# File hyperonpy.py

import re
from enum import Enum
from typing import List, Optional, Any, Callable

import os
import sys

# Mock functions to represent C/C++/Rust bindings or internal logic.
# These functions are placeholders for actual implementations.

def runner_state_new_with_parser(cmetta, cparser):
    """Creates a new RunnerState with a given parser and MeTTa instance."""
    print(f"Creating new RunnerState with parser {cparser} and MeTTa instance {cmetta}")
    return {'cmetta': cmetta, 'cparser': cparser}

def runner_state_free(cstate):
    """Frees the resources associated with the given RunnerState."""
    print(f"Freeing RunnerState: {cstate}")

def runner_state_step(cstate):
    """Executes the next step in the RunnerState."""
    print(f"Executing step in RunnerState: {cstate}")

def runner_state_err_str(cstate):
    """Returns error string from RunnerState, or None if no error."""
    return None

def runner_state_is_complete(cstate):
    """Checks if the RunnerState has finished executing."""
    print(f"Checking if RunnerState is complete: {cstate}")
    return True  # Mocking as complete for simplicity.

def runner_state_current_results(cstate):
    """Returns the current results of the program being executed."""
    print(f"Fetching current results from RunnerState: {cstate}")
    return [[{'catom': 'result1'}, {'catom': 'result2'}]]  # Mock results.

def metta_new(cspace, env_builder):
    """Initializes a new MeTTa interpreter instance."""
    print(f"Creating new MeTTa instance with space {cspace} and env builder {env_builder}")
    return {'cspace': cspace, 'env_builder': env_builder}

def metta_free(cmetta):
    """Frees the resources associated with the MeTTa instance."""
    print(f"Freeing MeTTa instance: {cmetta}")

def metta_eq(cmetta1, cmetta2):
    """Checks if two MeTTa instances are the same."""
    return cmetta1 == cmetta2

def metta_space(cmetta):
    """Gets the space associated with the MeTTa instance."""
    print(f"Fetching space from MeTTa instance: {cmetta}")
    return cmetta['cspace']

def metta_tokenizer(cmetta):
    """Gets the tokenizer associated with the MeTTa instance."""
    print(f"Fetching tokenizer from MeTTa instance: {cmetta}")
    return 'mock_tokenizer'  # Mock tokenizer.

def metta_run(cmetta, cparser):
    """Runs a program in the MeTTa interpreter using the given parser."""
    print(f"Running program in MeTTa instance {cmetta} with parser {cparser}")
    return [[{'catom': 'run_result1'}, {'catom': 'run_result2'}]]  # Mock results.

def metta_err_str(cmetta):
    """Returns error string from MeTTa instance, or None if no error."""
    return None

def metta_evaluate_atom(cmetta, catom):
    """Evaluates an atom in the MeTTa interpreter."""
    print(f"Evaluating atom {catom} in MeTTa instance {cmetta}")
    return [{'catom': 'eval_result1'}, {'catom': 'eval_result2'}]  # Mock result.

def env_builder_start():
    """Starts building an environment for MeTTa."""
    print("Starting environment builder.")
    return {'env': 'new_env_builder'}

def env_builder_push_fs_module_format(env_builder, module_format, priority):
    """Pushes a filesystem module format into the environment builder."""
    print(f"Pushing FS module format {module_format} with priority {priority} into env builder {env_builder}")

def env_builder_push_include_path(env_builder, path):
    """Pushes an include path into the environment builder."""
    print(f"Adding include path {path} to env builder {env_builder}")

def run_context_init_self_module(c_run_context, cspace, resource_dir):
    """Initializes a module within the current running context."""
    print(f"Initializing self module with space {cspace} and resource dir {resource_dir}")

def run_context_get_metta(c_run_context):
    """Gets the MeTTa instance associated with the current running context."""
    print(f"Fetching MeTTa instance from run context {c_run_context}")
    return 'mock_cmetta'

def run_context_get_space(c_run_context):
    """Gets the grounding space associated with the current running context."""
    print(f"Fetching space from run context {c_run_context}")
    return 'mock_cspace'

def run_context_get_tokenizer(c_run_context):
    """Gets the tokenizer associated with the current running context."""
    print(f"Fetching tokenizer from run context {c_run_context}")
    return 'mock_tokenizer'

def run_context_load_module(c_run_context, mod_name):
    """Loads a module by name in the current run context."""
    print(f"Loading module {mod_name} in run context {c_run_context}")
    return 'mock_mod_id'

def run_context_import_dependency(c_run_context, mod_id):
    """Imports a module dependency into the current run context."""
    print(f"Importing dependency {mod_id} into run context {c_run_context}")

def metta_load_module_direct(cmetta, mod_name, private_to, loader_func):
    """Directly loads a module into MeTTa."""
    print(f"Loading module {mod_name} directly into MeTTa instance {cmetta}")
    loader_func('mock_run_context', 'mock_descriptor')
    return 'mock_mod_id'

def metta_load_module_at_path(cmetta, path, mod_name):
    """Loads a module from a file system path into MeTTa."""
    print(f"Loading module {mod_name} from path {path} into MeTTa instance {cmetta}")
    return 'mock_mod_id'

def metta_working_dir(cmetta):
    """Gets the working directory associated with the MeTTa instance."""
    return os.getcwd()

def environment_config_dir():
    """Returns the config directory for the environment."""
    return os.path.expanduser('~/.metta')

def env_builder_init_common_env(builder):
    """Initializes a common environment for MeTTa."""
    print(f"Initializing common environment with builder {builder}")

def log_error(message):
    """Logs an error message."""
    print(f"Error: {message}")


# AtomKind Enum
class AtomKind(Enum):
    SYMBOL = "SYMBOL"
    VARIABLE = "VARIABLE"
    EXPR = "EXPR"
    GROUNDED = "GROUNDED"

# SerialResult Enum
class SerialResult(Enum):
    OK = "OK"
    NOT_SUPPORTED = "NOT_SUPPORTED"


# SyntaxNodeType Enum
class SyntaxNodeType(Enum):
    COMMENT = "COMMENT"
    VARIABLE_TOKEN = "VARIABLE_TOKEN"
    STRING_TOKEN = "STRING_TOKEN"
    WORD_TOKEN = "WORD_TOKEN"
    OPEN_PAREN = "OPEN_PAREN"
    CLOSE_PAREN = "CLOSE_PAREN"
    WHITESPACE = "WHITESPACE"
    LEFTOVER_TEXT = "LEFTOVER_TEXT"
    EXPRESSION_GROUP = "EXPRESSION_GROUP"
    ERROR_GROUP = "ERROR_GROUP"

# Mock CStruct equivalent
class CStruct:
    def __init__(self, obj=None):
        self.obj = obj
    def __init__(self, l2, **kwargs):
        self.__dict__.update(kwargs)

    def ptr(self):
        return self.obj


    # Core Atom and GroundedObject Classes

class AtomKind:
    SYMBOL = 0
    VARIABLE = 1
    EXPR = 2
    GROUNDED = 3

class SerialResult:
    NOT_SUPPORTED = -1

class Serializer:
    def serialize_bool(self, value):
        return f"bool({value})"

    def serialize_int(self, value):
        return f"int({value})"

    def serialize_float(self, value):
        return f"float({value})"

class GroundedObject:
    """Mock GroundedObject class for grounded atoms."""
    
    def __init__(self, typ, pyobj=None):
        self.typ = typ
        self.pyobj = pyobj

    def execute(self, args: List['CAtom']) -> List['CAtom']:
        """Simulate the execution of the grounded object with args."""
        return [CAtom(f"Executed({', '.join(arg.name for arg in args)})")]

    def serialize(self) -> str:
        """Serialize the grounded object."""
        return f"Grounded({self.typ.name})"


# Mock functions that simulate the behavior of Rust functions
def atom_free(catom):
    """Mock function to free an Atom."""
    print(f"Freeing Atom: {catom}")

def atom_eq(catom1, catom2):
    """Mock function to compare two Atoms."""
    return catom1 == catom2

def atom_sym(name):
    """Mock function to create a symbolic Atom."""
    return f"Symbol({name})"

def atom_var(name):
    """Mock function to create a variable Atom."""
    return f"Variable({name})"

def atom_expr(catoms):
    """Mock function to create an expression Atom."""
    return f"Expression({[str(c) for c in catoms]})"

def atom_get_metatype(catom):
    #return catom.atom_type
    """Mock function to get the metatype (kind) of an Atom."""
    if isinstance(catom,str):
        return AtomKind.SYMBOL
    if catom.atom_type == CAtomType.SYMBOL:
        return AtomKind.SYMBOL
    elif catom.atom_type == CAtomType.VARIABLE:
        return AtomKind.VARIABLE
    elif catom.atom_type == CAtomType.EXPR:
        return AtomKind.EXPR
    #elif "Grounded" in catom:
        return AtomKind.GROUNDED

def atom_get_name(catom):
    """Mock function to get the name of a Symbol or Variable Atom."""
    return catom.split("(")[1].rstrip(")")

def atom_get_children(catom):
    """Mock function to return the children of an expression Atom."""
    if "Expression" in catom:
        return catom.split("[")[1].rstrip("]").split(", ")
    return []

def atom_match_atom(catom1, catom2):
    """Mock function to match two Atoms."""
    return f"Matched({catom1}, {catom2})"

def atom_to_str(catom):
    """Mock function to convert Atom to string."""
    return f"Atom: {catom}"

def atom_is_cgrounded(catom):
    """Mock function to check if an Atom is grounded."""
    return "Grounded" in catom

def atom_get_object(catom):
    """Mock function to get object associated with a GroundedAtom."""
    return f"Object of {catom}"

def atom_get_grounded_type(catom):
    """Mock function to get the type of a GroundedAtom."""
    return f"GroundedType({catom})"

def atoms_are_equivalent(catom1, catom2):
    """Mock function to check if two atoms are equivalent."""
    return atom_eq(catom1, catom2)

class CBindings:
    """Mock Bindings object for managing variable-to-atom bindings."""
    pass

class CBindingsSet:
    """Mock BindingsSet object representing a set of Bindings."""
    pass

# CAtom Mock Class
class CAtom(CStruct):

    def __init__(self, name: str, grounded_object: Optional[GroundedObject] = None):
        self.name = name
        self.grounded_object = grounded_object


    """Updated Any class to handle symbolic and grounded atoms, plus expressions."""

    def __init__(self, name: str, grounded_object: Optional[GroundedObject] = None):
        self.name = name
        self.grounded_object = grounded_object
        self.children = []  # To support expression atoms

    def is_grounded(self) -> bool:
        """Check if the atom is grounded."""
        return self.grounded_object is not None

    def execute(self, args: List['Any']) -> List['Any']:
        """Execute the grounded atom's operation if it's grounded."""
        if self.is_grounded():
            return self.grounded_object.execute(args)
        else:
            raise RuntimeError("Attempting to execute a non-grounded atom")

    def __eq__(self, other) -> bool:
        """Check equality of two atoms."""
        if not isinstance(other, CAtom):
            return False
        if self.is_grounded() and other.is_grounded():
            return self.grounded_object.typ == other.grounded_object.typ
        return self.name == other.name

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        """String representation of the atom."""
        if self.is_grounded():
            return self.grounded_object.serialize()
        elif self.children:
            return f"Expr({', '.join(str(child) for child in self.children)})"
        return f"Symbol({self.name})"


    """Simulates a C-style atom with an ID and optional data."""
    def __init__(self, type_id, data=None):
        self.type_id = type_id
        self.data = data

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"CAtom(type_id={self.type_id}, data={self.data})"

    def __init__(self, name: str, grounded_object: Optional[GroundedObject] = None):
        self.name = name
        self.grounded_object = grounded_object

    def is_grounded(self) -> bool:
        """Check if the atom is grounded."""
        return self.grounded_object is not None

    def execute(self, args: List[Any]) -> List[Any]:
        """Execute the grounded atom's operation if it's grounded."""
        if self.is_grounded():
            return self.grounded_object.execute(args)
        else:
            raise RuntimeError("Attempting to execute a non-grounded atom")

    def serialize(self) -> str:
        """Serialize the atom into a string."""
        if self.is_grounded():
            return self.grounded_object.serialize()
        return f"Symbol({self.name})"

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        """String representation of the atom."""
        return self.serialize()

    def __init__(self, name: str, atom_type: str, grounded_object: Optional[GroundedObject] = None):
        self.name = name
        self.atom_type = atom_type
        self.grounded_object = grounded_object
        self.children = []  # To support expression atoms

    @staticmethod
    def atom_sym(name: str) -> 'Any':
        """Create a symbol atom."""
        return CAtom(name, AtomType.SYMBOL)

    @staticmethod
    def atom_var(name: str) -> 'Any':
        """Create a variable atom."""
        return CAtom(name, AtomType.VARIABLE)



    def is_grounded(self) -> bool:
        """Check if the atom is grounded."""
        return self.grounded_object is not None

    def execute(self, args: List['Any']) -> List['Any']:
        """Execute the grounded atom's operation if it's grounded."""
        if self.is_grounded():
            return self.grounded_object.execute(args)
        else:
            raise RuntimeError("Attempting to execute a non-grounded atom")

    def __eq__(self, other) -> bool:
        """Check equality of two atoms."""
        if not isinstance(other, CAtom):
            return False
        if self.is_grounded() and other.is_grounded():
            return self.grounded_object.typ == other.grounded_object.typ
        return self.name == other.name and self.atom_type == other.atom_type

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        """String representation of the atom."""
        if self.is_grounded():
            return self.grounded_object.serialize()
        elif self.children:
            return f"Expr({', '.join(str(child) for child in self.children)})"
        return f"{self.atom_type}({self.name})"

    def __init__(self, name: str, grounded_object: Optional[GroundedObject] = None):
        self.name = name
        self.grounded_object = grounded_object
        self.children = []

    @staticmethod
    def atom_sym(name: str) -> 'Any':
        """Create a symbol atom."""
        return CAtom(name)

    @staticmethod
    def atom_var(name: str) -> 'Any':
        """Create a variable atom."""
        return CAtom(name)


    @staticmethod
    def atom_gnd(pyobj: dict, typ: 'Any') -> 'Any':
        """Create a grounded atom with a Python object and type."""
        return CAtom(typ, CAtomType.GROUNDED, GroundedObject(typ, pyobj))



    def clone(self) -> 'Any':
        """Simulate cloning an atom."""
        return CAtom(self.name, self.grounded_object)

    def is_null(self) -> bool:
        """Check if the atom is null."""
        return self.name is None

    def is_grounded(self) -> bool:
        """Check if the atom is grounded."""
        return self.grounded_object is not None

    def execute(self, args: List['Any']) -> List['Any']:
        """Execute the grounded atom if applicable."""
        if self.is_grounded():
            return self.grounded_object.execute(args)
        raise RuntimeError("Attempting to execute a non-grounded atom")

    def __eq__(self, other) -> bool:
        """Equality check between two atoms."""
        if not isinstance(other, CAtom):
            return False
        if self.is_grounded() and other.is_grounded():
            return self.grounded_object.typ == other.grounded_object.typ
        return self.name == other.name

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        """String representation of the atom."""
        if self.is_grounded():
            return self.grounded_object.serialize()
        elif self.children:
            return f"Expr({', '.join(str(child) for child in self.children)})"
        return f"Symbol({self.name})"

    """Updated Any class to handle symbolic, variable, grounded atoms, plus expressions."""
    
    def __init__(self, name: str, atom_type: str = None, grounded_object: Optional[GroundedObject] = None):
        super().__init__(name)
        self.name = name
        self.atom_type = atom_type
        self.grounded_object = grounded_object
        self.children = []  # To support expression atoms

    @staticmethod
    def atom_sym(name: str) -> 'Any':
        """Create a symbol atom."""
        return CAtom(name, CAtomType.SYMBOL)

    @staticmethod
    def atom_var(name: str) -> 'Any':
        """Create a variable atom."""
        return CAtom(name, CAtomType.VARIABLE)

#    @staticmethod
#    def atom_expr(children: List['Any']) -> 'Any':
#        """Create an expression atom from children atoms."""
#        expr_atom = CAtom(f"Expr({', '.join(child.name for child in children)})")
#        expr_atom.children = children
#        return expr_atom
 

    @staticmethod
    def atom_expr(children: List['Any']):
       """Create an expression atom from child atoms."""
       strn = None #thing # f"Expr({', '.join(child.name for child in children)})"
       expr_atom = CAtom(strn, AtomType.EXPRESSION)
       expr_atom.children = children
       return expr_atom



    def is_grounded(self) -> bool:
        """Check if the atom is grounded."""
        return self.grounded_object is not None

    def execute(self, args: List['Any']) -> List['Any']:
        """Execute the grounded atom's operation if it's grounded."""
        if self.is_grounded():
            return self.grounded_object.execute(args)
        else:
            raise RuntimeError("Attempting to execute a non-grounded atom")

    def __eq__(self, other) -> bool:
        """Check equality of two atoms."""
        if not isinstance(other, CAtom):
            return False
        if self.is_grounded() and other.is_grounded():
            return self.grounded_object.typ == other.grounded_object.typ
        return self.name == other.name and self.atom_type == other.atom_type

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        """String representation of the atom."""
        if self.is_grounded():
            return self.grounded_object.serialize()
        elif self.children:
            return f"Expr({', '.join(str(child) for child in self.children)})"
        return f"{self.atom_type}({self.name})"


class CAtomType:
    UNDEFINED = atom_sym("Undefined")
    TYPE = atom_sym("Type")
    ATOM = atom_sym("Atom")
    SYMBOL = atom_sym("Symbol")
    VARIABLE = atom_sym("Variable")
    EXPRESSION = atom_sym("Expression")
    EXPR = EXPRESSION
    GROUNDED = atom_sym("Grounded")
    GROUNDED_SPACE = atom_sym("GroundedSpace")
    UNIT = atom_sym("Unit")

    
class CAtoms(CAtomType):
    EMPTY = atom_sym("Empty")
    UNIT = atom_sym("Unit")
    METTA = atom_sym("Metta")

class AtomType(CAtoms):
  pass


# CVecAtom Mock
class CVecAtom(CStruct):
    def __init__(self, atoms: List[CAtom]):
        super().__init__(atoms)

    def push(self, atom: CAtom):
        self.obj.append(atom)

# CBindings Mock
class CBindings(CStruct):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__({})

    def add_var_binding(self, var: CAtom, atom: CAtom):
        self.obj[var] = atom

    def resolve(self, var: CAtom) -> Optional[CAtom]:
        return self.obj.get(var, None)

# CBindingsSet Mock
class CBindingsSet(CStruct):
    def __init__(self, bindings_list: List[CBindings] = None):
        super().__init__(bindings_list or [])

    def push(self, bindings: CBindings):
        self.obj.append(bindings)

# CSpace Class for GroundingSpace
class CSpace(CStruct):
    def __init__(self):
        self.atoms = []

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return self.atoms == other.atoms

# Functions for space management
def space_new_grounding():
    """Mock function to create a new GroundingSpace."""
    return CSpace()

def space_add(cspace, catom):
    """Mock function to add an atom to the GroundingSpace."""
    cspace.atoms.append(catom)
    print(f"Atom {catom} added to the GroundingSpace.")

def space_remove(cspace, catom):
    """Mock function to remove an atom from the GroundingSpace."""
    if catom in cspace.atoms:
        cspace.atoms.remove(catom)
        print(f"Atom {catom} removed from the GroundingSpace.")
    else:
        print(f"Atom {catom} not found in GroundingSpace.")

def space_replace(cspace, old_catom, new_catom):
    """Mock function to replace an atom in the GroundingSpace."""
    for i, atom in enumerate(cspace.atoms):
        if atom == old_catom:
            cspace.atoms[i] = new_catom
            print(f"Atom {old_catom} replaced with {new_catom}.")
            return
    print(f"Atom {old_catom} not found for replacement.")

def space_atom_count(cspace):
    return len(cspace.atoms)

def space_list(cspace):
    """Mock function to return the list of atoms in the GroundingSpace."""
    return cspace.atoms

def space_free(cspace):
    """Mock function to return the list of atoms in the GroundingSpace."""  

def space_query(cspace, pattern_catom):
    """Mock function to perform a query on the GroundingSpace."""
    print(f"Query performed with pattern: {pattern_catom}")
    return MockBindingsSet()

def check_type(cspace, atom, type):
    """Mock function to check the type of an atom."""
    print(f"Checking type of {atom} against {type}")
    return True

def validate_atom(cspace, atom):
    """Mock function to validate the type of an atom."""
    print(f"Validating atom: {atom}")
    return True

def get_atom_types(cspace, atom):
    """Mock function to get types of an atom in the space."""
    return [f"Type_of_{atom}"]

def atom_is_error(catom):
    """Mock function to check if an atom is an error."""
    return "Error" in catom

# Mock BindingsSet
class MockBindingsSet:
    """Mock class representing a set of Bindings."""
    
    def __init__(self):
        self.bindings = [{"var": "value"}]

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"BindingsSet({self.bindings})"


# Tokenizer and SyntaxNode Mock Functions

def tokenizer_new():
    """Mock function to create a new Tokenizer."""
    return "MockTokenizer"

def tokenizer_free(ctokenizer):
    """Mock function to free the Tokenizer."""
    print("Freeing Tokenizer.")

def tokenizer_register_token(ctokenizer, regex, constr):
    """Mock function to register a token in the Tokenizer."""
    print(f"Token registered: {regex} -> {constr}")

def syntax_node_free(cnode):
    """Mock function to free a SyntaxNode."""
    print("Freeing SyntaxNode.")

def syntax_node_type(cnode):
    """Mock function to return the type of a SyntaxNode."""
    return "MockNodeType"

def syntax_node_src_range(cnode):
    """Mock function to return the source range of a SyntaxNode."""
    return (0, 10)

def syntax_node_unroll(cnode):
    """Mock function to unroll the SyntaxNode into its children."""
    return ["ChildNode1", "ChildNode2"]

# Mock SExprParser
class MockSExprParser:
    """Mock class for parsing S-expressions."""
    
    def __init__(self, text):
        self.text = text

    def parse(self, ctokenizer):
        """Mock parsing of an S-expression."""
        print(f"Parsing S-expression with tokenizer: {ctokenizer}")
        return "MockAtom"

    def parse_to_syntax_tree(self):
        """Mock parsing of an S-expression into a syntax tree."""
        return "MockSyntaxTree"

def CSExprParser(text):
    """Create a mock SExprParser."""
    return MockSExprParser(text)

# Interpreter Mock
def interpret_init(cspace, expr_catom):
    """Mock function to initialize interpretation."""
    print(f"Interpretation initialized with {expr_catom}.")
    return "StepResult"

def step_has_next(step_result):
    """Mock function to check if there are more interpretation steps."""
    return False

def interpret_step(step_result):
    """Mock function to perform the next interpretation step."""
    print("Performing interpretation step.")
    return "NextStepResult"

def step_get_result(step_result):
    """Mock function to get the final result of interpretation."""
    print("Getting interpretation result.")
    return ["ResultAtom"]

# Serializer Mock
class Serializer:
    def serialize_bool(self, v: bool) -> SerialResult:
        return SerialResult.OK if isinstance(v, bool) else SerialResult.NOT_SUPPORTED

    def serialize_int(self, v: int) -> SerialResult:
        return SerialResult.OK if isinstance(v, int) else SerialResult.NOT_SUPPORTED

    def serialize_float(self, v: float) -> SerialResult:
        return SerialResult.OK if isinstance(v, float) else SerialResult.NOT_SUPPORTED

# CStepResult Mock
class CStepResult(CStruct):
    def __str__(self):
        return f"StepResult({self.obj})"

# CMetta Mock Class
class CMetta(CStruct):
    def __init__(self, space: CSpace):
        super().__init__(space)

    def evaluate_atom(self, atom: CAtom) -> List[CAtom]:
        return [atom]

    def run(self, parser: MockSExprParser) -> List[List[CAtom]]:
        return [[CAtom(f"RunParsed({parser.text})")]]

# EnvBuilder Mock
class EnvBuilder(CStruct):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__("Environment")

# Utility methods to initialize objects
def atom_sym(name: str) -> CAtom:
    return CAtom.atom_sym(name)

def atom_var(name: str) -> CAtom:
    return CAtom.atom_var(name)

def atom_expr(children: List[CAtom]) -> CAtom:
    return CAtom.atom_expr(children)

def atom_gnd(obj, typ: CAtom) -> CAtom:
    return CAtom.atom_gnd(obj, typ)

def atom_vec_new() -> CVecAtom:
    return CVecAtom([])

def atom_vec_push(vec: CVecAtom, atom: CAtom):
    vec.push(atom)

def space_new_grounding() -> CSpace:
    return CSpace()

def interpret_init(space: CSpace, expr: CAtom) -> CStepResult:
    return CStepResult(f"Init(Space={space}, Expr={expr})")

def metta_new(space: CSpace, env_builder: EnvBuilder) -> CMetta:
    return CMetta(space)

def env_builder_start() -> EnvBuilder:
    return EnvBuilder()

# Bindings & BindingsSet functions
def bindings_new():
    return CBindings()

def bindings_free(cbindings):
    print("Freeing Bindings.")

def bindings_eq(cbindings1, cbindings2):
    return cbindings1 == cbindings2

def bindings_to_str(cbindings):
    return str(cbindings.obj)

def bindings_clone(cbindings):
    return CBindings({**cbindings.obj})

def bindings_add_var_binding(cbindings, var_catom, atom_catom):
    cbindings.add_var_binding(var_catom, atom_catom)

def bindings_is_empty(cbindings):
    return not bool(cbindings.obj)

def bindings_resolve(cbindings, var_catom):
    return cbindings.resolve(var_catom)

def bindings_list(cbindings):
    return list(cbindings.obj.items())

def bindings_merge(cbindings1, cbindings2):
    cbindings1.obj.update(cbindings2.obj)

def bindings_set_single():
    return CBindingsSet([CBindings()])

def bindings_set_from_bindings(cbindings):
    return CBindingsSet([cbindings])

def bindings_set_is_empty(cbindings_set):
    return len(cbindings_set.obj) == 0

def bindings_set_is_single(cbindings_set):
    return len(cbindings_set.obj) == 1

def bindings_set_push(cbindings_set, cbindings):
    cbindings_set.push(cbindings)

def bindings_set_eq(cbindings_set1, cbindings_set2):
    return cbindings_set1 == cbindings_set2

def bindings_set_to_str(cbindings_set):
    return str(cbindings_set.obj)

def bindings_set_unpack(cbindings_set):
    return [bindings.obj for bindings in cbindings_set.obj]

# Example usage
space = CSpace()

# Create atoms
atom1 = CAtom("X", CAtomType.SYMBOL)
atom2 = CAtom("Y", CAtomType.VARIABLE)
grounded_atom = CAtom.atom_gnd(pyobj={"data": "test"}, typ=CAtom("GroundedType", CAtomType.GROUNDED))

# Add atoms to the space
space_add(space, atom1)
space_add(space, atom2)
space_add(space, grounded_atom)

# Query the space
query_atom = CAtom("X", CAtomType.SYMBOL)
print("Query result:", space_query(space, query_atom))

# Replace atom
space_replace(space, atom1, CAtom("Z", CAtomType.SYMBOL))
print("Space after replacement:", space_list(space))

# Interpret an expression
expr_atom = CAtom.atom_expr([atom2, grounded_atom])
interpreter = interpret_init(space, expr_atom)

# Final result from interpreter mock
print("Final interpretation result:", step_get_result(interpreter))



import re
from typing import List, Optional, Dict, Any
#import pybind11 as py
#from hyperon import hyperon

# Python Implementation of C++ Classes

class GroundedObject:
    """Mock GroundedObject class to represent grounded behavior in atoms."""

    def __init__(self, typ, pyobj):
        self.typ = typ
        self.pyobj = pyobj

    def execute(self, args: List['CAtom']) -> List['CAtom']:
        """Simulates executing a grounded atom with arguments."""
        return [CAtom(f"Executed({self.typ}, {', '.join(str(arg) for arg in args)})")]

    def serialize(self) -> str:
        """Serializes the grounded object."""
        return f"GroundedObject({self.pyobj})"





# Example usage
if __name__ == "__main__":
    symbol_atom = CAtom.atom_sym("X")
    variable_atom = CAtom.atom_var("Y")
    expr_atom = CAtom.atom_expr([symbol_atom, variable_atom])

    grounded_type = CAtom.atom_sym("Int")
    grounded_atom = CAtom.atom_gnd(42, grounded_type)

    print("Symbol Atom:", symbol_atom)
    print("Variable Atom:", variable_atom)
    print("Expression Atom:", expr_atom)
    print("Grounded Atom:", grounded_atom)
    
    result = grounded_atom.execute([CAtom.atom_sym("arg1"), CAtom.atom_sym("arg2")])
    print("Executed Grounded Atom Result:", result)


class CBindingsSet:
    def __init__(self):
        self.bindings = {}

    def add_binding(self, var, value):
        self.bindings[var] = value

    def __str__(self):
        return str(self.bindings)


class CSpace:
    def __init__(self):
        self.atoms = []

    def add(self, atom: CAtom):
        self.atoms.append(atom)

    def remove(self, atom: CAtom) -> bool:
        if atom in self.atoms:
            self.atoms.remove(atom)
            return True
        return False

    def replace(self, from_atom: CAtom, to_atom: CAtom) -> bool:
        for i, existing_atom in enumerate(self.atoms):
            if existing_atom == from_atom:
                self.atoms[i] = to_atom
                return True
        return False

    def atom_count(self) -> int:
        return len(self.atoms)

    def query(self, pattern: CAtom) -> List[CAtom]:
        matched_atoms = []
        pattern_name = pattern.name
        if pattern.is_grounded():
            for atom in self.atoms:
                if atom.is_grounded() and atom.grounded_object.typ.name == pattern.grounded_object.typ.name:
                    matched_atoms.append(atom)
        else:
            regex = re.compile(pattern_name)
            for atom in self.atoms:
                if regex.match(atom.name):
                    matched_atoms.append(atom)
        return matched_atoms

    def __str__(self):
        return f"Space({', '.join(str(atom) for atom in self.atoms)})"


class CStepResult:
    def __init__(self, result_atoms: List[CAtom]):
        self.result_atoms = result_atoms

    def get_result(self) -> List[CAtom]:
        return self.result_atoms


class Interpreter:
    def __init__(self, gnd_space: CSpace, expr: CAtom):
        self.gnd_space = gnd_space
        self.expr = expr
        self.step_result = CStepResult([expr])
        self.step_count = 0
        self.max_steps = 3

    def has_next(self) -> bool:
        return self.step_count < self.max_steps

    def next(self):
        if self.has_next():
            self.step_count += 1
            if self.step_count == self.max_steps:
                self.step_result = CStepResult([CAtom(f"Evaluated({self.expr.name})")])
            else:
                self.step_result = CStepResult([CAtom(f"Step{self.step_count}({self.expr.name})")])
        else:
            raise StopIteration("No more steps to execute.")

    def get_result(self) -> List[CAtom]:
        if self.has_next():
            raise RuntimeError("Plan execution is not finished yet.")
        return self.step_result.get_result()

    def get_step_result(self) -> List[CAtom]:
        return self.step_result.get_result()


class CTokenizer:
    def __init__(self):
        self.tokens = []

    def register_token(self, regex, constr):
        self.tokens.append((re.compile(regex), constr))

    def parse(self, text: str) -> List[CAtom]:
        atoms = []
        for regex, constr in self.tokens:
            if regex.match(text):
                atom = constr(text)
                atoms.append(atom)
        return atoms


class Serializer:
    def serialize(self, obj: CAtom) -> str:
        if obj.is_grounded():
            return obj.grounded_object.serialize()
        elif obj.children:
            return f"Expr({', '.join(self.serialize(child) for child in obj.children)})"
        return f"Symbol({obj.name})"


def py_execute(_gnd: GroundedObject, _args: List[CAtom], ret: List[CAtom]):
    hyperon_module = py.module___import("hyperon.atoms")
    execute_fn = hyperon_module.attr("_priv_call_execute_on_grounded_atom")
    no_reduce_error = hyperon_module.attr("NoReduceError")
    pyobj = _gnd.pyobj
    pytyp = _gnd.typ
    try:
        args = [CAtom(atom) for atom in _args]
        result = execute_fn(pyobj, pytyp, args)
        for atom in result:
            if not hasattr(atom, "catom"):
                raise RuntimeError("Grounded operation returned non-atom type")
            ret.append(CAtom(atom.catom))
    except Exception as e:
        raise RuntimeError(f"Execution Error: {e}")

# Additional pybind11 functionality, modules, serialization, and advanced features omitted for brevity.
        
        

class CVecAtom:
    """Mock CVecAtom class representing a vector of atoms."""

    def __init__(self, atoms: Optional[List[CAtom]] = None):
        self.atoms = atoms or []

    def push(self, atom: CAtom):
        """Push an atom into the vector."""
        self.atoms.append(atom)

    def pop(self) -> Optional[CAtom]:
        """Pop an atom from the vector."""
        return self.atoms.pop() if self.atoms else None

    def len(self) -> int:
        """Return the length of the vector."""
        return len(self.atoms)

class CBindings:
    """Mock CBindings class representing variable bindings."""

    def __init__(self):
        self.bindings = {}

    def add_var_binding(self, var: CAtom, atom: CAtom):
        """Add a binding between a variable and an atom."""
        self.bindings[var.name] = atom

    def resolve(self, var: CAtom) -> Optional[CAtom]:
        """Resolve the atom for a given variable."""
        return self.bindings.get(var.name)

class CSpace:
    """Mock CSpace class representing a grounding space."""

    def __init__(self):
        self.atoms = []

    def add(self, atom: CAtom):
        """Add an atom to the space."""
        self.atoms.append(atom)

    def remove(self, atom: CAtom):
        """Remove an atom from the space."""
        self.atoms.remove(atom)

    def query(self, pattern: CAtom) -> List[CAtom]:
        """Query atoms from the space by pattern (mock behavior)."""
        return [atom for atom in self.atoms if re.match(pattern.name, atom.name)]

class CSExprParser:
    """Mock S-expression parser class."""

    def __init__(self, text: str):
        self.text = text

    def parse(self) -> Optional[CAtom]:
        """Parse an S-expression and return an atom."""
        if "(" in self.text and ")" in self.text:
            return CAtom.atom_expr([CAtom("mock_child")])
        return None

class Serializer:
    """Mock serializer class for serializing atoms."""

    def serialize_bool(self, value: bool) -> str:
        return f"bool({value})"

    def serialize_int(self, value: int) -> str:
        return f"int({value})"

    def serialize_float(self, value: float) -> str:
        return f"float({value})"

class CBindingsSet:
    """Mock CBindingsSet class representing a set of variable bindings."""

    def __init__(self):
        self.bindings_list = []

    def add(self, bindings: CBindings):
        """Add a set of bindings to the set."""
        self.bindings_list.append(bindings)

    def is_empty(self) -> bool:
        """Check if the bindings set is empty."""
        return len(self.bindings_list) == 0

    def is_single(self) -> bool:
        """Check if the bindings set has a single bindings."""
        return len(self.bindings_list) == 1

    def list(self) -> List[CBindings]:
        """Return the list of bindings."""
        return self.bindings_list

class CTokenizer:
    """Mock CTokenizer class representing a tokenizer."""

    def __init__(self):
        self.tokens = []

    def register_token(self, regex: str, constr_func):
        """Register a token with a regex and a constructor."""
        self.tokens.append((regex, constr_func))

    def tokenize(self, text: str) -> List[CAtom]:
        """Tokenize a string based on registered regex patterns."""
        result = []
        for regex, constr in self.tokens:
            if re.match(regex, text):
                result.append(constr(text))
        return result

class CSyntaxNode:
    """Mock CSyntaxNode class representing a node in a syntax tree."""

    def __init__(self, value: str, node_type: str = "EXPRESSION"):
        self.value = value
        self.node_type = node_type
        self.children = []

    def add_child(self, child: 'CSyntaxNode'):
        """Add a child node to this syntax node."""
        self.children.append(child)

    def get_type(self) -> str:
        """Return the type of the syntax node."""
        return self.node_type

    def unroll(self) -> List['CSyntaxNode']:
        """Return all children nodes recursively."""
        return [self] + [child.unroll() for child in self.children]

class CStepResult:
    """Mock class for a step result in an interpretation process."""

    def __init__(self, atoms: List[CAtom]):
        self.atoms = atoms
        self.has_more_steps = False

    def has_next(self) -> bool:
        """Check if there are more steps to execute."""
        return self.has_more_steps

    def get_result(self) -> List[CAtom]:
        """Return the result of the current step."""
        return self.atoms

class CMetta:
    """Mock class representing the MeTTa interpreter."""

    def __init__(self, space: CSpace):
        self.space = space

    def run(self, parser: CSExprParser) -> List[CAtom]:
        """Run the MeTTa interpreter with a parsed expression."""
        parsed_atom = parser.parse()
        if parsed_atom:
            self.space.add(parsed_atom)
        return self.space.query(CAtom(".*"))

    def evaluate_atom(self, atom: CAtom) -> List[CAtom]:
        """Evaluate an atom in the space."""
        return self.space.query(atom)

class Interpreter:
    """Mock Interpreter class for interpreting expressions."""

    def __init__(self, gnd_space: CSpace, expr: CAtom):
        self.step_result = CStepResult([expr])

    def has_next(self) -> bool:
        """Check if there are more steps to execute."""
        return self.step_result.has_next()

    def next(self):
        """Execute the next step in the interpretation process."""
        # Simulated step behavior
        self.step_result.has_more_steps = False

    def get_result(self) -> List[CAtom]:
        """Get the final result of the interpretation."""
        return self.step_result.get_result()

class EnvBuilder:
    """Mock class for environment building in the MeTTa context."""

    def __init__(self):
        self.working_dir = ""
        self.config_dir = ""
        self.include_paths = []
        self.is_test_env = False

    def set_working_dir(self, path: str):
        """Set the working directory."""
        self.working_dir = path

    def set_config_dir(self, path: str):
        """Set the configuration directory."""
        self.config_dir = path

    def push_include_path(self, path: str):
        """Add an include path."""
        self.include_paths.append(path)

    def use_test_env(self):
        """Set the environment to be used for testing."""
        self.is_test_env = True

    def build(self):
        """Finalize the environment setup and return the environment context."""
        return {
            'working_dir': self.working_dir,
            'config_dir': self.config_dir,
            'include_paths': self.include_paths,
            'is_test_env': self.is_test_env
        }

class CMetta:
    """Mock class representing the MeTTa interpreter."""

    def __init__(self, space: CSpace, env_builder: Optional[EnvBuilder] = None):
        self.space = space
        self.env = env_builder.build() if env_builder else {}

    def run(self, parser: CSExprParser) -> List[CAtom]:
        """Run the MeTTa interpreter on the given parser."""
        parsed_atom = parser.parse()
        if parsed_atom:
            self.space.add(parsed_atom)
        return self.space.query(CAtom(".*"))

    def evaluate_atom(self, atom: CAtom) -> List[CAtom]:
        """Evaluate a specific atom in the space."""
        return self.space.query(atom)





import re
from typing import Optional, List


class CBindingsSet:
    """Mock CBindingsSet class to represent variable bindings."""
    
    def __init__(self):
        self.bindings = {}

    def add_binding(self, var, value):
        """Add a variable binding."""
        self.bindings[var] = value

    def __str__(self):
        """String representation of bindings."""
        return str(self.bindings)


class CSpace:
    """Mock CSpace class representing a space where atoms are stored and queried."""
    
    def __init__(self):
        self.atoms = []
    
    def add(self, atom: CAtom):
        """Add an atom to the space."""
        self.atoms.append(atom)
    
    def remove(self, atom: CAtom) -> bool:
        """Remove an atom from the space."""
        if atom in self.atoms:
            self.atoms.remove(atom)
            return True
        return False
    
    def replace(self, from_atom: CAtom, to_atom: CAtom) -> bool:
        """Replace an atom in the space."""
        for i, existing_atom in enumerate(self.atoms):
            if existing_atom == from_atom:
                self.atoms[i] = to_atom
                return True
        return False
    
    def atom_count(self) -> int:
        """Return the number of atoms in the space."""
        return len(self.atoms)

    def query(self, pattern: CAtom) -> List[CAtom]:
        """
        Query atoms based on a pattern. The pattern can be symbolic (e.g., regex-style)
        or grounded atoms.
        """
        matched_atoms = []
        pattern_name = pattern.name

        if pattern.is_grounded():
            # If the pattern is grounded, we match by checking the type and value.
            for atom in self.atoms:
                if atom.is_grounded() and atom.grounded_object.typ.name == pattern.grounded_object.typ.name:
                    matched_atoms.append(atom)
        else:
            # Use regex-style pattern matching for symbolic atoms
            regex = re.compile(pattern_name)
            for atom in self.atoms:
                #if regex.match(__str(atom.name)__):
                    matched_atoms.append(atom)
        return matched_atoms

    def __str__(self):
        """String representation of the space."""
        return f"Space({', '.join(str(atom) for atom in self.atoms)})"


class CStepResult:
    """Represents the result of a step during interpretation."""
    
    def __init__(self, result_atoms: List[CAtom]):
        self.result_atoms = result_atoms

    def get_result(self) -> List[CAtom]:
        """Return the result of the current step."""
        return self.result_atoms


class Interpreter:
    """Advanced Interpreter for interpreting expressions within a grounding space."""
    
    def __init__(self, gnd_space: CSpace, expr: CAtom):
        """
        Initializes the interpreter with a space and an expression.
        The expression is evaluated step by step.
        """
        self.gnd_space = gnd_space
        self.expr = expr
        self.step_result = CStepResult([expr])
        self.step_count = 0
        self.max_steps = 3  # Let's assume it takes 3 steps to evaluate the expression.
    
    def has_next(self) -> bool:
        """Check if there are more steps to execute."""
        return self.step_count < self.max_steps
    
    def next(self):
        """Execute the next step in the interpretation."""
        if self.has_next():
            self.step_count += 1
            # Simulate step evaluation logic. We reduce the expression in each step.
            if self.step_count == self.max_steps:
                self.step_result = CStepResult([CAtom(f"Evaluated({self.expr.name})")])
            else:
                self.step_result = CStepResult([CAtom(f"Step{self.step_count}({self.expr.name})")])
        else:
            raise StopIteration("No more steps to execute.")
    
    def get_result(self) -> List[CAtom]:
        """Return the result of the interpretation."""
        if self.has_next():
            raise RuntimeError("Plan execution is not finished yet.")
        return self.step_result.get_result()

    def get_step_result(self) -> List[CAtom]:
        """Return the current result of the ongoing step."""
        return self.step_result.get_result()


# Example usage

# Create a space
space = CSpace()

# Create atoms
atom1 = CAtom("X")
atom2 = CAtom("Y")
grounded_atom = CAtom.atom_gnd(pyobj={"data": "test"}, typ=CAtom("GroundedType"))

# Add atoms to the space
space.add(atom1)
space.add(atom2)
space.add(grounded_atom)

# Query the space
query_atom = CAtom("X")
print("Query result:", space.query(query_atom))

# Replace atom
space.replace(atom1, CAtom("Z"))
print("Space after replacement:", space)

# Interpret an expression
expr_atom = CAtom.atom_expr([atom2, grounded_atom])
interpreter = Interpreter(space, expr_atom)

while interpreter.has_next():
    interpreter.next()
    print("Step result:", interpreter.get_step_result())

# Final result
print("Final result:", interpreter.get_result())








# CVecAtom Mock Class
class CVecAtom(CStruct):
    """Vector of atoms, similar to std::vector<Atom> in C++."""
    def __init__(self, atoms: List[CAtom] = None):
        super().__init__(atoms if atoms else [])

    def push(self, atom: CAtom):
        self.obj.append(atom)

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(self.obj)

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.obj)


# CBindings and CBindingsSet Mock Classes
class CBindings(CStruct):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__({})

    def add_var_binding(self, var: CAtom, atom: CAtom):
        self.obj[var] = atom

    def resolve(self, var: CAtom) -> Optional[CAtom]:
        return self.obj.get(var, None)


# CBindingsSet Mock
class CBindingsSet(CStruct):
    def __init__(self, bindings_list: List[CBindings] = None):
        super().__init__(bindings_list or [])

    def push(self, bindings: CBindings):
        self.obj.append(bindings)


# CRunContext Mock Class
class CRunContext:
    """Mock class for run context."""
    def get_space(self):
        return CSpace()


# MockCSpace Mock Class
class MockCSpace:
    """Mock class for CSpace."""
    def __init__(self):
        self.atoms = []

    def add_atom(self, atom):
        self.atoms.append(atom)




# CBindings and CBindingsSet Mock Classes
class CBindings(CStruct):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__({})

    def add_var_binding(self, var: CAtom, atom: CAtom):
        self.obj[var] = atom

    def resolve(self, var: CAtom) -> Optional[CAtom]:
        return self.obj.get(var, None)


# CBindingsSet Mock
class CBindingsSet(CStruct):
    def __init__(self, bindings_list: List[CBindings] = None):
        super().__init__(bindings_list or [])

    def push(self, bindings: CBindings):
        self.obj.append(bindings)


# CSpace Mock Class
class CSpace(CStruct):
    """Represents a space where atoms and expressions can exist and be manipulated."""
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__([])
        self.items = []

    def add(self, atom: CAtom):
        self.items.append(atom)

    def query(self, pattern: CAtom) -> CBindingsSet:
        matches = [CBindings() for atom in self.items if atom.obj == pattern.obj]
        return CBindingsSet(matches)


# CTokenizer Mock Class
class CTokenizer(CStruct):
    """Breaks text into tokens based on rules."""
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__([])

    def register_token(self, regex: str, constr: Callable):
        self.obj.append((regex, constr))

    def tokenize(self, text: str) -> List[str]:
        tokens = [f"Token({t})" for t in text.split()]
        return tokens


# CSyntaxNode Mock
def syntax_node_free(cnode):
    print("Freeing SyntaxNode.")


def syntax_node_type(cnode):
    return "MockNodeType"


def syntax_node_src_range(cnode):
    return (0, 10)


def syntax_node_unroll(cnode):
    return ["ChildNode1", "ChildNode2"]


# CStepResult Mock Class
class CStepResult(CStruct):
    def __init__(self, result: str):
        super().__init__(result)

    def __str__(self):
        return f"StepResult({self.obj})"


# CRunnerState Mock Class
class CRunnerState(CStruct):
    def __init__(self, state: str):
        super().__init__(state)

    def step(self):
        return CStepResult(f"Step({self.obj})")

    def current_results(self) -> List[CAtom]:
        return [CAtom(f"Result({self.obj})")]

    def is_complete(self) -> bool:
        return "Complete" in self.obj


# CMetta Mock Class
class CMetta(CStruct):
    def __init__(self, space: CSpace):
        super().__init__(space)

    def evaluate_atom(self, atom: CAtom) -> List[CAtom]:
        return [atom]

    def run(self, parser: CSExprParser) -> List[List[CAtom]]:
        return [[CAtom(f"RunParsed({parser.text})")]]


# CRunContext Mock Class
class CRunContext:
    """Mock class for run context."""
    def get_space(self):
        return CSpace()


# CModuleDescriptor Mock
class CModuleDescriptor:
    """Describes a module with metadata."""
    def __init__(self, name, description):
        self.name = name
        self.description = description

    def __str__(self):
        return f"Module: {self.name}, Description: {self.description}"


# ModuleId Mock Class
class ModuleId(CStruct):
    def __init__(self, mod_id: int):
        super().__init__(mod_id)

    def is_valid(self):
        return self.obj is not None


# EnvBuilder Mock Class
class EnvBuilder(CStruct):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__("Environment")


# Functions for handling modules and running the interpreter
def run_context_load_module(run_context: CRunContext, mod_name: str) -> ModuleId:
    return ModuleId(f"Module({mod_name})")


def run_context_init_self_module(run_context: CRunContext, space: CSpace, resource_dir: str):
    return f"Init Module in {resource_dir} with Space={space}"


def run_context_get_tokenizer(run_context: CRunContext) -> CTokenizer:
    return CTokenizer()


def run_context_get_metta(run_context: CRunContext) -> CMetta:
    return CMetta(run_context.get_space())


def runner_state_new_with_parser(metta: CMetta, parser: CSExprParser) -> CRunnerState:
    return CRunnerState(f"RunnerState(Parser={parser.text})")


def runner_state_new_with_atoms(metta: CMetta, atoms: CVecAtom) -> CRunnerState:
    return CRunnerState(f"RunnerState(Atoms={atoms.obj})")


def runner_state_step(state: CRunnerState):
    return state.step()


def runner_state_is_complete(state: CRunnerState) -> bool:
    return state.is_complete()


def runner_state_current_results(state: CRunnerState) -> List[CAtom]:
    return state.current_results()


# Functions to support loading of modules and environments
def env_builder_set_working_dir(builder: EnvBuilder, path: str):
    builder.obj = f"Set Working Dir: {path}"


def env_builder_set_config_dir(builder: EnvBuilder, path: str):
    builder.obj = f"Set Config Dir: {path}"


def env_builder_push_include_path(builder: EnvBuilder, path: str):
    builder.obj = f"Push Include Path: {path}"


def metta_load_module_direct(metta: CMetta, mod_name: str, func: Callable) -> ModuleId:
    return ModuleId(f"DirectModule({mod_name})")


def metta_load_module_at_path(metta: CMetta, path: str, mod_name: Optional[str] = None) -> ModuleId:
    mod_name = mod_name or "UnknownModule"
    return ModuleId(f"LoadModuleAtPath({path}, {mod_name})")


# Function to simulate running a MeTTa program
def metta_run(metta: CMetta, parser: CSExprParser) -> List[List[CAtom]]:
    return [[CAtom(f"RunParsed({parser.text})")]]


def metta_evaluate_atom(metta: CMetta, atom: CAtom) -> List[CAtom]:
    return [CAtom(f"EvaluateAtom({atom.obj})")]

# Space Management Functions
def space_new_grounding():
    return MockCSpace()


def space_add(cspace, catom):
    cspace.atoms.append(catom)
    print(f"Atom {catom} added to the GroundingSpace.")


def space_remove(cspace, catom):
    if catom in cspace.atoms:
        cspace.atoms.remove(catom)
        print(f"Atom {catom} removed from the GroundingSpace.")
    else:
        print(f"Atom {catom} not found in GroundingSpace.")


def space_replace(cspace, old_catom, new_catom):
    for i, atom in enumerate(cspace.atoms):
        if atom == old_catom:
            cspace.atoms[i] = new_catom
            print(f"Atom {old_catom} replaced with {new_catom}.")
            return
    print(f"Atom {old_catom} not found for replacement.")


def space_atom_count(cspace):
    return len(cspace.atoms)


def space_list(cspace):
    return cspace.atoms


def space_query(cspace, pattern_catom):
    print(f"Query performed with pattern: {pattern_catom}")
    return MockBindingsSet()


def check_type(cspace, atom, type):
    print(f"Checking type of {atom} against {type}")
    return True


def validate_atom(cspace, atom):
    print(f"Validating atom: {atom}")
    return True


def get_atom_types(cspace, atom):
    return [f"Type_of_{atom}"]


def atom_is_error(catom):
    return "Error" in catom


# Mock BindingsSet
class MockBindingsSet:
    def __init__(self):
        self.bindings = [{"var": "value"}]

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"BindingsSet({self.bindings})"


# Tokenizer Mock
def tokenizer_new():
    return "MockTokenizer"


def tokenizer_free(ctokenizer):
    print("Freeing Tokenizer.")


def tokenizer_register_token(ctokenizer, regex, constr):
    print(f"Token registered: {regex} -> {constr}")


# Mock SExprParser
class MockSExprParser:
    def __init__(self, text):
        self.text = text

    def parse(self, ctokenizer):
        print(f"Parsing S-expression with tokenizer: {ctokenizer}")
        return "MockAtom"

    def parse_to_syntax_tree(self):
        return "MockSyntaxTree"


def CSExprParser(text):
    return MockSExprParser(text)


# Interpreter Mock
def interpret_init(cspace, expr_catom):
    print(f"Interpretation initialized with {expr_catom}.")
    return "StepResult"


def step_has_next(step_result):
    return False


def interpret_step(step_result):
    print("Performing interpretation step.")
    return "NextStepResult"


def step_get_result(step_result):
    print("Getting interpretation result.")
    return ["ResultAtom"]



def space_new_grounding() -> MockCSpace:
    return MockCSpace()


def interpret_init(space: MockCSpace, expr: CAtom) -> CStepResult:
    return CStepResult(f"Init(Space={space}, Expr={expr})")


def metta_new(space: MockCSpace, env_builder: EnvBuilder) -> CMetta:
    return CMetta(space)


def env_builder_start() -> EnvBuilder:
    return EnvBuilder()


# Bindings & BindingsSet functions
def bindings_new():
    return CBindings()





def bindings_free(cbindings):
    print("Freeing Bindings.")


def bindings_eq(cbindings1, cbindings2):
    return cbindings1 == cbindings2


def bindings_to_str(cbindings):
    return str(cbindings.obj)


def bindings_clone(cbindings):
    return CBindings({**cbindings.obj})


def bindings_add_var_binding(cbindings, var_catom, atom_catom):
    cbindings.add_var_binding(var_catom, atom_catom)


def bindings_is_empty(cbindings):
    return not bool(cbindings.obj)


def bindings_resolve(cbindings, var_catom):
    return cbindings.resolve(var_catom)


def bindings_list(cbindings):
    return list(cbindings.obj.items())


def bindings_merge(cbindings1, cbindings2):
    cbindings1.obj.update(cbindings2.obj)


def bindings_set_single():
    return CBindingsSet([CBindings()])


def bindings_set_from_bindings(cbindings):
    return CBindingsSet([cbindings])


def bindings_set_is_empty(cbindings_set):
    return len(cbindings_set.obj) == 0


def bindings_set_is_single(cbindings_set):
    return len(cbindings_set.obj) == 1


def bindings_set_push(cbindings_set, cbindings):
    cbindings_set.push(cbindings)


def bindings_set_eq(cbindings_set1, cbindings_set2):
    return cbindings_set1 == cbindings_set2


def bindings_set_to_str(cbindings_set):
    return str(cbindings_set.obj)


def bindings_set_unpack(cbindings_set):
    return [bindings.obj for bindings in cbindings_set.obj]



# Environment and configuration handling
def env_builder_start() -> EnvBuilder:
    return EnvBuilder()

def environment_config_dir() -> str:
    return "/path/to/config"



def atom_sym(name: str) -> CAtom:
    return CAtom.atom_sym(name)


def atom_var(name: str) -> CAtom:
    return CAtom.atom_var(name)


def atom_expr(children: List[CAtom]) -> CAtom:
    return CAtom.atom_expr(children)


def atom_gnd(obj, typ: CAtom) -> CAtom:
    return CAtom.atom_gnd(obj, typ)


def atom_vec_new() -> CVecAtom:
    return CVecAtom([])


def atom_vec_push(vec: CVecAtom, atom: CAtom):
    vec.push(atom)


def interpret_init(space: CSpace, expr: CAtom) -> CStepResult:
    return CStepResult(f"Init(Space={space}, Expr={expr})")


def interpret_step(step_result: CStepResult) -> CStepResult:
    return CStepResult(f"Step({step_result})")


def interpret_run(metta: CMetta, parser: CSExprParser) -> List[List[CAtom]]:
    return metta.run(parser)


def interpret_evaluate_atom(metta: CMetta, atom: CAtom) -> List[CAtom]:
    return metta.evaluate_atom(atom)

# Space Management Functions
def space_new_grounding() -> CSpace:
    return CSpace()



def space_add_atom(space: CSpace, atom: CAtom):
    space.add(atom)


def space_query(space: CSpace, pattern: CAtom) -> CBindingsSet:
    return space.query(pattern)






# Logging functions to mock MeTTa's logging functionality
def log_error(msg: str):
    print(f"ERROR: {msg}")


def log_warn(msg: str):
    print(f"WARNING: {msg}")


def log_info(msg: str):
    print(f"INFO: {msg}")
# Example usage:
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Example: Vector of Atoms
    atom_vector = CVecAtom([])
    atom_vector.push(CAtom(type_id="SYMBOL", data="Hydrogen"))
    atom_vector.push(CAtom(type_id="SYMBOL", data="Oxygen"))

    print("Atoms in Vector:")
    for atom in atom_vector:
        print(atom)

    # Example: Module Descriptor
    mod_desc = CModuleDescriptor(name="Physics", description="Physics simulation module")
    print(mod_desc)

    # Example: Expression Parser
    expr_parser = CSExprParser("2 + 3 * 5")
    result = expr_parser.parse()
    print("Parsed Expression Result:", result)

    # Example: Space with Atoms
    space = CSpace()
    space.add(CAtom("ELEMENT", "Proton"))
    space.add(CAtom("ELEMENT", "Neutron"))
    print("Items in Space:")
    for item in space:
        print(item)

    # Example: Interpreter usage
    interpreter = interpret_init(space, CAtom("EXPR", "sample_expr"))
    while not interpreter.is_complete():
        interpreter = interpret_step(interpreter)

    print("Final Interpretation Result:", interpreter)