage SenecaCayugaLanguage) (documentation CayugaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CayugaLanguage is a &%SenecaCayugaLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: CAY. ISO 639-2: iro. Population: 360 speakers in Canada. Population total both countries 370. Region: Six Nations, Ontario. Comments: English is the first or second language for the ethnic group. In Ontario most speakers are middle-aged or older. Also spoken in: USA. (Language name: CAYUGA.) Population: 10 speakers in USA (1991 M. Dale Kinkade). Comments: Bilingualism in English. In the USA, only a few elderly speakers are left.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. SenecaLanguage (SEE USA) (instance SenecaLanguage SenecaCayugaLanguage) (documentation SenecaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SenecaLanguage is a &%SenecaCayugaLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: SEE. ISO 639-2: iro. Population: 200 speakers including Canada, out of 8,000 population (1977 SIL). Population total both countries: 200. Region: Tonawanda, Cattaraugus, and Allegheny Reservations in western New York, and mixed with Cayuga in northeastern Oklahoma. Also spoken in: Canada. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Most speakers are elderly in New York (1998). Bible portions 1829-1874. Also spoken in: Canada. (Language name: SENECA.) Population: 25 in Canada (1991 M. Dale Kinkade). Comments: Bilingualism in English. Most or all speakers are middle-aged or older. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions 1829-1874.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; HURON LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; HuronLanguage (subclass HuronLanguage NorthernIroquoianLanguage) (documentation HuronLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the eight &%NorthernIroquoianLanguages, one language is classified as a &%HuronLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. WyandotLanguage (WYA USA) (instance WyandotLanguage HuronLanguage) (documentation WyandotLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WyandotLanguage is a &%HuronLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: WYA. ISO 639-2: iro. Region: Northeastern Oklahoma and Canada. Alternate names: WENDAT, WYENDAT, WYANDOTTE. Dialects: HURON, WYANDOT. Comments: No mother tongue fluent speakers. Wyandot was spoken until quite recently near Sandwich, Ontario, and Wyandotte, Oklahoma. There were 2 elderly speakers in 1961. Huron was last spoken at Lorette, near Quebec City, in the mid-19th century, or 1912. Dictionary. The language is being taught to children in school (1999). Extinct. Also spoken in: Canada. (Language name: WYANDOT.) Alternate names: WENDAT. Comments: Wyandot became extinct after 1961, Huron in the mid-19th century or 1912. Dictionary. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; TUSCARORA-NOTTOWAY LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; TuscaroraNottowayLanguage (subclass TuscaroraNottowayLanguage NorthernIroquoianLanguage) (documentation TuscaroraNottowayLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the eight &%NorthernIroquoianLanguages, one language is classified as a &%TuscaroraNottowayLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. TuscaroraLanguage (TUS Canada) (instance TuscaroraLanguage TuscaroraNottowayLanguage) (documentation TuscaroraLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TuscaroraLanguage is a &%TuscaroraNottowayLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: TUS. ISO 639-2: iro. Population: 7 or 8 speakers in Canada (1991 M. Dale Kinkade). Population total both countries: 17. Region: Six Nations Reserve, Ontario. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Only elderly speakers left. Dictionary. Grammar. Nearly extinct. Also spoken in: USA. Language name: TUSCARORA. Population: 10 or fewer speakers in USA (1998 James Brooke New York Times 4/9/98) out of 1,000 population including Canada (1977 SIL). Alternate names: SKAROHREH. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Only elderly speakers left. Children are being taught the Tuscarora language in eastern North Carolina. Dictionary. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SOUTHERN IROQUOIAN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; SouthernIroquoianLanguage (subclass SouthernIroquoianLanguage IroquoianLanguage) (documentation SouthernIroquoianLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 10 &%IroquoianLanguages, one language is classified as a &%SouthernIroquoianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. CherokeeLanguage (CER USA) (instance CherokeeLanguage SouthernIroquoianLanguage) (documentation CherokeeLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CherokeeLanguage is a &%SouthernIroquoianLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: CER. ISO 639-2: chr. Population: 11,905 to 22,500 speakers, including 14,000 speakers out of 70,000 population on Oklahoma rolls (1986 Durbin Feeling, Cherokee Nation, OK), 8,500 in North Carolina. 11,905 speakers including 130 monolinguals, 308,132 ethnic Cherokee (1990 USA Census). Region: Eastern and northeastern Oklahoma and Cherokee Reservation, Great Smokey Mts., western North Carolina. Alternate names: TSALAGI, TSLAGI. Dialects: ELATI (LOWER CHEROKEE, EASTERN CHEROKEE), KITUHWA (MIDDLE CHEROKEE), OTALI (UPPER CHEROKEE, WESTERN CHEROKEE, OVERHILL CHEROKEE), OVERHILL-MIDDLE CHEROKEE. Comments: In Oklahoma children are being raised speaking the language (1998). Vigorous in some Oklahoma communities. Elsewhere some younger ones prefer English. The Elati dialect is extinct. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 20% can read it, 5% can write it (1986 Cherokee Heritage Center). Sequoyah syllabary. Now being taught in schools, churches, and other classes (1986 Cherokee Advocate). Christian, traditional religion. NT 1850-1951.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; OTHER IROQUOIAN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; 1. SusquehannockLanguage (SQN USA) (instance SusquehannockLanguage IroquoianLanguage) (documentation SusquehannockLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SusquehannockLanguage is an &%IroquioianLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: SQN. ISO 639-2: iro. Region: Along the Susquehanna River. Alternate names: SUSQUEHANNA, CONESTOGA, ANDASTE, MINQUA. Comments Became extinct about 1763. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XLIII. JAPANESE GROUP LANGUAGES (12 Languages) ;; JapaneseGroupLanguage (subclass JapaneseGroupLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation JapaneseGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%JapaneseGroupLanguage is any of 12 related languages, spoken in &%Japan, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; JAPANESE PROPER LANGUAGE (1 Language) ;; JapaneseProperLanguage (subclass JapaneseProperLanguage JapaneseGroupLanguage) (documentation JapaneseProperLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 12 &%JapaneseGroupLanguages, one is classified as a &%JapaneseProperLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. JapaneseLanguage (JPN Japan) (instance JapaneseLanguage JapaneseProperLanguage) (documentation JapaneseLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%JapaneseLanguage is the &%JapaneseProperLanguage (&%JapaneseGroupLanguage) of &%Japan. SIL code: JPN. ISO 639-1: ja. ISO 639-2: jpn. Population: 121,050,000 in Japan (1985). Population total all countries: 125,000,000 first language speakers (1999 WA), 126,000,000 including second language speakers (1999 WA). Region: Throughout the country. Also spoken in 26 other countries including American Samoa, Argentina, Australia, Belize, Brazil, Canada, Dominican Republic, Germany, Guam, Mexico, Micronesia, Mongolia, New Zealand, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines. Dialects: WESTERN JAPANESE, EASTERN JAPANESE. Comments: Possibly related to Korean. The Kagoshima dialect is 84% cognate with Tokyo dialect. National language. Grammar. SOV, postpositions, demonstrative, numeral, adjective, possessive, relative clause, proper noun precede noun head, adverb precedes verb, sentence final question particle, CV. Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji (Chinese character) writing systems. Buddhist, Shintoist. Bible 1883-1987. Also spoken in: Taiwan. (Language name: JAPANESE.) Population: 10,000 in Taiwan (1993). Comments: Used among a few elderly aboriginal speakers and some Chinese as second language. Trade language. Bible 1883-1987.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; RYUKYUAN LANGUAGE (11 Languages) ;; RyukyuanLanguage (subclass RyukyuanLanguage JapaneseGroupLanguage) (documentation RyukyuanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 12 &%JapaneseGroupLanguages, 11 are classified as a &%RyukyuanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; AMAMI-OKINAWAN LANGUAGE (8 Languages) ;; AmamiOkinawanLanguage (subclass AmamiOkinawanLanguage RyukyuanLanguage) (documentation AmamiOkinawanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 11 &%RyukyanLanguages, eight are classified as an &%AmamiOkinawanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; NORTHERN AMAMI-OKINAWAN LANGUAGE (4 Languages) ;; NorthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage (subclass NorthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage AmamiOkinawanLanguage) (documentation NorthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the eight &%AmamiOkinawanLanguages, four are classified as a NorthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. KikaiLanguage (KZG Japan) (instance KikaiLanguage NorthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage) (documentation KikaiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KikaiLanguage is a &%NorthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage of &%Japan. SIL code: KZG. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northeastern Okinawa, Kikai Island. Dialects: ONOTSU. Comments: Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible or very difficult with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (Hattori in Wurm and Hattori 1981). Those under 20 are mainly monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). Those over 50 use Kikai at home among themselves but can understand and use Japanese. Those 20 to 50 can understand Kikai, but mainly speak Japanese.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. NorthernAmamiOshimaLanguage (RYN Japan) (instance NorthernAmamiOshimaLanguage NorthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage) (documentation NorthernAmamiOshimaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NorthernAmamiOshimaLanguage is a &%NorthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage of &%Japan. SIL code: RYN. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northwestern Okinawa, northern Amami-oshima Island. Alternate names: NORTHERN AMAMI-OSIMA, OSHIMA, OSIMA, OOSIMA. Dialects: NAZE, SANI. Comments: Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible or very difficult with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (Hattori in Wurm and Hattori 1981). Those under 20 are mainly monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). Those over 50 use the vernacular among themselves, but understand and use Standard Japanese. Those 20 to 50 understand the vernacular, but mainly use Japanese.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. SouthernAmamiOshimaLanguage (AMS Japan) (instance SouthernAmamiOshimaLanguage NorthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage) (documentation SouthernAmamiOshimaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SouthernAmamiOshimaLanguage is a &%NorthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage of &%Japan. SIL code: AMS. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Alternate names: SOUTHERN AMAMI-OSIMA. Comments: Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible or very difficult with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (Hattori in Wurm and Hattori 1981). Those under 20 are monolingual in Japanese. Those over 50 use the vernacular at home among themselves but understand and use Standard Japanese. Those 20 to 50 understand the vernacular, but mainly speak Japanese.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. TokuNoShimaLanguage (TKN Japan) (instance TokuNoShimaLanguage NorthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage) (documentation TokuNoShimaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TokuNoShimaLanguage is a &%NorthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage of &%Japan. SIL code: TKN. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northern Okinawa, Toku-no-shima Island. Dialects: KAMETSU. Comments: Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible or very difficult with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (Hattori in Wurm and Hattori 1981). Those under 20 are monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). Those over 50 use the vernacular at home among themselves but understand and use Standard Japanese. Those 20-50 understand the vernacular but use Japanese at home and work.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SOUTHERN AMAMI-OKINAWAN LANGUAGE (4 Languages) ;; SouthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage (subclass SouthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage AmamiOkinawanLanguage) (documentation SouthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the eight &%AmamiOkinawanLanguages, four are classified as a SouthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. CentralOkinawanLanguage (RYU Japan) (instance CentralOkinawanLanguage SouthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage) (documentation CentralOkinawanLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CentralOkinawanLanguage is a &%SouthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage of &%Japan. SIL code: RUY. ISO 639-2: nic. Population: 1,800 (1948). Region: Kaduna State, Saminaka LGA. Alternate names: RUMAYA, RUMAIYA, AMALA, TUMALA. Comments: Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Hausa, attitudes.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. KunigamiLanguage (XUG Japan) (instance KunigamiLanguage SouthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage) (documentation KunigamiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KunigamiLanguage is a &%SouthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage of &%Japan. SIL code: XUG. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Central Okinawa, central and northern Okinawa Island, Iheya, Izena, Ie-jima, Sesoko islands. Dialects: NAGO. Comments: Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible or very difficult with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. Ryukyu languages are 62% to 70% cognate with Tokyo dialect of Japanese. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (1981 Hattori in Wurm and Hattori). Those under 20 are mainly monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). Those over 50 use Kunigami at home among themselves but can understand and use Japanese. Those 20 to 50 can understand Kunigami, but mainly use Japanese at home and work.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. OkiNoErabuLanguage (OKN Japan) (instance OkiNoErabuLanguage SouthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage) (documentation OkiNoErabuLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%OkiNoErabuLanguage is a &%SouthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage of &%Japan. SIL code: OKN. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: North central Okinawa, Oki-no-erabu Island. Dialects: EAST OKI-NO-ERABU, WEST OKI-NO-ERABU. Comments: Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible or very difficult with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. Dialect differences are noticeable, but communication is not impossible. Ryukyu languages are 62% to 70% cognate with Tokyo dialect of Japanese. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (1981 Hattori in Wurm and Hattori). Those under 20 are monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). Those over 50 use the vernacular at home among themselves but can understand and use Standard Japanese. Those 20-50 can understand the vernacular, but use Japanese at home and work.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. YoronLanguage (YOX Japan) (instance YoronLanguage SouthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage) (documentation YoronLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%YoronLanguage is a &%SouthernAmamiOkinawanLanguage of &%Japan. SIL code: YOX. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: North central Okinawa, Yoron Island. Comments Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible or very difficult with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. Ryukyu languages are 62% to 70% cognate with Tokyo dialect of Japanese. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (1981 Hattori in Wurm and Hattori). Those under 20 are monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). Those over 50 use Yoron at home among themselves, but also understand and use Standard Japanese. Those from 20 to 50 understand Yoron but mainly speak Standard Japanese at home and work.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SAKISHIMA LANGUAGE (3 Languages) ;; SakishimaLanguage (subclass SakishimaLanguage RyukyuanLanguage) (documentation SakishimaLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 11 &%RyukyuanLanguage, three are classified as a &%SakishimaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. MiyakoLanguage (MVI Japan) (instance MiyakoLanguage SakishimaLanguage) (documentation MiyakoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MiyakoLanguage is a &%SakishimaLanguage of &%Japan. SIL code: MVI. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Southern Okinawa, Miyako, Ogami, Ikema, Kurima, Irabu, Tarama, Minna islands. Dialects: MIYAKO-JIMA (HIRARA, OGAMI), IRABU-JIMA, TARAMA-MINNA. Comments: Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible or very difficult with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. The dialects listed have noticeable differences, but not impossible communication. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (Hattori in Wurm and Hattori 1981). Those under 20 are mainly monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). Those over 50 use Miyako at home but can understand and speak Japanese. Those 20 to 50 can understand Miyako, but mainly use Japanese at home and work. Dictionary. Grammar.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. YaeyamaLanguage (RYS Japan) (instance YaeyamaLanguage SakishimaLanguage) (documentation YaeyamaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%YaeyamaLanguage is a &%SakishimaLanguage of &%Japan. SIL code: RYS. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Southern Okinawa, Ishigaki, Iriomote, Hatoma, Kohama, Taketomi, Kuroshima, Hateruma, Aregusuku islands. Alternate names: YAYEYAMA. Dialects: ISHIGAKI, KABIRA, SHIRAHO, TAKETOMI, KOHAMA, HATOMA, SONAI, KUROSHIMA, HATERUMA. Comments: Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible or very difficult with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (Hattori in Wurm and Hattori 1981). Those under 20 are monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). Those over 50 use Yaeyama at home among themselves but can understand and use Standard Japanese. Those 20-50 can understand Yaeyama but mainly use Japanese at home and work.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. YonaguniLanguage (YOI Japan) (instance YonaguniLanguage SakishimaLanguage) (documentation YonaguniLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%YonaguniLanguage is a &%SakishimaLanguage of &%Japan. SIL code: YOI. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: No estimate available. Region: Southern Okinawa, Yonaguni Island. Comments: Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible or very difficult with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (Hattori in Wurm and Hattori 1981). Those under 20 are monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). Those over 50 speak Yonaguni at home among themselves but can understand Japanese. Those 20-50 can understand Yonaguni, but mainly use Japanese at home and work (T. Fukuda SIL 1989).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XLIV. JIVAROAN LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; JivaroanLanguage (subclass JivaroanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation JivaroanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%JivaroanLanguage is any of four related languages, spoken in &%Peru, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AchuarShiwiarLanguage (ACU Peru) (instance AchuarShiwiarLanguage JivaroanLanguage) (documentation AchuarShiwiarLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AchuarShiwiarLanguage is a &%JivaroanLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: ACU. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 3,000 to 3,500 in Peru. Population total both countries: 5,000 to 5,500. Region: Morona, Macusari, Tigre, Huasaga, and Corrientes rivers. Alternate names: ACHUAR, ACHUAL, ACHUARA, ACHUALE, JIVARO, MAINA. Comments: Different from Shuar (Jivaro) of Ecuador. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 90%, 1 6%, 2 3%, 3 1%, 4 0%, 5 0%. Dictionary. Grammar. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 1%. NT 1981-1994. Also spoken in: Ecuador. (Language name: ACHUAR-SHIWIAR.) Population: 2,000 in 7 villages in Ecuador. Alternate names: ACHUAR, ACHUAL, ACHUARA, ACHUALE, JIVARO, MAINA. Comments: Bilingual level estimates for Shuar are 0 60%, 1 20%, 2 10%, 3 7%, 4 3%, 5 0%. Many people in the Ecuador group seem to be fairly bilingual in Shuar, but their comprehension is limited. SOV. Tropical forest. Interfluvial. Swidden agriculturalists, hunters-gatherers, fishermen. 150 to 500 meters. Traditional religion. NT 1981.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. AguarunaLanguage (AGR Peru) (instance AguarunaLanguage JivaroanLanguage) (documentation AguarunaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AguarunaLanguage is a &%JivaroanLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: AGR. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 35,000 to 39,000 (1998 SIL). Region: Western upper Maranon River area, Potro, Mayo and Cahuapanas rivers. Alternate names: AGUAJUN, AHUAJUN. Comments: Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 35%, 1 20%, 2 20%, 3 15%, 4 9.9%, 5 .1%. Dictionary. Grammar. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Tropical forest. Mountain slope. Swidden agriculturalists: manioc, bananas, peanuts, wild potatoes, hunter-gatherers. 200 to 1,000 meters. NT 1973.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. HuambisaLanguage (HUB Peru) (instance HuambisaLanguage JivaroanLanguage) (documentation HuambisaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%HuambisaLanguage is a &%JivaroanLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: HUB. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 6,000 to 10,000 (1991 SIL). Region: Morona and Santiago rivers. Alternate names: HUAMBIZA, WAMBISA. Comments: Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 20%, 1 25%, 2 25%, 3 20%, 4 9%, 5 1%. Dictionary. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Tropical forest. Hunter-gatherers. NT 1975-1997.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. ShuarLanguage (JIV Ecuador) (instance ShuarLanguage JivaroanLanguage) (documentation ShuarLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ShuarLanguage is a &%JivaroanLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: JIV. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 30,000 to 32,000 (1981 SIL). Region: Southeastern jungle, Morona-Santiago Province. Alternate names: JIVARO, XIVARO, JIBARO, CHIWARO, SHUARA. Comments: Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 14%, 1 30%, 2 25%, 3 20%, 4 10%, 5 1%. Different from Achuar Jivaro of Peru. The people prefer to be called 'Shuar.' SOV. Tropical forest. Mountain slope, plains, interfluvial. Swidden, peasant agriculturalists. 500 to 1,000 meters. Traditional religion, Christian. NT 1976-1983.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XLV. KATUKINAN LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; KatukinanLanguage (subclass KatukinanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation KatukinanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%KatukinanLanguage is any of three related languages, spoken in &%Brazil, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. KanamariLanguage (KNM Brazil) (instance KanamariLanguage KatukinanLanguage) (documentation KanamariLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KanamariLanguage is a &%KatukinanLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: KNM. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 647 (1995 SIL). Region: Amazonas, upper regions of Jurua, Jutai, Itaquai rivers. Alternate names: KANAMARE, CANAMARI. Dialects: TSHOM-DJAPA (TXUNHUA-DJAPA, TXUNHUA DYAPA).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. KatawixiLanguage (QKI Brazil) (instance KatawixiLanguage KatukinanLanguage) (documentation KatawixiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KatawixiLanguage is a &%KatukinanLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: QKI. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 10 (1986 SIL). Region: Amazonas. Alternate names: CATAWIXI, CATAUIXI, CATAWISHI, CATAUICHI. Comments: Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. KatukinaLanguage (KAV Brazil) (instance KatukinaLanguage KatukinanLanguage) (documentation KatukinaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KatukinaLanguage is a &%KatukinanLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: KAV. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 1 speaker (1976 SIL). 253 in the ethnic group (1986 SIL). Region: Acre. Alternate names: KATUKINA DO JUTAI, PIDA-DJAPA, CATUQUINA. Dialects: CUTIADAPA (KUTIA-DYAPA). Comments: Different from Panoan Katukina in Amazonas and Acre. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XLVI. KERES LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; KeresLanguage (subclass KeresLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation KeresLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%KeresLanguage is either of two closely related languages, spoken in the &%UnitedStates, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. EasternKeresLanguage (KEE USA) (instance EasternKeresLanguage KeresLanguage) (documentation EasternKeresLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%EasternKeresLanguage is a &%KeresLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: KEE. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 4,580 speakers out of 5,701 population (80%), 463 Zia speakers out of 602 population, 229 Santa Ana speakers out of 374 population, 1,560 San Felipe speakers out of 1,789 population, 1,888 Santo Domingo speakers out of 2,140 population, 384 Cochiti speakers out of 796 population. Region: North central New Mexico. Alternate names: EASTERN KERES PUEBLO. Dialects: ZIA, SANTA ANA, SAN FELIPE, SANTO DOMINGO, COCHITI. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Language use is vigorous in some pueblos, in others some younger people prefer English. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions 1933-1936.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. WesternKeresLanguage (KJQ USA) (instance WesternKeresLanguage KeresLanguage) (documentation WesternKeresLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WesternKeresLanguage is a &%KeresLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: KJQ. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 3,391 speakers out of 5,880 population (57.7%) including 1,695 Laguna speakers out of 3,526 population, 1,696 Acoma out of 2,354 (1980 census). Region: New Mexico, north central. Alternate names: WESTERN KERES PUEBLO. Dialects: ACOMA (LAGUNA). Comments: In Acoma most adults speak the language but some younger people prefer English and many children do not speak the language. In Laguna most or all speakers are middle-aged or over. Percentage under 18 years old who are speakers: 47.7%, including Laguna 32.3%, Acoma 67.9%, above 18: 75.1%. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions 1966-1997.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; XLVII. KHOISAN LANGUAGES (29 Languages) ;; KhoisanLanguage (subclass KhoisanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation KhoisanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%KhoisanLanguage is any of 29 closely related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XLVIII. KIOWA TANOAN LANGUAGES (6 Languages) ;; KiowaTanoanLanguage (subclass KiowaTanoanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation KiowaTanoanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%KiowaTanoanLanguage is any of six closely related languages, spoken in &%PapuaNewGuinea, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; BAIBAI GROUP LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; BaibaiGroupLanguage (subclass BaibaiGroupLanguage KiowaTanoanLanguage) (documentation BaibaiGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the six &%KiowaTanoanLanguages, two are classified as a &%BaibaiGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. BaibaiLanguage (BBF Papua New Guinea) (instance BaibaiLanguage BaibaiGroupLanguage) (documentation BaibaiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BaiBaiLanguage is a &%BaiBaiGroupLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: BBF. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 271 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Region: Sandaun Province, Amanab District.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. NaiLanguage (BIO Papua New Guinea) (instance NaiLanguage BaibaiGroupLanguage) (documentation NaiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NaiLanguage is a &%BaiBaiGroupLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: BIO. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 600 (1991 SIL). Region: Sandaun Province, Amanab District, adjacent to and southeast of the Angor language. 3 large villages. Alternate names: BIAKA, AMINI. Comments: No schools, but speakers desire education. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Hills, plain.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; KWOMTARI GROUP LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; KwomtariGroupLanguage (subclass KwomtariGroupLanguage KiowaTanoanLanguage) (documentation KwomtariGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the six &%KiowaTanoanLanguages, three are classified as a &%KwomtariGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. FasLanguage (FAS Papua New Guinea) (instance FasLanguage KwomtariGroupLanguage) (documentation FasLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%FasLanguage is a &%KwomtariGroupLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: FAS. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 1,600 or more (1988 W. Baron SIL). Region: Sandaun Province, Amanab and Aitape districts. Alternate names: BEMBI. Dialects: EASTERN FAS, WESTERN FAS. Comments: Dialect differences are small. SOV. Tropical forest. Mountain slope, riverine. Hunter-gatherers, agriculturalists. 200 to 600 meters.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. GuriasoLanguage (GRX Papua New Guinea) (instance GuriasoLanguage KwomtariGroupLanguage) (documentation GuriasoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GuriasoLanguage is a &%KwomtariGroupLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: GRX. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 350 (1993 SIL). Region: Sandaun Province, Amanab District. Comments: Distinct language from Kwomtari.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. KwomtariLanguage (KWO Papua New Guinea) (instance KwomtariLanguage KwomtariGroupLanguage) (documentation KwomtariLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KwomtariLanguage is a &%KwomtariGroupLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: KWO. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 600 (1998 SIL). Region: Sandaun Province, Amanab District, north of Namia. 6 villages. Dialects: WEST CENTRAL KWOMTARI, EKOS-YENABI-MARAGIN. Comments: Some men and boys and a few women can communicate in Tok Pisin. Kwomtari is used for home and village life. One school. Tropical forest. Swamp. Hunter-gatherers. 100 to 300 meters. Traditional religion, Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; PYU GROUP LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; PyuGroupLanguage (subclass PyuGroupLanguage KiowaTanoanLanguage) (documentation PyuGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the six &%KiowaTanoanLanguages, one is classified as a &%PyuGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. PyuLanguage (PBY Papua New Guinea) (instance PyuLanguage KwomtariGroupLanguage) (documentation PyuLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PyuLanguage is a &%PyuGroupLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: PBY. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 100 (1978 SIL). Region: Village of Biake No. 2 on the October River just east of Irian Jaya border. Not in Irian Jaya. Comments: Different from Austronesian Piu in Morobe Province.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XLIX. LEFT MAY LANGUAGES (7 Languages) ;; LeftMayLanguage (subclass LeftMayLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation LeftMayLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%LeftMayLanguage is any of seven closely related languages, spoken in &%PapuaNewGuinea, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AmaLeftMayLanguage (AMM Papua New Guinea) (instance AmaLeftMayLanguage LeftMayLanguage) (documentation AmaLeftMayLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AmaLeftMayLanguage is a &%LeftMayLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: AMM. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 475 (1990 census). Region: East Sepik Province, Ambunti District, Waniap Creek, south of the Sepik River, south of Namia. Villages: Ama (Wopolu I, Wopolu II (Nokonufa), Kauvia (Kawiya), Yonuwai, all on hills rising from the swamp. Alternate names: SAWIYANU. Comments: Dialects have converged into one. Semi-nomadic. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Hunter-gatherers, sago. 100 to 200 meters. Christian, traditional religion. NT 1990.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. BoLanguage (BPW Papua New Guinea) (instance BoLanguage LeftMayLanguage) (documentation BoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BoLanguage is a &%LeftMayLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: BPW. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 85 (1998 NTM). Region: Sandaun Province, the heart of the western range, Bo, Kobaru, Kaumifi, Nigyama Umarita villages. Western range, close to the border of West Sepik Province, near Right May River, East Sepik Province. Alternate names: PO, SORIMI. Dialects: KABORU, NIKIYAMA, UMURUTA. Comments: The area is seldom entered by outsiders. Unconfirmed as a separate language. Literacy rate in second language: 50% Tok Pisin. Tropical forest. Mountain slope, valley. Hunters-gatherers. 475 feet. Traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. IteriLanguage (ITR Papua New Guinea) (instance IteriLanguage LeftMayLanguage) (documentation IteriLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%IteriLanguage is a &%LeftMayLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: ITR. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 450 to 500 (1998 NTM). Region: East Sepik Province. Alternate names: ALOWIEMINO. Comments: Area seldom entered by outsiders. The Iteri are called the 'Rocky Peak' people. Bible portions 1988-1998.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. NakwiLanguage (NAX Papua New Guinea) (instance NakwiLanguage LeftMayLanguage) (documentation NakwiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NakwiLanguage is a &%LeftMayLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: NAX. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 250 to 300 (1998 NTM). Region: East Sepik Province, south of Ama language. Villages, Nakwi-Amasu, Augot (Mumupra, Sari), Tiki, Uwau. Comments: 71% lexical similarity between Nakwi and Nimo. Village locations change frequently. Acculturation is slight. Literacy rate in second language: 1%. Tropical forest, swamp. Foothills. Hunter-gatherers, some gardens. 80 to 120 feet. Traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. NimoLanguage (NIW Papua New Guinea) (instance NimoLanguage LeftMayLanguage) (documentation NimoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NimoLanguage is a &%LeftMayLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: NIW. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 350 (1998 NTM). Region: East Sepik Province, southeast of Ama language. Villages, Nimo (Boyemo), Wasuai, Didipas (including Uburu site), Yuwaitri (moved from Aimi site to Wanawo site), Fowiom, Uwawi, Wamwiu, Binuto, Arakau. Alternate names: NIMO-WASAWAI. Comments: 71% lexical similarity between Nakwi and Nimo. Village locations change frequently. Acculturation is slight. Bible portions.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 6. OwinigaLanguage (OWI Papua New Guinea) (instance OwinigaLanguage LeftMayLanguage) (documentation OwinigaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%OwinigaLanguage is a &%LeftMayLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: OWI. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 330 (1998 NTM). Region: East Sepik Province, southeast of Nimo language. Villages: Yei, Amu, Inagri, Samo. Alternate names: SAMO, BERO, TAINA. Comments: Traditional culture. Traditional religion, Christian. Bible portions 1991.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 7. RockyPeakLanguage (ROK Papua New Guinea) (instance RockyPeakLanguage LeftMayLanguage) (documentation RockyPeakLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%RockyPeakLanguage is a &%LeftMayLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: ROK. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 275 or more (1975 Conrad and Dye). Estimate may be too high (1995). Region: Sandaun Province, Rocky Peak Mountains, Iwau, Agrame, Uwau, and at least two other villages (possibly Benato). Alternate names: LARO, IYO, YINIBU. Comments: 80% to 90% lexical similarity with Iteri. Speakers in Iwau and Agrame vilages are partly bilingual in Ama. Traditional culture.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; L. LOWER MAMBERAMO LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; LowerMamberamoLanguage (subclass LowerMamberamoLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation LowerMamberamoLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%LowerMamberamoLanguage is either of two closely related languages, spoken in &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya), forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. WaremboriLanguage (WSA Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance WaremboriLanguage LowerMamberamoLanguage) (documentation WaremboriLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WaremboriLanguage is a &%LowerMamberamoLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: WSA. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 600 (1998 SIL). Region: North coast, mouth of Mamberamo River and west to Poiwai, villages of Warembori, Tamakuri, and Bonoi. Alternate names: WARENBORI, WAREMBOIVORO. Comments: Close to Yoke. About 33% lexical similarity with Yoke, and about 30% resembles Austronesian. Most are proficient in Irianese Malay. Indonesian and Yoke also spoken. Most are 20 and older, but there are speakers below 20. About 20 people use it as their second or third language. Much typology resembles Austronesian. Dictionary. SVO, prepositions, genitives before noun heads, articles, adjectives, numerals, relatives after noun heads, 1 prefix, 6 or more suffixes on a word, word order distinguishes subject, object, indirect object, topic (SVO) is for pragmatic salience, affixes do not indicate case of noun phrase, obligatory subject agreement, optional object agreement shown by verb affixes, the scope of a serialized quantifier shows a trace of ergativity, causative shown by verbs 'make' and 'give', CV, nontonal. Literacy rate in second language: 30% in Indonesian. Swamp. Riverine. Swidden agriculturalists. Sea level. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. YokeLanguage (YKI Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance YokeLanguage LowerMamberamoLanguage) (documentation YokeLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%YokeLanguage is a &%LowerMamberamoLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: YKI. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 200 (1998 Donohue). Region: East of Warembori east of the Mamberamo River, Jayapura Kabupaten, Mantarbori village. Recently moved to coastal location from the interior. Alternate names: YOKI, YAUKE, JAUKE, PAUWI. Comments: About 33% lexical similarity with Warembori. Almost no ability in Indonesian. Some ability in Warembori, though more Warembori speak Yoke than vice versa. All ages. Vigorous.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; LI. LULE-VILELA LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; LuleVilelaLanguage (subclass LuleVilelaLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation LuleVilelaLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%LuleVilelaLanguage is the single &%VilelaLanguage of &%Argentina. This language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming a language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. VilelaLanguage (VIL Argentina) (instance VilelaLanguage LuleVilelaLanguage) (documentation VilelaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%VilelaLanguage is a &%LuleVilelaLanguage of &%Argentina. SIL code: VIL. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: Five families. Region: Resistencia, east central Chaco province near Paraguay border. Comments: Bilingualism in Toba. Any remaining Vilela are apparently being absorbed by the Toba or losing their Indian identity in the barrios of towns and cities (1981 Buckwalter). Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; LII. MACRO-GE LANGUAGES (32 Languages) ;; MacroGeLanguage (subclass MacroGeLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation MacroGeLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%MacroGeLanguage is any one of 32 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; LIII. MAKU LANGUAGES (6 Languages) ;; MakuLanguage (subclass MakuLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation MakuLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%MakuLanguage is any one of six related languages, spoken in &%SouthAmerica, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. CacuaLanguage (CBV Colombia) (instance CacuaLanguage MakuLanguage) (documentation CacuaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CacuaLanguage is a &%MakuLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: CBV. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 150 (1982 SIL). Region: Wacara, 30 kms. east of Mitu, Lower Vaupes region. Alternate names: MACU DE CUBEO, MACU DE GUANANO, MACU DE DESANO, BADA, KAKWA. Dialects: VAUPES CACUA, MACU-PARANA CACUA. Comments: Related to Jupda and Nukak. Some bilingualism in Cubeo, Desano, and Guanano, but none in Spanish. Many are monolingual, especially children. Vigorous. SOV, OSV. Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: Below 5% in Spanish. Tropical forest. Interfluvial. Hunter-gatherers (nomadic), swidden agriculturalists. 200 meters. Bible portions 1975.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. HupdeLanguage (JUP Brazil) (instance HupdeLanguage MakuLanguage) (documentation HupdeLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%HupdeLanguage is a &%MakuLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: JUP. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 1,208 in Brazil (1995 SIL). Population total both countries 1,350. Region: Rio Auari, northwestern Amazonas. Also spoken in Colombia. Alternate names: 'HUPDA MAKU', 'JUPDA MACU', 'MAKU-HUPDA', 'MACU DE TUCANO', UBDE. Dialects: HUPDE, TUHUP, NEHUP. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as Puinave, Macro-Tucanoan. Intelligibility among Yahup, Tuhup, and Nehup needs investigation. Possibly 50% are bilingual in Tucano or some other Tucanoan language. They are subservient to the Tucano and other Tucanoan Indians. The name 'Macu' is offensive. Some are nomadic between Brazil and Colombia. Tropical forest. Also spoken in: Colombia. (Language name: HUPDE.) Population: 150 in Colombia (1991 SIL). Alternate names: UBDE, 'HUPDA MAKU', 'JUPDA MACU', 'MACU DE TUCANO', 'MAKU-HUPDA'. Comments: A related but separate language from Yahup. Tuhup and Nehup may be related dialects, and may be extinct. Possibly half the speakers use Tucano or another Tucano language as second language. Subservient to the Tucano and other Tucanoan Indians. The name 'Macu' is offensive. Some are nomadic between Colombia and Brazil. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Nehup, Yuhup, Tuhup. Tropical forest.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. KamaLanguage (KWA Brazil) (instance KamaLanguage MakuLanguage) (documentation KamaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KamaLanguage is a &%MakuLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: KWA. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 83 (1994 ALEM). Region: Amazonas, across the river from Sao Gabriel de Cochoeira, a county seat just below the confluence of the Vaupes and Negro rivers. Alternate names: KAMA MAKU, DAW. Comments: They call themselves 'Daw.'(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. NadebLanguage (MBJ Brazil) (instance NadebLanguage MakuLanguage) (documentation NadebLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NadebLanguage is a &%MakuLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: MBJ. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 300 (1986 SIL). Region: Amazonas, three locations on the Uneiuxi River, a tributary of the Negro River, on the Japura and Negro rivers, and in other scattered places. Alternate names: NADEB MACU, MAKU NADEB, MAKUNADOBO, NADOBO, ANODOUB, KABORI, KABARI, XIRIWAI, XURIWAI. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as Puinave in Macro-Tucanoan. The people are semi-nomadic. OSV. Hunter-gatherers.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. NukakMakuLanguage (MBR Colombia) (instance NukakMakuLanguage MakuLanguage) (documentation NukakMakuLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NukakMakuLanguage is a &%MakuLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: MBR. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 300 possibly. Region: Jungle region between Guaviare and Inirida Rivers, up to Maparipan. Near Charco Caiman. Alternate names: MACZSA, GUAVIARE. Comments: Evasive hunters.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 6. YuhupLanguage (YAB Brazil) (instance YuhupLanguage MakuLanguage) (documentation YuhupLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%YuhupLanguage is a &%MakuLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: YAB. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 360 in Brazil (1995 AMTB). Population total both countries: 600. Region: Amazonas, on a tributary of the Vaupes River. Also spoken in Colombia. Alternate names: MAKU-YAHUP, YEHUP, YAHUP, YAHUP MAKU, 'MAKU'. Comments: Limited intelligibility with Hupde. Ruhlen and other classify it as related to Puinave. South of the Hupde. The name 'Maku' is offensive. OSV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; LIV. MASCOIAN LANGUAGES (5 Languages) ;; MascoianLanguage (subclass MascoianLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation MascoianLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%MascoianLanguage is any one of five related languages, spoken in &%Paraguay, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. EmokLanguage (EMO Paraguay) (instance EmokLanguage MascoianLanguage) (documentation EmokLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%EmokLanguage is a &%MascoianLanguage of &%Paraguay. SIL code: EMO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: (630 in ethnic group, 1981 census). Region: Near Asuncion. Eastern Chaco. Alternate names: TOBA-EMOK, TOBA, PARAGUAYAN TOBA. Comments: They speak Toba mainly, but the women speak Lengua in the home. Agriculturalists, fishermen, hunters. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. GuanaLanguage (GVA Paraguay) (instance GuanaLanguage MascoianLanguage) (documentation GuanaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GuanaLanguage is a &%MascoianLanguage of &%Paraguay. SIL code: GVA. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 500 to 600 (1991 SIL). Region: Boqueron, Salado River, south of Chamacoco, north of Sanapana, Loma Plata. Alternate names: KASKIHA, CASHQUIHA. Dialects: LAYANA (NIGUECACTEMIGI), ECHOALDI (ECHONOANA, CHARARANA). Comments: Closely related to Sanapana. Increasing use of Paraguayan Guarani as second language. A separate Guana (Kinikinao) is in Mato Grosso, Brazil, related to Chane of Argentina and Terena of Brazil (Arawakan, Voegelin and Voegelin 1977.284, 216, Ruhlen 1987.374, 375, Branislava Susnik). Unconfirmed reports of some Guana in Bolivia. Many live in large villages divided into two sections based on kinship, others live in scattered groups. Some intermarriage with other language groups. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Sanapana, bilingual proficiency in Paraguayan Guarani. Agriculturalists: maize, hunters, fishermen.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. LenguaLanguage (LEG Paraguay) (instance LenguaLanguage MascoianLanguage) (documentation LenguaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LenguaLanguage is a &%MascoianLanguage of &%Paraguay. SIL code: LEG. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 10,000 (1991). Region: Chaco, Presidente Hayes Department, Boqueron. Alternate names: ENXET. Dialects: NORTHERN LENGUA (EENTHLIT, VOWAK, LENGUA NORTE), SOUTHERN LENGUA (LENGUA SUR). Comments: Differences between the two dialects are reported to be mainly phonological and orthographic. Southern Lengua are semi-nomadic. Southern Lengua women are less bilingual in Paraguayan Guarani. Different orthography between Southern and Northern Lengua. Southern: agriculturalists, pastoralists: cattle, sheep, horses, hunter-gatherers, fishermen. Bible 1995.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. SanapanaLanguage (SAP Paraguay) (instance SanapanaLanguage MascoianLanguage) (documentation SanapanaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SanapanaLanguage is a &%MascoianLanguage of &%Paraguay. SIL code: SAP. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 6,900 including 2,900 Sanapana and 4,000 Angaite (1991 SIL). Region: Chaco. Sanapana are north of Angaite and Lengua, Boqueron, Presidente Hayes Department, Galban River. Large concentrations at Salazar Ranch, La Patria, and Esperanza. Angaite are in the southeast Chaco, Presidente Hayes Department, Boqueron, San Carlos. Alternate names: QUIATIVIS, QUILYACMOC, LANAPSUA, SAAPA, SANAM. Dialects: SANAPANA, ANGAITE (ANGATE, ENLIT, COVAVITIS, COVAHLOC). Comments: 85% lexical similarity with Northern Lengua. Very limited understanding of Lengua and Paraguayan Guarani. Some older people are monolingual. Many young people speak only Guarani, but understand Angaite. All ages. Some of the older people are monolingual. Vigorous. Children do not go to school. An alternate name may be 'Kasnatan.' Agriculturalists, plantation laborers, tannin factor workers, cattle hands. Bible portions 1994-1995.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. TobaMaskoyLanguage (TMF Paraguay) (instance TobaMaskoyLanguage MascoianLanguage) (documentation TobaMaskoyLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TobaMaskoyLanguage is a &%MascoianLanguage of &%Paraguay. SIL code: TMF. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 2,500 (1991 SIL). Region: Reserve of 30,000 hectares near Puerto Victoria and Puerto Guarani, eastern Chaco. Alternate names: TOBA OF PARAGUAY, QUILYILHRAYROM, CABANATIT, MACHICUI, ENENLHIT. Comments: Men 40 years and older speak Paraguayan Guarani, others use it as second language, and it is used as the church language. They are reported to speak a 'poor' variety of Paraguayan Guarani. Young people speak Toba-Maskoy and learn some Spanish in school. Different from Toba Qom, Toba-Pilaga of Argentina, Maskoy of Paraguay, or Maskoy Pidgin.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; LV. MATACO-GUAICURU LANGUAGES (11 Languages) ;; MatacoGuaicuruLanguage (subclass MatacoGuaicuruLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation MatacoGuaicuruLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%MatacoGuaicuruLanguage is any one of 11 related languages, spoken in &%SouthAmerica, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; GUAICURUAN LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; GuaicuruanLanguage (subclass GuaicuruanLanguage MatacoGuaicuruLanguage) (documentation GuaicuruanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 11 &%MatacoGuaicuruLanguages, four are classified as a &%GuaicuruanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. KadiweuLanguage (KBC Brazil) (instance KadiweuLanguage GuaicuruanLanguage) (documentation KadiweuLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KadiweuLanguage is a &%GuaicuruanLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: KBC. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 1,200 (1995 SIL) to 1,800 (1995 Filomena Sandalo). Region: Mato Grosso do Sul, around Serra da Bodoquena. 3 villages. Alternate names: MBAYA-GUAIKURU, CADUVEO, EDIU-ADIG. Comments: 'Payagua' may be a term for 'enemy' applied to this group. SVO. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT in press (1999).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. MocoviLanguage (MOC Argentina) (instance MocoviLanguage GuaicuruanLanguage) (documentation MocoviLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MocoviLanguage is a &%GuaicuruanLanguage of &%Argentina. SIL code: MOC. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 3,000 to 4,000 (1981 Buckwalter). Region: South Chaco, northeast Santa Fe. Alternate names: MOCOBI, MBOCOBI. Comments: Traditional religion. NT 1988.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. PilagaLanguage (PLG Argentina) (instance PilagaLanguage GuaicuruanLanguage) (documentation PilagaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PilagaLanguage is a &%GuaicuruanLanguage of &%Argentina. SIL code: PLG. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 2,000 (1991 UBS). Region: Along the valleys of the Bermejo and Pilcomayo rivers in central and western Formosa Province, Chaco and Salta Province. Alternate names: PILACA. Dialects: TOBA-PILAGA (SOMBRERO NEGRO), CHACO PILAGA. Comments: Intelligibility between the dialects needs investigation. Traditional religion. NT 1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. TobaLanguage (TOB Argentina) (instance TobaLanguage GuaicuruanLanguage) (documentation TobaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TobaLanguage is a &%GuaicuruanLanguage of &%Argentina. SIL code: TOB. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 15,000 to 20,000 in Argentina. Population total all countries 15,500 to 20,500. Region: Eastern Formosa Province and Chaco Province. Also spoken in Bolivia, Paraguay. Alternate names: CHACO SUR, QOM, TOBA QOM. Dialects: SOUTHEAST TOBA, NORTHERN TOBA. Comments: Different from Toba of Paraguay (Toba-Maskoy) or Toba-Pilaga of Argentina. Traditional religion, Christian. NT 1980. Also spoken in: Bolivia. (Language name: TOBA.) Population: 100 possibly in Bolivia. Alternate names: QOM. Comments: Different from Toba-Pilaga of Argentina or Toba of Paraguay (Toba-Maskoy). NT 1980. Also spoken in: Paraguay. (Language name: TOBA.) Population: 700 in Paraguay (1991 SIL). Alternate names: TOBA-QOM, QOM. Comments: Different from Toba-Maskoy and Toba-Pilaga. NT 1980.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; MATACO LANGUAGES (7 Languages) ;; MatacoLanguage (subclass MatacoLanguage MatacoGuaicuruLanguage) (documentation MatacoLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 11 &%MatacoGuaicuruLanguages, seven are classified as a &%MatacoLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. ChulupiLanguage (CAG Paraguay) (instance ChulupiLanguage MatacoLanguage) (documentation ChulupiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ChulupiLanguage is a &%MatacoLanguage of &%Paraguay. SIL code: CAG. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 18,000 in Paraguay (1991 SIL), 200 in Argentina. Population total both countries 18,200. Region: Chaco, Presidente Hayes Department, Boqueron. Alternate names: CHURUPI, CHULUPIE, CHULUPE, NIVACLE, ASHLUSHLAY, AXLUSLAY. Comments: Dialects are inherently intelligible with each other. Mataguayo languages in Paraguay are less similar than Mascoi languages in Paraguay (Fasold 1984). The home language is Chulupi. Vigorous by all Chulupi. Bilingual education in Chulupi. Radio programs. Bible 1995. Also spoken in: Argentina. (Language name: CHULUPI.) Population: 200 in Argentina. Alternate names: CHURUPI, ASHLUSHLAY, CHULUPIE, CHULUPE, NIVAKLE, NIVACLE. Dialects: FOREST CHULUPI, RIVER CHULUPI. Comments: Dialects are inherently intelligible. Traditional religion. Bible 1994.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. IyowujwaChoroteLanguage (CRQ Argentina) (instance IyowujwaChoroteLanguage MatacoLanguage) (documentation IyowujwaChoroteLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%IyowujwaChoroteLanguage is a &%MatacoLanguage of &%Argentina. SIL code: CRQ. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 1,500 in Argentina. Perhaps 50% monolinguals. Population total all countries: 2,000. Region: In Argentina they are mixed with the Iyojwa'ja Chorote. No more than a couple of families in Bolivia. Also spoken in Bolivia, Paraguay. Alternate names: CHOROTI, MANJUY, MANJUI. Comments: In Argentina all children have primary education in Spanish. Traditional religion. Bible portions 1992. Also spoken in: Bolivia. (Language name: CHOROTE, IYO'WUJWA.) Population: No more than a couple of families in Bolivia (1982). Alternate names: CHOROTI, MANJUY, MANJUI. Comments: Estimated 80% monolingual. Bible portions 1992. Also spoken in: Paraguay. (Language name: CHOROTE, IYO'WUJWA.) Population: 500 in Paraguay (1991 SIL). Alternate names: MANJUY, MANJUI, CHOROTI. Comments: Almost 100% are monolingual in Paraguay. Only leaders can speak some Guarani or Spanish. All ages. Vigorous. Bible portions 1992.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. IyojwajaChoroteLanguage (CRT Argentina) (instance IyojwajaChoroteLanguage MatacoLanguage) (documentation IyojwajaChoroteLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%IyojwajaChoroteLanguage is a &%MatacoLanguage of &%Argentina. SIL code: CRT. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 800 all in Argentina (1982 Drayson ANG). Region: Northeast Salta Province. Alternate names: CHOROTI, YOFUAHA, EKLENJUY. Comments: A distinct language from Iyo'wujwa Chorote (Drayson). Called 'Chorote' in Argentina, 'Choroti' in Paraguay, 'Eklenjuy' by the Chulupi. River dwellers. Traditional religion. NT 1997.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. MacaLanguage (MCA Paraguay) (instance MacaLanguage MatacoLanguage) (documentation MacaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MacaLanguage is a &%MatacoLanguage of &%Paraguay. SIL code: MCA. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 1,000 (1991 SIL). Region: Southwestern, Presidente Hayes Department, Colonia Juan Belaieff Island in Paraguay River west of Asuncion. Many were taken to Asuncion. Alternate names: TOWOLHI, MAKA, MAK'A, ENIMACA, ENIMAGA. Comments: Men are more proficient in Spanish than women. Vigorous by all Maca. Alternate names may be 'Nynaka', 'Toothle. Artifact craftsmen, hunters, agriculturalists. Christian, traditional religion. Bible portions 1985.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. WichiLhamtesGuisnayLanguage (MZH Argentina) (instance WichiLhamtesGuisnayLanguage MatacoLanguage) (documentation WichiLhamtesGuisnayLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WichiLhamtesGuisnayLanguage is a &%MatacoLanguage of &%Argentina. SIL code: MZH. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 15,000 (1999). Region: Northern, Pilcomayo River area. Alternate names: 'MATACO' GUISNAY, GUISNAY, 'MATACO' PILCOMAYO, 'MATACO'. Comments: 'Mataco' is derogatory. The self name of the people is 'Wichi', the language 'Wichi Lhamtes.' Traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 6. WichiLhamtesNoctenLanguage (MTP Bolivia) (instance WichiLhamtesNoctenLanguage MatacoLanguage) (documentation WichiLhamtesNoctenLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WichiLhamtesNoctenLanguage is a &%MatacoLanguage of &%Bolivia. SIL code: MTP. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 1,427 in Bolivia (1978 SFM). Population total both countries: 1,530 or more. Region: North central Tarija Department, southwest of Pilcomayo River, Cordillera de Pirapo. Alternate names: 'MATACO' NOCTEN, OKTENAI, NOCTEN, NOCTENES, BOLIVIAN 'MATACO'. Also spoken in: Argentina. (Language name: WICHI LHAMTES NOCTEN. Population: 100 in Argentina. Alternate names: 'MATACO' NOCTEN, NOCTEN, NOCTENES, OKTENAI. Comments: Traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 7. WichiLhamtesVejozLanguage (MAD Argentina) (instance WichiLhamtesVejozLanguage MatacoLanguage) (documentation WichiLhamtesVejozLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WichiLhamtesVejozLanguage is a &%MatacoLanguage of &%Argentina. SIL code: MAD. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: Population total both countries 25,000 (1991 UBS). Region: Northern area: Chaco, Formosa, Salta, Jujuy. Generally west of Toba, along upper Bermejo River Valley and Pilcomayo River. Also spoken in Bolivia. Alternate names: 'MATACO' VEJOZ, VEJOS. Dialects: BERMEJO VEJOZ. Comments: Not intelligible with other Chaco languages. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 0%, 1 80%, 2-3 19%, 4-5 1%. Language family also called 'Mataco-Mataguayo.' Traditional religion. NT 1962-1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; LVI. MAYAN LANGUAGES (69 Languages) ;; MayanLanguage (subclass MayanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation MayanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%MayanLanguage is any one of 69 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; LVII. MISUMALPAN LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; MisumalpanLanguage (subclass MisumalpanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation MisumalpanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%MisumalpanLanguage is any one of four related languages, spoken in &%Nicaragua and formerly in &%ElSalvador, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. CacaoperaLanguage (CCR El Salvador) (instance CacaoperaLanguage MisumalpanLanguage) (documentation CacaoperaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CacaoperaLanguage is a &%MisumalpanLanguage of &%ElSalvador. SIL code: CCR. ISO 639-2: cai. Region: Department of Morazan. Comments: Closely related to Matagalpa. In 1974 several elderly men could remember a few words and fixed phrases, but none had been native speakers. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. MatagalpaLanguage (MTN Nicaragua) (instance MatagalpaLanguage MisumalpanLanguage) (documentation MatagalpaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MatagalpaLanguage is a &%MisumalpanLanguage of &%Nicaragua. SIL code: MTN. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: No speakers out of an ethnic group of 18,000 to 20,000 (1981 MARC). Region: The ethnic group is in the Central highlands, Matagalpa and Jinotega departments, and in Honduras, El Paraiso Department. Alternate names: PANTASMAS. Comments: They now speak Spanish. Sedentary subsistence agriculturalists. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. MiskitoLanguage (MIQ Nicaragua) (instance MiskitoLanguage MisumalpanLanguage) (documentation MiskitoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MiskitoLanguage is a &%MisumalpanLanguage of &%Nicaragua. SIL code: MIQ. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 154,400 in Nicaragua (1993 census). Population total both countries: 183,400. Region: From Pearl Lagoon to Black River, coast and lowlands. Zalaya Department, North Atlantic Autonomous Region (RAAN) with a concentration in the city of Puerto Cabeza, and towns and villages of Prinzapolka, Tronquera, San Carlos (Rio Coco), Waspam, Leimus, Bocana de Paiwas, Karawala, Sangnilaya, Wasla, Sisin, Rosita, Bonanza, Siuna, Bihmuna, and all along the Rio Coco area. Also in South Atlantic Autonomous Region (RAAS). Alternate names: MISQUITO, MISKITU, MOSQUITO, MARQUITO. Dialects: HONDURAN MISKITO (MAM), TAWIRA (TAUIRA), BAYMUNA (BAYMUNANA, BALDAM), WANKI (WANGKI), CABO (KABO). Comments: All dialects are intelligible with each other. The language is closest to Sumo. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 0%, 1 2%, 2 3%, 3 15%, 4 70%, 5 10%. Secondary school children are taught in Spanish, Some English is known. All Miskito understand the language. Widespread use among older people. Many Hispanic people have learned Miskito. Educational materials are in Wangki, spoken around Puerto Cabeza. The other dialects are in settlements southwest of there. Trade language. SOV, articles, relatives after noun heads, word order distinguishes subject, object, verb affixes mark person, number, ergative, passive, CVC, nontonal. Literacy rate in first language: 52% to 58%. Widespread use in primary shools. Semi-tropical to tropical. Coastal. Agriculturalists, fishermen, government and education workers. Just above sea level. Christian. Bible 1999. Also spoken in: Honduras. (Language name: MISKITO.) Population: 29,000 in Honduras (1993 Ramon D. Rivas). Alternate names: MISQUITO, MARQUITO, MISKITU, MOSQUITO. Comments: Trade language. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. Bible 1999.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. SumoTawahkaLanguage (SUM Nicaragua) (instance SumoTawahkaLanguage MisumalpanLanguage) (documentation SumoTawahkaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SumoTawahkaLanguage is a &%MisumalpanLanguage of &%Nicaragua. SIL code: SUM. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 6,700 in Nicaragua (1982 Mesoamerica). Population total both countries: 7,400. Region: Huaspuc (Waspuk) River and tributaries. Alternate names: SUMU, SOUMO, SUMOO, WOOLWA, SUMO, ULWA. Dialects PANAMAHKA, TWAHKA, NICARAGUAN TAWAHKA, HONDURAN TAWAHKA (SOUTHERN SUMO). Comments: The same language as Honduras, but a different dialect. The first three dialects listed group together into Northern Sumo. SOV. Hunter-gatherers, fishermen, swidden agriculturalists: manioc. NT in press (1999). Also spoken in: Honduras. (Language name: SUMO TAWAHKA.) Population: 700 in Honduras (1997 SIL). 800 to 1,000 in the ethnic group (1993 Ramon D. Rivas. Alternate names: SUMO, SUMU, SOUMO, SUMOO. Dialects: TAWAHKA, ULWA. Comments: Same language as in Nicaragua, but different dialect. Honduran Tawahka is reported to be closer to Nicaraguan Panamahka than to Nicaraguan Tawahka. Bilingualism in Miskito. The name 'Sumo' is not used by speakers. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Nicaraguan Tawahka. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT in press (1999).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; LVIII. MIXE-ZOQUE LANGUAGES (16 Languages) ;; MixeZoqueLanguage (subclass MixeZoqueLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation MixeZoqueLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%MixeZoqueLanguage is any one of 16 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; LIX. MOSETENAN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; MosetenanLanguage (subclass MosetenanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation MosetenanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%MosetenanLanguage is the single &%TsimaneLanguage of &%Bolivia. This language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming a language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. TsimaneLanguage (CAS Bolivia) (instance TsimaneLanguage MosetenanLanguage) (documentation TsimaneLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TsimaneLanguage is a &%MosetenanLanguage of &%Bolivia. SIL code: CAS. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 5,500 including 500 speakers of Moseten. Region: Southwestern Beni Department and along Maniqui River, and towns of San Miguel de Huachi and Santa Ana de Alto Beni. Alternate names: CHIMANE, MOSETEN. Comments: Adelaar (1991) considers Moseten and Tsimane to be 2 separate languages. Fishermen, swidden agriculturalists: bananas, manioc, hunters. Bible portions 1963-1986.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; LX. MURA LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; MuraLanguage (subclass MuraLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation MuraLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%MuraLanguage is the single &%MuraPirahaLanguage of &%Brazil. This language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming a language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. MuraPirahaLanguage (MYP Brazil) (instance MuraPirahaLanguage MuraLanguage) (documentation MuraPirahaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MuraPirahaLanguage is a &%MuraLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: MYP. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 150 (1986 SIL) out of an ethnic group of 1,500 (1995 SIL). The Piraha are small, the Mura larger. Region: Amazonas, along the Maici and Autaces rivers. Alternate names: PIRAHA. Comments: Probably related to Matanawi, which is extinct. The Mura are mostly integrated into Portuguese. The Piraha are quite monolingual. Semi nomadic. Grammar. SOV. Tropical forest. Riverine. Hunter-gatherers. 40 to 120 feet. Bible portions 1987.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; LXI. MUSKOGEAN LANGUAGES (6 Languages) ;; MuskogeanLanguage (subclass MuskogeanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation MuskogeanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%MuskogeanLanguage is any one of six related languages, spoken in the &%UnitedStates, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; EASTERN MUSKOGEAN LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; EasternMuskogeanLanguage (subclass EasternMuskogeanLanguage MuskogeanLanguage) (documentation EasternMuskogeanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the six &%MuskogeanLanguages, four closely related languages are classified as &%EasternMuskogeanLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AlabamaLanguage (AKZ USA) (instance AlabamaLanguage EasternMuskogeanLanguage) (documentation AlabamaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AlabamaLanguage is an &%EasternMuskogeanLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: AKZ. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 256 speakers (1990 census), out of an ethnic group of 500 to 600 (1990 Heather Hardy). Region: Alabama-Coushatta Reservation near Livingston in southeastern Texas. No speakers left in Oklahoma. Alternate names: ALIBAMU. Comments: Less than 50% cognate with Koasati. Bilingualism in English.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. KoasatiLanguage (CKU USA) (instance KoasatiLanguage EasternMuskogeanLanguage) (documentation KoasatiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KoasatiLanguage is an &%EasternMuskogeanLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: CKU. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 600 speakers (1996 Geoff Kimball), including 100 in Texas and 500 speakers out of 600 in the ethnic group in Louisiana. Region: Koasati reservation near Elton, Louisiana, and Alabama-Koasati reservation near Livingston, Texas. Others elsewhere, 1 family in Oregon. The language is no longer used in Oklahoma. Alternate names: COUSHATTA. Comments: The grammars of Koasati and Alabama are significantly different. Less than 50% cognate with Alabama. 30 people have limited English proficiency (1992 D. Rising SIL). Others are quite bilingual in English. A few are more bilingual in Cajun French than in English. In Louisiana the people use Koasati in the home and for church services. More vigorous in Louisiana than Texas. Dictionary. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. MikasukiLanguage (MIK USA) (instance MikasukiLanguage EasternMuskogeanLanguage) (documentation MikasukiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MikasukiLanguage is an &%EasternMuskogeanLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: MIK. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 496 speakers including 33 monolinguals (1990 census), out of 1,200 population (1977 SIL). Region: Southern Florida. Alternate names: HITCHITI, MIKASUKI SEMINOLE, MICCOSUKEE. Dialects: HITCHITI, MIKASUKI. Comments: Not intelligible with Creek, Alabama, or Koasati. There are monolinguals only among elderly women. Others use English as second language. Language use is vigorous except at Hollywood, where most younger ones do not speak Mikasuki. Bible portions 1980-1985.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. MuskogeeLanguage (CRK USA) (instance MuskogeeLanguage EasternMuskogeanLanguage) (documentation MuskogeeLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MuskogeeLanguage is an &%EasternMuskogeanLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: CRK. ISO 639-2: mus. Population: 6,213 speakers including 43 monolinguals (1990 census), out of 20,000 population (1977 SIL). Region: Creek and Seminole of east central Oklahoma, Creek of southern Alabama, Seminole of Brighton Reservation, Florida. Alternate names: CREEK. Dialects: CREEK, SEMINOLE. Comments: Closely related to Mikasuki in Florida. The dialects are not very different. Most adults speak the language. Many younger ones may prefer English and some may not speak the language. NT 1886-1891, out of print.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; WESTERN MUSKOGEAN LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; WesternMuskogeanLanguage (subclass WesternMuskogeanLanguage MuskogeanLanguage) (documentation WesternMuskogeanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the six &%MuskogeanLanguages, four closely related languages are classified as &%WesternMuskogeanLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. ChoctawLanguage (CCT USA) (instance ChoctawLanguage WesternMuskogeanLanguage) (documentation ChoctawLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ChoctawLanguage is an &%WesternMuskogeanLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: CCT. ISO 639-2: cho. Population: 17,890 speakers including 11,140 in Oklahoma (1998), 6,750 fluent speakers in Mississippi (1997). Ethnic group: 120,400 including 111,400 in Oklahoma (1998 Choctaw Language Department, Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma), 9,000 in Mississippi (1997 Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians). Region: Principally in southeastern Oklahoma (McCurtain County) and east central Mississippi. Some in Louisiana and Tennessee. Comments: Recent reports indicate that Choctaw speakers find Chickasaw to be unintelligible. 24 years old and older in Oklahoma. Children are being raised speaking Choctaw in Mississippi. Vigorous in Mississippi, but some children prefer English. The Houma are 12,000 racially mixed descendents of a Choctaw subgroup in southern Louisiana who speak a dialect of Cajun French, and no longer speak Choctaw. More Choctaw are registering with the BIA now than previously (R.S. Williams). Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. NT 1848.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. ChickasawLanguage (CIC USA) (instance ChickasawLanguage WesternMuskogeanLanguage) (documentation ChickasawLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ChickasawLanguage is an &%WesternMuskogeanLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: CIC. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 1,000 or fewer speakers (1987 Munro and Willmond) out of an ethnic group of 35,000 to 37,000 (1999 Chickasaw nation). Region: Principally in south central Oklahoma, from Byng or Happyland (near Ada) in the north, and from Davis or Ardmore in the west to Fillmore and Wapanucka in the east. Some in Los Angeles, California. Comments: Recent reports indicate that Choctaw speakers find Chickasaw to be unintelligible. Most speakers over 40 years old (1987 Munro and Willmond). Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; LXII. NA-DENE LANGUAGES (47 Languages) ;; NaDeneLanguage (subclass NaDeneLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation NaDeneLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%NaDeneLanguage is any one of 47 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; LXIII. NAMBIQUARAN LANGUAGES (5 Languages) ;; NambiquaranLanguage (subclass NambiquaranLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation NambiquaranLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%NambiquaranLanguage is any one of five related languages, spoken in &%Brazil, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. HaloTeSuLanguage (HLO Brazil) (instance HaloTeSuLanguage NambiquaranLanguage) (documentation HaloTeSuLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%HaloTeSuLanguage is a &%NambiquaranLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: HLO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 38 to 52 (1987 SIL). Region: Mato Grosso. Comments: Speakers are bilingual in Southern Nambikuara. Recently contacted. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency, intelligibility with Nambiquara.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. NorthernNambikuaraLanguage (MBG Brazil) (instance NorthernNambikuaraLanguage NambiquaranLanguage) (documentation NorthernNambikuaraLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NorthernNambikuaraLanguage is a &%NambiquaranLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: MBG. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 126 (1995 SIL). Region: Mato Grosso (Mamainde), Rondonia (Latunde). Alternate names: MAMAINDE. Dialects: MAMAINDE, NEGAROTE, TAWANXTE, TAXMAINITE, TAXWENSITE, YALAPMUNXTE (LACONDE, LATUNDE). Comments: The Latunde live with the Tubarao. Tropical forest. Rubber gatherers. Bible portions 1979-1980.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. SouthernNambikuaraLanguage (NAB Brazil) (instance SouthernNambikuaraLanguage NambiquaranLanguage) (documentation SouthernNambikuaraLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SouthernNambikuaraLanguage is a &%NambiquaranLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: NAB. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 900 (1988 SIL), including 150 Galera (1983 SIL). Region: Northwestern Mato Grosso, scattered along the Porto Velho-Cuiaba highway for about 300 km. 10 villages. Alternate names: NAMBIQUARA, NAMBIKWARA. Dialects: MANDUKA, KHITHAULHU, SERRA AZUL, HAHAINTESU, WASUSU, ALATESU, WAIKISU, GALERA. Comments: The Manduca are semi-integrated. The Nambikuara were reduced from 10,000 in the 1940s by measles. Manairisu is a subgroup. Grammar. SOV, tonal. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Traditional religion, Christian. NT 1992.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. SabanesLanguage (SAE Brazil) (instance SabanesLanguage NambiquaranLanguage) (documentation SabanesLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SabanesLanguage is a &%NambiquaranLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: SAE. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 60 (1995 AMTB). Region: Mato Grosso. Alternate names: SABONES, SABANE. Comments: Bilingualism in Portuguese, Northern Nambikuara. Integrated into Brazilian culture. Men are trilingual, understanding Portuguese and Northern Nambikuara.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. SarareLanguage (SRR Brazil) (instance SararweLanguage NambiquaranLanguage) (documentation SararweLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SararweLanguage is a &%NambiquaranLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: SRR. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 150 (1983 SIL). Region: Mato Grosso, Juina River. Alternate names: KABIXI, KAVIXI. Comments: Bilingualism in Southern Nambikuara. Distinct from Kabixi which is Chapacuran.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; LXIV. NIGER-CONGO LANGUAGES (1489 Languages) ;; NigerCongoLanguage (subclass NigerCongoLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation NigerCongoLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%NigerCongoLanguage is any one of 1489 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; LXV. NILO-SAHARAN LANGUAGES (199 Languages) ;; NiloSaharanLanguage (subclass NiloSaharanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation NiloSaharanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%NiloSaharanLanguage is any one of 199 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; EASTERN SUDANIC LANGUAGES (95 Languages) ;; EasternSudanicLanguage (subclass EasternSudanicLanguage NiloSaharanLanguage) (documentation EasternSudanicLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 199 &%NiloSaharanLanguages, 95 related languages are classified as an &%EasternSudanicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; WEST EASTERN SUDANIC LANGUAGES (14 Languages) ;; WestEasternSudanicLanguage (subclass WestEasternSudanicLanguage EasternSudanicLanguage) (documentation WestEasternSudanicLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 95 &%EasternSudanicLanguages, 14 closely related languages are classified as a &%WestEasternSudanicLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; NYIMANG LANGUAGES (2 Languages) (subclass NyimangLanguage WestEasternSudanicLanguage) (documentation NyimangLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 14 &%WestEasternSudanicLanguages, two closely related languages are classified as a &%NyimangLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AfittiLanguage (AFT Sudan) (instance AfittiLanguage NyimangLanguage) (documentation AfittiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AfittiLanguage is a &%NyimangLanguage of the &%Sudan. SIL code: AFT. ISO 639-2: ssa. Population: 4,512 (1984 R. C. Stevenson). Region: Northern Sudan, Nuba Hills, eastern Jebel ed Dair. Main center is Sidra. Alternate names: DITTI, UNIETTI, AFFITTI, DINIK. Comments: Not inherently intelligible with Nyimang. 59% lexical similarity with Nyimang. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. AmaNyimangLanguage (NYI Sudan) (instance AmaNyimangLanguage NyimangLanguage) (documentation AmaNyimangLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AmaNyimangLanguage is a &%NyimangLanguage of the &%Sudan. SIL code: NYI. ISO 639-2: ssa. Population: 70,000 (1982 SIL). Region: Northern Sudan, Kordofan Province, northwest of Dilling on range of hills of which Jebel Nyimang is a part, and on the Mandal range. Alternate names: NYIMANG, INYIMANG, NYIMA, NYIMAN. Comments: 59% lexical similarity with Afitti. Education is in Arabic. Muslim, Christian. Bible portions 1950.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; LXVI. NORTH CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES (34 Languages) ;; NorthCaucasianLanguage (subclass NorthCaucasianLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation NorthCaucasianLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%NorthCaucasianLanguage is any one of 34 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; LXVII. OTO-MANGUEAN LANGUAGES (172 Languages) ;; OtoMangueanLanguage (subclass OtoMangueanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation OtoMangueanLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%OtoMangueanLanguage is any one of 172 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; LXVIII. PAEZAN LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; PaezanLanguage (subclass PaezanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation PaezanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%PaezanLanguage is the single &%PaezLanguage of &%Colombia. This language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming a language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. PaezLanguage (PBB Colombia) (instance PaezLanguage PaezanLanguage) (documentation PaezLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PaezLanguage is a &%PaezanLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: PBB. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 118,845 in the ethnic group (1998 Arango). Region: Central Andes Range near Popayan, Cauca. Alternate names: NASA YUWE. Dialects: PITAYO, PANIQUITA (PANIKITA). Comments: Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 50%, 1 25%, 2 13%, 3 10%, 4 2%, 5 0%. Spanish is the predominant language of instruction in schools. It is reported that not all members of the ethnic group speak Paez (1999). Dictionary. Grammar. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Scrub forest. Mountain mesa and slope. Peasant agriculturalists. 2,500 to 3,000 meters. NT 1980.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; LXIX. PANOAN LANGUAGES (30 Languages) ;; PanoanLanguage (subclass PanoanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation PanoanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%PanoanLanguage is any one of 30 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; LXX. PEBA-YAGUAN LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; PebaYaguanLanguage (subclass PebaYaguanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation PebaYaguanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%PebaYaguanLanguage is either of two closely related languages, spoken in &%Peru, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. YaguaLanguage (YAD Peru) (instance YaguaLanguage PebaYaguanLanguage) (documentation YaguaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%YaguaLanguage is a &%PebaYaguanLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: YAD. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 5,000 to 6,000 in Peru (1998 SIL). Population total both countries 5,000 to 6,000 or more. Region: Northeastern Amazon River region, from Iquitos to the Brazil border. Some occasionally go into Brazil. Also spoken in Colombia. Alternate names: YAHUA, LLAGUA, YAVA, YEGUA. Comments: Two dialects. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 54%, 1 20%, 2 15%, 3 10%, 4 .95%, 5 .05%. Dictionary. VSO. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT 1994.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. YameoLanguage (YME Peru) (instance YameoLanguage PebaYaguanLanguage) (documentation YameoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%YameoLanguage is a &%PebaYaguanLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: YME. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: In 1925 there were 50. Region: Maranon and Amazon rivers from the mouth of the Tigre to the Nanay River. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; LXXI. PENUTIAN LANGUAGES (33 Languages) ;; PenutianLanguage (subclass PenutianLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation PenutianLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%PenutianLanguage is any one of 33 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; LXXII. QUECHUAN LANGUAGES (46 Languages) ;; QuechuanLanguage (subclass QuechuanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation QuechuanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%QuechuanLanguage is any one of 46 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; LXXIII. SALISHAN LANGUAGES (27 Languages) ;; SalishanLanguage (subclass SalishanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation SalishanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%SalishanLanguage is any one of 27 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; LXXIV. SALIVAN LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; SalivanLanguage (subclass SalivanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation SalivanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%SalivanLanguage is either of two closely related languages, spoken in &%Colombia and &%Venezuela, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. PiaroaLanguage (PID Venezuela) (instance PiaroaLanguage SalivanLanguage) (documentation PiaroaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PiaroaLanguage is a &%SalivanLanguage of &%Venezuela. SIL code: PID. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 12,000 including 130 Maco (1987 UBS). Population total both countries 12,000. Region: South bank of the Orinoco River, inland from the Paguasa River to Manipiari, Amazonas. Large area. Alternate names: KUAKUA, GUAGUA, QUAQUA. Dialects: MACO (MAKO, ITOTO), PIAROA. Comments: Possibly 50% of the men are bilingual in Maquiritare, Yabarana, or Spanish. 'Ature' (Adole) may be an alternate name. NT 1986. Also spoken in: Colombia. (Language name: PIAROA.) Population: 80 in Colombia (1991 Adelaar). Alternate names: KUAKUA, GUAGUA, QUAQUA. Dialects: MACO (MAKO, ITOTO), PIAROA. Comments: Maco is reported to be a separate language, with speakers of each bilingual in the other. 'Ature' (Adole) may be an alternate name. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Maco. NT 1986.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. SalibaLanguage (SLC Colombia) (instance SalibaLanguage SalivanLanguage) (documentation SalibaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SalibaLanguage is a &%SalivanLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: SLC. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 2,000 in Colombia (1982 T. Benaissa SIL). Population total both countries: 2,250. Region: Meta and Casanare rivers. Alternate names: SALIVA. Comments: Bilingualism in Spanish. Those 50 and older use Saliba as mother tongue. Younger members use Spanish. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Tropical forest. Plains, interfluvial. Swidden agriculturalists. lower than 200 meters. Also spoken in: Venezuela. (Language name: SALIBA. Population: 250 in Venezuela (1991 Adelaar). Alternate names: SALIVA. Comments: Very acculturated in Venezuela.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; LXXV. SEPIK-RAMU LANGUAGES (104 Languages) ;; SepikRamuLanguage (subclass SepikRamuLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation SepikRamuLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%SepikRamuLanguage is any one of 104 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; Revised Jennie Pease 6th October 2021 ;; Added LanguageFamily, reclassified SinoTibetanLanguage under LanguageFamily ;; Changed ChineseLanguage to be also be a subclass of NaturalLanguage as well as SpokenHumanLanguage, like English (subclass LanguageFamily NaturalLanguage) (documentation LanguageFamily EnglishLanguage "A &%LanguageFamily is group of &%SpokenHumanLanguages related through descent from a common ancestral language. (reference from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; LXXVI. SINO-TIBETAN LANGUAGES (365 Languages) ;; SinoTibetanLanguage (subclass SinoTibetanLanguage LanguageFamily) (documentation SinoTibetanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%SinoTibetanLanguage is any one of 365 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; LXXVII. SIOUAN LANGUAGES (17 Languages) ;; SiouanLanguage (subclass SiouanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation SiouanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%SiouanLanguage is any one of 17 languages, spoken in &%NorthAmerica, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; CATAWBA GROUP LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; CatawbaGroupLanguage (subclass CatawbaGroupLanguage SiouanLanguage) (documentation CatawbaGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 17 &%SiouanLanguages, one language is classified as a &%CatawbaGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. CatawbaLanguage (CHC USA) (instance CatawbaLanguage CatawbaGroupLanguage) (documentation CatawbaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CatawbaLanguage is a &%CatawbaGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: CHC. ISO 639-2: sio. Population: The last fluent speaker died in 1996, out of ethnic population of 500 (1977 SIL). Region: Near Rock Hill, northern South Carolina. Comments: There were several dialects. Related to Woccon. Bilingualism in English. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SIOUAN PROPER LANGUAGES (16 Languages) ;; SiouanProperLanguage (subclass SiouanProperLanguage SiouanLanguage) (documentation SiouanProperLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 17 &%SiouanLanguages, 16 closely related languages are classified as a &%SiouanProperLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; CENTRAL SIOUAN LANGUAGES (11 Languages) ;; CentralSiouanLanguage (subclass CentralSiouanLanguage SiouanProperLanguage) (documentation CentralSiouanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 16 &%SiouanProperLanguages, 11 closely related languages are classified as a &%CentralSiouanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; MANDAN GROUP LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; MandanGroupLanguage (subclass MandanGroupLanguage CentralSiouanLanguage) (documentation MandanGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 11 &%CentralSiouanLanguages, one language is classified as a &%MandanGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. MandanLanguage (MHQ USA) (instance MandanLanguage MandanGroupLanguage) (documentation MandanLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MandanLanguage is a &%MandanGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: MHQ. ISO 639-2: sio. Population: 6 fluent speakers (1992 M. Krauss) out of 400 population (1986 SIL). Region: Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota. Comments: Bilingualism in English. All fluent speakers are elderly (1992), 2 semi-fluent over 60 (1986). Grammar. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; MISSISSIPPI VALLEY LANGUAGES (10 Languages) ;; MississippiValleyLanguage (subclass MississippiValleyLanguage CentralSiouanLanguage) (documentation MississippiValleyLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 11 &%CentralSiouanLanguages, 10 closely related languages are classified as a &%MississippiValleyLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; CHIWERE LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; ChiwereLanguage (subclass ChiwereLanguage MississippiValleyLanguage) (documentation ChiwereLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 10 &%MississippiValleyLanguages, one is classified as a &%ChiwereLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. IowaOtoLanguage (IOW USA) (instance IowaOtoLanguage ChiwereLanguage) (documentation IowaOtoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%IowaOtoLanguage is a &%ChiwereLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: IOW. ISO 639-2: sio. Population: Ethnic population of 2,400, including 1,000 Iowa, 1,400 Oto (1986 SIL). Last fluent speakers of Iowa and Oto died the end of 1996. There are others who have some degree of knowledge of the language (1997 Jimm G. GoodTracks). Region: North central Oklahoma and Iowa Reservation, northeast Kansas. Dialects: IOWA (BAXOJE, IOWAY), OTO (JIWERE, OTOE, JIWELE, CHIWERE), NIUTAJI (NYUT'CHI, MISSOURI, MISSOURIA). Comments: Bilingualism in English. Iowa and Oto are effectively a single language, with some family variations cross-cutting the tribal affiliations. Speakers believe certain minor differences of pronunciation and vocabulary reflect original tribal dialect distinctions (J. E. Koontz 1996). Missouri dialect has been extinct for many years. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; DAKOTA GROUP LANGUAGES (4 Language) ;; DakotaGroupLanguage (subclass DakotaGroupLanguage MississippiValleyLanguage) (documentation DakotaGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 10 &%MississippiValleyLanguages, four closely related languages are classified as a &%DakotaGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AssiniboineLanguage (ASB Canada) (instance AssiniboineLanguage DakotaGroupLanguage) (documentation AssiniboineLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AssiniboineLanguage is a &%DakotaGroupLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: ASB. ISO 639-2: sio. Population: Population total both countries 150 to 200 fluent speakers, out of 3,500 population (1986 SIL). Region: West central and southeastern Saskatchewan (Mosquito-Grizzly Bear's Head) and southern Saskatchewan (part of Carry-the-Kettle and Whitebear). Alternate names: ASSINIBOIN. Comments: Very close to the Assiniboine of Montana. 94% lexical similarity with Dakota of Manitoba, 90% with Dakota of North Dakota, 89% with Lakota and Stoney. English is spoken extensively. Over 40 years old, most over 60. Also spoken in: USA. Language name: ASSINIBOINE. Alternate names: ASSINIBOIN, HOHE. Comments: Very close to the Assiniboine of Saskatchewan. Closely related to Stoney. English is spoken extensively. All speakers are over 40 years old, most over 60 (1986).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. DakotaLanguage (DHG USA) (instance DakotaLanguage DakotaGroupLanguage) (documentation DakotaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%DakotaLanguage is a &%DakotaGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: DHG. ISO 639-2: dak. Population: 15,355 speakers in USA including 31 monolinguals (1990 census). Population total both countries: 20,355. Region: Northern Nebraska, southern Minnesota, North and South Dakota, northeastern Montana. Alternate names: SIOUX. Dialects: DAKOTA (DAKHOTA, SANTEE, SANTEE-SISSETON), NAKOTA (NAKODA, YANKTON, YANKTON-YANKTONAIS). Comments: Some children are being raised speaking the language in the northern Plains (1998). Many younger ones prefer English or do not speak the language. Bible 1879. Also spoken in: Canada. (Language name: DAKOTA. Population: 5,000 in Canada (1991 M. Dale Kinkade). Alternate names: SIOUX. Dialects: DAKOTA (SANTEE), NAKOTA (YANKTON). Comments: 83% to 86% lexical similarity with Stoney, 89% to 94% with Assiniboine, 90% to 95% among dialects. All ages in some communities. Vigorous in some communities. In some communities children and young adults may not speak Dakota or may prefer English. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible 1879.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. LakotaLanguage (LKT USA) (instance LakotaLanguage DakotaGroupLanguage) (documentation LakotaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LakotaLanguage is a &%DakotaGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: LKT. ISO 639-2: sio. Population: 6,000 speakers out of 20,000 population (1987 SIL). 103,255 ethnic Sioux in USA (1990 Census Bureau). Population total both countries: 6,000. Region: Northern Nebraska, southern Minnesota, North and South Dakota, northeastern Montana. Alternate names: LAKHOTA, TETON. Comments: Children are being raised speaking the language in the northern Plains (1998). Vigorous in some Lakota communities. Grammar. Also spoken in: Canada. (Language name: LAKOTA.) Alternate names: LAKHOTA, TETON.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. StoneyLanguage (STO Canada) (instance StoneyLanguage DakotaGroupLanguage) (documentation StoneyLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%StoneyLanguage is a &%DakotaGroupLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: STO. ISO 639-2: sio. Population: 1,000 to 1,500 speakers out of 3,200 population (1987 SIL). Region: Southern Alberta, west and northwest of Calgary, and central Alberta, west of Edmonton. Southern Stoney occupy 3 reserves represented on the Stoney Tribal Council at Morley, Alberta: Eden Valley, west of Longview, Alberta, the southern-most reserve and principally Bearspaw Band members (about 400 speakers), Morley, west of Calgary, the main administrative center of Stoney Country, with about 2,700 people of all three southern bands, the Bearspaw, Chiniki, and Wesley Bands, and the Big Horn Reserve west of Rocky Mountain House, the most northerly of the 3, with about 100 people, mostly Wesley Band. The other dialect is spoken at Paul and Alexis Bands. Alternate names: STONY, NAKODA. Dialects: SOUTHERN STONEY, NORTHERN STONEY. Comments: Dialects nearly 100% intelligible with each other. 89% lexical similarity with Assiniboine, 86% with Dakota of Manitoba, 85% with Dakota of North Dakota, 83% with Lakota. Many children prefer English. Vigorous use. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. They want provincially published school curriculum about their language, culture, and history. Bible portions 1970.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; DHEGIHA LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; DhegihaLanguage (subclass DhegihaLanguage MississippiValleyLanguage) (documentation DhegihaLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 10 &%MississippiValleyLanguages, four closely related languages are classified as a &%DhegihaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. KansaLanguage (KAA USA) (instance KansaLanguage DhegihaLanguage) (documentation KansaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KansaLanguage is a &%DhegihaLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: KAA. ISO 639-2: sio. Population: 19 speakers (1990 census), out of 250 population (1986 SIL). Region: Oklahoma, north central. Alternate names: KAW, KONZE, KANZE. Comments: Closely related to Omaha, Osage, Ponca, and Quapaw. Bilingualism in English. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. OmahaPoncaLanguage (OMA USA) (instance OmahaPoncaLanguage DhegihaLanguage) (documentation OmahaPoncaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%OmahaPoncaLanguage is a &%DhegihaLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: OMA. ISO 639-2: sio. Population: 85 fluent speakers including 60 speakers of Omaha (1993 V. Zeps), out of 3,000 population (1993 C. Rudin), and 25 fluent speakers over 60 and a few semi-fluent speakers of Ponca out of 2,000 population (1986 SIL). Region: Omaha Reservation, eastern Nebraska (Omaha), and north central Oklahoma (Ponca). Alternate names: MAHAIRI, PONKA, UMANHAN, PPANKKA. Dialects: OMAHA, PONCA. Comments: Ponca and Omaha are completely inherently intelligible to each other's speakers, Closely related to Osage, Quapaw, and Kansa. In 1985 only a few older women seemed less than fully fluent in at least the regional English. Omaha is used formally for prayers, especially at funerals, for songs, powwow announcements, but usually translated into English for nonspeakers present. Most adults speak the language. Many young adults may prefer English. Children tend to prefer English, but many can understand Omaha and some may speak it. Christian, Native American Church, Mormon, Baha'i.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. OsageLanguage (OSA USA) (instance OsageLanguage DhegihaLanguage) (documentation OsageLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%OsageLanguage is a &%DhegihaLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: OSA. ISO 639-2: osa. Population: 5 fluent speakers (1991 M. Krauss), and a few semi-fluent speakers, out of 2,500 population (1986 SIL). Region: North central Oklahoma. Alternate names: WAZHAZHE. Comments: Closely related to Omaha, Ponca, Quapaw, and Kansa. Bilingualism in English. Fluent speakers are elderly (1991). Nearly extinct. Bible portions.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. QuapawLanguage (QUA USA) (instance QuapawLanguage DhegihaLanguage) (documentation QuapawLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%QuapawLanguage is a &%DhegihaLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: QUA. ISO 639-2: sio. Population: 34 speakers (1990 census) out of 2,000 population (1986 SIL). Region: Northeastern corner of Oklahoma. Alternate names: ARKANSAS, ALKANSEA, CAPA, OGAXPA. Comments: Closely related to Kansa, Omaha, Osage, and Ponca, all called 'Dhegiha.' Bilingualism in English. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; WINNEBAGO LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; WinnebagoLanguage (subclass WinnebagoLanguage MississippiValleyLanguage) (documentation WinnebagoLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 10 &%MississippiValleyLanguages, one is classified as a &%WinnebagoLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. HocakLanguage (WIN USA) (instance HocakLanguage WinnebagoLanguage) (documentation HocakLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%HocakLanguage is a &%WinnebagoLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: WIN. ISO 639-2: sio. Population: 250 speakers (1995 V. Zeps), out of 6,000 population (1995). 822 enrolled Hocak in Nebraska, with 535 speakers (1968 USA BIA). Region: Scattered locations in central Wisconsin and Winnebago Reservation in eastern Nebraska. Alternate names: WINNEBAGO, HOCAK WAZIJACI, HOCANK, HOCHANK, HOCHUNK. Dialects: WISCONSIN, NEBRASKA. Comments: In 1968 10% were extremely limited in their use of English. Now reported to be bilingual in English. In Wisconsin most adults speak the language. In Nebraska most are elderly (1998). The name is written with a hook under the 'a' of 'Hocak', representing a nasalized vowel. The official name for the people is Hocak Nation. 'Winnebago' is the Algonguin name. There is a Language Program which plans a full-immersion Hocak school system, grades pre-school through community college. Bible portions 1907.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; MISSOURI VALLEY LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; MissouriValleyLanguage (subclass MissouriValleyLanguage SiouanProperLanguage) (documentation MissouriValleyLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 16 &%SiouanProperLanguages, two closely related languages are classified as a &%MissouriValleyLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. CrowLanguage (CRO USA) (instance CrowLanguage MissouriValleyLanguage) (documentation CrowLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CrowLanguage is a &%MissouriValleyLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: CRO. ISO 639-2: sio. Population: 4,280 speakers (1990 census), out of a population of 9,840 enrolled in the Crow tribe (1999 BIA). Includes 8 to 20 monolinguals (1999). Region: Southern Montana. Alternate names: APSAALOOKE. Comments: Close to Hidatsa. Bilingualism in English. Spoken by parents and the elderly (1998). Although almost all high school students and younger children can speak Crow, about 80% prefer to use English (1998). 77% of Crow people over 66 years old speak the language, 13% of preschoolers do. Language use is mainly vigorous. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions 1980-1998.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. HidatsaLanguage (HID USA) (instance HidatsaLanguage MissouriValleyLanguage) (documentation HidatsaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%HidatsaLanguage is a &%MissouriValleyLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: HID. ISO 639-2: sio. Population: 100 fluent speakers, 25-50 semi-fluent speakers, out of 1,200 population (1986 SIL). The 1990 census reports 451 speakers including 6 monolinguals. Region: Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota. Alternate names: MINITARI, HIRACA, HINATSA. Comments: Close to Crow. Bilingualism in English. Most speakers are elderly (1998). Bible portions.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SOUTHEASTERN SIOUAN LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; SoutheasternSiouanLanguage (subclass SoutheasternSiouanLanguage SiouanProperLanguage) (documentation SoutheasternSiouanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 16 &%SiouanProperLanguages, three closely related languages are classified as a &%SoutheasternSiouanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; BILOXI-OFO LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; BiloxiOfoLanguage (subclass BiloxiOfoLanguage SoutheasternSiouanLanguage) (documentation BiloxiOfoLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the three &%SoutheasternSiouanLanguages, two closely related languages are classified as a &%BiloxiOfoLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. BiloxiLanguage (BLL USA) (instance BiloxiLanguage BiloxiOfoLanguage) (documentation BiloxiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BiloxiLanguage is a &%BiloxiOfoLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: BLL. ISO 639-2: sio. Region: Lower Mississippi Valley. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. OfoLanguage (OFO USA) (instance OfoLanguage BiloxiOfoLanguage) (documentation OfoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%OfoLanguage is a &%BiloxiOfoLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: OFO. ISO 639-2: sio. Region: Lower Mississippi Valley. Comments: Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; TUTELO GROUP LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; TuteloGroupLanguage (subclass TuteloGroupLanguage SoutheasternSiouanLanguage) (documentation TuteloGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the three &%SoutheasternSiouanLanguages, one is classified as a &%TuteloGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. TuteloLanguage (TTA USA) (instance TuteloLanguage TuteloGroupLanguage) (documentation TuteloLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TuteloLanguage is a &%TuteloGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: TTA. ISO 639-2: sio. Region: Lower Mississippi Valley. Alternate names: SAPONI. Comments: Saponi was either the same or very similar to Tutelo. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; LXXVIII. SKO LANGUAGES (7 Languages) ;; SkoLanguage (subclass SkoLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation SkoLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%SkoLanguage is any one of seven languages, spoken in &%PapuaNewGuinea and &%Indonesia, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; KRISA GROUP LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; KrisaGroupLanguage (subclass KrisaGroupLanguage SkoLanguage) (documentation KrisaGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the seven &%SkoLanguages, four closely related languages are classified as a &%KrisaGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. KrisaLanguage (KRO Papua New Guinea) (instance KrisaLanguage KrisaGroupLanguage) (documentation KrisaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KrisaLanguage is a &%KrisaGroupLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: KRO. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 400 (1993 SIL). Region Sandaun Province near coast. Comments: Related languages: Rawo, Puari, Warapu.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. PuariLanguage (PUX Papua New Guinea) (instance PuariLanguage KrisaGroupLanguage) (documentation PuariLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PuariLanguage is a &%KrisaGroupLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: PUX. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 371 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Region: Sandaun Province, coast around Puari. Comments: Related languages: Rawo, Krisa, Warapu. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. RawoLanguage (RWA Papua New Guinea) (instance RawoLanguage KrisaGroupLanguage) (documentation RawoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%RawoLanguage is a &%KrisaGroupLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: RWA. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 506 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Region: Sandaun Province coast around Rawo and Leitre. Comments: Related languages: Krisa, Puari, Warapu. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. WarapuLanguage (WRA Papua New Guinea) (instance WarapuLanguage KrisaGroupLanguage) (documentation WarapuLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WarapuLanguage is a &%KrisaGroupLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: WRA. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 1,602 including 442 nonresidents (1983 census). Region: Sandaun Province, coast near Sera and Sissano, northwest peninsula of the Sissano lagoon, around Sumo and Ramu towns. Comments: Related languages: Krisa, Rawo, Puari. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; VANIMO GROUP LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; VanimoGroupLanguage (subclass VanimoGroupLanguage SkoLanguage) (documentation VanimoGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the seven &%SkoLanguages, three closely related languages are classified as a &%VanimoGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. SkouLanguage (SKV Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance SkouLanguage VanimoGroupLanguage) (documentation SkouLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SkouLanguage is a &%VanimoGroupLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: SKV. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 700 (1999 M. Donohue). Region: North coast border area east of Jayapura, at the mouth of the Tami River, villages of Sko-Yambe, Sko-Mabu, Sko-Sai. Alternate names: SKO, SKOUW, SKOW, SEKOU, TUMAWO, TE MAWO. Comments: Related to Vanimo, Wutung, Yako. Most people use Irianese Malay or Indonesian, Wutung of Papua New Guinea or Vanimo to speakers of those languages. Comprehension is limited. All domains. All ages. Some older Wutung people use Sko as their second or third language. They have reservations about Indonesian. Dictionary. Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10% Indonesian. Literacy motivation high, program in progress. Sago palms. Coastal, swamps. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. VanimoLanguage (VAM Papua New Guinea) (instance VanimoLanguage VanimoGroupLanguage) (documentation VanimoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%VanimoLanguage is a &%VanimoGroupLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: VAM. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 2,200 (1990 SIL). Region: Sandaun Province, Vanimo District. 3 villages. Not in Irian Jaya. Alternate names: MANIMO, WANIMO, DUSO. Comments: 2 dialects. Related language: Wutung. Many highly educated speakers. Coastal. 0 to 150 meters.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. WutungLanguage (WUT Papua New Guinea) (instance WutungLanguage VanimoGroupLanguage) (documentation WutungLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WutungLanguage is a &%VanimoGroupLanguage of &%PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: WUT. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 410 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Region: Sandaun Province, Vanimo District, coast bordering Irian Jaya, including Sangke village. Alternate names: UDUNG. Comments: Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Coastal.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; LXXIX. SOUTH CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES (5 Languages) ;; SouthCaucasianLanguage (subclass SouthCaucasianLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation SouthCaucasianLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%SouthCaucasianLanguage is any one of five languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; GEORGIAN GROUP LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; GeorgianGroupLanguage (subclass GeorgianGroupLanguage SouthCaucasianLanguage) (documentation GeorgianGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the five &%SouthCaucasianLanguages, two closely related languages are classified as a &%GeorgianGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. GeorgianLanguage (GEO Georgia) (instance GeorgianLanguage GeorgianGroupLanguage) (documentation GeorgianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GeorgianLanguage is a &%GeorgianGroupLanguage of &%GeorgiaFormerSovietRepublic. SIL code: GEO. ISO 639-1: ka. ISO 639-2(B): geo. ISO 639-2(T): kat. Population: 3,901,380 speakers (98%), out of 3,981,000 in the ethnic group in Georgia (1993 UBS). Population total all countries: 4,103,000. Region: 69,700 square miles. Also spoken in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia (Asia), Tajikistan, Turkey (Asia), Turkmenistan, Ukraine, USA, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: KARTULI, GRUZINSKI. Dialects: IMERETIAN, RACHA-LEXCHXUM (LECHKHUM), GURIAN, ADZHAR (ACHARIAN), IMERXEV KARTLIAN, KAXETIAN (KAKHETIAN), INGILO, TUSH, XEVSUR (KHEYSUR), MOXEV (MOKHEV), PSHAV, MTIUL, FEREJDAN, MESKHUR-JAVAKHURI. Comments: Imerxev is in Turkey, Ferejdan in Iran. The Meskhi are ethnically Georgian, speak Georgian, are Eastern Orthodox, and live in southwestern Georgia. Adzhai Muslims are in Armenia. South Caucasian is also called 'Kartvelian.' National language. Grammar. SVO. Its own script is called Mkhedruli. Georgian Orthodox Church, some Sunni and Shi'a Muslim (Acharian dialect). Bible 1743-1989. Also spoken in: Iran. (Language name: GEORGIAN.) Population 1,000 to 10,000 in Iran. Alternate names: KARTULI, GRUZIN. Dialects: FEREYDAN (FEREJDAN). Comments: Ferejdan dialect is or was in Iran, there may not be any now. In Iran they may not be able to read Mkhedruli script, which they use in Georgia. Muslim. Bible 1743-1989. Also spoken in: Turkey (Asia). (Language name: GEORGIAN.) Population: 40,000 first language speakers out of 91,000 in ethnic group of Imerxev in Turkey (1980 estimate), 4,042 monolinguals (1965 census). Alternate names: KARTULI, GRUZIN. Dialects: IMERXEV. Comments: Imerxev is the western dialect of Georgian. 95% are bilingual in Turkish. Sunni Muslim. Bible 1743-1989.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. JudeoGeorgianLanguage (JGE Israel) (instance JudeoGeorgianLanguage GeorgianGroupLanguage) (documentation JudeoGeorgianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%JudeoGeorgianLanguage is a &%GeorgianGroupLanguage of &%Israel. SIL code: JGE. ISO 639-2: cau. Population: 40,000 to 50,000 in Israel (1995 H. Mutzafi). Population total both countries: 60,000 to 70,000. Region: Some have gone elsewhere in the former USSR and to other countries. Comments: Oriental and Ashkenazic Jews in Georgia live separately. Judeo-Georgian speakers live separately from non-Jewish Georgian speakers. May not be a separate language from Georgian, but a dialect using various Hebrew loan words. Jewish. Also spoken in: Georgia. (Language name: JUDEO-GEORGIAN. Population: 20,000 in Georgia (1995). Comments: May not be a separate language from Georgian, but a dialect using various Hebrew loan words. Oriental and Ashkenazic Jews in Georgia live separately. Judeo-Georgian speakers live separately from non-Jewish Georgian speakers. Jewish.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SVAN GROUP LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; SvanGroupLanguage (subclass SvanGroupLanguage SouthCaucasianLanguage) (documentation SvanGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the five &%SouthCaucasianLanguages, one is classified as a &%SvanGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. SvanLanguage (SVA Georgia) (instance SvanLanguage SvanGroupLanguage) (documentation SvanLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SvanLanguage is a &%SvanGroupLanguage of &%GeorgiaFormerSovietRepublic. SIL code: SVA. ISO 639-2: cau. Population: 35,000 (1975). Alternate names: LUSHNU, SVANURI. Dialects: UPPER BAL, LOWER BAL, LASHX, LENTEX. Comments: Georgian and Russian are used as literary languages. Svan is used in daily family communication. Proficiency limited among young people. Reports indicate that speakers want to remain separate from Georgian. Their name for their language is 'Lushnu'. Not a written language. Traditional territory and way of life. Christian, Jewish (Lakhamul).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ZAN LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; ZanLanguage (subclass ZanLanguage SouthCaucasianLanguage) (documentation ZanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the five &%SouthCaucasianLanguages, two closely related languages are classified as a &%ZanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. LazLanguage (LZZ Turkey - Asia) (instance LazLanguage ZanLanguage) (documentation LazLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LazLanguage is a &%ZanLanguage of &%Turkey (Asia). SIL code: LZZ. ISO 639-2: cau. Population: 30,000 first language speakers out of 92,000 in the ethnic group in Turkey (1980 estimate). Population total all countries: 33,000 or more. Region: Rize in northeast, towns of Kemer, Atin, Artasen, Vitse, Arkab, Hopa, Sarp, and villages in Artvin, Sakarya, Kocaeli, and Bolu provinces. Also spoken in Belgium, France, Georgia, Germany, USA. Alternate names: LAZURI, LAZE, CHAN, CHANZAN, ZAN, CHANURI. Comments: Linguists recognize that Laz and Mingrelian are inherently unintelligible with each other's speakers. Reported to be 95% bilingual in Turkish, with only the older people not being bilingual. Their name for their language is 'Lazuri'. Not a written language in Turkey. Fishermen. Muslim. Also spoken in: Georgia. (Language name: LAZ.) Population: 2,000 in Georgia (1982 estimate). Alternate names: LAZE, CHAN, CHANZAN, ZAN, CHANURI. Dialects: XOPA (HOPA), CHXALA (CKHALA), VICE-ARXAVA (VITAL-ARKHAVA), ATINA, SAMURZAKAN-ZUGDIDI, SENAKI. Comments: Officially considered to be a single language with Mingrelian, called 'Zan', although linguists recognize that they are not inherently intelligible with each other. Georgian used as literary language. Their name for their language is 'Lazuri'. Not a written language in Georgia or Turkey. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. MingrelianLanguage (XMF Georgia) (instance MingrelianLanguage ZanLanguage) (documentation MingrelianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MingrelianLanguage is a &%ZanLanguage of &%GeorgiaFormerSovietRepublic. SIL code: XMF. ISO 639-2: cau. Population: 500,000 (1989 B.G. Hewitt). Region: Lowland west Georgia. Alternate names: MARGALURI, MEGREL, MEGRULI. Comments: Officially considered to be a single language with Laz, called Zan, but linguists recognize that they are not inherently intelligible with each other. Georgian used as a literary language. Their name for themselves is 'Margaluri'. Not a written language. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; LXXX. SUBTIABA-TLAPANEC LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; SubtiabaTlapanecLanguage (subclass SubtiabaTlapanecLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation SubtiabaTlapanecLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%SubtiabaTlapanecLanguage is any one of four languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AcatepecTlapanecoLanguage (TPX Mexico) (instance AcatepecTlapanecoLanguage SubtiabaTlapanecLanguage) (documentation AcatepecTlapanecoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AcatepecTlapanecoLanguage is a &%SubtiabaTlapanecLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TPX. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 33,000 including over 10,000 monolinguals (1994 SIL). Region: Acatepec, Guerrero, Zapotitlan Tablas Municipio: Huitzapula, Ayotoxtla, Excalerilla, Huiztlatzala, Acatepec Municipio: Acatepec, Apetzuca, Tenamazapa, Barranca Pobre, Mezcalapa, Metlapilapa, Tres Cruces, El Salto, Zochitepec, Caxitepec, Platanillo municipio: Nanzintla, Teocuitlapa. Alternate names: WESTERN TLAPANEC, ME'PHAA. Dialects: ACATEPEC, ZAPOTITLAN TABLAS, PLATANILLO. Comments: 83% intelligibility of Malinaltepec, 79% of Tlacoapa. Many bilingual school teachers from Malinaltepec. Primary schools in most villages, secondary schools in major centers. Investigation needed: intelligibility with dialects. Mountain slope. Swidden agriculturalists. 5,000 to 6,000 feet.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. AzoyuTlapanecoLanguage (TPC Mexico) (instance AzoyucTlapanecoLanguage SubtiabaTlapanecLanguage) (documentation AzoyucTlapanecoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AzoyucTlapanecoLanguage is a &%SubtiabaTlapanecLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TPC. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 682 speakers. 17,000 in the Municipio including Spanish-speaking mestizos (1990 census). No monolinguals. However, there are reports of 1,000 to 10,000 speakers. Region: East and a little south of Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Azoyu, Maxnadi, Toxnene, Zapotitlan del Puente, San Isidro del Puente, El Carrizo. Comments: 50% intelligible with Malinaltepec. Reported to be bilingual in Spanish. Investigation needed: intelligibility with other Tlapaneco, bilingual proficiency.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. MalinalTepecTlapanecoLanguage (TLL Mexico) (instance MalinalTepecTlapanecoLanguage SubtiabaTlapanecLanguage) (documentation MalinalTepecTlapanecoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MalinalTepecTlapanecoLanguage is a &%SubtiabaTlapanecLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TLL. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 33,000 speakers, including 6,000 monolinguals (1994 M. Weathers SIL). Region: East and a little south of Chilpancingo, Guerrero. Alternate names: MEPHAA, EASTERN TLAPANECO, MALINALTEPEC TLAPANEC. Dialects: TLACOAPA, MALINALTEPEC (HUIZAPULA), ZILACAYOTITLAN. Comments: Tlacoapa Tlapaneco speakers can understand Malinaltepec, but the reverse is not true. Linguistically closest to Subtiaba of Nicaragua (extinct). It may be distantly related to Tol of Honduras. Investigation needed: intelligibility with dialects. Grammar. NT 1975.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. SubtiabaLanguage (SUT Nicaragua) (instance SubtiabaLanguage SubtiabaTlapanecLanguage) (documentation SubtiabaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SubtiabaLanguage is a &%SubtiabaTlapanecLanguage of &%Nicaragua. SIL code: SUT. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: No speakers out of an ethnic group of 5,000 (1981 MARC). Region: Plains of Leon, Pacific slope. Comments: Have retained few traits of their pre-conquest culture. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; LXXXI. TACANAN LANGUAGES (6 Languages) ;; TacananLanguage (subclass TacananLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation TacananLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%TacananLanguage is any one of six languages, spoken in &%Bolivia, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ARAONA-TACANA LANGUAGES (5 Languages) ;; AraonaTacanaLanguage (subclass AraonaTacanaLanguage TacananLanguage) (documentation AraonaTacanaLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the six &%TacananLanguages, five are classified as an &%AraonaTacanaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ARAONA GROUP LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; AraonaGroupLanguage (subclass AraonaGroupLanguage AraonaTacanaLanguage) (documentation AraonaGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the five &%AraonaTacanaLanguages, one is classified as an &%AraonaGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AraonaLanguage (ARO Bolivia) (instance AraonaLanguage AraonaGroupLanguage) (documentation AraonaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AraonaLanguage is an &%AraonaGroupLanguage of &%Bolivia. SIL code: ARO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 87 (1994 H. Petersen NTM). Region: Northwest, headwaters of Manupari River. Alternate names: CAVINA. Comments: Knowledge of Spanish is increasing. All ages. Vigorous. Araona and Cavina are names of two moieties of the group. Dictionary. SOV. Bible portions 1974-1981.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; CAVINENA-TACANA LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; CavinenaTacanaLanguage (subclass CavinenaTacanaLanguage TacananLanguage) (documentation CavinenaTacanaLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the five &%AraonaTacanaLanguages, four are classified as a &%CavinenaTacanaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; CAVINENA GROUP LANGUAGE (1 Language) ;; CavinenaGroupLanguage (subclass CavinenaGroupLanguage CavinenaTacanaLanguage) (documentation CavinenaGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the four &%CavinenaTacanaLanguages, one is classified as a &%CavinenaGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. CavinenaLanguage (CAV Bolivia) (instance CavinenaLanguage CavinenaGroupLanguage) (documentation CavinenaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CavinenaLanguage is a &%CavinenaGroupLanguage of &%Bolivia. SIL code: CAV. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 2,000 (1995 MES). Region: Northern Bolivia, southeast of Riberalta, along the Beni River, east of the Beni, and 500 in the Pando on the west side of the Beni. Comments: Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 40%, 1 25%, 2 15%, 3 10%, 4 5%, 5 5%. Becoming increasingly bilingual in Spanish. 500 children in school (1995). High school in Galilea has 135 students and 15 teachers. Dictionary. SOV. Rubber and castana nut gatherers, agriculturalists. NT 1985.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; TACANA PROPER LANGUAGE (3 Languages) ;; TacanaProperLanguage (subclass TacanaProperLanguage CavinenaTacanaLanguage) (documentation TacanaProperLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the four &%CavinenaTacanaLanguages, three are classified as a &%TacanaProperLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. ReyesanoLanguage (REY Bolivia) (instance ReyesanoLanguage TacanaProperLanguage) (documentation ReyesanoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ReyesanoLanguage is a &%TacanaProperLanguage of &%Bolivia. SIL code: REY. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: There are perhaps 1,000 members of the ethnic group. Region: Beni Department, west central around San Borja, near Reyes. Alternate names: SAN BORJANO. Comments: There were a few speakers in 1961, including some children. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. TacanaLanguage (TNA Bolivia) (instance TacanaLanguage TacanaProperLanguage) (documentation TacanaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TacanaLanguage is a &%TacanaProperLanguage of &%Bolivia. SIL code: TNA. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 3,500. Region: Beni and Madre de Dios rivers, jungle, some in foothills. Comments: Bilingualism in Spanish. Dictionary. Grammar. NT 1981.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. ToromonoLanguage (TNO Bolivia) (instance ToromonoLanguage TacanaProperLanguage) (documentation ToromonoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ToromonoLanguage is a &%TacanaProperLanguage of &%Bolivia. SIL code: TNO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: No estimate available. Region: Northwest, close to the Araona. Alternate names: TOROMONA. Comments: They have not been located. May not still exist.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; TIATINAGUA LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; TiatinaguaLanguage (subclass TiatinaguaLanguage TacananLanguage) (documentation TiatinaguaLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the six &%TacananLanguages, one is classified as a &%TiatinaguaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. EseEjjaLanguage (ESE Bolivia) (instance EseEjjaLanguage TiatinaguaLanguage) (documentation EseEjjaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%EseEjjaLanguage is a &%TiatinaguaLanguage of &%Bolivia. SIL code: ESE. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 600 to 650 in Bolivia (1976 SIL). Population total both countries: 850 to 1,050. Region: Northwestern region, and into the foothills on the Beni and Madre de Dios rivers in Bolivia, Tambopata and Heath rivers around Puerto Maldonado in Peru. Alternate names: ESE EJA, ESE EXA, TIATINAGUA, 'CHAMA', HUARAYO. Comments: Each clan has slight dialect differences, all seem inherently intelligible. Appears the most different from other Tacanan languages. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 40%, 1 20%, 2 30%, 3 10%, 4 0%, 5 0%. The name 'Chama' is objectionable. Dictionary. SOV. NT 1984. Also spoken in: Peru. (Language name: ESE EJJA.) Population: 250 to 400 in Peru (1977 Catholic University, Lima). Alternate names: ESE EXA, ESE EJA, ESE'EJJA, TIATINAGUA, TAMBOPATA-GUARAYO, HUARAYO, 'CHAMA'. Comments: The Tambopata dialect in Peru is somewhat different. Almost all in Peru are bilingual in Spanish. 'Chama' is a derogatory name. SOV. NT 1984.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; LXXXII. TAI-KADAI LANGUAGES (70 Languages) ;; TaiKadaiLanguage (subclass TaiKadaiLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation TaiKadaiLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%TaiKadaiLanguage is any one of 70 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; LXXXIII. TORRICELLI LANGUAGES (48 Languages) ;; TorricelliLanguage (subclass TorricelliLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation TorricelliLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%TorricelliLanguage is any one of 48 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; LXXXIV. TOTONACAN LANGUAGES (11 Languages) ;; TotonacanLanguage (subclass TotonacanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation TotonacanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%TotonacanLanguage is any one of 11 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; TEPEHUA GROUP LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; TepehuaGroupLanguage (subclass TepehuaGroupLanguage TotonacanLanguage) (documentation TepehuaGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 11 &%TotonacanLanguages, three closely related languages are classified as a &%TepehuaGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. HuehuetlaTepehuaLanguage (TEE Mexico) (instance HuehuetlaTepehuaLanguage TepehuaGroupLanguage) (documentation HuehuetlaTepehuaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%HuehuetlaTepehuaLanguage is a &%TepehuaGroupLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TEE. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 3,000 (1982 SIL). Region: Northeastern Hidalgo, Huehuetla, and half the town of Mecapalapa in Puebla. Alternate names: HIDALGO TEPEHUA. Comments: 70% intelligibility with Pisa Flores (closest). Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 10%, 1 37%, 2 25%, 3 10%, 4 10%, 5 8%. They use a whistle speech (G. Cowan 1952, 1972), which distinguishes consonants and vowels of the spoken language. SVO, nontonal, long words, affixes. Tropical. Mountain slope. Swidden, peasant agriculturalists. 300 meters. NT 1976.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. PisaFloresTepehuaLanguage (TPP Mexico) (instance PisaFloresTepehuaLanguage TepehuaGroupLanguage) (documentation PisaFloresTepehuaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PisaFloresTepehuaLanguage is a &%TepehuaGroupLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TPP. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 4,000 (1990 census). Region: Veracruz, towns of Pisa Flores, Ixhuatlan de Madero, and one other town. Not in Puebla. Comments: 59% intelligibility with Huehuetla (closest), 40% or less with Tlachichilco. Limited bilingualism in Spanish. Bible portions 1998.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. TlachichilcoTepehuaLanguage (TPT Mexico) (instance TlachichilcoTepehuaLanguage TepehuaGroupLanguage) (documentation TlachichilcoTepehuaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TlachichilcoTepehuaLanguage is a &%TepehuaGroupLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TPT. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 3,000 (1990 SIL). Region: Tlachichilco, Veracruz. Comments: 37% intelligibility with Pisa Flores (closest). Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 5%, 1 20%, 2 50%, 3 20%, 4 4%, 5 1%. Otomi, Nahuatl also used. SVO, nontonal, long words, affixes, clitics. Literacy rate in first language: 2%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Tropical. Mountain slope. Swidden, peasant agriculturalists. 500 to 900 meters. Bible portions 1985-1999.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; TOTONAC GROUP LANGUAGES (8 Languages) ;; TotonacGroupLanguage (subclass TotonacGroupLanguage TotonacanLanguage) (documentation TotonacGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 11 &%TotonacanLanguages, eight closely related languages are classified as a &%TotonacGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. CoyutlaTotonacaLanguage (TOC Mexico) (instance CoyutlaTotonacaLanguage TotonacGroupLanguage) (documentation CoyutlaTotonacaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CoyutlaTotonacaLanguage is a &%TotonacGroupLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TOC. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 30,000 to 40,000 (1982 SIL). Speakers of all Totonac languages: 196,003 (1980 census). Region: Puebla, foot of the mountains north of the 'Sierra Totonaca' and the Olintla River. Comments: Linguistically closest to Highland Totonaca with many similarities to Papantla. NT 1987.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. FilomenoMataCoahuitlanTotonacaLanguage (TLP Mexico) (instance FilomenoMataCoahuitlanTotonacaLanguage TotonacGroupLanguage) (documentation FilomenoMataCoahuitlanTotonacaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%FilomenoMataCoahuitlanTotonacaLanguage is a &%TotonacGroupLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TLP. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 10,000 to 12,000 (1982 SIL). Region: Veracruz, highlands, in the middle of the main highlands dialect. Alternate names: SANTO DOMINGO TOTONACA. Comments: 93% intelligibility with Nonacatlan. Linguistically between Highland and Northern Totonaca. Speakers are bilingual in Coyutla Totonaca.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. OzumatlanTotonacaLanguage (TQT Mexico) (instance OzumatlanTotonacaLanguage TotonacGroupLanguage) (documentation OzumatlanTotonacaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%OzumatlanTotonacaLanguage is a &%TotonacGroupLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TQT. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 4,000 (1990 census) or fewer speakers (1999). Region: Puebla, Ozumatlan, Tepetzintla, Tlapehuala, San Agustin. Comments: 79% intelligibility of Highland Totonaca, 75% of Northern Totonaca, 67% of Zihuateutla, Puebla, 43% of Papantla. Speakers are not bilingual in Spanish. Agriculturalists: maize, squash, chicken, pigs. 5,000 feet.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. PapantlaTotonacaLanguage (TOP Mexico) (instance PapantlaTotonacaLanguage TotonacGroupLanguage) (documentation PapantlaTotonacaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PapantlaTotonacaLanguage is a &%TotonacGroupLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TOP. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 80,000 (1982 SIL). Region: Veracruz. Alternate names: LOWLAND TOTONACA. Comments: 40% intelligibility with Highland Totonaca (closest). Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 5%, 1 10%, 2 50%, 3 15%, 4 10%, 5 10%. Dictionary. VSO, nontonal, long words, affixes, clitics. Savannah, tropical. Mountain slope, coastal, interfluvial. Peasant agriculturalists. 0 to 300 meters. Traditional religion, Christian. NT 1979.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. PatlaChicontlaTotonacaLanguage (TOT Mexico) (instance PatlaChicontlaTotonacaLanguage TotonacGroupLanguage) (documentation PatlaChicontlaTotonacaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PatlaChicontlaTotonacaLanguage is a &%TotonacGroupLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TOT. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 6,000 (1990 census). Region: Northeastern Puebla, Patla, Chicontla, Tecpatlan, and 2 other villages. Alternate names: PATLA-CHICONTLA TOTONAC. Comments: It is difficult for speakers to read Northern Totonaca materials. Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. NT in press (1999).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 6. SierraTotonacaLanguage (TOS Mexico) (instance SierraTotonacaLanguage TotonacGroupLanguage) (documentation SierraTotonacaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SierraTotonacaLanguage is a &%TotonacGroupLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TOS. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 120,000 (1982 SIL). Region: Zacatlan, Puebla area and Veracruz. Alternate names: HIGHLAND TOTONACA. Comments: Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 10%, 1 50%, 2 24%, 3 10%, 4 5%, 5 1%. Nahuatl also used. Dictionary. VSO, nontonal, long words, affixes, clitics. Tropical. Mountain slope, interfluvial. Peasant agriculturalists. 300 to 2,500 meters. NT 1959, in press (1999).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 7. XicotepecDeJuarezTotonacaLanguage (TOO Mexico) (instance XicotepecDeJuarezTotonacaLanguage TotonacGroupLanguage) (documentation XicotepecDeJuarezTotonacaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%XicotepecDeJuarezTotonacaLanguage is a &%TotonacGroupLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TOO. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 10,000 or more (1982 SIL). Region: Northeastern Puebla, Xicotepec de Juarez, and Veracruz, 30 towns. Alternate names: NORTHERN TOTONACA, VILLA JUAREZ TOTONACA. Dialects: ZIHUATEUTLA TOTONACA. Comments: 87% intelligibility with Ozumatlan (closest). Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 3%, 1 7%, 2 35%, 3 40%, 4 10%, 5 5%. SVO, nontonal, long words, affixes, clitics. Literacy rate in first language: 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Tropical. Mountain slope. Peasant agriculturalists: coffee. 215 to 1,230 meters. NT 1978.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 8. YecuatlaTotonacaLanguage (TLC Mexico) (instance YecuatlaTotonacaLanguage TotonacGroupLanguage) (documentation YecuatlaTotonacaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%YecuatlaTotonacaLanguage is a &%TotonacGroupLanguage of &%Mexico. SIL code: TLC. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 500 (1994 SIL). Region: Near southern coast, Veracruz, towns of Yecuatla (293 speakers out of 11,541 population) and Misantla (126 speakers out of 50,000 population). Comments: Bilingualism in Spanish. Speakers are all over 50 years old.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; LXXXV. TRANS-NEW GUINEA LANGUAGES (552 Languages) ;; TransNewGuineaLanguage (subclass TransNewGuineaLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation TransNewGuineaLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%TransNewGuineaLanguage is any one of 552 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; MAIN SECTION TRANS-NEW GUINEA LANGUAGES (308 Languages) ;; MainSectionTransNewGuineaLanguage (subclass MainSectionTransNewGuineaLanguage TransNewGuineaLanguage) (documentation MainSectionTransNewGuineaLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 552 &%TransNewGuineaLanguages, 308 related languages are classified as a &%MainSectionTransNewGuineaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; CENTRAL AND WESTERN MAIN SECTION TRANS-NEW GUINEA LANGUAGES (260 Languages) ;; CentralAndWesternMainSectionTransNewGuineaLanguage (subclass CentralAndWesternMainSectionTransNewGuineaLanguage MainSectionTransNewGuineaLanguage) (documentation CentralAndWesternMainSectionTransNewGuineaLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 308 &%MainSectionTransNewGuineaLanguages, 260 related languages are classified as a &%CentralAndWesternMainSectionTransNewGuineaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; CENTRAL AND SOUTH NEW GUINEA-KUTUBUAN LANGUAGES (67 Languages) ;; CentralAndSouthNewGuineaKutubanLanguage (subclass CentralAndSouthNewGuineaKutubanLanguage CentralAndWesternMainSectionTransNewGuineaLanguage) (documentation CentralAndSouthNewGuineaKutubanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 260 &%CentralAndWesternMainSectionTransNewGuineaLanguages, 67 related languages are classified as a &%CentralAndSouthNewGuineaKutubanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; CENTRAL AND SOUTH NEW GUINEA LANGUAGES (64 Languages) ;; CentralAndSouthNewGuineaLanguage (subclass CentralAndSouthNewGuineaLanguage CentralAndSouthNewGuineaKutubanLanguage) (documentation CentralAndSouthNewGuineaLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 67 &%CentralAndSouthNewGuineaKutubanLanguages, 64 related languages are classified as a &%CentralAndSouthNewGuineaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; AWYU-DUMUT LANGUAGES (12 Languages) ;; AwyuDumutLanguage (subclass AwyuDumutLanguage CentralAndSouthNewGuineaLanguage) (documentation AwyuDumutLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 64 &%CentralAndSouthNewGuineaLanguages 12 related languages are classified as an &%AwyuDumutLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; AWYU LANGUAGES (6 Languages) ;; AwyuLanguage (subclass AwyuLanguage AwyuDumutLanguage) (documentation AwyuLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 12 &%AwyuDumutLanguages, six related languages are classified as an &%AwyuLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; AGHU GROUP LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; AghuGroupLanguage (subclass AghuGroupLanguage AwyuLanguage) (documentation AghuGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the six &%AwyuLanguages, two closely related languages are classified as an &%AghuGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AghuIndonesianLanguage (AHH Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance AghuIndonesianLanguage AghuGroupLanguage) (documentation AghuIndonesianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AghuIndonesianLanguage is an &%AghuGroupLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: AHH. ISO 639-2: paa. Population:3,000 (1987 SIL). Region: South coast area along the Digul River west of the Mandobo language, Merauke Kabupaten, Jair Kecamatan. Comments: Different from Aghu of Australia. Grammar.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. TsakwamboLanguage (KVZ Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance TsakwamboLanguage AghuGroupLanguage) (documentation TsakwamboLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TsakwamboLanguage is an &%AghuGroupLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: KVZ. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 500 (1991 SIL). Region: South coast area on upper Digul River north of Mandobo language. Alternate names: KOTOGUT, TSOKWAMBO. Comments: Dialects: or related languages: Ederah, Kia, Upper Digul, Upper Kaeme.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; LXXXVI. TUCANOAN LANGUAGES (25 Languages) ;; TucanoanLanguage (subclass TucanoanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation TucanoanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%TucanoanLanguage is any one of 25 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; LXXXVII. TUPI LANGUAGES (70 Languages) ;; TupiLanguage (subclass TupiLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation TupiLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%TupiLanguage is any one of 70 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; LXXXVIII. URALIC LANGUAGES (38 Languages) ;; UralicLanguage (subclass UralicLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation UralicLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%UralicLanguage is any one of 38 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; LXXXIX. URU-CHIPAYA LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; UruChipayaLanguage (subclass UruChipayaLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation UruChipayaLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%UruChipayaLanguage is either of two languages found in &%Bolivia that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. ChipayaLanguage (CAP Bolivia) (instance ChipayaLanguage UruChipayaLanguage) (documentation ChipayaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ChipayaLanguage is an &%UruChipayaLanguage of &%Bolivia. SIL code: CAP. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 2,000 (1995 R. Olson SIL). Region: Department of Oruro, Province of Atahuallpa. Comments: May be Arawakan or distantly related to Mayan. Previously bilingualism was mainly in Aymara, now in Spanish. 400 children in school. 5% are monolingual. Now have a complete high school. SOV. Plains. Agriculturalists: grain, animal husbandry: sheep, llamas. 12,000 feet. Christian, traditional religion (8 to 10 families). NT 1978.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. UruLanguage (URE Bolivia) (instance UruLanguage UruChipayaLanguage) (documentation UruLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%UruLanguage is an &%UruChipayaLanguage of &%Bolivia. SIL code: URE. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: In 1965 there were 5 to 10 (1998 R. Olson SIL). Region: Department of Oruro, Province of Atahuallpa, near Lake Titicaca, near where the Desaguadero River comes out of Titicaca, near Iruitu. Alternate names: MORATO, MURATU. Comments: Bilingualism in Spanish, Aymara. A few older people 20 years ago. The others were assimilated to Spanish or Central Aymara. Those at the south end of Lake Poopo spoke only Aymara and Spanish 15 years ago. May be extinct. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; INCOMPLETE ;; XC. UTO-AZTECAN LANGUAGES (62 Languages) ;; UtoAztecanLanguage (subclass UtoAztecanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation UtoAztecanLanguage EnglishLanguage "An &%UtoAztecanLanguage is any one of 62 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XCI. WAKASHAN LANGUAGES (5 Languages) ;; WakashanLanguage (subclass WakashanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation WakashanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%WakashanLanguage is any of five languages found in &%Canada that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; NORTHERN WAKASHAN LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; NorthernWakashanLanguage (subclass NorthernWakashanLanguage WakashanLanguage) (documentation NorthernWakashanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the five &%WakashanLanguages, three related languages are classified as a &%NorthernWakashanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. HaislaLanguage (HAS Canada) (instance HaislaLanguage NorthernWakashanLanguage) (documentation HaislaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%HaislaLanguage is a &%NorthernWakashanLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: HAS. ISO 639-2: wak. Population: 25 fluent speakers, fewer than 200 speakers (1991 M. Dale Kinkade), out of 1,000 population (1977 SIL). Region: Inlet on central British Columbia coast. Dialects: KITIMAT (KITAMAT). Comments: Related to Heiltsuk and Kwakiutl. Bilingualism in English. Most or all speakers are middle-aged or older. Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. HeiltsukLanguage (HEI Canada) (instance HeiltsukLanguage NorthernWakashanLanguage) (documentation HeiltsukLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%HeiltsukLanguage is a &%NorthernWakashanLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: HEI. ISO 639-2: wak. Population: 300 speakers (1991 M. Dale Kinkade) out of 1,200 population (1977 SIL). Region: Central British Columbia coast including Ooweekeeno on Rivers Inlet. Dialects: BELLA BELLA (NORTHERN HEILTSUK), OOWEEKEENO (SOUTHERN HEILTSUK). Comments: Related to Haisla and Kwakiutl. Bilingualism in English. Most or all speakers are middle-aged or older. Dictionary.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. KwakiutlLanguage (KWK Canada) (instance KwakiutlLanguage NorthernWakashanLanguage) (documentation KwakiutlLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KwakiutlLanguage is a &%NorthernWakashanLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: KWK. ISO 639-2: wak. Population: 250 or fewer good speakers in Canada (1991 M. Dale Kinkade) out of 3,300 population (1977 SIL). Population total both countries 295 or fewer. Region: Northern Vancouver Island and adjacent mainland, British Columbia. Also spoken in USA. Alternate names: KWAGIUTL, KWAK'WALA. Comments: Related to Haisla and Heiltsuk. Bilingualism in English. Most or all speakers are middle-aged or older. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions 1882-1900.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SOUTHERN WAKASHAN LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; SouthernWakashanLanguage (subclass SouthernWakashanLanguage WakashanLanguage) (documentation SouthernWakashanLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the five &%WakashanLanguages, two related languages are classified as a &%SouthernWakashanLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. MakahLanguage (MYH Canada) (instance MakahLanguage SouthernWakashanLanguage) (documentation MakahLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MakahLanguage is a &%SouthernWakashanLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: MYH. ISO 639-2: wak. Population: 10 to 30 speakers (1997), and others who use it as second language, out of 900 population on the reservation, and others not on the reservation (1995 Davissons). Region: Northern tip of Olympic Peninsula, opposite Vancouver Island, Washington. Alternate names: KWE-NEE-CHEE-AHT, KWEEDISHCHAAHT. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Most or all speakers are elderly (1998). There is a Makah Cultural Center. Grammar. Makah is taught bilingually in preschool on the reservation and is ongoing throughout grade school, although not heavily encouraged.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. NootkaLanguage (NOO Canada) (instance NootkaLanguage SouthernWakashanLanguage) (documentation NootkaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NootkaLanguage is a &%SouthernWakashanLanguage of &%Canada. SIL code: NOO. ISO 639-2: wak. Population: 590 mother tongue speakers (1998 Statistics Canada), out of 3,500 population (1977 SIL). Nitinat has about 30 speakers (1991 M. Dale Kinkade). Region: Southwestern British Columbia, Nitinat along Pacific side of Vancouver Island and on Nitinat Lake. Alternate names: NUTKA, NUUCHAHNULTH. Dialects: NITINAT (NITINAHT), NOOTKA. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Most or all speakers are middle-aged or older. People are called 'West Coast People.' Dictionary. Grammar.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XCII. WEST PAPUAN LANGUAGES (26 Languages) ;; WestPapuanLanguage (subclass WestPapuanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation WestPapuanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%WestPapuanLanguage is any one of 26 languages forming a distinct family of languages of &%Indonesia.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; BIRD'S HEAD LANGUAGES (8 Languages) ;; BirdsHeadLanguage (subclass BirdsHeadLanguage WestPapuanLanguage) (documentation BirdsHeadLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 26 &%WestPapuanLanguages, eight related languages are classified as a &%BirdsHeadLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; NORTH-CENTRAL BIRD'S HEAD LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; NorthCentralBirdsHeadLanguage (subclass NorthCentralBirdsHeadLanguage BirdsHeadLanguage) (documentation NorthCentralBirdsHeadLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the eight &%BirdsHeadLanguages, three related languages are classified as a &%NorthCentralBirdsHeadLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; CENTRAL BIRD'S HEAD LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; CentralBirdsHeadLanguage (subclass CentralBirdsHeadLanguage NorthCentralBirdsHeadLanguage) (documentation CentralBirdsHeadLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the three &%NorthCentralBirdsHeadLanguages, two closely related languages are classified as a &%CentralBirdsHeadLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. MaiBratLanguage (AYZ Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance MaiBratLanguage CentralBirdsHeadLanguage) (documentation MaiBratLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MaiBratLanguage is a &%CentralBirdsHeadLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: AYZ. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 20,000 or more (1987 SIL). Region: Central Bird's Head around Ayamaru Lakes, about 40 villages. Alternate names: AYAMARU, AJAMARU, BRAT, MAIBRAT, MEY BRAT. Dialects: MAISAWIET, MAIYAH, MAIMAKA, MAITE, MAISEFA. Comments: 10% lexical similarity with Tehit, Mpur, Abun, its closest neighbors. 5,000 to 7,000 are in cities and are very bilingual, some highly educated. Maibrat is used in church. All ages. 'Ayamaru' is name of the people, 'Mai Brat' of language. SVO, heavy verb serialization. Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions 1990-1994.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. KaronDoriLanguage (KGW Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance KaronDoriLanguage CentralBirdsHeadLanguage) (documentation KaronDoriLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KaronDoriLanguage is a &%CentralBirdsHeadLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: KGW. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 5,000 (1987 SIL). Region: Central Bird's Head north of Brat, villages of Pef, Asses, Sunopi, Siakwa. Alternate names: MAIYACH, MEON. Comments: Closely related to Mai Brat.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; NORTH BIRD'S HEAD LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; NorthBirdsHeadLanguage (subclass NorthBirdsHeadLanguage NorthCentralBirdsHeadLanguage) (documentation NorthBirdsHeadLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the three &%NorthCentralBirdsHeadLanguages, one of the three is classified as a &%NorthBirdsHeadLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. AbunLanguage (KGR Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance AbunLanguage NorthBirdsHeadLanguage) (documentation AbunLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AbunLanguage is a &%NorthBirdsHeadLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: KGR. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 3,000 (1995 SIL). Region: North coast and interior of central Bird's Head, north and south of Tamberau ranges. Sorong Kabupaten, Ayamaru, Sausapor, and Moraid kecamatans. About 20 villages. Alternate names: YIMBUN, A NDEN. Dialects: ABUN TAT (KARON PANTAI), ABUN JI (MADIK), ABUN JE. Comments: Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions 1991-1995.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; WEST BIRD'S HEAD LANGUAGES (5 Languages) ;; WestBirdsHeadLanguage (subclass WestBirdsHeadLanguage BirdsHeadLanguage) (documentation WestBirdsHeadLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the eight &%BirdsHeadLanguages, five closely related languages are classified as a &%WestBirdsHeadLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. KalabraLanguage (KZZ Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance KalabraLanguage WestBirdsHeadLanguage) (documentation KalabraLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KalabraLanguage is a &%WestBirdsHeadLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: KZZ. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 2,100 (1975). Region: West Bird's Head, south of Madik language, east of Moi. Alternate names: BERAUR. Comments: Closest to Tehit.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. MoiLanguage (MXN Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance MoiLanguage WestBirdsHeadLanguage) (documentation MoiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MoiLanguage is a &%WestBirdsHeadLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: MXN. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 4,600 (1993 R. Doriot UFM). Region: Salawati Island, west Bird's Head around Sorong, 9 villages. Alternate names: MOSANA. Comments: Different from Mekwei (Moi).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. MoraidLanguage (MSG Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance MoraidLanguage WestBirdsHeadLanguage) (documentation MoraidLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MoraidLanguage is a &%WestBirdsHeadLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: MSG. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 1,000 or fewer (1988 SIL). Region: West Bird's Head, east of Moi and south of Madik languages, villages of Sailala, Makbon, Luwelala, Seni.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. SegetLanguage (SBG Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance SegetLanguage WestBirdsHeadLanguage) (documentation SegetLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SegetLanguage is a &%WestBirdsHeadLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: SBG. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 1,200 (1988 SIL). Region: West Bird's Head southwest of Sorong, west and southwest of Moi language, villages of Walian, Sailolof, Segum, Seget.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 5. TehitLanguage (KPS Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance TehitLanguage WestBirdsHeadLanguage) (documentation TehitLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TehitLanguage is a &%WestBirdsHeadLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: KPS. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 8,800 (1993 R. Doriot). Region: Southwest Bird's Head, kecamatan Teminabuan, about 35 villages. Alternate names: TEHID, KAIBUS. Dialects: TEHIT JIT, MBOL FLE, SAIFI, IMYAN, SFA RIERE, FKAR, SAWIAT SALMEIT. Comments: Closest to Kalabra. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; HATTAM LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; HattamLanguage (subclass HattamLanguage WestPapuanLanguage) (documentation HattamLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 26 &%WestPapuanLanguages, one of these is classified as a &%HattamLanguage (the &%HatamLanguage).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. HatamLanguage (HAD Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance HatamLanguage HattamLanguage) (documentation HatamLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%HatamLanguage is a &%HattamLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: HAD. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 16,000 (1993 TEAM). Region: Eastern Bird's Head, northeast of Manikion, south and southwest of Manokwari. Manokwari Kabupaten, Warmare, Ransiki, and Oransbari kecamatans. Alternate names: HATTAM, ATAM, TINAM, MIRIEI, MOI, ADIHUP, URAN, BORAI, MANSIM. Dialects: MOI (MOIRE), TINAM, MIRIEI, ADIHUP, URAN. Comments: Mountain slope. Traditional religion, Christian. NT 1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; KEBAR LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; KebarLanguage (subclass KebarLanguage WestPapuanLanguage) (documentation KebarLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 26 &%WestPapuanLanguages, one of these is classified as a &%KebarLanguage (the &%MpurLanguage).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. MpurLanguage (AKC Indonesia - Irian Jaya) (instance MpurLanguage KebarLanguage) (documentation MpurLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MpurLanguage is a &%KebarLanguage of &%Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: AKC. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 7,000 (1993 R. Doriot UFM). Region: North coast of Bird's Head, west of Manokwari, and Kebar Valley. Alternate names: KEBAR, AMBERBAKEN, EKWARE, DEKWAMBRE. Dialects: SIRIR, AJIW. Comments: Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; NORTH HALMAHERA LANGUAGES (16 Languages) ;; NorthHalmaheraLanguage (subclass NorthHalmaheraLanguage WestPapuanLanguage) (documentation NorthHalmaheraLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 26 &%WestPapuanLanguages, 16 are classified as a &%NorthHalmaheraLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; NORTHERN NORTH HALMAHERA LANGUAGES (14 Languages) ;; NorthernNorthHalmaheraLanguage (subclass NorthernNorthHalmaheraLanguage NorthHalmaheraLanguage) (documentation NorthernNorthHalmaheraLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 16 &%NorthHalmaheraLanguages, 14 are classified as a &%NorthernNorthHalmaheraLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; GALELA-LOLODA LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; GalelaLolodaLanguage (subclass GalelaLolodaLanguage NorthernNorthHalmaheraLanguage) (documentation GalelaLolodaLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 14 &%NorthernNorthHalmaheraLanguages, three closely related languages are classified as a &%GalelaLolodaLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. GalelaLanguage (GBI Indonesia - Maluku) (instance GalelaLanguage GalelaLolodaLanguage) (documentation GalelaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GalelaLanguage is a &%GalelaLolodaLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: GBI. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 79,000 including 41,000 Kadai, 10,000 Kadina, 24,000 Morotai, and 4,000 Sopi (1990 SIL). Region: North Maluku, Galela Bay and north of Tobelo to the northern tip of Halmahera, Morotai Island except southeast quadrant, islands of Gunage and Moari near Kayoa, Bacan, Obi, scattered along the southwest coast of Halmahera. Dialects: KADAI, KADINA, MOROTAI, SOPI. Comments: Laba may be a dialect. Speakers have 65% intelligibility of Loloda, Loloda 85% of Galela. Bilingualism in Indonesian. Vigorous use in daily communication. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Laba. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Agriculturalists, fishermen. Christian, Muslim. Bible portions 1990-1991.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. LabaLanguage (LAU Indonesia - Maluku) (instance LabaLanguage GalelaLolodaLanguage) (documentation LabaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LabaLanguage is a &%GalelaLolodaLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: LAU. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 2,000 (1991 H. Shelden SIL). Region: North Maluku, 4 villages to the interior of the south end of Loloda District. Alternate names: SOUTH LOLODA, KEDI. Comments: Phonology like Galela, 70% intelligibility, 75% with Loloda. 75% lexical similarity with Galela, 78% with Loloda. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. LolodaLanguage (LOL Indonesia - Maluku) (instance LolodaLanguage GalelaLolodaLanguage) (documentation LolodaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%LolodaLanguage is a &%GalelaLolodaLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: LOL. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 15,000 including 2,000 Bakun (1991 SIL). Region: North Maluku, northwest coast of Halmahera. Alternate names: LODA, NORTH LOLODA. Dialects: BAKUN. Comments: Intelligibility with Laba is very limited. Speakers have 85% intelligibility of Galela, Galela has 65% of Loloda. Vigorous. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency in Galela. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Christian, Muslim. Bible portions 1915.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; KAO RIVER LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; KaoRiverLanguage (subclass KaoRiverLanguage NorthernNorthHalmaheraLanguage) (documentation KaoRiverLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 14 &%NorthernNorthHalmaheraLanguages, three closely related languages are classified as a &%KaoRiverLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. KaoLanguage (KAX Indonesia - Maluku) (instance KaoLanguage KaoRiverLanguage) (documentation KaoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KaoLanguage is a &%KaoRiverLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: KAX. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 200 to 400 possibly (1983 C. Grimes SIL). Region: North Maluku, interior North Halmahera, around the town of Kao, near the mouth of the Kao River. Alternate names: KAU, KA'U. Comments: Could be a marginal dialect of Pagu, but relates uniquely to other languages in the Kao River subbranch. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Kao River subbranch, Pagu. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. ModoleLanguage (MQO Indonesia - Maluku) (instance ModoleLanguage KaoRiverLanguage) (documentation ModoleLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ModoleLanguage is a &%KaoRiverLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: MQO. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 2,000 (1983 C. and B. D. Grimes SIL). Region: North Maluku, interior north Halmahera Island, headwaters of Kao River. Alternate names: MADOLE. Dialects: NORTH MODOLE, SOUTH MODOLE. Comments: Minimal differences between north and south Modole. Language attitudes are positive. Some intermarriage with the Tobaru. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Pagu dialects. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. PaguLanguage (PGU Indonesia - Maluku) (instance PaguLanguage KaoRiverLanguage) (documentation PaguLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%PaguLanguage is a &%KaoRiverLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: PGU. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 2,000 to 3,000 (1983 C. and B.D. Grimes SIL). Region: North Maluku, interior North Halmahera south of the Modole language area out to the mouth of the Kao River. Alternate names: PAGO, PAGOE. Dialects: ISAM, PAGU, TOLIWIKU (TOLILIKO). Comments: Investigation needed: intelligibility with Modole, Kao. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Muslim, Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SAHU GROUP LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; SahuGroupLanguage (subclass SahuGroupLanguage NorthernNorthHalmaheraLanguage) (documentation SahuGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 14 &%NorthernNorthHalmaheraLanguages, four closely related languages are classified as a &%SahuGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. GamkonoraLanguage (GAK Indonesia - Maluku) (instance GamkonoraLanguage SahuGroupLanguage) (documentation GamkonoraLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%GamkonoraLanguage is a &%SahuGroupLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: GAK. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 1,500 (1987 Voorhoeve and Visser). Region: North Halmahera, a few villages along the coast to the south of the Ibu area, north Maluku. Comments: 81% lexical similarity with Waioli. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Sahu subgroup. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Muslim, Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. IbuLanguage (IBU Indonesia - Maluku) (instance IbuLanguage SahuGroupLanguage) (documentation IbuLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%IbuLanguage is a &%SahuGroupLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: IBU. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: A few speakers (1987 Voorhoeve and Visser). 50 to 200 in the ethnic group (1984). Region: North Maluku, northern Halmahera Island, mouth of Ibu River, villages of Gamlamo and Gamici. Comments: May be inherently intelligible with Sahu. All are elderly (1987). Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. SahuLanguage (SUX Indonesia - Maluku) (instance SahuLanguage SahuGroupLanguage) (documentation SahuLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SahuLanguage is a &%SahuGroupLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: SUX. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 7,500 including 3,500 in Tala'i, 4,000 in Pa'disua (1987 Voorhoeve and Visser). Region: North Maluku, southwestern north Halmahera Island. Alternate names: SA'U, SAU, SAHU'U. Dialects: PA'DISUA (PALISUA), TALA'I. Comments: Close to Waioli and Gamkonora. Vigorous use in daily communication. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Sahu group. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Christian, Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. WaioliLanguage (WLI Indonesia - Maluku) (instance WaioliLanguage SahuGroupLanguage) (documentation WaioliLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WaioliLanguage is a &%SahuGroupLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: WLI. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 3,000 (1987 Voorhoeve and Visser). Region: North Halmahera, between Sahu and Ibu languages, north Maluku. Alternate names: WAJOLI, WAYOLI. Comments: Intelligibility testing needed with all languages in Sahu subgroup. 81% lexical similarity with Gamkonora. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Sahu group. Christian, Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; TOBARU LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; TobaruLanguage (subclass TobaruLanguage NorthernNorthHalmaheraLanguage) (documentation TobaruLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 14 &%NorthernNorthHalmaheraLanguages, one is classified as a &%TobaruLanguage (the &%TabaruLanguage).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. TabaruLanguage (TBY Indonesia - Maluku) (instance TabaruLanguage TobaruLanguage) (documentation TabaruLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TabaruLanguage is a &%TobaruLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: TBY. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 15,000 (1991 Kotynski SIL). Region: North Maluku, Ibu, Jailolo, and Oba districts. Alternate names: TOBARU. Dialects: ADU, NYEKU. Comments: The northern dialect is the main one. The two dialects are inherently intelligible with each other. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; TOBELO GROUP LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; TobeloGroupLanguage (subclass TobeloGroupLanguage NorthernNorthHalmaheraLanguage) (documentation TobeloGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 14 &%NorthernNorthHalmaheraLanguages two closely related languages are classified as a &%TobeloGroupLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. TobeloLanguage (TLB Indonesia - Maluku) (instance TobeloLanguage TobeloGroupLanguage) (documentation TobeloLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TobeloLanguage is a &%TobeloGroupLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: TLB. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 20,000 to 25,000 (1987 SIL). Region: North Maluku, north Halmahera Island, Tobelo, Kao, and Jailolo districts, and Maba and Wasile districts, Harmahera Tengah, northern half of Morotai, all coastal areas of Kao Bay and inland, Patani, Weda, Gane, Bacan, Obi, Ambon, Raja Ampat islands of Irian Jaya, Sorong, Irian Jaya. Dialects: DODINGA, BOENG, TOBELO (HELEWORURU). Comments: Bilingualism in Indonesian. Language attitudes are positive. Tobelo taught in middle school in Tobelo town. Investigation needed: intelligibility with dialects, Tugutil. Dictionary. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Traditional religion, Christian. NT 1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. TugutilLanguage (TUJ Indonesia - Maluku) (instance TugutilLanguage TobeloGroupLanguage) (documentation TugutilLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TugutilLanguage is a &%TobeloGroupLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: TUJ. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 1,000 to 3,000 (1984 C. and B. D. Grimes SIL). Region: North Maluku, north Halmahera Island, inland around Kusuri, inland in Kecamatan Tobelo, around Taboulamo in Kecamatan Kao, in the pass between Lolobata and Buli in Kecamatan Wasilei, along the Dodaga and Tutuling rivers, and along the Akelamo and Mabulan rivers in Kecamatan Maba, Tanjung Lili, villages of Miaf, Bebseli, and Marasibno. A few along the Lili, Waisango, and Afu rivers, and reports of other places. Dialects: TELUK LILI, KUSURI. Comments: Possibly several dialects separated by large distances. Intelligibility with Tobelo dialects is inadequate. Bilingualism in Indonesian. Language attitudes are positive. Ethnically distinct from Tobelo. A group of forest peoples who have contact with village people for selling copra and purchasing supplies. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Traditional religion, Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; WEST MAKIAN GROUP LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; WestMakianGroupLanguage (subclass WestMakianGroupLanguage NorthernNorthHalmaheraLanguage) (documentation WestMakianGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 14 &%NorthernNorthHalmaheraLanguages, one is classified as a &%WestMakianGroupLanguage (the &%WestMakianLanguage).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. WestMakianLanguage (MQS Indonesia - Maluku) (instance WestMakianLanguage WestMakianGroupLanguage) (documentation WestMakianLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WestMakianLanguage is a &%WestMakianGroupLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: MQS. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 12,000 including 7,000 on Makian Island, 5,000 on Kayoa Islands (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Region: Western Makian Island, some of the Kayoa Islands, areas along the west coast of southern Halmahera, north Maluku. Alternate names: MAKIAN BARAT, MAKIAN LUAR. Comments: Language isolate within north Halmahera. Formerly classified as Austronesian. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; SOUTHERN NORTH HALMAHERA LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; SouthernNorthHalmaheraLanguage (subclass SouthernNorthHalmaheraLanguage NorthHalmaheraLanguage) (documentation SouthernNorthHalmaheraLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the 16 &%NorthHalmaheraLanguages, 14 are classified as a &%SouthernNorthHalmaheraLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. TernateLanguage (TFT Indonesia - Maluku) (instance TernateLanguage SouthernNorthHalmaheraLanguage) (documentation TernateLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TernateLanguage is a &%SouthernNorthHalmaheraLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: TFT. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 42,000 native speakers and 20,000 or more second language users (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Region: North Maluku, islands of Ternate, Kayoa, Bacan, Obi, and coastal communities on western north Halmahera. Lingua franca in northern and northeastern Halmahera. Comments: Close to Tidore. Vigorous use in daily communication. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Tidore. Trade language. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. TidoreLanguage (TVO Indonesia - Maluku) (instance TidoreLanguage SouthernNorthHalmaheraLanguage) (documentation TidoreLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%TidoreLanguage is a &%SouthernNorthHalmaheraLanguage of &%Indonesia (Maluku). SIL code: TVO. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 26,000 native speakers, 20,000 or more second language users (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Region: North Maluku, islands of Tidore, Maitara, Mare, northern half of Moti, and some areas of west coast of Halmahera. Comments: Close to Ternate. Language attitudes are positive. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Ternate. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Muslim.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XCIII. WITOTOAN LANGUAGES (6 Languages) ;; WitotoanLanguage (subclass WitotoanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation WitotoanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%WitotoanLanguage is any of six related languages found in &%Peru and &%Colombia that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; BORAN LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; BoranLanguage (subclass BoranLanguage WitotoanLanguage) (documentation BoranLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%BoranLanguage is either of two closely related &%WitotoanLanguages, specifically the &%BoraLanguage or the &%MuinaneLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. BoraLanguage (BOA Peru) (instance BoraLanguage BoranLanguage) (documentation BoraLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%BoraLanguage is a &%BoranLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: BOA. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 2,000 to 2,500 in Peru (1998 SIL). Population total all countries: 2,500 to 3,000. Region: Northeast Yaguasyacu, Putumayo, Ampiyacu River area, five villages in Peru. Also spoken in Brazil, Colombia. Dialects: MIRANA. Comments: A distinct language from Bora Muinane but related. 94% intelligibility with Mirana. Dictionary. Grammar. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT 1982. Also spoken in: Brazil. (Language name: BORA.) Alternate names: BORO. Dialects: MIRANHA (MIRANA, MIRANIA). Comments: Mirana has 94% intelligibility with Bora. 457 Miran in Brazil (1986 SIL) no longer speak the language. SOV. Riverine. NT 1982. Also spoken in: Colombia. (Language name: BORA. Population: 500 in Colombia, including 100 or more Mirana and 400 other Bora. Alternate names: BORO. Dialects: MIRANA (MIRANHA), BORA. Comments: Mirana has 94% intelligibility with Bora. The Mirana want a school. SOV. Riverine. NT 1982.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. MuinaneLanguage (BMR Colombia) (instance MuinaneLanguage BoranLanguage) (documentation MuinaneLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MuinaneLanguage is a &%BoranLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: BMR. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 150 in Colombia (1982 SIL). Region: Upper Cahuinari, (tributary Caqueta) Amazonas. Alternate names: MUINANA, MUINANI, MUENAME. Comments: All are bilingual in Bora or Huitotoan languages. Not to be confused with Muinane Huitoto. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: Below 5%. NT 1981.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; WITOTO GROUP LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; WitotoGroupLanguage (subclass WitotoGroupLanguage WitotoanLanguage) (documentation WitotoGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%WitotoGroupLanguage is any of four closely related &%WitotoanLanguages, including the &%OcainaLanguage and the three &%WitotoProperLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; OCAINA GROUP LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; OcainaGroupLanguage (subclass OcainaGroupLanguage WitotoGroupLanguage) (documentation OcainaGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the four &%WitotoGroupLanguages, one is classified as an &%OcainaGroupLanguage. This is the &%OcainaLanguage of &%Peru.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. OcainaLanguage (OCA Peru) (instance OcainaLanguage OcainaGroupLanguage) (documentation OcainaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%OcainaLanguage is an &%OcainaGroupLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: OCA. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 150 to 250 in Peru (1982 SIL), 3 or 4 families in Colombia (1976 SIL). Population total both countries: 165 to 265. Region: Yaguasyacu, Ampuyacu, and Putumayo rivers, northeastern Peru. Alternate names: OKAINA. Dialects: DUKAIYA, IBO'TSA. Comments: Bilingualism in Bora, Murui Huitoto, Spanish. Dictionary. Bible portions 1964-1971. Also spoken in: Colombia. (Language name: OCAINA.) Population: (3 or 4 families in Colombia, 1982 SIL). Alternate names: OKAINA. Dialects: DUKAIYA, IBO'TSA. Comments: Bilingualism in Murui Huitoto, Bora, Spanish. Bible portions 1964-1971.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; WITOTO PROPER LANGUAGES (3 Languages) ;; WitotoProperLanguage (subclass WitotoProperLanguage WitotoGroupLanguage) (documentation WitotoProperLanguage EnglishLanguage "Of the four &%WitotoGroupLanguages, three are classified as a &%WitotoProperLanguage. These are the two &%MinicaMuruiLanguages and the one &%NipodeLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; MINICA-MURUI LANGUAGES (2 Languages) ;; MinicaMuruiLanguage (subclass MinicaMuruiLanguage WitotoProperLanguage) (documentation MinicaMuruiLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%MinicaMuruiLanguage is either of two closely related &%WitotoProperLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. MinicaHuitotoLanguage (HTO Colombia) (instance MinicaHuitotoLanguage MinicaMuruiLanguage) (documentation MinicaHuitotoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MinicaHuitotoLanguage is a &%MinicaMuruiLanguage of &%Colombia. SIL code: HTO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 1,700 in Colombia (1995 SIL). Population total both countries: 1,700. Region: Upper Igara-Parana. Caqueta River at Isla de los Monos, Caguan River near Sanvicente del Caguan. Alternate names: MI+NI+CA, MENECA, MINICA. Comments: Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 85%. NT 1985. Also spoken in: Peru. (Language name: HUITOTO, MI+NI+CA.) Population: 5 in Peru, 1,700 in Colombia (1995 SIL). Alternate names: MINICA HUITOTO. Comments: Dictionary. NT 1985.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. MuruiHuitotoLanguage (HUU Peru) (instance MuruiHuitotoLanguage MinicaMuruiLanguage) (documentation MuruiHuitotoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%MuruiHuitotoLanguage is a &%MinicaMuruiLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: HUU. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 1,000 in Peru (1995 SIL), 1,900 in Colombia (1995 SIL). Population total both countries: 2,900. Region: Ampiyacu, Putumayo, and Napo rivers. None left in Brazil. Alternate names: BUE, WITOTO. Comments: Bilingual level estimates for Spanish are 0 1%, 1 9%, 2 45%, 3 35%, 4 9%, 5 1%. 90% of those under 50 are fairly bilingual in Spanish. Huitoto has more prestige in Colombia than in Peru. Dictionary. Grammar. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. 95% of those under 40 are literate. NT 1978. Also spoken in: Colombia. (Language name: HUITOTO, MURUI.) Population: 1,900 in Colombia (1995 SIL), 1,000 in Peru (1982 SIL). Alternate names: BUE, WITOTO. Comments: NT 1978.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; NIPODE LANGUAGES (1 Language) ;; NipodeLanguage (subclass NipodeLanguage WitotoProperLanguage) (documentation NipodeLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NipodeLanguage group consists solely of the &%NipodeHuitotoLanguage (a &%WitotoProperLanguage).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. NipodeHuitotoLanguage (HUX Peru) (instance NipodeHuitotoLanguage NipodeLanguage) (documentation NipodeHuitotoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NipodeHuitotoLanguage is a &%NipodeLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: HUX. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 100 possibly (1991 SIL). Alternate names: NIPODE WITOTO, MUINANE HUITOTO. Comments: Bilingualism in Minica Huitoto, Murui Huitoto. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions 1961.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XCIV. YANOMAM LANGUAGES (4 Languages) ;; YanomamLanguage (subclass YanomamLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation YanomamLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%YanomamLanguage is any of four languages found in &%Brazil and &%Venezuela that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 1. NinamLanguage (SHB Brazil) (instance NinamLanguage YanomamLanguage) (documentation NinamLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NinamLanguage is a &%YanomamLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: SHB. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 466 (1976 UFM), 236 in southern dialect, 230 in northern. Population total both countries 566. Region: Mucajai, upper Uraricaa, and Paragua rivers, Roraima. Alternate names: YANAM, XIRIANA, SHIRIANA CASAPARE, KASRAPAI, JAWAPERI, CRICHANA, JAWARI. Dialects: SOUTHERN NINAM (MUKAJAI), NORTHERN NINAM (URARICAA-PARAGUA). Comments: Generally monolingual, a few children are beginning to learn Portuguese. All ages. Distinct from the Arawakan Xiriana. Bible portions 1970. Also spoken in: Venezuela. (Language name: NINAM.) Population: 100 in Venezuela. Alternate names: YANAM, XIRIANA. Dialects: NORTHERN NINAM, SOUTHERN NINAM. Comments: In Venezuela all speakers are bilingual in Spanish or Arecuna or both. Bible portions 1970.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 2. SanumaLanguage (SAM Brazil) (instance SanumaLanguage YanomamLanguage) (documentation SanumaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SanumaLanguage is a &%YanomamLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: SAM. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 462 in Brazil (1976 UFM). Population total both countries: 1,500 to 4,500. Region: Auaris River, Roraima. Alternate names: TSANUMA, SANEMA, GUAIKA, SAMATARI, SAMATALI, XAMATARI. Dialects: CAURA, ERVATO-VENTUARI, AUARIS. Comments: Dialects are closely related. In some areas up to 25% of the speakers are bilingual in Maquiritare. Also spoken in: Venezuela. (Language name: SANUMA.) Population: 1,000 to 4,000 in Venezuela (1976 UFM). Alternate names: TSANUMA, SANEMA, GUAIKA, SAMATARI, SAMATALI, XAMATARI, CHIRICHANO. Comments: Three dialects. Nearly all are monolingual. See main entry under Brazil.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 3. YanomamiLanguage (WCA Brazil) (instance YanomamiLanguage YanomamLanguage) (documentation YanomamiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%YanomamiLanguage is a &%YanomamLanguage of &%Brazil. SIL code: WCA. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 9,000 (1994 SIL). Region: Waica post, Uraricuera River, Roraima, Toototobi post, Amazonas, Catrimani River, Roraima. Alternate names: WAICA, WAIKA, YANOAM, YANOMAM, YANOMAME, SURARA, XURIMA, PARAHURI. Dialects: YANAMAM (PATIMITHERI, WAIKA), YANOMAM (NAOMAM, GUADEMA, WADEMA, WAREMA), YANOMAY (TOOTOTOBI), NANOMAM (KARIME), JAUARI (JOARI, YOARI, AICA). Comments: Distinct from but related to Yanomamo of Brazil and Venezuela. Monolingual. Semi-nomadic. SOV.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; 4. YanomamoLanguage (GUU Venezuela) (instance YanomamoLanguage YanomamLanguage) (documentation YanomamoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%YanomamoLanguage is a &%YanomamLanguage of &%Venezuela. SIL code: GUU. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 12,000 to 14,000 in Venezuela (1991 AP). Population total both countries 13,500 to 16,000. Region: Orinoco-Mavaca area. The Eastern dialect is in the Parima Mountains, east of Batau River, Western dialect in Padamo River basin, Ocamo, Manaviche, and upper Orinoco rivers, and south of the Orinoco River up to headwaters of Marania and Cauaburi rivers, and a number of large villages in the Siapa River area in southern Venezuela. Alternate names: YANOMAME, YANOMAMI, GUAICA, GUAHARIBO, GUAJARIBO. Dialects: EASTERN YANOMAMI (PARIMA), WESTERN YANOMAMI (PADAMO-ORINOCO), COBARI (KOBALI, COBARIWA). Comments: Different from, but related to Yanomami (Waika) of Brazil. The Cobari dialect is easily intelligible with the others. Tropical forest. Hunters, agriculturalists: bananas, tubers, tobacco. NT 1984. Also spoken in: Brazil. (Language name: YANOMAMO. Population: 1,500 to 2,000 in Brazil. Alternate names: GUAICA, GUAHARIBO, YANOMA, YANOMAMI, SHAMATRI, SHAATHARI. Dialects: EASTERN YANOMAMI (PARIMA), WESTERN YANOMAMI (PADAMO-ORINOCO). Comments: Related to, but distinct from Yanomami of Brazil. Monolingual. NT 1984.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XCV. YENISEI OSTYAK LANGUAGES (2 Languages) (subclass YeniseiOstyakLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation YeniseiOstyakLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%YeniseiOstyakLanguage is either of two languages found in &%Russia (Asia) that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance KetLanguage YeniseiOstyakLanguage) (documentation KetLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%KetLanguage is a &%YeniseiOstyakLanguage of &%Russia (Asia). SIL code: KET. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 550 to 990 mother tongue speakers (80% to 85%) out of an ethnic population of 1,100 to 1,200 (1995, M. Krauss, 1991 A.E. Kibrik). Region: Upper Yenisei Valley, Krasnoyarski drai, Turukhansk and Baikitsk regions, Sulomai, Bakhta, Verkhneimbatsk, Kellog, Kangatovo, Surgutikha, Vereshchagino, Baklanikha, Farkovo, Goroshikha, and Maiduka villages. East of the Khanti and Mansi, eastern Siberia. Alternate names: YENISEI OSTYAK, YENISEY OSTIAK, IMBATSKI-KET Comments: Bilingualism in Russian. Youngest speakers are children or people 25 to 35 years old. No other extant related languages: the Arin, Assan, and Kott peoples became extinct in the 19th century. Traditional way of life has changed. Taught in 5 schools. Traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance YughLanguage YeniseiOstyakLanguage) (documentation YughLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%YughLanguage is a &%YeniseiOstyakLanguage of &%Russia (Asia). SIL code: YUU. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 2 or 3 semi-speakers out of an ethnic group of 10 to 15 (1991 G.K. Verner in Kibrik). Region: Turukhan region of the Krasnoyarsk krai at the Vorogovo settlement. Previously they lived along the Yenisei River from Yeniseisk to the mouth of the Dupches. Alternate names: YUG. Comments: No published descriptions of the language (1991). Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XCVI. YUKAGHIR LANGUAGES (2 Languages) (subclass YukaghirLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation YukaghirLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%YukaghirLanguage is either of two languages found in the &%Russia (Asia) that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance NorthernYukaghirLanguage YukaghirLanguage) (documentation NorthernYukaghirLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%NorthernYukaghirLanguage is a &%YukaghirLanguage of &%Russia (Asia). SIL code: YKG. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 30 to 150 Tundra out of 230 to 1,100 in the ethnic group (1995 M. Krauss, 1989 census). Region: Yakutia and the Kamchatka Peninsula. Alternate names: YUKAGIR, JUKAGIR, ODUL, TUNDRA, TUNDRE, NORTHERN YUKAGIR. Comments: Not inherently intelligible with Southern Yukaghir (Kolyma). It may be distantly related to Altaic or Uralic. Even is the literary language used. Speakers below 50 years use Russian as second language. All can speak Yakut. Reindeer herdsmen and some other families can speak Even. Chukot is also used. Most speakers over 50 years old. Endangered. No sense of ethnic identity between speakers of the two Yukaghir varieties. In the 19th century their territory shrank because of merging clans, military clashes, assimilation with the Even, and later, collectivization. From the 1950s to the 1980s the state sent all children to boarding school. 'Odul' is their name for themselves. SOV, postpositions, genitives, articles, adjectives, numerals, relatives before noun heads, question word not initial or final, 2 prefixes, 6 suffixes, word order focus preverbal, subjects and topics tend to be initial, affixes indicate case of noun phrases, person and number of subject indicated by obligatory verb phrases, split intransitivity: intransitive subjects encoded as transitive when nonfocus, focus marked the same way for intransitive subjects and direct objects, and only those, otherwise rather accusative, resultative, reflexive, reciprocal, causative, comparative, CV, CVCCVV, nontonal. Taught through fourth grade in the Adnriushkino settlement, and as an elective through eighth grade in Nelemnoye. Pine and deciduous forest. Riverine. Swidden agriculturalists, heavy dependence on the support of the government. Christian, traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance SouthernYukaghirLanguage YukaghirLanguage) (documentation SouthernYukaghirLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%SouthernYukaghirLanguage is a &%YukaghirLanguage of &%Russia (Asia). SIL code: YUX. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 10 to 50 speakers out of 130 in the ethnic group (1995 M. Krauss, 1989 census). Region: Yakutia and the Kamchatka Peninsula. Alternate names: YUKAGIR, JUKAGIR, ODUL, KOLYMA, KOLYM, SOUTHERN YUKAGIR. Comments: Not inherently intelligible with Northern Yukaghir. All can speak Russian as second language, especially those below 40. Those above 35 can speak Yakut, and those over 60 can speak Even. Russian is used as a literary language. All over 35 to 40 years old (1989). SOV, postpositions, genitives, articles, adjectives, numerals, relatives before noun heads, question word not initial or final, 2 prefixes, 6 suffixes, focus is preverbal, subjects and topics tend to be initial, affixes indicate case of noun phrases, person and number of subject is obligatory, split intransitivity: intransitive subjects encode as transitive when nonfocus, focus marked the same for intransitive subjects and direct objects, and only for those, otherwise rather accusative, resultative, reflexive, reciprocal, causative, comparative, CV, CVCCVV, nontonal. Pine and deciduous forest. Riverine. Swiden agriculturalists, heavy dependence on the support of the government. Christian, traditional religion.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XCVII. YUKI GROUP LANGUAGES (2 Languages) (subclass YukiGroupLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation YukiGroupLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%YukiGroupLanguage is either of two languages found in the &%UnitedStates that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. Both are now nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance WappoLanguage YukiGroupLanguage) (documentation WappoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%WappoLanguage is a &%YukiGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: WAO. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 1 speaker (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin) out of a possible population of 50 (1977 SIL). Region: California, north of the San Francisco Bay area. Comments: Bilingualism in English. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance YukiLanguage YukiGroupLanguage) (documentation YukiLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%YukiLanguage is a &%YukiGroupLanguage of the &%UnitedStates. SIL code: YUK. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 6 speakers (1990 census). Region: Round Valley Reservation, northern California. Comments: Bilingualism in English. All over 50 years old (1962 Chafe). The speakers in 1962 were not fluent in the language. Probably extinct (1977 SIL). Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XCVIII. ZAMUCOAN LANGUAGES (2 Languages) (subclass ZamucoanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation ZamucoanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%ZamucoanLanguage is either of two languages found in &%Paraguay that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance AyoreoLanguage ZamucoanLanguage) (documentation AyoreoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AyoreoLanguage is a &%ZamucoanLanguage of &%Paraguay. SIL code: AYO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 3,000 in Paraguay (1991). Population total both countries 4,000 to 4,500. Region: Chaco and northern Alto Paraguay departments. Alternate names: MOROTOCO, MORO, AYORE, PYETA YOVAI. Dialects: TSIRACUA. Comments: Partially nomadic. NT 1982. Also spoken in: Bolivia. (Language name: AYOREO.) Population: 1,000 to 1,500 in Bolivia. Alternate names: AYORE, MOROTOCO, MORO, PYETA, YOVAI. Dialects: TSIRICUA. Comments: Called 'Morotoco' in Paraguay and Ayoreo in Bolivia. NT 1982.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance ChamacocoLanguage ZamucoanLanguage) (documentation ChamacocoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ChamacocoLanguage is a &%ZamucoanLanguage of &%Paraguay. SIL code: CEG. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 1,800 (1991 Ulrich SIL). Region: Northeastern Chaco, eastern Alto Paraguay Department, Puerto Bahia Negra, Puerto Diana, Puerto Esperanza (On+ch+tah), Dos Estrellas, Potrerito, Fuerte Olimpo, along the Paraguay River. There may be some in Brazil. Alternate names: ISHIRO, JEYWO. Dialects: CHAMACOCO BRAVO (TOMARAHO, TOMARAXA), EBITOSO (ISHIRO). Comments: Bilingual proficiency in Spanish and Guarani is limited. All ages. Vigorous. Traditionally hunter-gatherers. Presently agriculturalists, animal husbandry: sheep, goats, pigs, cows, horses, poultry, ranch hands, day laborers, maids, basketry, wood carvers, selling alligator skins. Bible portions 1992-1995.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; XCIX. ZAPAROAN LANGUAGES (7 Languages) (subclass ZaparoanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation ZaparoanLanguage EnglishLanguage "A &%ZaparoanLanguage is any of seven languages primarily found in &%Peru that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. Many of these languages are now extinct or nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance AndoaLanguage ZaparoanLanguage) (documentation AndoaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AndoaLanguage is a &%ZaparoanLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: ANB. ISO 639-2: sai. Region: Pastaza River. None in Ecuador. Alternate names: SHIMIGAE, SEMIGAE, GAE, GAYE. Comments: Some use Spanish as second language. The ethnic group speaks Pastaza Quechua. Integrated with the Quechua. A distinct language from Zaparo (Kayapwe) of Ecuador, which is now extinct in Peru. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance ArabelaLanguage ZaparoanLanguage) (documentation ArabelaLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ArabelaLanguage is a &%ZaparoanLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: ARL. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 100 speakers out of 400 ethnic population (1998 SIL). Region: Arabela River, tributary of Napo. Alternate names: CHIRIPUNO, CHIRIPUNU. Comments: Bilingual level estimates are Quechua: 0 0%, 1 0%, 2 20%, 3 60%, 4 20%, 5 0%, Spanish: 0 0%, 1 20%, 2 40%, 3 30%, 4 10%, 5 0%. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Tropical forest. NT 1986.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance AushiriLanguage ZaparoanLanguage) (documentation AushiriLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AushiriLanguage is a &%ZaparoanLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: AUS. ISO 639-2: sai. Region: Tributaries of the right bank of the Napo River, Escuelacocha. Alternate names: AUXIRA. Comments: Similar to Arabela. Distinct from Abishira (M. R. Wise SIL 1987). Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance CahuaranoLanguage ZaparoanLanguage) (documentation CahuaranoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%CahuaranoLanguage is a &%ZaparoanLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: CAH. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 5 (1976 SIL). Region: Nanay River. Comments: Bilingualism in Spanish. Speakers are middle-aged or older. It may be extinct. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance IquitoLanguage ZaparoanLanguage) (documentation IquitoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%IquitoLanguage is a &%ZaparoanLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: IQU. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 150. Region: Northern Nanay River area. Alternate names: IQUITA, IKITO, AMACACORE, HAMACORE, QUITURRAN, PUCA-UMA. Comments: Widespread use of Spanish. Bible portions 1963.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance OmuranoLanguage ZaparoanLanguage) (documentation OmuranoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%OmuranoLanguage is a &%ZaparoanLanguage of &%Peru. SIL code: OMU. ISO 639-2: sai. Alternate names: HUMURANA, ROAMAINA, NUMURANA, UMURANO, MAYNA. Comments: Became extinct by 1958. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") (instance ZaparoLanguage ZaparoanLanguage) (documentation ZaparoLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%ZaparoLanguage is a &%ZaparoanLanguage of &%Ecuador. SIL code: ZRO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population 5 or 6 (1996 SIL). Extinct in Peru. Region: Pastaza Province, Peru border, between the Curaray and Bobonaza rivers. Alternate names: ZAPARA, KAYAPWE. Comments: Bilingualism in Quichua. A large ethnic group, which is integrated with the Quichua. Quichua is used exclusively in the home. Distinct from Andoa (Shimagae) of Peru. SOV. Tropical forest. Riverine. Swidden agriculturalists. 300 to 400 meters. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)") ;; ISO 639-1 (instance FaroeseLanguage NorthGermanicLanguage) (instance FaroeseLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (documentation FaroeseLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ISO-639-1: fo. The &%FaroeseLanguage is a West Scandinavian language spoken by inhabitants of the &%FaroeIslands, and by Faroese communities in &%Denmark.") (instance FinnishLanguage UralicLanguage) (documentation FinnishLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ISO-639-1: fi. &%FinnishLanguage (Suomi or Suomen Kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population of &%Finland, and by communities of ethnic Finns living outside of &%Finland.") (instance IcelandicLanguage NorthGermanicLanguage) (documentation IcelandicLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ISO-639-1: is. &%IcelandicLanguage (islenska) is the official language of Iceland. It is a highly inflected &%NorthGermanicLanguage, most closely related to Old Norse and, among modern spoken language, &%FaroeseLanguage.") (instance MaoriLanguage AustronesianLanguage) (documentation MaoriLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ISO-639-1: mi. &%MaoriLanguage (Te Reo Maori) is an Eastern Polynesian language most closely related to Tahitian, Tuamotuan, and Cook Islands Maori. It is one of the official languages of &%NewZealand.") (instance NorthernNdebeleLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (documentation NorthernNdebeleLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ISO-639-1: nd. &%NorthernNdebeleLanguage is a Nguni language spoken by the Ndebele or Matabele people of &%Zimbabwe.") (instance SouthernNdebeleLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (documentation SouthernNdebeleLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ISO-639-1: nr. &%SouthernNdebeleLanguage is a Nguni language spoken by the Ndebele people of &%SouthAfrica.") (instance NynorskNorwegianLanguage DanishSwedishLanguage) (documentation NynorskNorwegianLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ISO-639-1: nn. &%NynorskNorwegianLanguage is one of the two official written standards of the Norwegian language, the other being Dano-Norwegian or Bokmal (lit. book language).") (instance NorwegianLanguage DanishSwedishLanguage) (documentation NorwegianLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ISO-639-1: no. &%NorwegianLanguage, a &%NorthGermanicLanguage, is the official language of &%Norway. It includes two official written (and, to some extent, spoken) forms: &%NynorskNorwegianLanguage and &%BokmalNorwegianLanguage.") (instance subLanguage BinaryPredicate) (instance subLanguage PartialOrderingRelation) (domain subLanguage 1 Language) (domain subLanguage 2 Language) (documentation subLanguage EnglishLanguage "(&%subLanguage ?&%Language-1 ?&%Language-2) means that ?&%Language-1 is included in, or subsumed by, ?&%Language-2. Since &%subLanguage is a &%ReflexiveRelation, every &%Language is a &%subLanguage of itself.") (subLanguage NynorskNorwegianLanguage NorwegianLanguage) (subLanguage BokmalNorwegianLanguage NorwegianLanguage) (instance ChichewaLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (documentation ChichewaLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ISO-639-1: ny. &%ChichewaLanguage (lit. language of the Chewa) is a Bantu language widely spoken in south-central Africa. It is one of the official languages of &%Mawali, the other being the &%EnglishLanguage.") (instance SouthernSothoLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (documentation SouthernSothoLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ISO-639-1: st. &%SouthernSothoLanguage is a Bantu language spoken mainly in &%SouthAfrica and &%Lesotho.") (instance SwatiLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (documentation SwatiLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ISO-639-1: ss. &%SwatiLanguage is a Bantu language of the Nguni language group, spoken primarily in &%SouthAfrica and &%Swaziland.") (instance TswanaLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (documentation TswanaLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ISO-639-1: tn. &%TswanaLanguage is a Bantu language. It is the majority and nation language of &%Botswana, but also is spoken in &%SouthAfrica, &%Zimbabwe, and &%Namibia. The largest number of speakers reside in &%SouthAfrica.") (instance TsongaLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (documentation TsongaLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ISO-639-1: ts. &%TsongaLanguage is a Bantu language spoken by the Tsonga people (also known as the Shangaan) of &%SouthAfrica, &%Swaziland, and &%Mozambique.") (instance VendaLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (documentation VendaLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ISO-639-1: ve. &%VendaLanguage is a Bantu language spoken in &%SouthAfrica and &%Zimbabwe.") (instance XhosaLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (documentation XhosaLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ISO-639-1: xh. &%XhosaLanguage is a Bantu language spoken in &%SouthAfrica and &%Lesotho.") (instance ZuluLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (documentation ZuluLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%ISO-639-1: zu. &%ZuluLanguage is a Nguni Bantu language spoken by the Zulu people, the majoriy of whom live in &%SouthAfrica. Notable communities of speakers also live in &%Swaziland, &%Zimbabwe, &%Mozambique, and &%Malawi.") (subclass CushiticLanguage AfroAsiaticLanguage) (documentation CushiticLanguage EnglishLanguage "Instances of the &%Class &%CushiticLanguage are spoken in the Horn of Africa. See the Wikipedia article on Cushitic languages.") (instance AfarLanguage CushiticLanguage) (documentation AfarLanguage EnglishLanguage "The &%AfarLanguage is a &%CushiticLanguage spoken in &%Ethiopia, &%Eritrea, and &%Djibouti, and is thought to have about 1.5 million speakers as of April 2008. See the Wikipedia article on Afar language.") (instance AbkhazLanguage NorthCaucasianLanguage) (documentation AbkhazLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%AbkhazLanguage is a &%NorthCaucasianLanguage spoken mainly in Abkhazia and &%Turkey.") (subclass AkanLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (documentation AkanLanguage EnglishLanguage "&%AkanLanguage is a &%subclass of &%NigerCongoLanguage. The &%HumanLanguages that are &%instances of &%AkanLanguage are spoken mainly by related peoples in &%Ghana and eastern &%CoteDIvoire.") (subclass SemiticLanguage AfroAsiaticLanguage) (documentation SemiticLanguage EnglishLanguage "Instances of &%SemiticLanguage are spoken throughout much of the &%MiddleEastRegion, &%NorthernAfrica, and the Horn of Africa. &%SemiticLanguages were among the earliest to be written. See Semitic languages in Wikipedia.") (subclass SouthSemiticLanguage SemiticLanguage) (instance AmharicLanguage SouthSemiticLanguage) (subclass WestSemiticLanguage SemiticLanguage) (instance ArabicLanguage WestSemiticLanguage) (instance HebrewLanguage WestSemiticLanguage) (instance AssameseLanguage IndoAryanLanguage) (instance AvarLanguage NorthCaucasianLanguage) (instance AvestanLanguage EasternIranianLanguage) (instance AzerbaijaniLanguage TurkicLanguage) (instance BashkirLanguage TurkicLanguage) (instance BambaraLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (instance BengaliLanguage IndoAryanLanguage) (instance BihariLanguage IndoAryanLanguage) (instance TibetanLanguage SinoTibetanLanguage) (instance BosnianLanguage SouthSlavicLanguage) (instance BurmeseLanguage SinoTibetanLanguage) (instance ChamorroLanguage AustronesianLanguage) (instance ChechenLanguage NorthCaucasianLanguage) (subclass ChineseLanguage SinoTibetanLanguage) (subclass ChineseLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage) (subclass ChineseLanguage WrittenHumanLanguage) (subclass ChineseLanguage NaturalLanguage) (documentation ChineseLanguage EnglishLanguage " &%ChineseLanguage is a group of languages spoken mostly by a &%GroupOfPeople who live in &%China, &%Taiwan, &%HongKong, &%Singapore and expatriates from these places and their descendants.") (instance CantoneseLanguage ChineseLanguage) (instance MandarinLanguage ChineseLanguage) (instance ShanghaineseLanguage ChineseLanguage) (instance HakkaLanguage ChineseLanguage) (instance HokkienLanguage ChineseLanguage) (instance TaishaneseLanguage ChineseLanguage) (instance TeochewLanguage ChineseLanguage) (instance ChuvashLanguage TurkicLanguage) (subclass CreeLanguage AlgicLanguage) (instance DhivehiLanguage IndoAryanLanguage) (instance DzongkhaLanguage SinoTibetanLanguage) (instance EstonianLanguage UralicLanguage) (instance EweLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (instance FijianLanguage AustronesianLanguage) (instance FulaLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (instance GuaraniLanguage TupiLanguage) (instance HausaLanguage ChadicLanguage) (instance HereroLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (instance HindiLanguage IndoAryanLanguage) (instance CroatianLanguage SouthSlavicLanguage) (instance HungarianLanguage UralicLanguage) (instance IgboLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (instance IdoLanguage ArtificialLanguage) (instance SichuanYiLanguage SinoTibetanLanguage) (instance InuktitutLanguage EskimoAleutLanguage) (instance InterlingueLanguage ArtificialLanguage) (instance IndonesianLanguage AustronesianLanguage) (instance InupiaqLanguage EskimoAleutLanguage) (instance JavaneseLanguage AustronesianLanguage) (instance KalaallisutLanguage EskimoAleutLanguage) (instance KannadaLanguage DravidianLanguage) (instance KashmiriLanguage DardicLanguage) (instance KanuriLanguage NiloSaharanLanguage) (instance KazakhLanguage TurkicLanguage) (instance KhmerLanguage AustroAsiaticLanguage) (instance GikuyuLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (instance KinyarwandaLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (instance KyrgyzLanguage TurkicLanguage) (instance KomiLanguage UralicLanguage) (instance KongoLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (instance KwanyamaLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (instance KurdishLanguage NorthwesternIranianLanguage) (instance LaoLanguage TaiKadaiLanguage) (instance LimburgishLanguage LowFranconianLanguage) (instance LingalaLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (instance LubaKatangaLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (instance LugandaLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (instance MarshalleseLanguage AustronesianLanguage) (instance MalayalamLanguage DravidianLanguage) (instance MarathiLanguage IndoAryanLanguage) (instance MalayLanguage AustronesianLanguage) (instance MalagasyLanguage AustronesianLanguage) (instance MalteseLanguage SemiticLanguage) (instance MoldovanLanguage EasternRomanceLanguage) (instance MongolianLanguage AltaicLanguage) (instance NauruanLanguage AustronesianLanguage) (instance NavajoLanguage NaDeneLanguage) (instance NdongaLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (instance NepaliLanguage IndoAryanLanguage) (instance AnishinaabeLanguage AlgicLanguage) (names "Ojibwe" AnishinaabeLanguage) (names "Ojibwa" AnishinaabeLanguage) (instance OriyaLanguage IndoAryanLanguage) (instance OromoLanguage CushiticLanguage) (instance OsseticLanguage EasternIranianLanguage) (instance PaliLanguage IndoAryanLanguage) (instance KirundiLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (instance SanskritLanguage IndoAryanLanguage) (instance SerbianLanguage SouthSlavicLanguage) (instance SinhaleseLanguage IndoAryanLanguage) (instance NorthernSamiLanguage UralicLanguage) (instance SamoanLanguage AustronesianLanguage) (instance ShonaLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (instance SindhiLanguage IndoAryanLanguage) (instance SomaliLanguage CushiticLanguage) (instance SundaneseLanguage AustronesianLanguage) (instance SwahiliLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (instance TahitianLanguage AustronesianLanguage) (instance TamilLanguage DravidianLanguage) (instance TatarLanguage TurkicLanguage) (instance TeluguLanguage DravidianLanguage) (instance TagalogLanguage AustronesianLanguage) (instance ThaiLanguage TaiKadaiLanguage) (instance TigrinyaLanguage SouthSemiticLanguage) (instance TonganLanguage AustronesianLanguage) (instance TurkishLanguage TurkicLanguage) (instance TwiLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (instance UrduLanguage IndoAryanLanguage) (instance VietnameseLanguage AustroAsiaticLanguage) (instance VolapukLanguage ArtificialLanguage) (instance WalloonLanguage OielLanguage) (instance WolofLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (instance YorubaLanguage NigerCongoLanguage) (instance ZhuangLanguage TaiKadaiLanguage) (instance ISO-639-1 LanguageCodeMap) (documentation ISO-639-1 EnglishLanguage "This &%LanguageCodeMap states correspondences between the two-letter natural language denoting tokens defined in the ISO 639-1 standard, and constants defined in SUMO.") (=> (codeMapping ISO-639-1 ?TOKEN ?X) (or (instance ?X HumanLanguage) (instance ?X (subclass ?CLASS HumanLanguage)))) (=> (codeMapping ISO-639-1 ?TOKEN ?X) (stringLength 2 ?TOKEN)) (=> (codeMapping ISO-639-1 ?TOKEN ?X) (instance ?TOKEN SymbolicString)) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "af" AfrikaansLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "cy" WelshLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "da" DanishLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "de" GermanLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "nl" DutchLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "en" EnglishLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "fo" FaroeseLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "fi" FinnishLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "fr" FrenchLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "gd" ScotsGaelicLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ga" IrishGaelicLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "is" IcelandicLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "lb" LuxembourgeoisLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "mi" MaoriLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "nd" NorthernNdebeleLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "nr" SouthernNdebeleLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "nn" NynorskNorwegianLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "nb" BokmalNorwegianLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "no" NorwegianLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ny" ChichewaLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "st" SouthernSothoLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ss" SwatiLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "sv" SwedishLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "tn" TswanaLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ts" TsongaLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ve" VendaLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "xh" XhosaLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "zu" ZuluLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "aa" AfarLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ab" AbkhazLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ak" AkanLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "sq" AlbanianLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "an" AragoneseLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "hy" ArmenianLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ay" AymaranLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "eu" BasqueLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "be" BelarusanLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "bi" BislamaLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "br" BretonLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "bg" BulgarianLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ca" CatalanValencianBalearLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "cs" CzechLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "cu" OldChurchSlavonicLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "kw" CornishLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "co" CorsicanLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "el" GreekLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "eo" EsperantoLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "fa" EasternFarsiLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "fa" WesternFarsiLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "fy" WesternFrisianLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ka" GeorgianLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "gv" ManxLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "gl" GalicianLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "gu" GujaratiGroupLanguage) ;; NS: "gu" should be narrowed to a specific Gujarati language. (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ht" HaitianCreoleFrenchLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ho" HiriMotuLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ia" InterlinguaLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "it" ItalianLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ja" JapaneseLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ko" KoreanLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "la" LatinLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "lv" LatvianLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "lt" LithuanianLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "mk" MacedonianLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "oc" ProvencalLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "pa" PanjabiGroupLanguage) ;; NS: "pa" should be narrowed to a specific Panjabi language. (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "pl" PolishLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "pt" PortugueseLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ps" PashtoLanguage) ;; NS: "ps" should be narrowed to a specific Pashto language. (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "qu" QuechuanLanguage) ;; NS: "qu" should be narrowed to a specific Quechuan language. (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "rm" RomanschLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ro" RomanianLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ru" RussianLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "sg" SangoLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "sk" SlovakLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "sl" SlovenianLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "es" SpanishLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "sc" SardinianLanguage) ;; NS: "sc" should be narrowed to a specific Sardinian language. (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "tg" TajikiLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "tk" TurkmenLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ug" UyghurLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "uk" UkrainianLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "yi" EasternYiddishLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "am" AmharicLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ar" ArabicLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "as" AssameseLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "av" AvarLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ae" AvestanLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "az" AzerbaijaniLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ba" BashkirLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "bm" BambaraLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "bn" BengaliLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "bh" BihariLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "bo" TibetanLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "bs" BosnianLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "my" BurmeseLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ch" ChamorroLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ce" ChechenLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "zh" ChineseLanguage) ;; NS: "zh" should be narrowed to a specific Chinese language. (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "cv" ChuvashLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "cr" CreeLanguage) ;; NS: "cr" should be narrowed to a specific Cree language. (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "dv" DhivehiLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "dz" DzongkhaLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "et" EstonianLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ee" EweLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "fj" FijianLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ff" FulaLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "gn" GuaraniLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ha" HausaLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "he" HebrewLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "hz" HereroLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "hi" HindiLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "hr" CroatianLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "hu" HungarianLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ig" IgboLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "io" IdoLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ii" SichuanYiLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "iu" InuktitutLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ie" InterlingueLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "id" IndonesianLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ik" InupiaqLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "jv" JavaneseLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "kl" KalaallisutLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "kn" KannadaLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ks" KashmiriLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "kr" KanuriLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "kk" KazakhLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "km" KhmerLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ki" GikuyuLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "rw" KinyarwandaLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ky" KyrgyzLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "kv" KomiLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "kg" KongoLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "kj" KwanyamaLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ku" KurdishLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "lo" LaoLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "li" LimburgishLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ln" LingalaLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "lu" LubaKatangaLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "lg" LugandaLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "mh" MarshalleseLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ml" MalayalamLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "mr" MarathiLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ms" MalayLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "mg" MalagasyLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "mt" MalteseLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "mo" MoldovanLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "mn" MongolianLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "na" NauruanLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "nv" NavajoLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ng" NdongaLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ne" NepaliLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "oj" AnishinaabeLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "or" OriyaLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "om" OromoLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "os" OsseticLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "pi" PaliLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "rn" KirundiLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "sa" SanskritLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "sr" SerbianLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "si" SinhaleseLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "se" NorthernSamiLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "sm" SamoanLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "sn" ShonaLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "sd" SindhiLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "so" SomaliLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "su" SundaneseLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "sw" SwahiliLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ty" TahitianLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ta" TamilLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "tt" TatarLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "te" TeluguLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "tl" TagalogLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "th" ThaiLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ti" TigrinyaLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "to" TonganLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "tr" TurkishLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "tw" TwiLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "ur" UrduLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "uz" NorthernUzbekLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "vi" VietnameseLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "vo" VolapukLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "wa" WalloonLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "wo" WolofLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "yo" YorubaLanguage) (codeMapping ISO-639-1 "za" ZhuangLanguage)