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; Adding Atoms to the Knowledge Base
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!(bind! &kb0 (new-space))
!(add-atom &kb0 (S "a"))
!(add-atom &kb0 (S "b"))
;MeTTaLog Only: !(assertEqual (atom-count &kb0) 2)
!(assertEqualToResult (get-atoms &kb0) ((S "a") (S "b")))

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; Removing Atoms from the Knowledge Base
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!(bind! &kb1 (new-space))
!(add-atom &kb1 (S "a"))
!(add-atom &kb1 (S "b"))
!(add-atom &kb1 (S "c"))
;; Remove an atom and test for success
!(assertTrue (remove-atom &kb1 (S "b"))) ; "remove_atom on a present atom should return true"
;; Attempt to remove a non-existent atom and test for failure
!(assertFalse (remove-atom &kb1 (S "bogus"))) ; "remove_atom on a missing atom should return false"
;; Verify the current state of the knowledge base
!(assertEqualToResult (get-atoms &kb1) ((S "a") (S "c")))

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; Replacing Atoms in the Knowledge Base
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
!(bind! &kb2 (new-space))
(= (replace-atom $space $before $after) (if (remove-atom $space $before) (add-atom $space $after) False))
!(add-atom &kb2 (S "a"))
!(add-atom &kb2 (S "b"))
!(add-atom &kb2 (S "c"))
;; Replace an atom and verify the operation was successful
!(assertTrue (replace-atom &kb2 (S "b") (S "d")))
;; Check the new set of atoms in the knowledge base
!(assertEqualToResult (get-atoms &kb2) ((S "a") (S "d") (S "c")))

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; Querying Atoms in the Knowledge Base
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!(bind! &kb3 (new-space))
!(add-atom &kb3 (E (S "A") (S "B")))
!(add-atom &kb3 (E (S "C") (S "D")))
;; Adding a duplicate pattern for testing multiple matches
!(add-atom &kb3 (E (S "A") (S "E")))
;; Verify that the query returns the expected matches
!(assertEqualToResult (match &kb3 (E (S "A") $XX) $XX) ((S "B") (S "E")))

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; Comprehensive Test with Add, Remove, Query
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
!(bind! &kb4 (new-space))
!(add-atom &kb4 (S "initial-state"))
;; Perform a sequence of operations
!(add-atom &kb4 (S "x"))
!(remove-atom &kb4 (S "initial-state"))
!(add-atom &kb4 (S "y"))
;; Final state should have "x" and "y" only
!(assertEqualToResult (get-atoms &kb4) ((S "x") (S "y")))
;; Query to test the presence of "x" and "y"
!(assertTrue (query &kb4 (S "x")))
!(assertTrue (query &kb4 (S "y")))