"""Implementations of pathways for use by actuators.""" from abc import ABC, abstractmethod from sympy.core.singleton import S from sympy.physics.mechanics.loads import Force from sympy.physics.mechanics.wrapping_geometry import WrappingGeometryBase from sympy.physics.vector import Point, dynamicsymbols __all__ = ['PathwayBase', 'LinearPathway', 'ObstacleSetPathway', 'WrappingPathway'] class PathwayBase(ABC): """Abstract base class for all pathway classes to inherit from. Notes ===== Instances of this class cannot be directly instantiated by users. However, it can be used to created custom pathway types through subclassing. """ def __init__(self, *attachments): """Initializer for ``PathwayBase``.""" self.attachments = attachments @property def attachments(self): """The pair of points defining a pathway's ends.""" return self._attachments @attachments.setter def attachments(self, attachments): if hasattr(self, '_attachments'): msg = ( f'Can\'t set attribute `attachments` to {repr(attachments)} ' f'as it is immutable.' ) raise AttributeError(msg) if len(attachments) != 2: msg = ( f'Value {repr(attachments)} passed to `attachments` was an ' f'iterable of length {len(attachments)}, must be an iterable ' f'of length 2.' ) raise ValueError(msg) for i, point in enumerate(attachments): if not isinstance(point, Point): msg = ( f'Value {repr(point)} passed to `attachments` at index ' f'{i} was of type {type(point)}, must be {Point}.' ) raise TypeError(msg) self._attachments = tuple(attachments) @property @abstractmethod def length(self): """An expression representing the pathway's length.""" pass @property @abstractmethod def extension_velocity(self): """An expression representing the pathway's extension velocity.""" pass @abstractmethod def to_loads(self, force): """Loads required by the equations of motion method classes. Explanation =========== ``KanesMethod`` requires a list of ``Point``-``Vector`` tuples to be passed to the ``loads`` parameters of its ``kanes_equations`` method when constructing the equations of motion. This method acts as a utility to produce the correctly-structred pairs of points and vectors required so that these can be easily concatenated with other items in the list of loads and passed to ``KanesMethod.kanes_equations``. These loads are also in the correct form to also be passed to the other equations of motion method classes, e.g. ``LagrangesMethod``. """ pass def __repr__(self): """Default representation of a pathway.""" attachments = ', '.join(str(a) for a in self.attachments) return f'{self.__class__.__name__}({attachments})' class LinearPathway(PathwayBase): """Linear pathway between a pair of attachment points. Explanation =========== A linear pathway forms a straight-line segment between two points and is the simplest pathway that can be formed. It will not interact with any other objects in the system, i.e. a ``LinearPathway`` will intersect other objects to ensure that the path between its two ends (its attachments) is the shortest possible. A linear pathway is made up of two points that can move relative to each other, and a pair of equal and opposite forces acting on the points. If the positive time-varying Euclidean distance between the two points is defined, then the "extension velocity" is the time derivative of this distance. The extension velocity is positive when the two points are moving away from each other and negative when moving closer to each other. The direction for the force acting on either point is determined by constructing a unit vector directed from the other point to this point. This establishes a sign convention such that a positive force magnitude tends to push the points apart. The following diagram shows the positive force sense and the distance between the points:: P Q o<--- F --->o | | |<--l(t)--->| Examples ======== >>> from sympy.physics.mechanics import LinearPathway To construct a pathway, two points are required to be passed to the ``attachments`` parameter as a ``tuple``. >>> from sympy.physics.mechanics import Point >>> pA, pB = Point('pA'), Point('pB') >>> linear_pathway = LinearPathway(pA, pB) >>> linear_pathway LinearPathway(pA, pB) The pathway created above isn't very interesting without the positions and velocities of its attachment points being described. Without this its not possible to describe how the pathway moves, i.e. its length or its extension velocity. >>> from sympy.physics.mechanics import ReferenceFrame >>> from sympy.physics.vector import dynamicsymbols >>> N = ReferenceFrame('N') >>> q = dynamicsymbols('q') >>> pB.set_pos(pA, q*N.x) >>> pB.pos_from(pA) q(t)*N.x A pathway's length can be accessed via its ``length`` attribute. >>> linear_pathway.length sqrt(q(t)**2) Note how what appears to be an overly-complex expression is returned. This is actually required as it ensures that a pathway's length is always positive. A pathway's extension velocity can be accessed similarly via its ``extension_velocity`` attribute. >>> linear_pathway.extension_velocity sqrt(q(t)**2)*Derivative(q(t), t)/q(t) Parameters ========== attachments : tuple[Point, Point] Pair of ``Point`` objects between which the linear pathway spans. Constructor expects two points to be passed, e.g. ``LinearPathway(Point('pA'), Point('pB'))``. More or fewer points will cause an error to be thrown. """ def __init__(self, *attachments): """Initializer for ``LinearPathway``. Parameters ========== attachments : Point Pair of ``Point`` objects between which the linear pathway spans. Constructor expects two points to be passed, e.g. ``LinearPathway(Point('pA'), Point('pB'))``. More or fewer points will cause an error to be thrown. """ super().__init__(*attachments) @property def length(self): """Exact analytical expression for the pathway's length.""" return _point_pair_length(*self.attachments) @property def extension_velocity(self): """Exact analytical expression for the pathway's extension velocity.""" return _point_pair_extension_velocity(*self.attachments) def to_loads(self, force): """Loads required by the equations of motion method classes. Explanation =========== ``KanesMethod`` requires a list of ``Point``-``Vector`` tuples to be passed to the ``loads`` parameters of its ``kanes_equations`` method when constructing the equations of motion. This method acts as a utility to produce the correctly-structred pairs of points and vectors required so that these can be easily concatenated with other items in the list of loads and passed to ``KanesMethod.kanes_equations``. These loads are also in the correct form to also be passed to the other equations of motion method classes, e.g. ``LagrangesMethod``. Examples ======== The below example shows how to generate the loads produced in a linear actuator that produces an expansile force ``F``. First, create a linear actuator between two points separated by the coordinate ``q`` in the ``x`` direction of the global frame ``N``. >>> from sympy.physics.mechanics import (LinearPathway, Point, ... ReferenceFrame) >>> from sympy.physics.vector import dynamicsymbols >>> q = dynamicsymbols('q') >>> N = ReferenceFrame('N') >>> pA, pB = Point('pA'), Point('pB') >>> pB.set_pos(pA, q*N.x) >>> linear_pathway = LinearPathway(pA, pB) Now create a symbol ``F`` to describe the magnitude of the (expansile) force that will be produced along the pathway. The list of loads that ``KanesMethod`` requires can be produced by calling the pathway's ``to_loads`` method with ``F`` passed as the only argument. >>> from sympy import symbols >>> F = symbols('F') >>> linear_pathway.to_loads(F) [(pA, - F*q(t)/sqrt(q(t)**2)*N.x), (pB, F*q(t)/sqrt(q(t)**2)*N.x)] Parameters ========== force : Expr Magnitude of the force acting along the length of the pathway. As per the sign conventions for the pathway length, pathway extension velocity, and pair of point forces, if this ``Expr`` is positive then the force will act to push the pair of points away from one another (it is expansile). """ relative_position = _point_pair_relative_position(*self.attachments) loads = [ Force(self.attachments[0], -force*relative_position/self.length), Force(self.attachments[-1], force*relative_position/self.length), ] return loads class ObstacleSetPathway(PathwayBase): """Obstacle-set pathway between a set of attachment points. Explanation =========== An obstacle-set pathway forms a series of straight-line segment between pairs of consecutive points in a set of points. It is similiar to multiple linear pathways joined end-to-end. It will not interact with any other objects in the system, i.e. an ``ObstacleSetPathway`` will intersect other objects to ensure that the path between its pairs of points (its attachments) is the shortest possible. Examples ======== To construct an obstacle-set pathway, three or more points are required to be passed to the ``attachments`` parameter as a ``tuple``. >>> from sympy.physics.mechanics import ObstacleSetPathway, Point >>> pA, pB, pC, pD = Point('pA'), Point('pB'), Point('pC'), Point('pD') >>> obstacle_set_pathway = ObstacleSetPathway(pA, pB, pC, pD) >>> obstacle_set_pathway ObstacleSetPathway(pA, pB, pC, pD) The pathway created above isn't very interesting without the positions and velocities of its attachment points being described. Without this its not possible to describe how the pathway moves, i.e. its length or its extension velocity. >>> from sympy import cos, sin >>> from sympy.physics.mechanics import ReferenceFrame >>> from sympy.physics.vector import dynamicsymbols >>> N = ReferenceFrame('N') >>> q = dynamicsymbols('q') >>> pO = Point('pO') >>> pA.set_pos(pO, N.y) >>> pB.set_pos(pO, -N.x) >>> pC.set_pos(pA, cos(q) * N.x - (sin(q) + 1) * N.y) >>> pD.set_pos(pA, sin(q) * N.x + (cos(q) - 1) * N.y) >>> pB.pos_from(pA) - N.x - N.y >>> pC.pos_from(pA) cos(q(t))*N.x + (-sin(q(t)) - 1)*N.y >>> pD.pos_from(pA) sin(q(t))*N.x + (cos(q(t)) - 1)*N.y A pathway's length can be accessed via its ``length`` attribute. >>> obstacle_set_pathway.length.simplify() sqrt(2)*(sqrt(cos(q(t)) + 1) + 2) A pathway's extension velocity can be accessed similarly via its ``extension_velocity`` attribute. >>> obstacle_set_pathway.extension_velocity.simplify() -sqrt(2)*sin(q(t))*Derivative(q(t), t)/(2*sqrt(cos(q(t)) + 1)) Parameters ========== attachments : tuple[Point, Point] The set of ``Point`` objects that define the segmented obstacle-set pathway. """ def __init__(self, *attachments): """Initializer for ``ObstacleSetPathway``. Parameters ========== attachments : tuple[Point, ...] The set of ``Point`` objects that define the segmented obstacle-set pathway. """ super().__init__(*attachments) @property def attachments(self): """The set of points defining a pathway's segmented path.""" return self._attachments @attachments.setter def attachments(self, attachments): if hasattr(self, '_attachments'): msg = ( f'Can\'t set attribute `attachments` to {repr(attachments)} ' f'as it is immutable.' ) raise AttributeError(msg) if len(attachments) <= 2: msg = ( f'Value {repr(attachments)} passed to `attachments` was an ' f'iterable of length {len(attachments)}, must be an iterable ' f'of length 3 or greater.' ) raise ValueError(msg) for i, point in enumerate(attachments): if not isinstance(point, Point): msg = ( f'Value {repr(point)} passed to `attachments` at index ' f'{i} was of type {type(point)}, must be {Point}.' ) raise TypeError(msg) self._attachments = tuple(attachments) @property def length(self): """Exact analytical expression for the pathway's length.""" length = S.Zero attachment_pairs = zip(self.attachments[:-1], self.attachments[1:]) for attachment_pair in attachment_pairs: length += _point_pair_length(*attachment_pair) return length @property def extension_velocity(self): """Exact analytical expression for the pathway's extension velocity.""" extension_velocity = S.Zero attachment_pairs = zip(self.attachments[:-1], self.attachments[1:]) for attachment_pair in attachment_pairs: extension_velocity += _point_pair_extension_velocity(*attachment_pair) return extension_velocity def to_loads(self, force): """Loads required by the equations of motion method classes. Explanation =========== ``KanesMethod`` requires a list of ``Point``-``Vector`` tuples to be passed to the ``loads`` parameters of its ``kanes_equations`` method when constructing the equations of motion. This method acts as a utility to produce the correctly-structred pairs of points and vectors required so that these can be easily concatenated with other items in the list of loads and passed to ``KanesMethod.kanes_equations``. These loads are also in the correct form to also be passed to the other equations of motion method classes, e.g. ``LagrangesMethod``. Examples ======== The below example shows how to generate the loads produced in an actuator that follows an obstacle-set pathway between four points and produces an expansile force ``F``. First, create a pair of reference frames, ``A`` and ``B``, in which the four points ``pA``, ``pB``, ``pC``, and ``pD`` will be located. The first two points in frame ``A`` and the second two in frame ``B``. Frame ``B`` will also be oriented such that it relates to ``A`` via a rotation of ``q`` about an axis ``N.z`` in a global frame (``N.z``, ``A.z``, and ``B.z`` are parallel). >>> from sympy.physics.mechanics import (ObstacleSetPathway, Point, ... ReferenceFrame) >>> from sympy.physics.vector import dynamicsymbols >>> q = dynamicsymbols('q') >>> N = ReferenceFrame('N') >>> N = ReferenceFrame('N') >>> A = N.orientnew('A', 'axis', (0, N.x)) >>> B = A.orientnew('B', 'axis', (q, N.z)) >>> pO = Point('pO') >>> pA, pB, pC, pD = Point('pA'), Point('pB'), Point('pC'), Point('pD') >>> pA.set_pos(pO, A.x) >>> pB.set_pos(pO, -A.y) >>> pC.set_pos(pO, B.y) >>> pD.set_pos(pO, B.x) >>> obstacle_set_pathway = ObstacleSetPathway(pA, pB, pC, pD) Now create a symbol ``F`` to describe the magnitude of the (expansile) force that will be produced along the pathway. The list of loads that ``KanesMethod`` requires can be produced by calling the pathway's ``to_loads`` method with ``F`` passed as the only argument. >>> from sympy import Symbol >>> F = Symbol('F') >>> obstacle_set_pathway.to_loads(F) [(pA, sqrt(2)*F/2*A.x + sqrt(2)*F/2*A.y), (pB, - sqrt(2)*F/2*A.x - sqrt(2)*F/2*A.y), (pB, - F/sqrt(2*cos(q(t)) + 2)*A.y - F/sqrt(2*cos(q(t)) + 2)*B.y), (pC, F/sqrt(2*cos(q(t)) + 2)*A.y + F/sqrt(2*cos(q(t)) + 2)*B.y), (pC, - sqrt(2)*F/2*B.x + sqrt(2)*F/2*B.y), (pD, sqrt(2)*F/2*B.x - sqrt(2)*F/2*B.y)] Parameters ========== force : Expr The force acting along the length of the pathway. It is assumed that this ``Expr`` represents an expansile force. """ loads = [] attachment_pairs = zip(self.attachments[:-1], self.attachments[1:]) for attachment_pair in attachment_pairs: relative_position = _point_pair_relative_position(*attachment_pair) length = _point_pair_length(*attachment_pair) loads.extend([ Force(attachment_pair[0], -force*relative_position/length), Force(attachment_pair[1], force*relative_position/length), ]) return loads class WrappingPathway(PathwayBase): """Pathway that wraps a geometry object. Explanation =========== A wrapping pathway interacts with a geometry object and forms a path that wraps smoothly along its surface. The wrapping pathway along the geometry object will be the geodesic that the geometry object defines based on the two points. It will not interact with any other objects in the system, i.e. a ``WrappingPathway`` will intersect other objects to ensure that the path between its two ends (its attachments) is the shortest possible. To explain the sign conventions used for pathway length, extension velocity, and direction of applied forces, we can ignore the geometry with which the wrapping pathway interacts. A wrapping pathway is made up of two points that can move relative to each other, and a pair of equal and opposite forces acting on the points. If the positive time-varying Euclidean distance between the two points is defined, then the "extension velocity" is the time derivative of this distance. The extension velocity is positive when the two points are moving away from each other and negative when moving closer to each other. The direction for the force acting on either point is determined by constructing a unit vector directed from the other point to this point. This establishes a sign convention such that a positive force magnitude tends to push the points apart. The following diagram shows the positive force sense and the distance between the points:: P Q o<--- F --->o | | |<--l(t)--->| Examples ======== >>> from sympy.physics.mechanics import WrappingPathway To construct a wrapping pathway, like other pathways, a pair of points must be passed, followed by an instance of a wrapping geometry class as a keyword argument. We'll use a cylinder with radius ``r`` and its axis parallel to ``N.x`` passing through a point ``pO``. >>> from sympy import symbols >>> from sympy.physics.mechanics import Point, ReferenceFrame, WrappingCylinder >>> r = symbols('r') >>> N = ReferenceFrame('N') >>> pA, pB, pO = Point('pA'), Point('pB'), Point('pO') >>> cylinder = WrappingCylinder(r, pO, N.x) >>> wrapping_pathway = WrappingPathway(pA, pB, cylinder) >>> wrapping_pathway WrappingPathway(pA, pB, geometry=WrappingCylinder(radius=r, point=pO, axis=N.x)) Parameters ========== attachment_1 : Point First of the pair of ``Point`` objects between which the wrapping pathway spans. attachment_2 : Point Second of the pair of ``Point`` objects between which the wrapping pathway spans. geometry : WrappingGeometryBase Geometry about which the pathway wraps. """ def __init__(self, attachment_1, attachment_2, geometry): """Initializer for ``WrappingPathway``. Parameters ========== attachment_1 : Point First of the pair of ``Point`` objects between which the wrapping pathway spans. attachment_2 : Point Second of the pair of ``Point`` objects between which the wrapping pathway spans. geometry : WrappingGeometryBase Geometry about which the pathway wraps. The geometry about which the pathway wraps. """ super().__init__(attachment_1, attachment_2) self.geometry = geometry @property def geometry(self): """Geometry around which the pathway wraps.""" return self._geometry @geometry.setter def geometry(self, geometry): if hasattr(self, '_geometry'): msg = ( f'Can\'t set attribute `geometry` to {repr(geometry)} as it ' f'is immutable.' ) raise AttributeError(msg) if not isinstance(geometry, WrappingGeometryBase): msg = ( f'Value {repr(geometry)} passed to `geometry` was of type ' f'{type(geometry)}, must be {WrappingGeometryBase}.' ) raise TypeError(msg) self._geometry = geometry @property def length(self): """Exact analytical expression for the pathway's length.""" return self.geometry.geodesic_length(*self.attachments) @property def extension_velocity(self): """Exact analytical expression for the pathway's extension velocity.""" return self.length.diff(dynamicsymbols._t) def to_loads(self, force): """Loads required by the equations of motion method classes. Explanation =========== ``KanesMethod`` requires a list of ``Point``-``Vector`` tuples to be passed to the ``loads`` parameters of its ``kanes_equations`` method when constructing the equations of motion. This method acts as a utility to produce the correctly-structred pairs of points and vectors required so that these can be easily concatenated with other items in the list of loads and passed to ``KanesMethod.kanes_equations``. These loads are also in the correct form to also be passed to the other equations of motion method classes, e.g. ``LagrangesMethod``. Examples ======== The below example shows how to generate the loads produced in an actuator that produces an expansile force ``F`` while wrapping around a cylinder. First, create a cylinder with radius ``r`` and an axis parallel to the ``N.z`` direction of the global frame ``N`` that also passes through a point ``pO``. >>> from sympy import symbols >>> from sympy.physics.mechanics import (Point, ReferenceFrame, ... WrappingCylinder) >>> N = ReferenceFrame('N') >>> r = symbols('r', positive=True) >>> pO = Point('pO') >>> cylinder = WrappingCylinder(r, pO, N.z) Create the pathway of the actuator using the ``WrappingPathway`` class, defined to span between two points ``pA`` and ``pB``. Both points lie on the surface of the cylinder and the location of ``pB`` is defined relative to ``pA`` by the dynamics symbol ``q``. >>> from sympy import cos, sin >>> from sympy.physics.mechanics import WrappingPathway, dynamicsymbols >>> q = dynamicsymbols('q') >>> pA = Point('pA') >>> pB = Point('pB') >>> pA.set_pos(pO, r*N.x) >>> pB.set_pos(pO, r*(cos(q)*N.x + sin(q)*N.y)) >>> pB.pos_from(pA) (r*cos(q(t)) - r)*N.x + r*sin(q(t))*N.y >>> pathway = WrappingPathway(pA, pB, cylinder) Now create a symbol ``F`` to describe the magnitude of the (expansile) force that will be produced along the pathway. The list of loads that ``KanesMethod`` requires can be produced by calling the pathway's ``to_loads`` method with ``F`` passed as the only argument. >>> F = symbols('F') >>> loads = pathway.to_loads(F) >>> [load.__class__(load.location, load.vector.simplify()) for load in loads] [(pA, F*N.y), (pB, F*sin(q(t))*N.x - F*cos(q(t))*N.y), (pO, - F*sin(q(t))*N.x + F*(cos(q(t)) - 1)*N.y)] Parameters ========== force : Expr Magnitude of the force acting along the length of the pathway. It is assumed that this ``Expr`` represents an expansile force. """ pA, pB = self.attachments pO = self.geometry.point pA_force, pB_force = self.geometry.geodesic_end_vectors(pA, pB) pO_force = -(pA_force + pB_force) loads = [ Force(pA, force * pA_force), Force(pB, force * pB_force), Force(pO, force * pO_force), ] return loads def __repr__(self): """Representation of a ``WrappingPathway``.""" attachments = ', '.join(str(a) for a in self.attachments) return ( f'{self.__class__.__name__}({attachments}, ' f'geometry={self.geometry})' ) def _point_pair_relative_position(point_1, point_2): """The relative position between a pair of points.""" return point_2.pos_from(point_1) def _point_pair_length(point_1, point_2): """The length of the direct linear path between two points.""" return _point_pair_relative_position(point_1, point_2).magnitude() def _point_pair_extension_velocity(point_1, point_2): """The extension velocity of the direct linear path between two points.""" return _point_pair_length(point_1, point_2).diff(dynamicsymbols._t)