import copy
import os
import socket
import ssl
import sys
import threading
import weakref
from abc import abstractmethod
from itertools import chain
from queue import Empty, Full, LifoQueue
from time import time
from typing import Any, Callable, List, Optional, Type, Union
from urllib.parse import parse_qs, unquote, urlparse
from ._parsers import Encoder, _HiredisParser, _RESP2Parser, _RESP3Parser
from .backoff import NoBackoff
from .credentials import CredentialProvider, UsernamePasswordCredentialProvider
from .exceptions import (
AuthenticationError,
AuthenticationWrongNumberOfArgsError,
ChildDeadlockedError,
ConnectionError,
DataError,
RedisError,
ResponseError,
TimeoutError,
)
from .retry import Retry
from .utils import (
CRYPTOGRAPHY_AVAILABLE,
HIREDIS_AVAILABLE,
HIREDIS_PACK_AVAILABLE,
SSL_AVAILABLE,
format_error_message,
get_lib_version,
str_if_bytes,
)
if HIREDIS_AVAILABLE:
import hiredis
SYM_STAR = b"*"
SYM_DOLLAR = b"$"
SYM_CRLF = b"\r\n"
SYM_EMPTY = b""
DEFAULT_RESP_VERSION = 2
SENTINEL = object()
DefaultParser: Type[Union[_RESP2Parser, _RESP3Parser, _HiredisParser]]
if HIREDIS_AVAILABLE:
DefaultParser = _HiredisParser
else:
DefaultParser = _RESP2Parser
class HiredisRespSerializer:
def pack(self, *args: List):
"""Pack a series of arguments into the Redis protocol"""
output = []
if isinstance(args[0], str):
args = tuple(args[0].encode().split()) + args[1:]
elif b" " in args[0]:
args = tuple(args[0].split()) + args[1:]
try:
output.append(hiredis.pack_command(args))
except TypeError:
_, value, traceback = sys.exc_info()
raise DataError(value).with_traceback(traceback)
return output
class PythonRespSerializer:
def __init__(self, buffer_cutoff, encode) -> None:
self._buffer_cutoff = buffer_cutoff
self.encode = encode
def pack(self, *args):
"""Pack a series of arguments into the Redis protocol"""
output = []
# the client might have included 1 or more literal arguments in
# the command name, e.g., 'CONFIG GET'. The Redis server expects these
# arguments to be sent separately, so split the first argument
# manually. These arguments should be bytestrings so that they are
# not encoded.
if isinstance(args[0], str):
args = tuple(args[0].encode().split()) + args[1:]
elif b" " in args[0]:
args = tuple(args[0].split()) + args[1:]
buff = SYM_EMPTY.join((SYM_STAR, str(len(args)).encode(), SYM_CRLF))
buffer_cutoff = self._buffer_cutoff
for arg in map(self.encode, args):
# to avoid large string mallocs, chunk the command into the
# output list if we're sending large values or memoryviews
arg_length = len(arg)
if (
len(buff) > buffer_cutoff
or arg_length > buffer_cutoff
or isinstance(arg, memoryview)
):
buff = SYM_EMPTY.join(
(buff, SYM_DOLLAR, str(arg_length).encode(), SYM_CRLF)
)
output.append(buff)
output.append(arg)
buff = SYM_CRLF
else:
buff = SYM_EMPTY.join(
(
buff,
SYM_DOLLAR,
str(arg_length).encode(),
SYM_CRLF,
arg,
SYM_CRLF,
)
)
output.append(buff)
return output
class AbstractConnection:
"Manages communication to and from a Redis server"
def __init__(
self,
db: int = 0,
password: Optional[str] = None,
socket_timeout: Optional[float] = None,
socket_connect_timeout: Optional[float] = None,
retry_on_timeout: bool = False,
retry_on_error=SENTINEL,
encoding: str = "utf-8",
encoding_errors: str = "strict",
decode_responses: bool = False,
parser_class=DefaultParser,
socket_read_size: int = 65536,
health_check_interval: int = 0,
client_name: Optional[str] = None,
lib_name: Optional[str] = "redis-py",
lib_version: Optional[str] = get_lib_version(),
username: Optional[str] = None,
retry: Union[Any, None] = None,
redis_connect_func: Optional[Callable[[], None]] = None,
credential_provider: Optional[CredentialProvider] = None,
protocol: Optional[int] = 2,
command_packer: Optional[Callable[[], None]] = None,
):
"""
Initialize a new Connection.
To specify a retry policy for specific errors, first set
`retry_on_error` to a list of the error/s to retry on, then set
`retry` to a valid `Retry` object.
To retry on TimeoutError, `retry_on_timeout` can also be set to `True`.
"""
if (username or password) and credential_provider is not None:
raise DataError(
"'username' and 'password' cannot be passed along with 'credential_"
"provider'. Please provide only one of the following arguments: \n"
"1. 'password' and (optional) 'username'\n"
"2. 'credential_provider'"
)
self.pid = os.getpid()
self.db = db
self.client_name = client_name
self.lib_name = lib_name
self.lib_version = lib_version
self.credential_provider = credential_provider
self.password = password
self.username = username
self.socket_timeout = socket_timeout
if socket_connect_timeout is None:
socket_connect_timeout = socket_timeout
self.socket_connect_timeout = socket_connect_timeout
self.retry_on_timeout = retry_on_timeout
if retry_on_error is SENTINEL:
retry_on_error = []
if retry_on_timeout:
# Add TimeoutError to the errors list to retry on
retry_on_error.append(TimeoutError)
self.retry_on_error = retry_on_error
if retry or retry_on_error:
if retry is None:
self.retry = Retry(NoBackoff(), 1)
else:
# deep-copy the Retry object as it is mutable
self.retry = copy.deepcopy(retry)
# Update the retry's supported errors with the specified errors
self.retry.update_supported_errors(retry_on_error)
else:
self.retry = Retry(NoBackoff(), 0)
self.health_check_interval = health_check_interval
self.next_health_check = 0
self.redis_connect_func = redis_connect_func
self.encoder = Encoder(encoding, encoding_errors, decode_responses)
self._sock = None
self._socket_read_size = socket_read_size
self.set_parser(parser_class)
self._connect_callbacks = []
self._buffer_cutoff = 6000
try:
p = int(protocol)
except TypeError:
p = DEFAULT_RESP_VERSION
except ValueError:
raise ConnectionError("protocol must be an integer")
finally:
if p < 2 or p > 3:
raise ConnectionError("protocol must be either 2 or 3")
# p = DEFAULT_RESP_VERSION
self.protocol = p
self._command_packer = self._construct_command_packer(command_packer)
def __repr__(self):
repr_args = ",".join([f"{k}={v}" for k, v in self.repr_pieces()])
return f"<{self.__class__.__module__}.{self.__class__.__name__}({repr_args})>"
@abstractmethod
def repr_pieces(self):
pass
def __del__(self):
try:
self.disconnect()
except Exception:
pass
def _construct_command_packer(self, packer):
if packer is not None:
return packer
elif HIREDIS_PACK_AVAILABLE:
return HiredisRespSerializer()
else:
return PythonRespSerializer(self._buffer_cutoff, self.encoder.encode)
def register_connect_callback(self, callback):
"""
Register a callback to be called when the connection is established either
initially or reconnected. This allows listeners to issue commands that
are ephemeral to the connection, for example pub/sub subscription or
key tracking. The callback must be a _method_ and will be kept as
a weak reference.
"""
wm = weakref.WeakMethod(callback)
if wm not in self._connect_callbacks:
self._connect_callbacks.append(wm)
def deregister_connect_callback(self, callback):
"""
De-register a previously registered callback. It will no-longer receive
notifications on connection events. Calling this is not required when the
listener goes away, since the callbacks are kept as weak methods.
"""
try:
self._connect_callbacks.remove(weakref.WeakMethod(callback))
except ValueError:
pass
def set_parser(self, parser_class):
"""
Creates a new instance of parser_class with socket size:
_socket_read_size and assigns it to the parser for the connection
:param parser_class: The required parser class
"""
self._parser = parser_class(socket_read_size=self._socket_read_size)
def connect(self):
"Connects to the Redis server if not already connected"
if self._sock:
return
try:
sock = self.retry.call_with_retry(
lambda: self._connect(), lambda error: self.disconnect(error)
)
except socket.timeout:
raise TimeoutError("Timeout connecting to server")
except OSError as e:
raise ConnectionError(self._error_message(e))
self._sock = sock
try:
if self.redis_connect_func is None:
# Use the default on_connect function
self.on_connect()
else:
# Use the passed function redis_connect_func
self.redis_connect_func(self)
except RedisError:
# clean up after any error in on_connect
self.disconnect()
raise
# run any user callbacks. right now the only internal callback
# is for pubsub channel/pattern resubscription
# first, remove any dead weakrefs
self._connect_callbacks = [ref for ref in self._connect_callbacks if ref()]
for ref in self._connect_callbacks:
callback = ref()
if callback:
callback(self)
@abstractmethod
def _connect(self):
pass
@abstractmethod
def _host_error(self):
pass
def _error_message(self, exception):
return format_error_message(self._host_error(), exception)
def on_connect(self):
"Initialize the connection, authenticate and select a database"
self._parser.on_connect(self)
parser = self._parser
auth_args = None
# if credential provider or username and/or password are set, authenticate
if self.credential_provider or (self.username or self.password):
cred_provider = (
self.credential_provider
or UsernamePasswordCredentialProvider(self.username, self.password)
)
auth_args = cred_provider.get_credentials()
# if resp version is specified and we have auth args,
# we need to send them via HELLO
if auth_args and self.protocol not in [2, "2"]:
if isinstance(self._parser, _RESP2Parser):
self.set_parser(_RESP3Parser)
# update cluster exception classes
self._parser.EXCEPTION_CLASSES = parser.EXCEPTION_CLASSES
self._parser.on_connect(self)
if len(auth_args) == 1:
auth_args = ["default", auth_args[0]]
self.send_command("HELLO", self.protocol, "AUTH", *auth_args)
response = self.read_response()
# if response.get(b"proto") != self.protocol and response.get(
# "proto"
# ) != self.protocol:
# raise ConnectionError("Invalid RESP version")
elif auth_args:
# avoid checking health here -- PING will fail if we try
# to check the health prior to the AUTH
self.send_command("AUTH", *auth_args, check_health=False)
try:
auth_response = self.read_response()
except AuthenticationWrongNumberOfArgsError:
# a username and password were specified but the Redis
# server seems to be < 6.0.0 which expects a single password
# arg. retry auth with just the password.
# https://github.com/andymccurdy/redis-py/issues/1274
self.send_command("AUTH", auth_args[-1], check_health=False)
auth_response = self.read_response()
if str_if_bytes(auth_response) != "OK":
raise AuthenticationError("Invalid Username or Password")
# if resp version is specified, switch to it
elif self.protocol not in [2, "2"]:
if isinstance(self._parser, _RESP2Parser):
self.set_parser(_RESP3Parser)
# update cluster exception classes
self._parser.EXCEPTION_CLASSES = parser.EXCEPTION_CLASSES
self._parser.on_connect(self)
self.send_command("HELLO", self.protocol)
response = self.read_response()
if (
response.get(b"proto") != self.protocol
and response.get("proto") != self.protocol
):
raise ConnectionError("Invalid RESP version")
# if a client_name is given, set it
if self.client_name:
self.send_command("CLIENT", "SETNAME", self.client_name)
if str_if_bytes(self.read_response()) != "OK":
raise ConnectionError("Error setting client name")
try:
# set the library name and version
if self.lib_name:
self.send_command("CLIENT", "SETINFO", "LIB-NAME", self.lib_name)
self.read_response()
except ResponseError:
pass
try:
if self.lib_version:
self.send_command("CLIENT", "SETINFO", "LIB-VER", self.lib_version)
self.read_response()
except ResponseError:
pass
# if a database is specified, switch to it
if self.db:
self.send_command("SELECT", self.db)
if str_if_bytes(self.read_response()) != "OK":
raise ConnectionError("Invalid Database")
def disconnect(self, *args):
"Disconnects from the Redis server"
self._parser.on_disconnect()
conn_sock = self._sock
self._sock = None
if conn_sock is None:
return
if os.getpid() == self.pid:
try:
conn_sock.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
except (OSError, TypeError):
pass
try:
conn_sock.close()
except OSError:
pass
def _send_ping(self):
"""Send PING, expect PONG in return"""
self.send_command("PING", check_health=False)
if str_if_bytes(self.read_response()) != "PONG":
raise ConnectionError("Bad response from PING health check")
def _ping_failed(self, error):
"""Function to call when PING fails"""
self.disconnect()
def check_health(self):
"""Check the health of the connection with a PING/PONG"""
if self.health_check_interval and time() > self.next_health_check:
self.retry.call_with_retry(self._send_ping, self._ping_failed)
def send_packed_command(self, command, check_health=True):
"""Send an already packed command to the Redis server"""
if not self._sock:
self.connect()
# guard against health check recursion
if check_health:
self.check_health()
try:
if isinstance(command, str):
command = [command]
for item in command:
self._sock.sendall(item)
except socket.timeout:
self.disconnect()
raise TimeoutError("Timeout writing to socket")
except OSError as e:
self.disconnect()
if len(e.args) == 1:
errno, errmsg = "UNKNOWN", e.args[0]
else:
errno = e.args[0]
errmsg = e.args[1]
raise ConnectionError(f"Error {errno} while writing to socket. {errmsg}.")
except BaseException:
# BaseExceptions can be raised when a socket send operation is not
# finished, e.g. due to a timeout. Ideally, a caller could then re-try
# to send un-sent data. However, the send_packed_command() API
# does not support it so there is no point in keeping the connection open.
self.disconnect()
raise
def send_command(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""Pack and send a command to the Redis server"""
self.send_packed_command(
self._command_packer.pack(*args),
check_health=kwargs.get("check_health", True),
)
def can_read(self, timeout=0):
"""Poll the socket to see if there's data that can be read."""
sock = self._sock
if not sock:
self.connect()
host_error = self._host_error()
try:
return self._parser.can_read(timeout)
except OSError as e:
self.disconnect()
raise ConnectionError(f"Error while reading from {host_error}: {e.args}")
def read_response(
self,
disable_decoding=False,
*,
disconnect_on_error=True,
push_request=False,
):
"""Read the response from a previously sent command"""
host_error = self._host_error()
try:
if self.protocol in ["3", 3] and not HIREDIS_AVAILABLE:
response = self._parser.read_response(
disable_decoding=disable_decoding, push_request=push_request
)
else:
response = self._parser.read_response(disable_decoding=disable_decoding)
except socket.timeout:
if disconnect_on_error:
self.disconnect()
raise TimeoutError(f"Timeout reading from {host_error}")
except OSError as e:
if disconnect_on_error:
self.disconnect()
raise ConnectionError(
f"Error while reading from {host_error}" f" : {e.args}"
)
except BaseException:
# Also by default close in case of BaseException. A lot of code
# relies on this behaviour when doing Command/Response pairs.
# See #1128.
if disconnect_on_error:
self.disconnect()
raise
if self.health_check_interval:
self.next_health_check = time() + self.health_check_interval
if isinstance(response, ResponseError):
try:
raise response
finally:
del response # avoid creating ref cycles
return response
def pack_command(self, *args):
"""Pack a series of arguments into the Redis protocol"""
return self._command_packer.pack(*args)
def pack_commands(self, commands):
"""Pack multiple commands into the Redis protocol"""
output = []
pieces = []
buffer_length = 0
buffer_cutoff = self._buffer_cutoff
for cmd in commands:
for chunk in self._command_packer.pack(*cmd):
chunklen = len(chunk)
if (
buffer_length > buffer_cutoff
or chunklen > buffer_cutoff
or isinstance(chunk, memoryview)
):
if pieces:
output.append(SYM_EMPTY.join(pieces))
buffer_length = 0
pieces = []
if chunklen > buffer_cutoff or isinstance(chunk, memoryview):
output.append(chunk)
else:
pieces.append(chunk)
buffer_length += chunklen
if pieces:
output.append(SYM_EMPTY.join(pieces))
return output
class Connection(AbstractConnection):
"Manages TCP communication to and from a Redis server"
def __init__(
self,
host="localhost",
port=6379,
socket_keepalive=False,
socket_keepalive_options=None,
socket_type=0,
**kwargs,
):
self.host = host
self.port = int(port)
self.socket_keepalive = socket_keepalive
self.socket_keepalive_options = socket_keepalive_options or {}
self.socket_type = socket_type
super().__init__(**kwargs)
def repr_pieces(self):
pieces = [("host", self.host), ("port", self.port), ("db", self.db)]
if self.client_name:
pieces.append(("client_name", self.client_name))
return pieces
def _connect(self):
"Create a TCP socket connection"
# we want to mimic what socket.create_connection does to support
# ipv4/ipv6, but we want to set options prior to calling
# socket.connect()
err = None
for res in socket.getaddrinfo(
self.host, self.port, self.socket_type, socket.SOCK_STREAM
):
family, socktype, proto, canonname, socket_address = res
sock = None
try:
sock = socket.socket(family, socktype, proto)
# TCP_NODELAY
sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)
# TCP_KEEPALIVE
if self.socket_keepalive:
sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_KEEPALIVE, 1)
for k, v in self.socket_keepalive_options.items():
sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, k, v)
# set the socket_connect_timeout before we connect
sock.settimeout(self.socket_connect_timeout)
# connect
sock.connect(socket_address)
# set the socket_timeout now that we're connected
sock.settimeout(self.socket_timeout)
return sock
except OSError as _:
err = _
if sock is not None:
sock.close()
if err is not None:
raise err
raise OSError("socket.getaddrinfo returned an empty list")
def _host_error(self):
return f"{self.host}:{self.port}"
class SSLConnection(Connection):
"""Manages SSL connections to and from the Redis server(s).
This class extends the Connection class, adding SSL functionality, and making
use of ssl.SSLContext (https://docs.python.org/3/library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext)
""" # noqa
def __init__(
self,
ssl_keyfile=None,
ssl_certfile=None,
ssl_cert_reqs="required",
ssl_ca_certs=None,
ssl_ca_data=None,
ssl_check_hostname=False,
ssl_ca_path=None,
ssl_password=None,
ssl_validate_ocsp=False,
ssl_validate_ocsp_stapled=False,
ssl_ocsp_context=None,
ssl_ocsp_expected_cert=None,
ssl_min_version=None,
ssl_ciphers=None,
**kwargs,
):
"""Constructor
Args:
ssl_keyfile: Path to an ssl private key. Defaults to None.
ssl_certfile: Path to an ssl certificate. Defaults to None.
ssl_cert_reqs: The string value for the SSLContext.verify_mode (none, optional, required). Defaults to "required".
ssl_ca_certs: The path to a file of concatenated CA certificates in PEM format. Defaults to None.
ssl_ca_data: Either an ASCII string of one or more PEM-encoded certificates or a bytes-like object of DER-encoded certificates.
ssl_check_hostname: If set, match the hostname during the SSL handshake. Defaults to False.
ssl_ca_path: The path to a directory containing several CA certificates in PEM format. Defaults to None.
ssl_password: Password for unlocking an encrypted private key. Defaults to None.
ssl_validate_ocsp: If set, perform a full ocsp validation (i.e not a stapled verification)
ssl_validate_ocsp_stapled: If set, perform a validation on a stapled ocsp response
ssl_ocsp_context: A fully initialized OpenSSL.SSL.Context object to be used in verifying the ssl_ocsp_expected_cert
ssl_ocsp_expected_cert: A PEM armoured string containing the expected certificate to be returned from the ocsp verification service.
ssl_min_version: The lowest supported SSL version. It affects the supported SSL versions of the SSLContext. None leaves the default provided by ssl module.
ssl_ciphers: A string listing the ciphers that are allowed to be used. Defaults to None, which means that the default ciphers are used. See https://docs.python.org/3/library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext.set_ciphers for more information.
Raises:
RedisError
""" # noqa
if not SSL_AVAILABLE:
raise RedisError("Python wasn't built with SSL support")
self.keyfile = ssl_keyfile
self.certfile = ssl_certfile
if ssl_cert_reqs is None:
ssl_cert_reqs = ssl.CERT_NONE
elif isinstance(ssl_cert_reqs, str):
CERT_REQS = {
"none": ssl.CERT_NONE,
"optional": ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL,
"required": ssl.CERT_REQUIRED,
}
if ssl_cert_reqs not in CERT_REQS:
raise RedisError(
f"Invalid SSL Certificate Requirements Flag: {ssl_cert_reqs}"
)
ssl_cert_reqs = CERT_REQS[ssl_cert_reqs]
self.cert_reqs = ssl_cert_reqs
self.ca_certs = ssl_ca_certs
self.ca_data = ssl_ca_data
self.ca_path = ssl_ca_path
self.check_hostname = ssl_check_hostname
self.certificate_password = ssl_password
self.ssl_validate_ocsp = ssl_validate_ocsp
self.ssl_validate_ocsp_stapled = ssl_validate_ocsp_stapled
self.ssl_ocsp_context = ssl_ocsp_context
self.ssl_ocsp_expected_cert = ssl_ocsp_expected_cert
self.ssl_min_version = ssl_min_version
self.ssl_ciphers = ssl_ciphers
super().__init__(**kwargs)
def _connect(self):
"Wrap the socket with SSL support"
sock = super()._connect()
context = ssl.create_default_context()
context.check_hostname = self.check_hostname
context.verify_mode = self.cert_reqs
if self.certfile or self.keyfile:
context.load_cert_chain(
certfile=self.certfile,
keyfile=self.keyfile,
password=self.certificate_password,
)
if (
self.ca_certs is not None
or self.ca_path is not None
or self.ca_data is not None
):
context.load_verify_locations(
cafile=self.ca_certs, capath=self.ca_path, cadata=self.ca_data
)
if self.ssl_min_version is not None:
context.minimum_version = self.ssl_min_version
if self.ssl_ciphers:
context.set_ciphers(self.ssl_ciphers)
sslsock = context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=self.host)
if self.ssl_validate_ocsp is True and CRYPTOGRAPHY_AVAILABLE is False:
raise RedisError("cryptography is not installed.")
if self.ssl_validate_ocsp_stapled and self.ssl_validate_ocsp:
raise RedisError(
"Either an OCSP staple or pure OCSP connection must be validated "
"- not both."
)
# validation for the stapled case
if self.ssl_validate_ocsp_stapled:
import OpenSSL
from .ocsp import ocsp_staple_verifier
# if a context is provided use it - otherwise, a basic context
if self.ssl_ocsp_context is None:
staple_ctx = OpenSSL.SSL.Context(OpenSSL.SSL.SSLv23_METHOD)
staple_ctx.use_certificate_file(self.certfile)
staple_ctx.use_privatekey_file(self.keyfile)
else:
staple_ctx = self.ssl_ocsp_context
staple_ctx.set_ocsp_client_callback(
ocsp_staple_verifier, self.ssl_ocsp_expected_cert
)
# need another socket
con = OpenSSL.SSL.Connection(staple_ctx, socket.socket())
con.request_ocsp()
con.connect((self.host, self.port))
con.do_handshake()
con.shutdown()
return sslsock
# pure ocsp validation
if self.ssl_validate_ocsp is True and CRYPTOGRAPHY_AVAILABLE:
from .ocsp import OCSPVerifier
o = OCSPVerifier(sslsock, self.host, self.port, self.ca_certs)
if o.is_valid():
return sslsock
else:
raise ConnectionError("ocsp validation error")
return sslsock
class UnixDomainSocketConnection(AbstractConnection):
"Manages UDS communication to and from a Redis server"
def __init__(self, path="", socket_timeout=None, **kwargs):
super().__init__(**kwargs)
self.path = path
self.socket_timeout = socket_timeout
def repr_pieces(self):
pieces = [("path", self.path), ("db", self.db)]
if self.client_name:
pieces.append(("client_name", self.client_name))
return pieces
def _connect(self):
"Create a Unix domain socket connection"
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
sock.settimeout(self.socket_connect_timeout)
sock.connect(self.path)
sock.settimeout(self.socket_timeout)
return sock
def _host_error(self):
return self.path
FALSE_STRINGS = ("0", "F", "FALSE", "N", "NO")
def to_bool(value):
if value is None or value == "":
return None
if isinstance(value, str) and value.upper() in FALSE_STRINGS:
return False
return bool(value)
URL_QUERY_ARGUMENT_PARSERS = {
"db": int,
"socket_timeout": float,
"socket_connect_timeout": float,
"socket_keepalive": to_bool,
"retry_on_timeout": to_bool,
"retry_on_error": list,
"max_connections": int,
"health_check_interval": int,
"ssl_check_hostname": to_bool,
"timeout": float,
}
def parse_url(url):
if not (
url.startswith("redis://")
or url.startswith("rediss://")
or url.startswith("unix://")
):
raise ValueError(
"Redis URL must specify one of the following "
"schemes (redis://, rediss://, unix://)"
)
url = urlparse(url)
kwargs = {}
for name, value in parse_qs(url.query).items():
if value and len(value) > 0:
value = unquote(value[0])
parser = URL_QUERY_ARGUMENT_PARSERS.get(name)
if parser:
try:
kwargs[name] = parser(value)
except (TypeError, ValueError):
raise ValueError(f"Invalid value for `{name}` in connection URL.")
else:
kwargs[name] = value
if url.username:
kwargs["username"] = unquote(url.username)
if url.password:
kwargs["password"] = unquote(url.password)
# We only support redis://, rediss:// and unix:// schemes.
if url.scheme == "unix":
if url.path:
kwargs["path"] = unquote(url.path)
kwargs["connection_class"] = UnixDomainSocketConnection
else: # implied: url.scheme in ("redis", "rediss"):
if url.hostname:
kwargs["host"] = unquote(url.hostname)
if url.port:
kwargs["port"] = int(url.port)
# If there's a path argument, use it as the db argument if a
# querystring value wasn't specified
if url.path and "db" not in kwargs:
try:
kwargs["db"] = int(unquote(url.path).replace("/", ""))
except (AttributeError, ValueError):
pass
if url.scheme == "rediss":
kwargs["connection_class"] = SSLConnection
return kwargs
class ConnectionPool:
"""
Create a connection pool. ``If max_connections`` is set, then this
object raises :py:class:`~redis.exceptions.ConnectionError` when the pool's
limit is reached.
By default, TCP connections are created unless ``connection_class``
is specified. Use class:`.UnixDomainSocketConnection` for
unix sockets.
Any additional keyword arguments are passed to the constructor of
``connection_class``.
"""
@classmethod
def from_url(cls, url, **kwargs):
"""
Return a connection pool configured from the given URL.
For example::
redis://[[username]:[password]]@localhost:6379/0
rediss://[[username]:[password]]@localhost:6379/0
unix://[username@]/path/to/socket.sock?db=0[&password=password]
Three URL schemes are supported:
- `redis://` creates a TCP socket connection. See more at:
<https://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes/prov/redis>
- `rediss://` creates a SSL wrapped TCP socket connection. See more at:
<https://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes/prov/rediss>
- ``unix://``: creates a Unix Domain Socket connection.
The username, password, hostname, path and all querystring values
are passed through urllib.parse.unquote in order to replace any
percent-encoded values with their corresponding characters.
There are several ways to specify a database number. The first value
found will be used:
1. A ``db`` querystring option, e.g. redis://localhost?db=0
2. If using the redis:// or rediss:// schemes, the path argument
of the url, e.g. redis://localhost/0
3. A ``db`` keyword argument to this function.
If none of these options are specified, the default db=0 is used.
All querystring options are cast to their appropriate Python types.
Boolean arguments can be specified with string values "True"/"False"
or "Yes"/"No". Values that cannot be properly cast cause a
``ValueError`` to be raised. Once parsed, the querystring arguments
and keyword arguments are passed to the ``ConnectionPool``'s
class initializer. In the case of conflicting arguments, querystring
arguments always win.
"""
url_options = parse_url(url)
if "connection_class" in kwargs:
url_options["connection_class"] = kwargs["connection_class"]
kwargs.update(url_options)
return cls(**kwargs)
def __init__(
self,
connection_class=Connection,
max_connections: Optional[int] = None,
**connection_kwargs,
):
max_connections = max_connections or 2**31
if not isinstance(max_connections, int) or max_connections < 0:
raise ValueError('"max_connections" must be a positive integer')
self.connection_class = connection_class
self.connection_kwargs = connection_kwargs
self.max_connections = max_connections
# a lock to protect the critical section in _checkpid().
# this lock is acquired when the process id changes, such as
# after a fork. during this time, multiple threads in the child
# process could attempt to acquire this lock. the first thread
# to acquire the lock will reset the data structures and lock
# object of this pool. subsequent threads acquiring this lock
# will notice the first thread already did the work and simply
# release the lock.
self._fork_lock = threading.Lock()
self.reset()
def __repr__(self) -> (str, str):
return (
f"<{type(self).__module__}.{type(self).__name__}"
f"({repr(self.connection_class(**self.connection_kwargs))})>"
)
def reset(self) -> None:
self._lock = threading.Lock()
self._created_connections = 0
self._available_connections = []
self._in_use_connections = set()
# this must be the last operation in this method. while reset() is
# called when holding _fork_lock, other threads in this process
# can call _checkpid() which compares self.pid and os.getpid() without
# holding any lock (for performance reasons). keeping this assignment
# as the last operation ensures that those other threads will also
# notice a pid difference and block waiting for the first thread to
# release _fork_lock. when each of these threads eventually acquire
# _fork_lock, they will notice that another thread already called
# reset() and they will immediately release _fork_lock and continue on.
self.pid = os.getpid()
def _checkpid(self) -> None:
# _checkpid() attempts to keep ConnectionPool fork-safe on modern
# systems. this is called by all ConnectionPool methods that
# manipulate the pool's state such as get_connection() and release().
#
# _checkpid() determines whether the process has forked by comparing
# the current process id to the process id saved on the ConnectionPool
# instance. if these values are the same, _checkpid() simply returns.
#
# when the process ids differ, _checkpid() assumes that the process
# has forked and that we're now running in the child process. the child
# process cannot use the parent's file descriptors (e.g., sockets).
# therefore, when _checkpid() sees the process id change, it calls
# reset() in order to reinitialize the child's ConnectionPool. this
# will cause the child to make all new connection objects.
#
# _checkpid() is protected by self._fork_lock to ensure that multiple
# threads in the child process do not call reset() multiple times.
#
# there is an extremely small chance this could fail in the following
# scenario:
# 1. process A calls _checkpid() for the first time and acquires
# self._fork_lock.
# 2. while holding self._fork_lock, process A forks (the fork()
# could happen in a different thread owned by process A)
# 3. process B (the forked child process) inherits the
# ConnectionPool's state from the parent. that state includes
# a locked _fork_lock. process B will not be notified when
# process A releases the _fork_lock and will thus never be
# able to acquire the _fork_lock.
#
# to mitigate this possible deadlock, _checkpid() will only wait 5
# seconds to acquire _fork_lock. if _fork_lock cannot be acquired in
# that time it is assumed that the child is deadlocked and a
# redis.ChildDeadlockedError error is raised.
if self.pid != os.getpid():
acquired = self._fork_lock.acquire(timeout=5)
if not acquired:
raise ChildDeadlockedError
# reset() the instance for the new process if another thread
# hasn't already done so
try:
if self.pid != os.getpid():
self.reset()
finally:
self._fork_lock.release()
def get_connection(self, command_name: str, *keys, **options) -> "Connection":
"Get a connection from the pool"
self._checkpid()
with self._lock:
try:
connection = self._available_connections.pop()
except IndexError:
connection = self.make_connection()
self._in_use_connections.add(connection)
try:
# ensure this connection is connected to Redis
connection.connect()
# connections that the pool provides should be ready to send
# a command. if not, the connection was either returned to the
# pool before all data has been read or the socket has been
# closed. either way, reconnect and verify everything is good.
try:
if connection.can_read():
raise ConnectionError("Connection has data")
except (ConnectionError, OSError):
connection.disconnect()
connection.connect()
if connection.can_read():
raise ConnectionError("Connection not ready")
except BaseException:
# release the connection back to the pool so that we don't
# leak it
self.release(connection)
raise
return connection
def get_encoder(self) -> Encoder:
"Return an encoder based on encoding settings"
kwargs = self.connection_kwargs
return Encoder(
encoding=kwargs.get("encoding", "utf-8"),
encoding_errors=kwargs.get("encoding_errors", "strict"),
decode_responses=kwargs.get("decode_responses", False),
)
def make_connection(self) -> "Connection":
"Create a new connection"
if self._created_connections >= self.max_connections:
raise ConnectionError("Too many connections")
self._created_connections += 1
return self.connection_class(**self.connection_kwargs)
def release(self, connection: "Connection") -> None:
"Releases the connection back to the pool"
self._checkpid()
with self._lock:
try:
self._in_use_connections.remove(connection)
except KeyError:
# Gracefully fail when a connection is returned to this pool
# that the pool doesn't actually own
pass
if self.owns_connection(connection):
self._available_connections.append(connection)
else:
# pool doesn't own this connection. do not add it back
# to the pool and decrement the count so that another
# connection can take its place if needed
self._created_connections -= 1
connection.disconnect()
return
def owns_connection(self, connection: "Connection") -> int:
return connection.pid == self.pid
def disconnect(self, inuse_connections: bool = True) -> None:
"""
Disconnects connections in the pool
If ``inuse_connections`` is True, disconnect connections that are
current in use, potentially by other threads. Otherwise only disconnect
connections that are idle in the pool.
"""
self._checkpid()
with self._lock:
if inuse_connections:
connections = chain(
self._available_connections, self._in_use_connections
)
else:
connections = self._available_connections
for connection in connections:
connection.disconnect()
def close(self) -> None:
"""Close the pool, disconnecting all connections"""
self.disconnect()
def set_retry(self, retry: "Retry") -> None:
self.connection_kwargs.update({"retry": retry})
for conn in self._available_connections:
conn.retry = retry
for conn in self._in_use_connections:
conn.retry = retry
class BlockingConnectionPool(ConnectionPool):
"""
Thread-safe blocking connection pool::
>>> from redis.client import Redis
>>> client = Redis(connection_pool=BlockingConnectionPool())
It performs the same function as the default
:py:class:`~redis.ConnectionPool` implementation, in that,
it maintains a pool of reusable connections that can be shared by
multiple redis clients (safely across threads if required).
The difference is that, in the event that a client tries to get a
connection from the pool when all of connections are in use, rather than
raising a :py:class:`~redis.ConnectionError` (as the default
:py:class:`~redis.ConnectionPool` implementation does), it
makes the client wait ("blocks") for a specified number of seconds until
a connection becomes available.
Use ``max_connections`` to increase / decrease the pool size::
>>> pool = BlockingConnectionPool(max_connections=10)
Use ``timeout`` to tell it either how many seconds to wait for a connection
to become available, or to block forever:
>>> # Block forever.
>>> pool = BlockingConnectionPool(timeout=None)
>>> # Raise a ``ConnectionError`` after five seconds if a connection is
>>> # not available.
>>> pool = BlockingConnectionPool(timeout=5)
"""
def __init__(
self,
max_connections=50,
timeout=20,
connection_class=Connection,
queue_class=LifoQueue,
**connection_kwargs,
):
self.queue_class = queue_class
self.timeout = timeout
super().__init__(
connection_class=connection_class,
max_connections=max_connections,
**connection_kwargs,
)
def reset(self):
# Create and fill up a thread safe queue with ``None`` values.
self.pool = self.queue_class(self.max_connections)
while True:
try:
self.pool.put_nowait(None)
except Full:
break
# Keep a list of actual connection instances so that we can
# disconnect them later.
self._connections = []
# this must be the last operation in this method. while reset() is
# called when holding _fork_lock, other threads in this process
# can call _checkpid() which compares self.pid and os.getpid() without
# holding any lock (for performance reasons). keeping this assignment
# as the last operation ensures that those other threads will also
# notice a pid difference and block waiting for the first thread to
# release _fork_lock. when each of these threads eventually acquire
# _fork_lock, they will notice that another thread already called
# reset() and they will immediately release _fork_lock and continue on.
self.pid = os.getpid()
def make_connection(self):
"Make a fresh connection."
connection = self.connection_class(**self.connection_kwargs)
self._connections.append(connection)
return connection
def get_connection(self, command_name, *keys, **options):
"""
Get a connection, blocking for ``self.timeout`` until a connection
is available from the pool.
If the connection returned is ``None`` then creates a new connection.
Because we use a last-in first-out queue, the existing connections
(having been returned to the pool after the initial ``None`` values
were added) will be returned before ``None`` values. This means we only
create new connections when we need to, i.e.: the actual number of
connections will only increase in response to demand.
"""
# Make sure we haven't changed process.
self._checkpid()
# Try and get a connection from the pool. If one isn't available within
# self.timeout then raise a ``ConnectionError``.
connection = None
try:
connection = self.pool.get(block=True, timeout=self.timeout)
except Empty:
# Note that this is not caught by the redis client and will be
# raised unless handled by application code. If you want never to
raise ConnectionError("No connection available.")
# If the ``connection`` is actually ``None`` then that's a cue to make
# a new connection to add to the pool.
if connection is None:
connection = self.make_connection()
try:
# ensure this connection is connected to Redis
connection.connect()
# connections that the pool provides should be ready to send
# a command. if not, the connection was either returned to the
# pool before all data has been read or the socket has been
# closed. either way, reconnect and verify everything is good.
try:
if connection.can_read():
raise ConnectionError("Connection has data")
except (ConnectionError, OSError):
connection.disconnect()
connection.connect()
if connection.can_read():
raise ConnectionError("Connection not ready")
except BaseException:
# release the connection back to the pool so that we don't leak it
self.release(connection)
raise
return connection
def release(self, connection):
"Releases the connection back to the pool."
# Make sure we haven't changed process.
self._checkpid()
if not self.owns_connection(connection):
# pool doesn't own this connection. do not add it back
# to the pool. instead add a None value which is a placeholder
# that will cause the pool to recreate the connection if
# its needed.
connection.disconnect()
self.pool.put_nowait(None)
return
# Put the connection back into the pool.
try:
self.pool.put_nowait(connection)
except Full:
# perhaps the pool has been reset() after a fork? regardless,
# we don't want this connection
pass
def disconnect(self):
"Disconnects all connections in the pool."
self._checkpid()
for connection in self._connections:
connection.disconnect()