(instance instance BinaryPredicate)
(instance instance AsymmetricRelation)
(instance instance IntransitiveRelation)
(domain instance 1 Entity)
(domain instance 2 Class)
(documentation instance "An object is an &%instance a &%Class if 
it is included in that &%Class.  An individual may be an instance of many 
classes, some of which may be subclasses of others.  Thus, there is no 
assumption in the meaning of &%instance about specificity or uniqueness.")

(instance inverse BinaryPredicate)
(domain inverse 1 BinaryRelation)
(domain inverse 2 BinaryRelation)
(documentation inverse "The inverse of a &%BinaryRelation is a relation 
in which all the tuples of the original relation are reversed.  In 
other words, one &%BinaryRelation is the inverse of another if they are 
equivalent when their arguments are swapped.")

(=>
   (inverse ?REL1 ?REL2)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2)
      (<=>
         (holds ?REL1 ?INST1 ?INST2)
         (holds ?REL2 ?INST2 ?INST1))))

(instance subclass BinaryPredicate)
(instance subclass PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain subclass 1 Class)
(domain subclass 2 Class)
(documentation subclass "&%Class C is a subclass of &%Class P only if 
every instance of C is also an instance of P.  A class may have multiple 
superclasses and subclasses.")

(=> 
   (subclass ?SUBCLASS ?CLASS)
   (forall (?INST)
      (=> 
         (instance ?INST ?SUBCLASS)
         (instance ?INST ?CLASS))))

(instance subrelation BinaryPredicate)
(instance subrelation PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain subrelation 1 Relation)
(domain subrelation 2 Relation)
(documentation subrelation "A &%Relation R is a &%subrelation 
&%Relation R' if R is a &%subclass R'.  This implies that every 
tuple of R is also a tuple of R'.  Again, if R holds for some arguments 
arg_1, arg_2, ... arg_n, then R' holds for the same arguments.  Thus, a 
&%Relation and its subrelation must have the same valence. In CycL, 
&%subrelation is called #$genlPreds.")

(=>
   (and
      (subrelation ?PRED1 ?PRED2)
      (valence ?PRED1 ?NUMBER))
   (valence ?PRED2 ?NUMBER))
   
(=>
   (and
      (subrelation ?PRED1 ?PRED2)
      (domain ?PRED2 ?NUMBER ?CLASS2)
      (domain ?PRED1 ?NUMBER ?CLASS1))
   (subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2))

(=>
   (and
      (subrelation ?REL1 ?REL2)
      (holds ?REL1 @ROW))
   (holds ?REL2 @ROW))

(=>
   (and
      (subrelation ?PRED1 ?PRED2)
      (instance ?PRED2 ?CLASS)
      (instance ?CLASS InheritableRelation))
   (instance ?PRED1 ?CLASS))

(instance domain TernaryPredicate)
(domain domain 1 Relation)
(domain domain 2 PositiveInteger)
(domain domain 3 Class)
(documentation domain "Provides a computationally and heuristically
convenient mechanism for declaring the argument types of a given relation.  
The formula (&%domain ?REL ?INT ?CLASS) means that the ?INT'th element of each 
tuple in the relation ?REL must be an instance of ?CLASS.  Specifying argument
types is very helpful in maintaining ontologies.  Representation systems can 
use these specifications to classify terms and check integrity constraints.  
If the restriction on the argument type of a &%Relation is not captured by a 
&%Class already defined in the ontology, one can specify a &%Class compositionally 
with the functions &%UnionFn, &%IntersectionFn, etc.")

(instance domainSubclass TernaryPredicate)
(domain domainSubclass 1 Relation)
(domain domainSubclass 2 PositiveInteger)
(domain domainSubclass 3 Class)
(documentation domainSubclass "&%Predicate used to specify argument 
type restrictions of &%Predicates.  The formula (&%domainSubclass 
?REL ?INT ?CLASS) means that the ?INT'th element of each tuple in the 
relation ?REL must be a subclass of ?CLASS.")

(instance equal BinaryPredicate)
(instance equal EquivalenceRelation)
(instance equal RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(domain equal 1 Entity)
(domain equal 2 Entity)
(documentation equal "(equal ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) is true just in case 
?ENTITY1 is identical with ?ENTITY2.")

(=>
   (equal ?THING1 ?THING2)
   (forall (?ATTR)
      (<=>
         (attribute ?THING1 ?ATTR)
         (attribute ?THING2 ?ATTR))))

(=>
   (equal ?THING1 ?THING2)
   (forall (?CLASS)
      (<=>
         (instance ?THING1 ?CLASS)
         (instance ?THING2 ?CLASS))))

(instance range BinaryPredicate)
(instance range AsymmetricRelation)
(domain range 1 Function)
(domain range 2 Class)
(documentation range "Gives the range of a function.  In other words, 
(&%range ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that all of the values assigned by 
?FUNCTION are &%instances of ?CLASS.") 

(=>
   (range ?FUNCTION ?CLASS)
   (forall (@ROW)
      (=>
         (equal (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION @ROW) ?VALUE)
         (instance ?VALUE ?CLASS))))

(instance rangeSubclass BinaryPredicate)
(instance rangeSubclass AsymmetricRelation)
(domain rangeSubclass 1 Function)
(domainSubclass rangeSubclass 2 Class)
(documentation rangeSubclass "(&%rangeSubclass ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that 
all of the values assigned by ?FUNCTION are &%subclasses of ?CLASS.")

(=>
   (rangeSubclass ?FUNCTION ?CLASS)
   (forall (@ROW)
      (=>
         (equal (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION @ROW) ?VALUE)
         (subclass ?VALUE ?CLASS))))

(instance DomainFn UnaryFunction)
(domain DomainFn 1 BinaryRelation)
(range DomainFn Class)
(documentation DomainFn "The domain of a &%BinaryRelation ?REL is
the &%Class of all things that bear ?REL to something.")

(<=> 
   (instance ?INST1 (DomainFn ?REL))
   (exists (?INST2)
      (holds ?REL ?INST1 ?INST2)))

(instance RangeFn UnaryFunction)
(domain RangeFn 1 BinaryRelation)
(range RangeFn Class)
(documentation RangeFn "The range of a &%BinaryRelation ?REL is the
&%Class of all things such that something bears ?REL to them.")

(<=> 
   (instance ?INST1 (RangeFn ?REL))
   (exists (?INST2)
      (holds ?REL ?INST2 ?INST1)))

(instance valence BinaryPredicate)
(instance valence AsymmetricRelation)
(instance valence SingleValuedRelation)
(domain valence 1 Relation)
(domain valence 2 PositiveInteger)
(documentation valence "Specifies the number of arguments that a 
relation can take.  If a relation does not have a fixed number of 
arguments, it does not have a valence and it is an instance of 
&%VariableArityRelation.  For example, &%holds is a 
&%VariableArityRelation.")

(instance documentation BinaryPredicate)
(instance documentation AsymmetricRelation)
(domain documentation 1 Entity)
(domain documentation 2 SymbolicString)
(documentation documentation "A relation between objects in the domain 
of discourse and strings of natural language text.  The domain of 
&%documentation is not constants (names), but the objects themselves.  
This means that one does not quote the names when associating them with 
their documentation.")

(instance disjoint BinaryPredicate)
(instance disjoint SymmetricRelation)
(instance disjoint IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain disjoint 1 Class)
(domain disjoint 2 Class)
(documentation disjoint "&%Classes are &%disjoint only if they share no 
instances, i.e. just in case the result of applying &%IntersectionFn to
them is empty.")

(=>
   (disjoint ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
   (forall (?INST)
      (not
         (and 
	    (instance ?INST ?CLASS1)
          (instance ?INST ?CLASS2)))))

(instance disjointRelation BinaryPredicate)
(instance disjointRelation SymmetricRelation)
(instance disjointRelation IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain disjointRelation 1 Relation)
(domain disjointRelation 2 Relation)
(relatedInternalConcept disjointRelation disjoint)
(documentation disjointRelation "(&%disjointRelation ?REL1 ?REL2) means that the 
two relations ?REL1 and ?REL2 have no tuples in common.  In other words, the 
intersection of ?REL1 and ?REL2 is the null set.")

(=>
   (and
      (disjointRelation ?REL1 ?REL2)
      (valence ?REL1 ?NUMBER))
   (valence ?REL2 ?NUMBER))

(=>
   (and
      (domain ?REL1 ?NUMBER ?CLASS1)
      (domain ?REL2 ?NUMBER ?CLASS2)
      (disjoint ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2))
   (disjointRelation ?REL1 ?REL2))
 
(=>
   (and
      (disjointRelation ?REL1 ?REL2)
      (holds ?REL1 @ROW))
   (not (holds ?REL2 @ROW)))

(instance contraryAttribute BinaryPredicate)
(instance contraryAttribute SymmetricRelation)
(instance contraryAttribute IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain contraryAttribute 1 Attribute)
(domain contraryAttribute 2 Attribute)
(documentation contraryAttribute "Means that the two arguments are 
properties that are opposed to one another, e.g. &%Pliable versus 
&%Rigid.")

(=>
   (and
      (attribute ?OBJ ?ATTR1)
      (contraryAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2))
   (not
      (attribute ?OBJ ?ATTR2)))

(instance exhaustiveDecomposition Predicate)
(instance exhaustiveDecomposition VariableArityRelation)
(domain exhaustiveDecomposition 1 Class)
(relatedInternalConcept exhaustiveDecomposition partition)
(documentation exhaustiveDecomposition "An &%exhaustiveDecomposition of a 
&%Class C is a set of subclasses of C such that every subclass of C either 
is an element of the set or is a subclass of an element of the set.  Note: 
this does not necessarily mean that the elements of the set are disjoint 
(see &%partition - a &%partition is a disjoint exhaustive decomposition.)")

(forall (?INT) (domain exhaustiveDecomposition ?INT Class))

(instance disjointDecomposition Predicate)
(instance disjointDecomposition VariableArityRelation)
(domain disjointDecomposition 1 Class)
(relatedInternalConcept disjointDecomposition exhaustiveDecomposition)
(relatedInternalConcept disjointDecomposition disjoint)
(documentation disjointDecomposition "A &%disjointDecomposition of a &%Class 
C is a set of subclasses of C that are mutually &%disjoint.")

(forall (?INT) (domain disjointDecomposition ?INT Class))

(instance partition Predicate)
(instance partition VariableArityRelation)
(domain partition 1 Class)
(documentation partition "A &%partition of a class C is a set of 
mutually &%disjoint classes (a subclass partition) which covers C.  
Every instance of C is an instance of exactly one of the subclasses 
in the partition.")

(<=>
   (partition @ROW)
   (and
      (exhaustiveDecomposition @ROW)
      (disjointDecomposition @ROW)))

(instance relatedInternalConcept BinaryPredicate)
(instance relatedInternalConcept EquivalenceRelation)
(domain relatedInternalConcept 1 Entity)
(domain relatedInternalConcept 2 Entity)
(documentation relatedInternalConcept "Means that the two arguments are 
related concepts within the SUMO, i.e. there is a significant similarity 
of meaning between them.  To indicate a meaning relation between a SUMO 
concept and a concept from another source, use the Predicate 
&%relatedExternalConcept.")

(instance relatedExternalConcept TernaryPredicate)
(domain relatedExternalConcept 1 Entity)
(domain relatedExternalConcept 2 SymbolicString)
(domain relatedExternalConcept 3 Language)
(relatedInternalConcept relatedExternalConcept relatedInternalConcept)
(documentation relatedExternalConcept "Used to signify a three-place 
relation between a concept in an external knowledge source, a concept 
in the SUMO, and the name of the other knowledge source.")

(subrelation synonymousExternalConcept relatedExternalConcept)
(disjointRelation synonymousExternalConcept subsumedExternalConcept)
(disjointRelation synonymousExternalConcept subsumingExternalConcept)
(documentation synonymousExternalConcept "(&%synonymousExternalConcept 
?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING has the 
same meaning as ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE.")

(subrelation subsumingExternalConcept relatedExternalConcept)
(disjointRelation subsumingExternalConcept subsumedExternalConcept)
(documentation subsumingExternalConcept "(&%subsumingExternalConcept 
?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING subsumes 
the meaning of ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE, i.e. the concept ?THING is broader 
in meaning than ?STRING.")

(subrelation subsumedExternalConcept relatedExternalConcept)
(documentation subsumedExternalConcept "(&%subsumedExternalConcept 
?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING is subsumed 
by the meaning of ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE, i.e. the concept ?THING is narrower 
in meaning than ?STRING.")

(instance name BinaryPredicate)
(domain name 1 Entity)
(domain name 2 SymbolicString)
(documentation name "(&%name ?ENTITY ?STRING) means that the thing ?ENTITY 
has the &%SymbolicString ?STRING as its name.")

(subrelation uniqueIdentifier name)
(instance uniqueIdentifier SingleValuedRelation)
(documentation uniqueIdentifier "The class of &%names that uniquely identify 
an instance of &%Entity.  Some examples of &%uniqueIdentifiers are the keys 
of tables in database applications and the ISBN (International Standard Book 
Number).")

(instance subAttribute BinaryPredicate)
(instance subAttribute PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain subAttribute 1 Attribute)
(domain subAttribute 2 Attribute)
(disjointRelation subAttribute successorAttribute)
(documentation subAttribute "Means that the second argument can be 
ascribed to everything which has the first argument ascribed to it.")

(<=>
   (subAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2)
   (forall (?OBJ)
      (=>
         (attribute ?OBJ ?ATTR1)
         (attribute ?OBJ ?ATTR2))))

(=>
   (and
      (subAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2)
      (instance ?ATTR2 ?CLASS))
   (instance ?ATTR1 ?CLASS))

(instance successorAttribute BinaryPredicate)
(instance successorAttribute AsymmetricRelation)
(domain successorAttribute 1 Attribute)
(domain successorAttribute 2 Attribute)
(documentation successorAttribute "(&%successorAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) 
means that ?ATTR2 is the attribute that comes immediately after ?ATTR1 
on the scale that they share.")

(instance successorAttributeClosure BinaryPredicate)
(instance successorAttributeClosure TransitiveRelation)
(instance successorAttributeClosure IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain successorAttributeClosure 1 Attribute)
(domain successorAttributeClosure 2 Attribute)
(relatedInternalConcept successorAttributeClosure successorAttribute)
(documentation successorAttributeClosure "The transitive closure of 
&%successorAttribute.  (&%successorAttributeClosure ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means 
that there is a chain of &%successorAttribute assertions connecting 
?ATTR1 and ?ATTR2.") 

(=>
   (successorAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2)
   (successorAttributeClosure ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2))

(instance and LogicalOperator)
(domain and 1 Formula)
(domain and 2 Formula)
(documentation and "The truth-functional connective of conjunction.")

(instance or LogicalOperator)
(domain or 1 Formula)
(domain or 2 Formula)
(documentation or "The truth-functional connective of disjunction.")

(instance => LogicalOperator)
(domain => 1 Formula)
(domain => 2 Formula)
(documentation => "The truth-functional connective of implication.")

(instance <=> LogicalOperator)
(domain <=> 1 Formula)
(domain <=> 2 Formula)
(documentation <=> "The truth-functional connective of bi-implication.")

(instance not LogicalOperator)
(domain not 1 Formula)
(documentation not "The truth-functional connective of negation.")

(instance forall LogicalOperator)
(domain forall 1 List)
(domain forall 2 Formula)
(documentation forall "The universal quantifier of predicate logic.")

(instance exists LogicalOperator)
(domain exists 1 List)
(domain exists 2 Formula)
(documentation exists "The existential quantifier of predicate logic.")

(instance entails LogicalOperator)
(domain entails 1 Formula)
(domain entails 2 Formula)
(documentation entails "The operator of logical entailment.  (&%entails 
?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 can be derived from ?FORMULA1 
by means of the proof theory of SUO-KIF.")

(instance AssignmentFn Function)
(instance AssignmentFn VariableArityRelation)
(domain AssignmentFn 1 Function)
(range AssignmentFn Entity)
(documentation AssignmentFn "If F is a function with a value for the 
objects denoted by N1,..., NK, then the term (AssignmentFn F N1 ... NK) 
denotes the value of applying F to the objects denoted by N1,..., NK.  
Otherwise, the value is undefined.")

(instance holds Predicate)
(instance holds VariableArityRelation)
(domain holds 1 Relation)
(documentation holds "(holds P N1 ... NK) is true just in case 
the tuple of objects denoted by N1,..., NK is an element of 
the &%Relation P.")

(<=>
   (and
      (holds ?REL @ROW ?INST)
      (instance ?REL Function))
   (equal (AssignmentFn ?REL @ROW) ?INST))

(=>
   (instance ?REL Predicate)
   (<=> 
        (holds ?REL @ROW)
        (?REL @ROW)))

(instance PowerSetFn UnaryFunction)
(domain PowerSetFn 1 Class)
(rangeSubclass PowerSetFn Class)
(documentation PowerSetFn "(&%PowerSetFn ?CLASS) maps the &%Class 
?CLASS to the &%Class of all &%subclasses of ?CLASS.")

(<=>
   (instance ?SUBCLASS (PowerSetFn ?CLASS))
   (subclass ?SUBCLASS ?CLASS))

;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;   BASE ONTOLOGY   ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'STRUCTURAL ONTOLOGY'

;; The following hierarchy incorporates content from Sowa, Russell & Norvig, 
;; and the top-level ontology from ITBM-CNR. 

(documentation Entity "The universal class of individuals.  This is the root 
node of the ontology.")

;; Everything is an entity (due to Robert E. Kent).

(forall (?THING) (instance ?THING Entity))

;; There are entities.  (In standard FOPC, this axiom is redundant, since it is 
;; implied by the one above.  However, it is included here in case a "free 
;; logic" or similar, nonstandard interpretation of the ontology is adopted).

(exists (?THING) (instance ?THING Entity))

;; Every class is a subclass of Entity, and vice versa.

(<=> 
	(instance ?CLASS Class)
      (subclass ?CLASS Entity))

(subclass Physical Entity)
(partition Physical Object Process)
(documentation Physical "An entity that has a location in space-time.  
Note that locations are themselves understood to have a location in 
space-time")

;; Something is Physical just in case it exists at some location at some time.

(<=> 
	(instance ?PHYS Physical)
	(exists (?LOC ?TIME)
     		(and 
			(located ?PHYS ?LOC)
                  (time ?PHYS ?TIME))))

(subclass Object Physical)
(documentation Object "Corresponds roughly to the class of ordinary 
objects.  Examples include normal physical objects, geographical regions, 
and locations of &%Processes, the complement of &%Objects in the &%Physical 
class.  In a 4D ontology, an &%Object is something whose spatiotemporal 
extent is thought of as dividing into spatial parts roughly parallel to the 
time-axis.")

(subclass SelfConnectedObject Object)
(documentation SelfConnectedObject "A &%SelfConnectedObject is any 
&%Object that does not consist of two or more disconnected parts.")

(instance FrontFn UnaryFunction)
(instance FrontFn AsymmetricRelation)
(instance FrontFn IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain FrontFn 1 Object)
(range FrontFn Object)
(documentation FrontFn "A &%Function that maps an &%Object to the side 
that generally receives the most attention or that typically faces the 
direction in which the &%Object moves.  Note that this is a partial 
function, since some &%Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and 
spheres.  Note too that the &%range of this &%Function is indefinite in 
much the way that &%ImmediateFutureFn and &%ImmediatePastFn are indefinite.  
Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, 
it does not have significant practical implications, since there is 
widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases.")

(part (FrontFn ?OBJ) ?OBJ)

(instance BackFn UnaryFunction)
(instance BackFn AsymmetricRelation)
(instance BackFn IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain BackFn 1 Object)
(range BackFn Object)
(documentation BackFn "A &%Function that maps an &%Object to the side 
that is opposite the &%FrontFn of the &%Object.  Note that this is a 
partial function, since some &%Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples 
and spheres.  Note too that the &%range of this &%Function is indefinite in 
much the way that &%ImmediateFutureFn and &%ImmediatePastFn are indefinite.  
Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, 
it does not have significant practical implications, since there is 
widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases.")

(part (BackFn ?OBJ) ?OBJ)

(instance part BinaryPredicate)
(instance part SpatialRelation)
(instance part PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain part 1 Object)
(domain part 2 Object)
(documentation part "The basic mereological relation.  All other 
mereological relations are defined in terms of this one.  
(&%part ?PART ?WHOLE) simply means that the &%Object ?PART is part
of the &%Object ?WHOLE.  Note that, since &%part is a 
&%ReflexiveRelation, every &%Object is a part of itself.")

(instance properPart AsymmetricRelation)
(instance properPart TransitiveRelation)
(subrelation properPart part)
(documentation properPart "(&%properPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that 
?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 other than ?OBJ2 itself. This is a 
&%TransitiveRelation and &%AsymmetricRelation (hence an 
&%IrreflexiveRelation).")

(<=> 
   (properPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
      (and
	   (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
	   (not
	      (part ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1))))

(subrelation piece part)
(domain piece 1 Substance)
(domain piece 2 Substance)
(documentation piece "A specialized common sense notion of part for 
arbitrary parts of &%Substances.  Quasi-synonyms are: chunk, hunk, bit, 
etc.  Compare &%component, the other subrelation of &%part.")

(=>
   (piece ?SUBSTANCE1 ?SUBSTANCE2)
   (forall (?CLASS)
      (=>
         (instance ?SUBSTANCE1 ?CLASS)
         (instance ?SUBSTANCE2 ?CLASS))))

(subrelation component part)
(domain component 1 CorpuscularObject)
(domain component 2 CorpuscularObject)
(documentation component "A specialized common sense notion of part 
for heterogeneous parts of complexes. (&%component ?COMPONENT ?WHOLE) 
means that ?COMPONENT is a component of ?WHOLE. Examples of component 
include the doors and walls of a house, the states or provinces of a 
country, or the limbs and organs of an animal.  Compare &%piece, which 
is also a subrelation of &%part.")

(instance material BinaryPredicate)
(domainSubclass material 1 Substance)
(domain material 2 CorpuscularObject)
(documentation material "(&%material ?SUBSTANCE ?OBJECT) means that 
?OBJECT is structurally made up in part of ?SUBSTANCE. This relation 
encompasses the concepts of 'composed of', 'made of', and 'formed of'.  
For example, plastic is a &%material of my computer monitor.  Compare 
&%part and its subrelations, viz &%component and &%piece.")

(subclass Substance SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation Substance "An &%Object in which every part is similar to 
every other in every relevant respect.  More precisely, something is a 
&%Substance when it has only arbitrary pieces as parts - any parts have 
properties which are similar to those of the whole.  Note that a &%Substance 
may nonetheless have physical properties that vary.  For example, the 
temperature, chemical constitution, density, etc. may change from one part 
to another.  An example would be a body of water.")

(=>
   (and
      (subclass ?OBJECTTYPE Substance)
      (instance ?OBJECT ?OBJECTTYPE)
      (part ?PART ?OBJECT))
   (instance ?PART ?OBJECTTYPE))

(subclass PureSubstance Substance) 
(partition PureSubstance CompoundSubstance ElementalSubstance) 
(documentation PureSubstance "The &%Class of &%Substances with constant 
composition.  A &%PureSubstance can be either an element (&%ElementalSubstance) 
or a compound of elements (&%CompoundSubstance).  Examples: Table salt 
(sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), water (H_2O), 
iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O_2).") 

(subclass ElementalSubstance PureSubstance) 
(documentation ElementalSubstance "The &%Class of &%PureSubstances that 
cannot be separated into two or more &%Substances by ordinary chemical 
(or physical) means. This excludes nuclear reactions. &%ElementalSubstances 
are composed of only one kind of atom. Examples: Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), 
and oxygen (O_2).  &%ElementalSubstances are the simplest 
&%PureSubstances.")

(subclass Metal ElementalSubstance) 
(documentation Metal "A &%Metal is an &%ElementalSubstance that conducts heat 
and electricity, is shiny and reflects many colors of light, and can be hammered 
into sheets or drawn into wire.  About 80% of the known chemical elements 
(&%ElementalSubstances) are metals.")

(subclass Atom ElementalSubstance)
(documentation Atom "An extremely small unit of matter that retains its 
identity in Chemical reactions.  It consists of an &%AtomicNucleus and 
&%Electrons surrounding the &%AtomicNucleus.")

(=>
   (instance ?ATOM Atom)
   (exists (?PROTON ?ELECTRON)
      (and
         (component ?PROTON ?ATOM)
	   (component ?ELECTRON ?ATOM)
         (instance ?PROTON Proton)
         (instance ?ELECTRON Electron))))

(=>
   (instance ?ATOM Atom)
   (forall (?NUCLEUS1 ?NUCLEUS2)
      (=>
         (and
            (component ?NUCLEUS1 ?ATOM)
	      (component ?NUCLEUS2 ?ATOM)
            (instance ?NUCLEUS1 AtomicNucleus)
            (instance ?NUCLEUS2 AtomicNucleus))
	   (equal ?NUCLEUS1 ?NUCLEUS2))))

(subclass SubatomicParticle ElementalSubstance)
(documentation SubatomicParticle "The class of &%ElementalSubstances that 
are smaller than &%Atoms and compose &%Atoms.")

(=>
   (instance ?PARTICLE SubatomicParticle)
   (exists (?ATOM)
      (and
         (instance ?ATOM Atom)
         (part ?PARTICLE ?ATOM))))

(subclass AtomicNucleus SubatomicParticle)
(documentation AtomicNucleus "The core of the &%Atom.  It is composed of 
&%Protons and &%Neutrons.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUCLEUS AtomicNucleus)
   (exists (?NEUTRON ?PROTON)
      (and
         (component ?NEUTRON ?NUCLEUS)
	   (component ?PROTON ?NUCLEUS)
         (instance ?NEUTRON Neutron)
         (instance ?PROTON Proton))))

(subclass Electron SubatomicParticle)
(documentation Electron "&%SubatomicParticles that surround the 
&%AtomicNucleus.  They have a negative charge.")

(subclass Proton SubatomicParticle)
(documentation Proton "Components of the &%AtomicNucleus.  They have a 
positive charge.")

(subclass Neutron SubatomicParticle)
(documentation Neutron "Components of the &%AtomicNucleus.  They have no 
charge.")

(subclass CompoundSubstance PureSubstance) 
(documentation CompoundSubstance "The &%Class of &%Substances that contain 
two or more elements (&%ElementalSubstances), in definite proportion by weight. 
The composition of a pure compound will be invariant, regardless of the method 
of preparation. Compounds are composed of more than one kind of atom (element). 
The term molecule is often used for the smallest unit of a compound that still 
retains all of the properties of the compound.  Examples: Table salt (sodium 
chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), and water (H_2O). ") 

(subclass Mixture Substance) 
(documentation Mixture "A &%Mixture is two or more &%PureSubstances, 
combined in varying proportions - each retaining its own specific properties. 
The components of a &%Mixture can be separated by physical means, i.e. without 
the making and breaking of chemical bonds. Examples: Air, table salt thoroughly 
dissolved in water, milk, wood, and concrete. ") 

(=> 
   (instance ?MIXTURE Mixture)
   (exists (?PURE1 ?PURE2)
      (and 
         (subclass ?PURE1 PureSubstance)
         (subclass ?PURE2 PureSubstance)
         (not (equal ?PURE1 ?PURE2))
         (piece ?PURE1 ?MIXTURE)
         (piece ?PURE2 ?MIXTURE))))

(subclass Solution Mixture) 
(documentation Solution "A liquid mixture. The most abundant component in 
a solution is called the solvent. Other components are called solutes. 
A solution, though homogeneous, may nonetheless have variable composition. 
Any amount of salt, up to a maximum limit, can be dissolved in a given 
amount of water.") 

(subclass CorpuscularObject SelfConnectedObject)
(disjoint CorpuscularObject Substance)
(documentation CorpuscularObject "A &%SelfConnectedObject whose parts have 
properties that are not shared by the whole.")

(=>
   (instance ?OBJ CorpuscularObject)
   (exists (?SUBSTANCE1 ?SUBSTANCE2)
      (and
         (subclass ?SUBSTANCE1 Substance)
         (subclass ?SUBSTANCE2 Substance)
         (material ?SUBSTANCE1 ?OBJ)
         (material ?SUBSTANCE2 ?OBJ)
         (not (equal ?SUBSTANCE1 ?SUBSTANCE2)))))

(subclass Region Object)
(documentation Region "A topographic location.  &%Regions encompass 
surfaces of &%Objects, imaginary places, and &%GeographicAreas.  Note 
that a &%Region is the only kind of &%Object which can be located at 
itself.  Note too that &%Region is not a subclass of &%SelfConnectedObject, 
because some &%Regions, e.g. archipelagos, have &%parts which are not 
&%connected with one another.")

(=>
   (instance ?REGION Region)
   (exists (?PHYS)
      (located ?PHYS ?REGION)))

(subclass Collection Object)
(disjoint Collection SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation Collection "Collections have &%members like &%Classes, but, 
unlike &%Classes, they have a position in space-time and &%members can be 
added and subtracted without thereby changing the identity of the 
&%Collection.  Some examples are toolkits, football teams, and flocks 
of sheep.")

(=>
   (instance ?COLL Collection)
   (exists (?OBJ)
	(member ?OBJ ?COLL)))

(instance member BinaryPredicate)
(instance member SpatialRelation)
(instance member AsymmetricRelation)
(instance member IntransitiveRelation)
(subrelation member part)
(domain member 1 SelfConnectedObject)
(domain member 2 Collection)
(relatedInternalConcept member instance)
(relatedInternalConcept member element)
(documentation member "A specialized common sense notion of part for 
uniform parts of &%Collections.  For example, each sheep in a flock of 
sheep would have the relationship of member to the flock.")

(instance subCollection BinaryPredicate)
(instance subCollection TransitiveRelation)
(instance subCollection IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain subCollection 1 Collection)
(domain subCollection 2 Collection)
(documentation subCollection "(&%subCollection ?COLL1 ?COLL2) means that 
the &%Collection ?COLL1 is a proper part of the &%Collection ?COLL2.")

(subclass ContentBearingObject SelfConnectedObject)
(relatedInternalConcept ContentBearingObject containsInformation)
(documentation ContentBearingObject "Any &%SelfConnectedObject that expresses 
information.")

(subclass SymbolicString ContentBearingObject)
(documentation SymbolicString "The &%Class of alphanumeric sequences.")

(subclass Character SymbolicString)
(documentation Character "An element of an alphabet, a set of numerals, etc.  
Note that a &%Character may or may not be part of a &%Language.  &%Character 
is a subclass of &%SymbolicString, because every instance of &%Character is 
an alphanumeric sequence consisting of a single element.")

(=>
    (instance ?STRING SymbolicString)
    (exists (?PART)
        (and
            (part ?PART ?STRING)
            (instance ?PART Character)))) 

(instance containsInformation BinaryPredicate)
(instance containsInformation AsymmetricRelation)
(subrelation containsInformation represents)
(domain containsInformation 1 ContentBearingObject)
(domain containsInformation 2 Proposition)
(documentation containsInformation "A subrelation of &%represents.  This 
predicate relates a &%ContentBearingObject to the &%Proposition that is 
expressed by the &%ContentBearingObject. Examples include the relationships 
between a physical novel and its story and between a printed score and its 
musical content.")

(subclass Icon ContentBearingObject)
(documentation Icon "This is the subclass of &%ContentBearingObjects 
which are not part of a &%Language and which have some sort of similarity 
with the &%Objects that they represent.  This &%Class would include symbolic 
roadway signs, 'icons' in a graphical computer operating system, etc.")

(subclass MotionPicture Text)
(documentation MotionPicture "A &%ContentBearingObject which depicts motion 
(and which may have an audio or text component as well).  This &%Class covers 
films, videos, etc.")

(subclass LinguisticExpression ContentBearingObject)
(disjoint LinguisticExpression Icon)
(documentation LinguisticExpression "This is the subclass of 
&%ContentBearingObjects which are language-related.  Note that this &%Class 
encompasses both &%Language and the the elements of &%Languages, 
e.g. &%Words.")

(subclass Language LinguisticExpression)
(disjointDecomposition Language AnimalLanguage HumanLanguage ComputerLanguage)
(documentation Language "A system of signs for expressing thought.  The 
system can be either natural or artificial, i.e. something that emerges 
gradually as a cultural artifact or something that is intentionally created 
by a person or group of people.")

(subclass AnimalLanguage Language)
(documentation AnimalLanguage "The &%subclass of &%Languages used by 
&%Animals other than &%Humans.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?LANG AnimalLanguage)
      (agent ?PROC ?AGENT)
      (instrument ?PROC ?LANG))
   (and
      (instance ?AGENT Animal)
      (not (instance ?AGENT Human))))

(subclass ArtificialLanguage Language)
(documentation ArtificialLanguage "The &%subclass of &%Languages that are 
designed by &%Humans.")

(subclass ComputerLanguage ArtificialLanguage)
(documentation ComputerLanguage "The class of &%Languages designed for 
and interpreted by a computer.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?LANG ComputerLanguage)
      (agent ?PROC ?AGENT)
      (instrument ?PROC ?LANG))
   (instance ?AGENT Machine))

(subclass HumanLanguage Language)
(documentation HumanLanguage "The &%subclass of &%Languages used by 
&%Humans.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?LANG HumanLanguage)
      (agent ?PROC ?AGENT)
      (instrument ?PROC ?LANG))
   (instance ?AGENT Human))

(subclass ConstructedLanguage HumanLanguage)
(subclass ConstructedLanguage ArtificialLanguage)
(documentation ConstructedLanguage "The &%subclass of &%HumanLanguages 
that did not originate diachronically, but were designed by a &%Human.  
This &%Class includes languages like Esperanto that were created to 
facilitate international communication.")

(=>
   (instance ?LANG ConstructedLanguage)
   (exists (?PLAN)
      (and
         (instance ?PLAN Planning)
         (result ?PLAN ?LANG))))

(subclass NaturalLanguage HumanLanguage)
(disjoint NaturalLanguage ConstructedLanguage)
(documentation NaturalLanguage "The &%subclass of &%HumanLanguages which 
are not designed and which evolve from generation to generation.  This 
&%Class includes all of the national languages, e.g. English, Spanish, 
Japanese, etc.  Note that this class includes dialects of natural 
languages.")

(subclass Word LinguisticExpression)
(documentation Word "A term of a &%Language that represents a concept.")

(subclass Sentence LinguisticExpression)
(documentation Sentence "A syntactically well-formed formula of a 
&%Language.  It includes, at minimum, a predicate and a subject (which 
may be explicit or implicit), and it expresses a &%Proposition.")

(=>
    (instance ?SENT Sentence)
    (exists (?PROP)
        (and
            (instance ?PROP Proposition)
            (containsInformation ?SENT ?PROP))))

(=>
   (instance ?SENT Sentence)
   (exists (?NOUN ?VERB)
      (and
         (instance ?NOUN NounPhrase)
         (instance ?VERB VerbPhrase)
         (part ?NOUN ?SENT)
         (part ?VERB ?SENT))))

(subclass Formula Sentence)
(documentation Formula "A syntactically well-formed formula in the 
SUO-KIF knowledge representation language.")

;; The following ground facts incorporate the 'Agent' hierarchy from the 
;; corresponding ontology on the Ontolingua server.  It also includes 
;; predicates defined in the ITBM-CNR ontology "Actors".

(subclass Agent Object)
(documentation Agent "Something or someone that can act on its own and 
produce changes in the world.")

(<=>
	(instance ?AGENT Agent)
	(exists (?PROC)
		(agent ?PROC ?AGENT)))

(subclass SentientAgent Agent)
(documentation SentientAgent "An &%Agent that has rights but may or may 
not have responsibilities and the ability to reason.  If the latter are 
present, then the &%Agent is also an instance of &%CognitiveAgent.  
Domesticated animals are an example of &%SentientAgents that are not 
also &%CognitiveAgents.")

(subclass CognitiveAgent SentientAgent)
(documentation CognitiveAgent "A &%SentientAgent with responsibilities 
and the ability to reason, deliberate, make plans, etc.  This is 
essentially the legal/ethical notion of a person.  Note that, although 
&%Human is a subclass of &%CognitiveAgent, there may be instances of 
&%CognitiveAgent which are not also instances of &%Human.  For example, 
chimpanzees, gorillas, dolphins, whales, and some extraterrestrials 
(if they exist) may be &%CognitiveAgents.")

(subclass Process Physical)
(documentation Process "Intuitively, the class of things that happen 
and have temporal parts or stages.  Examples include extended events 
like a football match or a race, actions like &%Searching and &%Reading, 
and biological processes. The formal definition is: anything that lasts 
for a time but is not an &%Object.  Note that a &%Process may have 
participants 'inside' it which are &%Objects, such as the players 
in a football match.  In a 4D ontology, a &%Process is something whose 
spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into temporal stages 
roughly perpendicular to the time-axis.")

(subclass DualObjectProcess Process)
(documentation DualObjectProcess "Any &%Process that requires two, 
nonidentical &%patients.")

(=>
   (instance ?PROCESS DualObjectProcess)
   (exists (?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
      (and
         (patient ?PROCESS ?OBJ1)
         (patient ?PROCESS ?OBJ2)
         (not (equal ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))))
    
(subclass Abstract Entity)
(disjoint Abstract Physical)
(documentation Abstract "Properties or qualities as distinguished from any 
particular embodiment of the properties/qualities in a physical medium.  
Instances of Abstract can be said to exist in the same sense as mathematical 
objects such as sets and relations, but they cannot exist at a particular 
place and time without some physical encoding or embodiment.")

;; Something is Abstract just in case it has neither a spatial nor temporal 
;; location.

(<=> 
   (instance ?ABS Abstract)
   (not 
      (exists (?POINT) 
         (or 
	      (located ?ABS ?POINT)
            (time ?ABS ?POINT)))))

(subclass Quantity Abstract)
(documentation Quantity "Any specification of how many or how much of 
something there is.  Accordingly, there are two subclasses of &%Quantity:  
&%Number (how many) and &%PhysicalQuantity (how much).")

(subclass Attribute Abstract)
(disjoint Attribute Quantity)
(partition Attribute InternalAttribute RelationalAttribute)
(documentation Attribute "Qualities which we cannot or choose not to 
reify into subclasses of &%Object.")

(instance property BinaryPredicate)
(domain property 1 Entity)
(domain property 2 Attribute)
(documentation property "This &%Predicate holds between an instance of 
&%Entity and an instance of &%Attribute.  (property ?ENTITY ?ATTR) 
means that ?ENTITY has the &%Attribute ?ATTR.")

(instance attribute AsymmetricRelation)
(instance attribute IrreflexiveRelation)
(subrelation attribute property)
(domain attribute 1 Object)
(domain attribute 2 Attribute)
(documentation attribute "(attribute ?OBJECT ?PROPERTY) means that 
?PROPERTY is a &%Attribute of ?OBJECT.  For example, 
(attribute MyLittleRedWagon Red).")

(instance manner AsymmetricRelation)
(instance manner IrreflexiveRelation)
(subrelation manner property)
(domain manner 1 Process)
(domain manner 2 Attribute)
(disjointRelation manner attribute)
(documentation manner "(&%manner ?PROCESS ?MANNER) means that the 
&%Process ?PROCESS is qualified by the &%Attribute ?MANNER.  The &%Attributes 
of &%Processes are usually denoted by adverbs and include things like the 
speed of the wind, the style of a dance, or the intensity of a sports 
competition.")

(instance AbstractionFn UnaryFunction)
(domain AbstractionFn 1 Class)
(range AbstractionFn Attribute)
(documentation AbstractionFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%Class into 
the instance of &%Attribute that specifies the condition(s) for membership 
in the &%Class.")

(<=>
   (equal (AbstractionFn ?CLASS) ?ATTR)
   (forall (?INST)
      (<=>
         (instance ?INST ?CLASS)
         (attribute ?INST ?ATTR))))

(instance ExtensionFn UnaryFunction)
(domain ExtensionFn 1 Attribute)
(range ExtensionFn Class)
(documentation ExtensionFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Attribute 
into the &%Class whose condition for membership is the &%Attribute.")

(<=>
   (equal (ExtensionFn ?ATTRIBUTE) ?CLASS)
   (equal (AbstractionFn ?CLASS) ?ATTRIBUTE))

(subclass InternalAttribute Attribute)
(documentation InternalAttribute "Any &%Attribute of an &%Entity that is an 
internal property of the &%Entity, e.g. its shape, its color, its fragility, 
etc.")

(subclass RelationalAttribute Attribute)
(documentation RelationalAttribute "Any &%Attribute that an &%Entity has by 
virtue of a relationship that it bears to another &%Entity or set of &%Entities, 
e.g. &%SocialRoles and &%PositionalAttributes.") 

;; The following formulas incorporate the Number hierarchy from the 
;; ontology 'kif-numbers' on the Ontolingua server.

(subclass Number Quantity)
(documentation Number "A measure of how many things there are, or how
much there is, of a certain kind.  &%Numbers are subclassed into 
&%RealNumber, &%ComplexNumber, and &%ImaginaryNumber.")

(instance lessThan BinaryPredicate)
(instance lessThan TransitiveRelation)
(instance lessThan IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance lessThan RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(trichotomizingOn lessThan RealNumber)
(domain lessThan 1 Quantity)
(domain lessThan 2 Quantity)
(documentation lessThan "(&%lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just 
in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than the &%Quantity ?NUMBER2.")

(instance greaterThan BinaryPredicate)
(instance greaterThan TransitiveRelation)
(instance greaterThan IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance greaterThan RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(trichotomizingOn greaterThan RealNumber)
(domain greaterThan 1 Quantity)
(domain greaterThan 2 Quantity)
(inverse greaterThan lessThan)
(documentation greaterThan "(&%greaterThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true 
just in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater than the &%Quantity 
?NUMBER2.")

(instance lessThanOrEqualTo BinaryPredicate)
(instance lessThanOrEqualTo PartialOrderingRelation)
(instance lessThanOrEqualTo RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(trichotomizingOn lessThanOrEqualTo RealNumber)
(domain lessThanOrEqualTo 1 Quantity)
(domain lessThanOrEqualTo 2 Quantity)
(documentation lessThanOrEqualTo "(&%lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) 
is true just in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than or equal to 
the &%Quantity ?NUMBER2.")

(<=>
	(lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
	(or
		(equal ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
		(lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)))

(instance greaterThanOrEqualTo BinaryPredicate)
(instance greaterThanOrEqualTo PartialOrderingRelation)
(instance greaterThanOrEqualTo RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(trichotomizingOn greaterThanOrEqualTo RealNumber)
(domain greaterThanOrEqualTo 1 Quantity)
(domain greaterThanOrEqualTo 2 Quantity)
(inverse greaterThanOrEqualTo lessThanOrEqualTo)
(documentation greaterThanOrEqualTo "(&%greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 
?NUMBER2) is true just in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater 
than the &%Quantity ?NUMBER2.")

(<=>
	(greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
	(or
		(equal ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
		(greaterThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)))

(subclass RealNumber Number)
(partition RealNumber NegativeRealNumber NonnegativeRealNumber)
(partition RealNumber RationalNumber IrrationalNumber)
(documentation RealNumber "Any &%Number that can be expressed as a 
(possibly infinite) decimal, i.e. any &%Number that has a position 
on the number line.")

(subclass ImaginaryNumber Number) 
(documentation ImaginaryNumber "Any &%Number that is the result of 
multiplying a &%RealNumber by the square root of -1.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER ImaginaryNumber)
   (exists (?REAL)
      (and
         (instance ?REAL RealNumber)
         (equal ?NUMBER (MultiplicationFn ?REAL (SquareRootFn -1))))))

(subclass RationalNumber RealNumber)
(documentation RationalNumber "Any &%RealNumber that is the product of 
dividing two &%Integers.")

(subclass IrrationalNumber RealNumber)
(documentation IrrationalNumber "Any &%RealNumber that is not also a 
&%RationalNumber.")

(subclass NonnegativeRealNumber RealNumber)
(documentation NonnegativeRealNumber "A &%RealNumber that is greater than 
or equal to zero.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER NonnegativeRealNumber)
   (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER 0))

(subclass PositiveRealNumber NonnegativeRealNumber)
(documentation PositiveRealNumber "A &%RealNumber that is greater than 
zero.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER PositiveRealNumber)
   (greaterThan ?NUMBER 0))

(subclass NegativeRealNumber RealNumber)
(documentation NegativeRealNumber "A &%RealNumber that is less than 
zero.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER NegativeRealNumber)
   (lessThan ?NUMBER 0))

(subclass Integer RationalNumber)
(partition Integer OddInteger EvenInteger)
(partition Integer NegativeInteger NonnegativeInteger)
(documentation Integer "A negative or nonnegative whole number.")

(subclass EvenInteger Integer)
(documentation EvenInteger "An &%Integer that is evenly divisible 
by 2.")

(subclass OddInteger Integer)
(documentation OddInteger "An &%Integer that is not evenly divisible 
by 2.")

(subclass PrimeNumber Integer)
(documentation PrimeNumber "An &%Integer that is evenly divisible only 
by itself and 1.")

(subclass NonnegativeInteger Integer)
(subclass NonnegativeInteger NonnegativeRealNumber)
(documentation NonnegativeInteger "An &%Integer that is greater than 
or equal to zero.")

(subclass NegativeInteger Integer)
(subclass NegativeInteger NegativeRealNumber)
(documentation NegativeInteger "An &%Integer that is less than zero.")

(subclass PositiveInteger NonnegativeInteger)
(subclass PositiveInteger PositiveRealNumber)
(documentation PositiveInteger "An &%Integer that is greater than zero.")

(subclass BinaryNumber RealNumber)
(documentation BinaryNumber "Elements from the number system with base 2.  
Every &%BinaryNumber is expressed as a sequence of the digits 1 and 0.")

(subclass ComplexNumber Number)
(disjoint ComplexNumber RealNumber)
(documentation ComplexNumber "A &%Number that has the form: x + yi, where x 
and y are &%RealNumbers and i is the square root of -1.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER ComplexNumber)
   (exists (?REAL1 ?REAL2)
      (and
         (instance ?REAL1 RealNumber)
         (instance ?REAL2 RealNumber)
         (equal ?NUMBER (AdditionFn ?REAL1 (MultiplicationFn ?REAL2 (SquareRootFn -1)))))))

(subclass PhysicalQuantity Quantity)
(partition PhysicalQuantity ConstantQuantity FunctionQuantity)
(documentation PhysicalQuantity "&%A PhysicalQuantity is a measure of 
some quantifiable aspect of the modeled world, such as 'the earth's 
diameter' (a constant length) and 'the stress in a loaded deformable 
solid' (a measure of stress, which is a function of three spatial 
coordinates).  All &%PhysicalQuantities are either &%ConstantQuantities 
or &%FunctionQuantities.  Instances of &%ConstantQuantity are dependent 
on a &%UnitOfMeasure, while instances of &%FunctionQuantity are 
&%Functions that map instances of &%ConstantQuantity to other instances 
of &%ConstantQuantity (e.g., &%TimeDependentQuantities are 
&%FunctionQuantities).  Although the name and definition of 
&%PhysicalQuantity is borrowed from physics, &%PhysicalQuantities need 
not be material.  Aside from the dimensions of length, time, velocity, 
etc., nonphysical dimensions such as currency are also possible.  
Accordingly, amounts of money would be instances of &%PhysicalQuantity.  
&%PhysicalQuantities are distinguished from &%Numbers by the fact that 
the former are associated with a dimension of measurement.")

(subclass ConstantQuantity PhysicalQuantity)
(documentation ConstantQuantity "A &%ConstantQuantity is a 
&%PhysicalQuantity which has a constant value, e.g. 3 meters and 5 hours.  
The magnitude (see &%MagnitudeFn) of every &%ConstantQuantity is a 
&%RealNumber.  &%ConstantQuantities are distinguished from 
&%FunctionQuantities, which map &%ConstantQuantities to other 
&%ConstantQuantities.  All &%ConstantQuantites are expressed with the 
&%BinaryFunction &%MeasureFn, which takes a &%Number and a &%UnitOfMeasure 
as arguments.  For example, 3 &%Meters can be expressed as (&%MeasureFn 3 
&%Meter).  &%ConstantQuantities form a partial order (see 
&%PartialOrderingRelation) with the &%lessThan relation, since &%lessThan 
is a &%RelationExtendedToQuantities and &%lessThan is defined over the 
&%RealNumbers.  The &%lessThan relation is not a total order (see 
&%TotalOrderingRelation) over the class &%ConstantQuantity since elements 
of some subclasses of &%ConstantQuantity (such as length quantities) 
are incomparable to elements of other subclasses of &%ConstantQuantity 
(such as mass quantities).")

(subclass TimeMeasure ConstantQuantity)
(documentation TimeMeasure "The class of temporal durations (instances 
of &%TimeDuration) and positions of &%TimePoints and &%TimeIntervals along 
the universal timeline (instances of &%TimePosition).")

(subclass TimeDuration TimeMeasure)
(documentation TimeDuration "Any measure of length of time, 
with or without respect to the universal timeline.")

(subclass TimePosition TimeMeasure)
(partition TimePosition TimeInterval TimePoint)
(documentation TimePosition "Any &%TimePoint or &%TimeInterval 
along the universal timeline from &%NegativeInfinity to 
&%PositiveInfinity.")

(subclass TimeInterval TimePosition)
(documentation TimeInterval "An interval of time.  Note that a 
&%TimeInterval has both an extent and a location on the universal 
timeline.  Note too that a &%TimeInterval has no gaps, i.e. this 
class contains only convex time intervals.")

(subclass TimePoint TimePosition)
(documentation TimePoint "An extensionless point on the universal timeline. 
The &%TimePoints at which &%Processes occur can be known with various 
degrees of precision and approximation, but conceptually &%TimePoints are 
point-like and not interval-like.  That is, it doesn't make sense to talk 
about what happens during a &%TimePoint, or how long the &%TimePoint lasts.")

(subclass FunctionQuantity PhysicalQuantity)
(subclass FunctionQuantity Function)
(documentation FunctionQuantity "A &%FunctionQuantity is a &%Function that 
maps from one or more instances of &%ConstantQuantity to another instance 
of &%ConstantQuantity.  For example, the velocity of a particle would be 
represented by a &%FunctionQuantity mapping values of time (which are 
&%ConstantQuantities) to values of distance (also &%ConstantQuantities).  
Note that all instances of &%FunctionQuantity are &%Functions with a fixed 
arity.  Note too that all elements of the range of a &%FunctionQuantity 
have the same physical dimension as the &%FunctionQuantity itself.")

(subclass UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity FunctionQuantity)
(subclass UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity UnaryFunction)
(documentation UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity "The class of &%UnaryFunctions 
that map from the &%Class &%ConstantQuantity to the &%Class 
&%ConstantQuantity.")

(=>
   (instance ?FUNCTION UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity)
   (and
      (domain ?FUNCTION 1 ConstantQuantity)
      (range ?FUNCTION ConstantQuantity)))

(subclass TimeDependentQuantity UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity)
(subclass TimeDependentQuantity ContinuousFunction)
(documentation TimeDependentQuantity "A &%UnaryConstantFunction of continuous 
time.  All instances of this &%Class map a time quantity into another 
&%ConstantQuantity such as temperature.  For example, 'the temperature at 
the top of the Empire State Building' is a &%TimeDependentQuantity since 
its value depends on the time.")

(=>
   (instance ?FUNCTION TimeDependentQuantity)
   (domain ?FUNCTION 1 TimeMeasure))

(subclass Class Abstract)
(documentation Class "&%Class generalizes &%Set.  &%Classes, like 
&%Sets, are collections of things.  Accordingly, the notion of membership 
is generalized as well - a member of a &%Class is an &%instance the 
&%Class.  &%Classes can differ from &%Sets in two important respects.  
First, &%Classes that are not explicitly identified as &%Sets are not assumed 
to be extensional.  That is, distinct &%Classes might well have exactly the 
same instances.  Second, &%Classes typically have an associated `condition' 
that determines the instances of the &%Class.  So, for example, the 
condition `human' determines the &%Class of &%Humans.  Note that some 
&%Classes might satisfy their own condition (e.g., the &%Class of &%Abstract 
things is &%Abstract) and hence be instances of themselves.")

(subclass Relation Abstract)
(disjointDecomposition Relation BinaryRelation TernaryRelation QuaternaryRelation QuintaryRelation VariableArityRelation)
(partition Relation Predicate Function List)
(documentation Relation "The &%Class of relations.  There are three kinds 
of &%Relation:  &%Predicate, &%Function, and &%List.  &%Predicates and 
&%Functions both denote sets of ordered n-tuples.  The difference between 
these two &%Classes is that &%Predicates cover formula-forming operators, while 
&%Functions cover term-forming operators.  A &%List, on the other hand, is a 
particular ordered n-tuple.")

;; The following part of the ontology covers the various classes under 
;; 'Relation'.  Most of the content here is taken from frame-ontology, 
;; abstract-algebra, kif-relations, and kif-extensions (ontologies 
;; available on the Ontolingua server).

(subclass SingleValuedRelation Relation)
(instance SingleValuedRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation SingleValuedRelation "A &%Relation is a &%SingleValuedRelation 
just in case an assignment of values to every argument position except the last 
one determines at most one assignment for the last argument position.  Note 
that not all &%SingleValuedRelations are total functions.  To declare that a 
&%Relation is a total function, use both &%SingleValuedFunction and 
&%TotalValuedFunction.") 

(<=>
   (instance ?REL SingleValuedRelation)
   (forall (@ROW ?ITEM1 ?ITEM2)
      (=>
         (and
            (holds ?REL @ROW ?ITEM1)
            (holds ?REL @ROW ?ITEM2))
         (equal ?ITEM1 ?ITEM2))))

(subclass TotalValuedRelation Relation)
(documentation TotalValuedRelation "A &%Relation is a &%TotalValuedRelation 
just in case there exists an assignment for the last argument position of the 
&%Relation given any assignment of values to every argument position except 
the last one.  Note that declaring a &%Relation to be both a &%TotalValuedRelation 
and a &%SingleValuedRelation means that it is a total function.")

(=>
   (instance ?REL TotalValuedRelation)
   (forall (@ROW)
      (exists (?ITEM)
         (holds ?REL @ROW ?ITEM))))

(subclass BinaryRelation Relation)
(instance BinaryRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation BinaryRelation "&%BinaryRelations are relations that are 
true only of pairs of things.  &%BinaryRelations are represented as slots 
in frame systems.")

(=>
   (instance ?REL BinaryRelation)
   (not
      (exists (?ITEM1 ?ITEM2 ?ITEM3 @ROW)
         (holds ?REL ?ITEM1 ?ITEM2 ?ITEM3 @ROW))))

(subclass ReflexiveRelation BinaryRelation)
(documentation ReflexiveRelation "&%Relation ?REL is reflexive if 
(?REL ?INST ?INST) for all ?INST.")

(=>
   (instance ?REL ReflexiveRelation)
   (forall (?INST)
      (holds ?REL ?INST ?INST)))

(subclass IrreflexiveRelation BinaryRelation)
(documentation IrreflexiveRelation "&%Relation ?REL is irreflexive 
if (?REL ?INST ?INST) holds for no value of ?INST.")

(=>
   (instance ?REL IrreflexiveRelation)
   (forall (?INST)
      (not 
         (holds ?REL ?INST ?INST))))

(subclass SymmetricRelation BinaryRelation)
(documentation SymmetricRelation "A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is
symmetric just in case (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) imples (?REL 
?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2.")


(=>
   (instance ?REL SymmetricRelation)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2)
      (=>
         (holds ?REL ?INST1 ?INST2)
         (holds ?REL ?INST2 ?INST1))))

(subclass AsymmetricRelation IrreflexiveRelation)
(subclass AsymmetricRelation AntisymmetricRelation)
(documentation AsymmetricRelation "A &%BinaryRelation is asymmetric only 
if it is both an &%AntisymmetricRelation and an &%IrreflexiveRelation.")

(subclass AntisymmetricRelation BinaryRelation)
(documentation AntisymmetricRelation "&%BinaryRelation ?REL is an 
&%AntisymmetricRelation if for distinct ?INST1 and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 
?INST2) implies not (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1).  In other words, for all ?INST1 
and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) imply that ?INST1 
and ?INST2 are identical.  Note that it is possible for an 
&%AntisymmetricRelation to be a &%ReflexiveRelation.")

(=>
   (instance ?REL AntisymmetricRelation)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2)
      (=>
         (and
            (holds ?REL ?INST1 ?INST2)
            (holds ?REL ?INST2 ?INST1))
         (equal ?INST1 ?INST2))))

(subclass TrichotomizingRelation BinaryRelation)
(documentation TrichotomizingRelation "A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is a 
&%TrichotomizingRelation just in case all ordered pairs consisting of 
distinct individuals are elements of ?REL.") 

(=>
   (instance ?REL TrichotomizingRelation)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2)
      (or
         (holds ?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) 
         (equal ?INST1 ?INST2) 
         (holds ?REL ?INST2 ?INST1))))

(subclass TransitiveRelation BinaryRelation)
(documentation TransitiveRelation "A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is transitive 
if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), 
for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.")

(=>
   (instance ?REL TransitiveRelation)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2 ?INST3)
      (=>
         (and
            (holds ?REL ?INST1 ?INST2)
            (holds ?REL ?INST2 ?INST3))
         (holds ?REL ?INST1 ?INST3))))

(subclass IntransitiveRelation BinaryRelation)
(documentation IntransitiveRelation "A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is 
intransitive only if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply not 
(?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.")

(=> 
   (instance ?REL IntransitiveRelation)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2 ?INST3)
      (=> 
         (and 
            (holds ?REL ?INST1 ?INST2)
            (holds ?REL ?INST2 ?INST3))
         (not 
            (holds ?REL ?INST1 ?INST3)))))

(subclass PartialOrderingRelation TransitiveRelation)
(subclass PartialOrderingRelation AntisymmetricRelation)
(subclass PartialOrderingRelation ReflexiveRelation)
(documentation PartialOrderingRelation "A &%BinaryRelation is a partial 
ordering if it is a &%ReflexiveRelation, an &%AntisymmetricRelation, and 
a &%TransitiveRelation.")

(subclass TotalOrderingRelation PartialOrderingRelation)
(subclass TotalOrderingRelation TrichotomizingRelation)
(documentation TotalOrderingRelation  "A &%BinaryRelation is a 
&%TotalOrderingRelation if it is a &%PartialOrderingRelation 
and a &%TrichotomizingRelation.")

(=>
   (instance ?REL TotalOrderingRelation)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2)
      (or
         (holds ?REL ?INST1 ?INST2)
         (holds ?REL ?INST2 ?INST1))))

(subclass EquivalenceRelation TransitiveRelation)
(subclass EquivalenceRelation SymmetricRelation)
(subclass EquivalenceRelation ReflexiveRelation)
(documentation EquivalenceRelation "A &%BinaryRelation is an equivalence 
relation if it is a &%ReflexiveRelation, a &%SymmetricRelation, and a 
&%TransitiveRelation.")

(subclass CaseRole BinaryPredicate)
(instance CaseRole InheritableRelation)
(subclass CaseRole AsymmetricRelation)
(documentation CaseRole "The &%Class of &%Predicates relating the 
spatially distinguished parts of a &%Process. &%CaseRoles include, for 
example, the &%agent, &%patient or &%destination of an action, the flammable 
substance in a burning process, or the water that falls in rain.")

(instance agent CaseRole)
(domain agent 1 Process)
(domain agent 2 Agent)
(documentation agent "(&%agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT is 
an active determinant, either animate or inanimate, of the &%Process 
?PROCESS, with or without voluntary intention.  For example, water is 
the &%agent of erosion in the following proposition:  the water 
eroded the coastline.  For another example, Eve is an &%agent in the 
following proposition: Eve bit an apple.")

(=>
   (instance ?PROCESS Process)
   (exists (?CAUSE)
      (agent ?PROCESS ?CAUSE)))

(instance destination CaseRole)
(domain destination 1 Process)
(domain destination 2 Entity)
(documentation destination "(destination ?PROCESS ?GOAL) means that 
?GOAL is the target or goal of the Process ?PROCESS.  For example, 
Danbury would be the destination in the following proposition:  Bob went 
to Danbury.  Note that this is a very general &%CaseRole and, in 
particular, that it covers the concepts of 'recipient' and 'beneficiary'.  
Thus, John would be the &%destination in the following proposition:  
Tom gave a book to John.")

(instance experiencer CaseRole)
(domain experiencer 1 Process)
(domain experiencer 2 Agent)
(documentation experiencer "(&%experiencer ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means 
that ?AGENT experiences the &%Process ?PROCESS.  For example, Yojo 
is the &%experiencer of seeing in the following proposition:  Yojo 
sees the fish.  Note that &%experiencer, unlike &%agent, does 
not entail a causal relation between its arguments.")

(subrelation instrument patient)
(domain instrument 1 Process)
(domain instrument 2 Object)
(documentation instrument "(instrument ?EVENT ?TOOL) means that ?TOOL 
is used by an agent in bringing about ?EVENT and that ?TOOL is not 
changed by ?EVENT.  For example, the key is an &%instrument in the 
following proposition: The key opened the door.  Note that &%instrument 
and &%resource cannot be satisfied by the same ordered pair.")

(instance origin CaseRole)
(domain origin 1 Process)
(domain origin 2 Object)
(documentation origin "(&%origin ?PROCESS ?SOURCE) means that ?SOURCE 
indicates where the ?Process began.  Note that this relation implies 
that ?SOURCE is present at the beginning of the process, but need not 
participate throughout the process.  For example, the submarine is the 
&%origin in the following proposition: the missile was launched from a 
submarine.")

(instance patient CaseRole)
(domain patient 1 Process)
(domain patient 2 Entity)
(documentation patient "(&%patient ?PROCESS ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY 
is a participant in ?PROCESS that may be moved, said, experienced, etc.  
For example, the direct objects in the sentences 'The cat swallowed the 
canary' and 'Billy likes the beer' would be examples of &%patients.  Note 
that the &%patient of a &%Process may or may not undergo structural 
change as a result of the &%Process.  The &%CaseRole of &%patient is used 
when one wants to specify as broadly as possible the object of a 
&%Process.")

(subrelation resource patient)
(domain resource 1 Process)
(domain resource 2 Object)
(disjointRelation resource instrument)
(disjointRelation resource result)
(documentation resource "(&%resource ?PROCESS ?RESOURCE) means that 
?RESOURCE is present at the beginning of ?PROCESS, is used by ?PROCESS, 
and as a consequence is changed by ?PROCESS.  For example, soap is a 
&%resource in the following proposition:  the gun was carved out of soap.  
Note that &%resource differs from &%instrument, another subrelation of 
&%patient, in that its internal or physical properties are altered in 
some way by the &%Process.")

(subrelation result patient)
(domain result 1 Process)
(domain result 2 Object)
(documentation result "(result ?ACTION ?OUTPUT) means that ?OUTPUT is 
a product of ?ACTION.  For example, house is a &%result in the 
following proposition: Eric built a house.")

(instance InheritableRelation Class)
(documentation InheritableRelation "This is a &%Class of &%Classes.  Each 
&%instance of &%InheritableRelation is a &%subclass of &%Relation whose 
properties can be inherited downward in the class hierarchy via the 
&%subrelation &%Predicate.")

(subclass ProbabilityRelation Relation)
(instance ProbabilityRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation ProbabilityRelation "The &%Class of &%Relations that 
permit assessment of the probability of an event or situation.")

(instance probability ProbabilityRelation)
(instance probability BinaryPredicate)
(domain probability 1 Formula)
(domain probability 2 RealNumber)
(instance probability AsymmetricRelation)
(instance probability IrreflexiveRelation)
(documentation probability "One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations, 
&%probability is used to state the a priori probability of a state of 
affairs.  (&%probability ?FORMULA ?NUMBER) means that the state of 
affairs denoted by ?FORMULA has the a priori probability of ?NUMBER.")

(instance conditionalProbability ProbabilityRelation)
(instance conditionalProbability TernaryPredicate)
(domain conditionalProbability 1 Formula)
(domain conditionalProbability 2 Formula)
(domain conditionalProbability 3 RealNumber)
(documentation conditionalProbability "One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations.  
&%conditionalProbability is used to state the numeric value of a conditional 
probability.  (&%conditionalProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2 ?NUMBER) means 
that the probability of ?FORMULA2 being true given that ?FORMULA1 is true is 
?NUMBER.") 

(instance increasesLikelihood ProbabilityRelation)
(instance increasesLikelihood BinaryPredicate)
(instance increasesLikelihood IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain increasesLikelihood 1 Formula)
(domain increasesLikelihood 2 Formula)
(disjointRelation increasesLikelihood decreasesLikelihood)
(disjointRelation increasesLikelihood independentProbability)
(documentation increasesLikelihood "One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations.  
(&%increasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is more 
likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true.")

(=>
   (and
      (increasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)
      (probability ?FORMULA2 ?NUMBER1)
      (conditionalProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2 ?NUMBER2))
   (greaterThan ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))

(instance decreasesLikelihood ProbabilityRelation)
(instance decreasesLikelihood BinaryPredicate)
(instance decreasesLikelihood IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain decreasesLikelihood 1 Formula)
(domain decreasesLikelihood 2 Formula)
(disjointRelation decreasesLikelihood independentProbability)
(documentation decreasesLikelihood "One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations.  
(&%decreasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is less 
likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true.")

(=>
   (and
      (decreasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)
      (probability ?FORMULA2 ?NUMBER1)
      (conditionalProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2 ?NUMBER2))
   (lessThan ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))

(instance independentProbability ProbabilityRelation)
(instance independentProbability BinaryPredicate)
(instance independentProbability SymmetricRelation)
(domain independentProbability 1 Formula)
(domain independentProbability 2 Formula)
(documentation independentProbability "One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations.  
(&%independentProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that the probabilities of 
?FORMULA1 and ?FORMULA2 being true are independent.") 

(=>
   (and
      (independentProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)
      (probability ?FORMULA2 ?NUMBER1)
      (conditionalProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2 ?NUMBER2))
   (equal ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))

(or
   (increasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)
   (decreasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)
   (independentProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2))

(subclass SpatialRelation Relation)
(instance SpatialRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation SpatialRelation "The &%Class of &%Relations that are 
spatial in a wide sense.  This &%Class includes mereological relations 
and topological relations.")

(subclass TemporalRelation Relation)
(instance TemporalRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation TemporalRelation "The &%Class of temporal &%Relations.  
This &%Class includes notions of (temporal) topology of intervals, 
(temporal) schemata, and (temporal) extension.")

(instance IntentionalRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation IntentionalRelation "The &%Class of &%Relations between 
an &%Agent and one or more &%Entities, where the &%Relation requires that 
the &%Agent have awareness of the &%Entity.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REL IntentionalRelation)
      (holds ?REL ?AGENT @ROW)
      (inList ?OBJ (ListFn @ROW)))
   (inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?OBJ))

(instance prefers TernaryPredicate)
(instance prefers IntentionalRelation)
(domain prefers 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain prefers 2 Formula)
(domain prefers 3 Formula)
(documentation prefers "(&%prefers ?AGENT ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that 
&%CognitiveAgent ?AGENT prefers the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA1
over the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA2 all things being equal.")

(=>
   (prefers ?AGENT ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)
   (=>
      (true ?FORMULA1 True)
      (true ?FORMULA2 False)))  

(subclass PropositionalAttitude IntentionalRelation)
(subclass PropositionalAttitude AsymmetricRelation)
(instance PropositionalAttitude InheritableRelation)
(documentation PropositionalAttitude "The &%Class of 
&%IntentionalRelations where the &%Agent has awareness of a 
&%Proposition.")

(subclass ObjectAttitude IntentionalRelation)
(subclass ObjectAttitude AsymmetricRelation)
(instance ObjectAttitude InheritableRelation)
(disjoint ObjectAttitude PropositionalAttitude)
(documentation ObjectAttitude "The &%Class of &%IntentionalRelations 
where the &%Agent has awareness of an instance of &%Physical.")

(instance inScopeOfInterest BinaryPredicate)
(instance inScopeOfInterest IntentionalRelation)
(instance inScopeOfInterest AsymmetricRelation)
(domain inScopeOfInterest 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain inScopeOfInterest 2 Entity)
(documentation inScopeOfInterest "A very general &%Predicate.  
(&%inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is within the 
scope of interest of ?AGENT.  Note that the interest indicated can be 
either positive or negative, i.e. the ?AGENT can have an interest in 
avoiding or promoting ?ENTITY.")

(instance notices ObjectAttitude)
(subrelation notices InScopeOfInterest)
(domain notices 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain notices 2 Object)
(documentation notices "(&%notices ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?AGENT is 
paying attention to ?OBJECT, that ?OBJECT is currently the object of 
?AGENT's conscious awareness.")

(instance needs ObjectAttitude)
(subrelation needs inScopeOfInterest)
(domain needs 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain needs 2 Object)
(documentation needs "(&%needs ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is 
physically required for the continued existence of ?AGENT.")

(=>
    (needs ?AGENT ?OBJECT)
    (wants ?AGENT ?OBJECT))

(instance wants ObjectAttitude)
(subrelation wants inScopeOfInterest)
(relatedInternalConcept wants desires)
(domain wants 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain wants 2 Object)
(documentation wants "(&%wants ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is desired by ?AGENT, 
i.e. ?AGENT believes that ?OBJECT will satisfy one of its goals.  Note that there is 
no implication that what is wanted by an agent is not already possessed by the agent.")

(=>
   (wants ?AGENT ?OBJ)
   (exists (?PURP)
      (hasPurposeForAgent ?OBJ ?PURP ?AGENT)))

(=>
   (wants ?AGENT ?OBJ)
   (desires ?AGENT (possesses ?AGENT ?OBJ)))

(instance desires PropositionalAttitude)
(subrelation desires inScopeOfInterest)
(relatedInternalConcept desires wants)
(domain desires 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain desires 2 Formula)
(documentation desires "(&%desires ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT wants 
to bring about the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA.  Note that there 
is no implication that what is desired by the agent is not already true.  
Note too that &%desires is distinguished from &%wants only in that the former 
is a &%PropositionalAttitude, while &%wants is an &%ObjectAttitude.")

(instance considers PropositionalAttitude)
(subrelation considers inScopeOfInterest)
(domain considers 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain considers 2 Formula)
(documentation considers "(&%considers ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT 
considers or wonders about the truth of the proposition expressed by 
?FORMULA.") 

(instance believes PropositionalAttitude)
(subrelation believes inScopeOfInterest)
(domain believes 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain believes 2 Formula)
(documentation believes "The epistemic predicate of belief.  
(&%believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT believes the proposition 
expressed by ?FORMULA.")

(=>
   (believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA)
   (exists (?TIME)
      (holdsDuring ?TIME (considers ?AGENT ?FORMULA))))

(instance knows PropositionalAttitude)
(subrelation knows inScopeOfInterest)
(domain knows 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain knows 2 Formula)
(documentation knows "The epistemic predicate of knowing.  (&%knows 
?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT knows the proposition expressed by 
?FORMULA.  Note that &%knows entails conscious awareness, so this 
&%Predicate cannot be used to express tacit or subconscious or 
unconscious knowledge.")

(=>
    (knows ?AGENT ?FORMULA)
    (believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA))

(=>
   (knows ?AGENT ?FORMULA)
   (true ?FORMULA True))

(subclass TernaryRelation Relation)
(instance TernaryRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation TernaryRelation "&%TernaryRelations relate three items.  
The two &%subclasses of &%TernaryRelation are &%TernaryPredicate and 
&%BinaryFunction.")

(=>
   (instance ?REL TernaryRelation)
   (not
      (exists (?ITEM1 ?ITEM2 ?ITEM3 ?ITEM4 @ROW)
         (holds ?REL ?ITEM1 ?ITEM2 ?ITEM3 ?ITEM4 @ROW))))

(subclass QuaternaryRelation Relation)
(instance QuaternaryRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation QuaternaryRelation "&%QuaternaryRelations relate four 
items.  The two &%subclasses of &%QuaternaryRelation are 
&%QuaternaryPredicate and &%TernaryFunction.")

(=>
   (instance ?REL QuaternaryRelation)
   (not
      (exists (?ITEM1 ?ITEM2 ?ITEM3 ?ITEM4 ?ITEM5 @ROW)
         (holds ?REL ?ITEM1 ?ITEM2 ?ITEM3 ?ITEM4 ?ITEM5 @ROW))))

(subclass QuintaryRelation Relation)
(instance QuintaryRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation QuintaryRelation "&%QuintaryRelations relate five items.  
The two &%subclasses of &%QuintaryRelation are &%QuintaryPredicate and 
&%QuaternaryFunction.")

(=>
   (instance ?REL QuintaryRelation)
   (not
      (exists (?ITEM1 ?ITEM2 ?ITEM3 ?ITEM4 ?ITEM5 ?ITEM6 @ROW)
         (holds ?REL ?ITEM1 ?ITEM2 ?ITEM3 ?ITEM4 ?ITEM5 ?ITEM6 @ROW))))

(subclass List Relation)
(documentation List "Every &%List is a particular ordered n-tuple of 
items.  Generally speaking, &%Lists are created by means of the &%ListFn 
&%Function, which takes any number of items as arguments and returns a 
&%List with the items in the same order.  Anything, including other 
&%Lists, may be an item in a &%List.  Note too that &%Lists are 
extensional - two lists that have the same items in the same order are 
identical.  Note too that a &%List may contain no items.  In that case, 
the &%List is the &%NullList.")

(=>
   (instance ?LIST List)
   (exists (?NUMBER1)
      (not
         (exists (?ITEM1)
            (and
               (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER1) ?ITEM1)
               (forall (?NUMBER2)
                  (=>
                     (and
                        (instance ?NUMBER2 PositiveInteger)
                        (lessThan ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))
                     (exists (?ITEM2)
                        (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER2) ?ITEM2)))))))))

(subclass UniqueList List)
(documentation UniqueList "A &%List in which no item appears more than once, 
i.e. a &%List for which there are no distinct numbers ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 
such that (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER1) and (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER2) 
return the same value.")

(<=>
   (instance ?LIST UniqueList)
   (forall (?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
      (=>
         (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER1) (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER2))
         (equal ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)))) 

(instance NullList List)
(documentation NullList "The &%List that has no items.  The uniqueness of 
&%NullList follows from the extensionality of &%Lists, i.e. the fact that 
two &%Lists with the same items in the same order are identical.")

(<=>
   (equal ?LIST NullList)
   (not 
      (exists (?ITEM)
         (inList ?ITEM ?LIST))))

(instance ListFn Function)
(instance ListFn VariableArityRelation)
(range ListFn List)
(documentation ListFn "A &%Function that takes any number of arguments and 
returns the &%List containing those arguments in exactly the same order.")

(=>
   (exhaustiveDecomposition ?CLASS @ROW)
   (forall (?OBJ)
      (=>
         (instance ?OBJ ?CLASS)
         (exists (?ITEM)
            (and
               (inList ?ITEM (ListFn @ROW))
               (instance ?OBJ ?ITEM))))))

(=>
   (disjointDecomposition ?CLASS @ROW)
   (forall (?ITEM)
      (=>
         (inList ?ITEM (ListFn @ROW))
         (subclass ?ITEM ?CLASS))))

(=>
   (disjointDecomposition ?CLASS @ROW)
   (forall (?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ?ITEM1 ?ITEM2)
      (=>
         (and
            (equal (ListOrderFn (ListFn @ROW) ?NUMBER1) ?ITEM1)
            (equal (ListOrderFn (ListFn @ROW) ?NUMBER2) ?ITEM2)
            (not
               (equal ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)))
         (disjoint ?ITEM1 ?ITEM2))))

(instance ListOrderFn BinaryFunction)
(domain ListOrderFn 1 List)
(domain ListOrderFn 2 PositiveInteger)
(range ListOrderFn Entity)
(documentation ListOrderFn "(&%ListOrderFn ?NUMBER ?LIST) denotes the item 
that is in the ?NUMBER position in the &%List ?LIST.  For example, 
(&%ListOrderFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday) 2) would return the 
value &%Tuesday.")

(=>
   (forall (?NUMBER)
      (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) (ListOrderFn ?LIST2 ?NUMBER)))
   (equal ?LIST1 ?LIST2))

(=>
   (domain ?REL ?NUMBER ?CLASS)
   (forall (@ROW)
      (=>
         (holds ?REL @ROW)
         (instance (ListOrderFn (ListFn @ROW) ?NUMBER) ?CLASS))))

(=>
   (domainSubclass ?REL ?NUMBER ?CLASS)
   (forall (@ROW)
      (=>
         (holds ?REL @ROW)
         (subclass (ListOrderFn (ListFn @ROW) ?NUMBER) ?CLASS))))

(instance ListLengthFn UnaryFunction)
(domain ListLengthFn 1 List)
(range ListLengthFn NonnegativeInteger)
(documentation ListLengthFn "A &%Function that takes a &%List as its sole 
argument and returns the number of items in the &%List.  For example, 
(&%ListLengthFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday)) would return the 
value 3.")

(=>
   (equal (ListLengthFn ?LIST) ?NUMBER1)
   (forall (?NUMBER2)
      (<=>
         (exists (?ITEM)
            (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER2) ?ITEM))
         (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))))

(equal (ListLengthFn (ListFn @ROW ?ITEM)) (SuccessorFn (ListLengthFn (ListFn @ROW))))

(equal (ListOrderFn (ListFn @ROW ?ITEM) (ListLengthFn (ListFn @ROW ?ITEM))) ?ITEM)

(=>
   (valence ?REL ?NUMBER)
   (forall (@ROW)
      (=>
         (holds ?REL @ROW)
         (equal (ListLengthFn (ListFn @ROW)) ?NUMBER))))

(=>
   (equal (ListLengthFn ?LIST1) ?NUMBER)
   (exists (?LIST2)
      (and
         (initialList ?LIST1 ?LIST2)
         (equal (SuccessorFn ?NUMBER) (ListLengthFn ?LIST2))
         (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST2 (SuccessorFn ?NUMBER)) ?ITEM))))

(instance ListConcatenateFn BinaryFunction)
(domain ListConcatenateFn 1 List)
(domain ListConcatenateFn 2 List)
(range ListConcatenateFn List)
(documentation ListConcatenateFn "A &%Function that returns the concatenation 
of the two &%Lists that are given as arguments.  For example, the value of 
(&%ListConcatenateFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday) (&%ListFn &%Wednesday 
&%Thursday)) would be (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday &%Thursday).")

(<=>
   (equal ?LIST3 (ListConcatenateFn ?LIST1 ?LIST2))
   (forall (?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
      (=>
         (and
            (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 (ListLengthFn ?LIST1))
            (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER2 (ListLengthFn ?LIST2))
            (instance ?NUMBER1 PositiveInteger)
            (instance ?NUMBER2 PositiveInteger))
         (and
            (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST3 ?NUMBER1) (ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER1))
            (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST3 (AdditionFn (ListLengthFn ?LIST1) ?NUMBER2)) (ListOrderFn ?LIST2 ?NUMBER2))))))

(instance inList BinaryPredicate)
(instance inList IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance inList AsymmetricRelation)
(domain inList 1 Entity)
(domain inList 2 List)
(documentation inList "The analog of &%element and &%instance for &%Lists.  
(&%inList ?OBJ ?LIST) means that ?OBJ is in the &%List ?LIST.  For example, 
(&%inList &%Tuesday (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday)) would be true.")

(<=>
   (inList ?ITEM ?LIST)
   (exists (?NUMBER)
      (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER) ?ITEM)))

(instance subList BinaryPredicate)
(instance subList PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain subList 1 List)
(domain subList 2 List)
(documentation subList "(&%subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a 
sublist of ?LIST2, i.e. every element of ?LIST1 is an element of ?LIST2 and 
the elements that are common to both &%Lists have the same order in both 
&%Lists.")

(=>
   (subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2)
   (forall (?ITEM)
      (=>
         (inList ?ITEM ?LIST1)
         (inList ?ITEM ?LIST2))))

(=>
   (subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2)
   (exists (?NUMBER3)
      (forall (?ITEM)
         (=>
            (inList ?ITEM ?LIST1)
            (exists (?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
               (and
                  (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER1) ?ITEM)
                  (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST2 ?NUMBER2) ?ITEM)
                  (equal ?NUMBER2 (AdditionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER3))))))))

(instance initialList BinaryPredicate)
(subrelation initialList subList)
(documentation initialList "(&%initialList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 
is a &%subList of ?LIST2 and (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) returns the same 
value as (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST2 ?NUMBER) for all of the values of ?NUMBER over 
which (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) is defined.")

(=>
   (initialList ?LIST1 ?LIST2)
   (forall (?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
      (=>
         (and
            (equal (ListLengthFn ?LIST1) ?NUMBER1)
            (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1)) 
         (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER2) (ListOrderFn ?LIST2 ?NUMBER2)))))

(initialList (ListFn @ROW) (ListFn @ROW ?ITEM))

(subclass Predicate Relation)
(instance Predicate InheritableRelation)
(documentation Predicate "A &%Predicate is a sentence-forming &%Relation.  
Each tuple in the &%Relation is a finite, ordered sequence of objects.  
The fact that a particular tuple is an element of a &%Predicate is denoted 
by '(*predicate* arg_1 arg_2 .. arg_n)', where the arg_i are the 
objects so related.  In the case of &%BinaryPredicates, the fact can
be read as `arg_1 is *predicate* arg_2' or `a *predicate* of
arg_1 is arg_2'.")

(subclass Function SingleValuedRelation)
(instance Function InheritableRelation)
(documentation Function "A &%Function is a term-forming &%Relation that 
maps from a n-tuple of arguments to a range and that associates this 
n-tuple with at most one range element.  Note that the range is a &%Class, 
and each element of the range is an instance of the &%Class.")

(subclass UnaryFunction Function)
(subclass UnaryFunction BinaryRelation)
(instance UnaryFunction InheritableRelation)
(documentation UnaryFunction "The &%Class of &%Functions that require a 
single argument.")

(=>
   (instance ?FUNCTION UnaryFunction)
   (valence ?FUNCTION 1))

(subclass OneToOneFunction UnaryFunction)
(documentation OneToOneFunction "The &%Class of &%UnaryFunctions which 
are one to one.  A function F is one to one just in case for all X, Y in the 
domain of F, if X is not identical to Y, then F(X) is not identical to F(Y).")

(<=> 
   (instance ?FUN OneToOneFunction) 
   (forall (?ARG1 ?ARG2) 
      (=> 
         (and 
            (instance ?ARG1 (DomainFn ?FUN)) 
            (instance ?ARG2 (DomainFn ?FUN)) 
            (not (equal ?ARG1 ?ARG2))) 
         (not (equal (AssignmentFn ?FUN ?ARG1) (AssignmentFn ?FUN ?ARG2))))))

(subclass SequenceFunction OneToOneFunction)
(documentation SequenceFunction "The &%Class of &%OneToOneFunctions whose range 
is a subclass of the &%PositiveIntegers.")

(=> 
   (instance ?SEQ SequenceFunction) 
   (subclass (RangeFn ?SEQ) Integer))

(subclass BinaryFunction Function)
(subclass BinaryFunction TernaryRelation)
(instance BinaryFunction InheritableRelation)
(documentation BinaryFunction "The &%Class of &%Functions that require 
two arguments.")

(=>
	(instance ?FUNCTION BinaryFunction)
	(valence ?FUNCTION 2))

(subclass AssociativeFunction BinaryFunction)
(documentation AssociativeFunction "A &%BinaryFunction is associative if 
bracketing has no effect on the value returned by the &%Function.  More 
precisely, a &%Function ?FUNCTION is associative just in case 
(?FUNCTION ?INST1 (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to 
(?FUNCTION (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, 
and ?INST3.")

(=>
   (instance ?FUNCTION AssociativeFunction)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2 ?INST3)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?INST1 (DomainFn ?FUNCTION))
            (instance ?INST2 (DomainFn ?FUNCTION))
            (instance ?INST3 (DomainFn ?FUNCTION)))
         (equal (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION ?INST1 (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST3))
             (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) ?INST3)))))

(subclass CommutativeFunction BinaryFunction)
(documentation CommutativeFunction "A &%BinaryFunction is commutative if 
the ordering of the arguments of the function has no effect on the value 
returned by the function.  More precisely, a function ?FUNCTION is 
commutative just in case (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) is equal to (?FUNCTION 
?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2.")

(=>
   (instance ?FUNCTION CommutativeFunction)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?INST1 (DomainFn ?FUNCTION))
            (instance ?INST2 (DomainFn ?FUNCTION)))
         (equal (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) 
                (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST1)))))

(subclass TernaryFunction Function)
(subclass TernaryFunction QuaternaryRelation)
(instance TernaryFunction InheritableRelation)
(documentation TernaryFunction "The &%Class of &%Functions that require 
exactly three arguments.")

(=>
	(instance ?FUNCTION TernaryFunction)
	(valence ?FUNCTION 3))

(subclass QuaternaryFunction Function)
(subclass QuaternaryFunction QuintaryRelation)
(instance QuaternaryFunction InheritableRelation)
(documentation QuaternaryFunction "The &%Class of &%Functions that require 
exactly four arguments.")

(=>
	(instance ?FUNCTION QuaternaryFunction)
	(valence ?FUNCTION 4))

(subclass ContinuousFunction Function)
(documentation ContinuousFunction "&%Functions which are continuous.  
This concept is taken as primitive until representations for limits 
are devised.")

(subclass LogicalOperator Predicate)
(documentation LogicalOperator "This &%Class currently comprises all 
of the logical operators (viz. 'and', 'or', 'not', '=>', and '<=>').")

(subclass BinaryPredicate Predicate)
(subclass BinaryPredicate BinaryRelation)
(instance BinaryPredicate InheritableRelation)
(documentation BinaryPredicate "A &%Predicate relating two items - its 
valence is two.")

(=>
	(instance ?REL BinaryPredicate)
	(valence ?REL 2))

(subclass TernaryPredicate Predicate)
(subclass TernaryPredicate TernaryRelation)
(instance TernaryPredicate InheritableRelation)
(documentation TernaryPredicate "The &%Class of &%Predicates that require 
exactly three arguments.")

(=>
	(instance ?REL TernaryPredicate)
	(valence ?REL 3))

(subclass QuaternaryPredicate Predicate)
(subclass QuaternaryPredicate QuaternaryRelation)
(instance QuaternaryPredicate InheritableRelation)
(documentation QuaternaryPredicate "The &%Class of &%Predicates that 
require four arguments.")

(=>
	(instance ?REL QuaternaryPredicate)
	(valence ?REL 4))

(subclass QuintaryPredicate Predicate)
(subclass QuintaryPredicate QuintaryRelation)
(instance QuintaryPredicate InheritableRelation)
(documentation QuintaryPredicate "The &%Class of &%Predicates that 
require five arguments.")

(=>
	(instance ?REL QuintaryPredicate)
	(valence ?REL 5))

(subclass VariableArityRelation Relation)
(documentation VariableArityRelation "The &%Class of &%Relations that 
do not have a fixed number of arguments.")

(=>
        (instance ?REL VariableArityRelation)
        (not
           (exists (?INT)
              (valence ?REL ?INT))))

(subclass RelationExtendedToQuantities Relation)
(instance RelationExtendedToQuantities InheritableRelation)
(documentation RelationExtendedToQuantities "A 
&%RelationExtendedToQuantities is a &%Relation that, when it is true on 
a sequence of arguments that are &%RealNumbers, it is also true on a 
sequence of &%ConstantQuantites with those magnitudes in some unit of 
measure.  For example, the &%lessThan relation is extended to quantities.  
This means that for all pairs of quantities ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2, 
(lessThan ?QUANTITY1 ?QUANTITY2) if and only if, for some ?NUMBER1, 
?NUMBER2, and ?UNIT, ?QUANTITY1 = (MeasureFn ?NUMBER1 ?UNIT), 
?QUANTITY2 = (MeasureFn ?NUMBER2 ?UNIT), and (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2), 
for all units ?UNIT on which ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2 can be measured.  
Note that, when a &%RelationExtendedToQuantities is extended from 
&%RealNumbers to &%ConstantQuantities, the &%ConstantQuantities must be 
measured along the same physical dimension.")

(subclass Set Class)
(documentation Set "A &%Class that satisfies extensionality as well as
other conditions specified by some choice of set theory.  Unlike 
&%Classes generally, &%Sets need not have an associated condition that 
determines their membership.  Rather, they are thought of metaphorically 
as `built up' from some initial stock of objects by means of certain
constructive operations (such as the pairing or power set operations).
Note that extensionality alone is not sufficient for identifying 
&%Classes with &%Sets, since some &%Classes (e.g. &%Entity) cannot be 
assumed to be &%Sets without contradiction.")

(subclass Proposition Abstract)
(documentation Proposition "&%Propositions are &%Abstract entities that 
express a complete thought or a set of such thoughts.  As an example, 
the formula '(instance Yojo Cat)' expresses the &%Proposition that the 
entity named Yojo is an element of the &%Class of Cats.  Note that 
propositions are not restricted to the content expressed by individual 
sentences of a &%Language.  They may encompass the content expressed by 
theories, books, and even whole libraries.  It is important to distinguish 
&%Propositions from the &%ContentBearingObjects that express them.  A 
&%Proposition is a piece of information, e.g. that the cat is on the mat, 
but a &%ContentBearingObject is an &%Object that represents this information.  
A &%Proposition is an abstraction that may have multiple representations: 
strings, sounds, icons, etc.  For example, the &%Proposition that the cat is 
on the mat is represented here as a string of graphical characters displayed 
on a monitor and/or printed on paper, but it can be represented by a sequence 
of sounds or by some non-latin alphabet or by some cryptographic form")

(instance closedOn BinaryPredicate)
(instance closedOn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain closedOn 1 Function)
(domain closedOn 2 Class)
(documentation closedOn "A &%BinaryFunction is closed on a &%Class 
if it is defined for all instances of the &%Class and its value is 
always an instance of the &%Class.")

(=>
   (and
      (closedOn ?FUNCTION ?CLASS)
      (instance ?FUNCTION UnaryFunction))
   (forall (?INST)
      (=> 
         (instance ?INST ?CLASS) 
         (instance (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION ?INST) ?CLASS))))

(=>
   (and
      (closedOn ?FUNCTION ?CLASS)
      (instance ?FUNCTION BinaryFunction))
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2)
      (=> 
         (and 
            (instance ?INST1 ?CLASS) 
            (instance ?INST2 ?CLASS))
         (instance (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) ?CLASS))))

(instance reflexiveOn BinaryPredicate)
(instance reflexiveOn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain reflexiveOn 1 BinaryRelation)
(domain reflexiveOn 2 Class)
(documentation reflexiveOn "A &%BinaryRelation is reflexive on a 
&%Class only if every instance of the &%Class bears the relation 
to itself.")

(=> 
   (reflexiveOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)
   (forall (?INST)
      (=> 
         (instance ?INST ?CLASS)
         (holds ?RELATION ?INST ?INST))))

(instance irreflexiveOn BinaryPredicate)
(instance irreflexiveOn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain irreflexiveOn 1 BinaryRelation)
(domain irreflexiveOn 2 Class)
(documentation irreflexiveOn "A &%BinaryRelation is irreflexive on a 
&%Class only if no instance of the &%Class bears the relation to 
itself.")

(=> 
   (irreflexiveOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)
   (forall (?INST)
      (=> 
         (instance ?INST ?CLASS)
         (not 
            (holds ?RELATION ?INST ?INST)))))

(instance partialOrderingOn BinaryPredicate)
(instance partialOrderingOn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain partialOrderingOn 1 BinaryRelation)
(domain partialOrderingOn 2 Class)
(documentation partialOrderingOn "A &%BinaryRelation is a partial 
ordering on a &%Class only if the relation is &%reflexiveOn the 
&%Class, and it is both an &%AntisymmetricRelation, and a 
&%TransitiveRelation.")

(=> 
   (partialOrderingOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)
   (and 
      (reflexiveOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)
      (instance ?RELATION TransitiveRelation)
      (instance ?RELATION AntisymmetricRelation)))

(instance totalOrderingOn BinaryPredicate)
(instance totalOrderingOn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain totalOrderingOn 1 BinaryRelation)
(domain totalOrderingOn 2 Class)
(documentation totalOrderingOn "A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is a total 
ordering on a &%Class only if it is a partial ordering for which either 
(?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) or (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) for every ?INST1 and ?INST2 
in the &%Class.")

(<=> 
     (totalOrderingOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)
     (and 
          (partialOrderingOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)
          (trichotomizingOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)))

(instance trichotomizingOn BinaryPredicate)
(instance trichotomizingOn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain trichotomizingOn 1 BinaryRelation)
(domain trichotomizingOn 2 Class)
(documentation trichotomizingOn "A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is 
trichotomizing on a &%Class only if, for all instances ?INST1 and ?INST2 
of the &%Class, at least one of the following holds:  (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2),
(?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) or (equal ?INST1 ?INST2).")

(=>
   (trichotomizingOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2)
      (=> 
         (and 
            (instance ?INST1 ?CLASS)
            (instance ?INST2 ?CLASS))
         (or 
            (holds ?RELATION ?INST1 ?INST2) 
            (holds ?RELATION ?INST2 ?INST1) 
            (equal ?INST1 ?INST2)))))

(instance equivalenceRelationOn BinaryPredicate)
(instance equivalenceRelationOn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain equivalenceRelationOn 1 BinaryRelation)
(domain equivalenceRelationOn 2 Class)
(documentation equivalenceRelationOn "A &%BinaryRelation is an 
&%equivalenceRelationOn a &%Class only if the relation is &%reflexiveOn 
the &%Class and it is both a &%TransitiveRelation and a 
&%SymmetricRelation.")

(=>
   (equivalenceRelationOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)
   (and
      (instance ?RELATION TransitiveRelation)
      (instance ?RELATION SymmetricRelation)
      (reflexiveOn ?RELATION ?CLASS))) 

(instance distributes BinaryPredicate)
(instance distributes BinaryRelation)
(domain distributes 1 BinaryFunction)
(domain distributes 2 BinaryFunction)
(documentation distributes "A &%BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION1 is 
distributive over another &%BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION2 just in case 
(?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 (?FUNCTION2 ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to 
(?FUNCTION2 (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST2) (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST3)), 
for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.") 

(=>
   (distributes ?FUNCTION1 ?FUNCTION2)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2 ?INST3)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?INST1 (DomainFn ?FUNCTION1))
            (instance ?INST2 (DomainFn ?FUNCTION1))
            (instance ?INST3 (DomainFn ?FUNCTION1))
            (instance ?INST1 (DomainFn ?FUNCTION2))
            (instance ?INST2 (DomainFn ?FUNCTION2))
            (instance ?INST3 (DomainFn ?FUNCTION2)))
         (equal (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 
                        (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION2 ?INST2 ?INST3))
                (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION2 
                        (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST2) 
                        (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST3))))))

(instance causes BinaryPredicate)
(instance causes AsymmetricRelation)
(domain causes 1 Process)
(domain causes 2 Process)
(documentation causes "The causation relation between situations or 
propositions.  (&%causes ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the state of 
affairs expressed by ?PROCESS1 brings about the state of affairs 
expressed by ?PROCESS2.")

(=>
   (instance ?PROC1 Process)
   (exists (?PROC2)
      (causes ?PROC2 ?PROC1))) 

(instance copy BinaryPredicate)
(instance copy EquivalenceRelation)
(domain copy 1 Object)
(domain copy 2 Object)
(documentation copy "relates an &%Object to an exact copy of the 
&%Object, where an exact copy is indistinguishable from the original 
with regard to every property except (possibly) spatial and/or temporal 
location.")

(=>
   (copy ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
   (forall (?ATTR)
      (=>
         (attribute ?OBJ1 ?ATTR)
         (attribute ?OBJ2 ?ATTR))))

(instance time BinaryPredicate)
(instance time TemporalRelation)
(instance time AsymmetricRelation)
(domain time 1 Physical)
(domain time 2 TimePosition)
(documentation time "This relation holds between an instance of 
&%Physical and an instance of &%TimePosition just in case the temporal 
lifespan of the former includes the latter.  The constants &%located 
and &%time are the basic spatial and temporal predicates, 
respectively.")

(instance holdsDuring BinaryPredicate)
(instance holdsDuring AsymmetricRelation)
(domain holdsDuring 1 TimePosition)
(domain holdsDuring 2 Formula)
(documentation holdsDuring "(&%holdsDuring ?TIME ?FORMULA) means that the 
proposition denoted by ?FORMULA is true in the time frame ?TIME.  Note 
that this implies that ?FORMULA is true at every &%TimePoint which is a 
&%temporalPart of ?TIME.")

(=>
   (and
      (holdsDuring ?TIME ?SITUATION1)
      (entails ?SITUATION1 ?SITUATION2))
   (holdsDuring ?TIME ?SITUATION2))

(=>
   (holdsDuring ?TIME (not ?SITUATION))
   (not (holdsDuring ?TIME ?SITUATION)))

(instance capability TernaryPredicate)
(domainSubclass capability 1 Process)
(domain capability 2 CaseRole)
(domain capability 3 Object)
(documentation capability "(&%capability ?PROCESS ?ROLE ?OBJ) means 
that ?OBJ has the ability to play the role of ?ROLE in &%Processes of 
type ?PROCESS.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ROLE CaseRole)
      (holds ?ROLE ?ARG1 ?ARG2)
      (instance ?ARG1 ?PROC))
   (capability ?PROC ?ROLE ?ARG2))

(instance exploits BinaryPredicate)
(instance exploits AsymmetricRelation)
(domain exploits 1 Object)
(domain exploits 2 Agent)
(documentation exploits "(&%exploits ?OBJ ?AGENT) means that ?OBJ is used 
by ?AGENT as a &%resource in an unspecified instance of &%Process.  This 
&%Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the 
relations &%agent and &%resource.")

(=>
     (exploits ?OBJ ?AGENT)
     (exists (?PROCESS)
          (and
               (agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT)
               (resource ?PROCESS ?OBJ)))) 

(instance hasPurpose BinaryPredicate)
(instance hasPurpose AsymmetricRelation)
(domain hasPurpose 1 Physical)
(domain hasPurpose 2 Formula)
(documentation hasPurpose "This &%Predicate expresses the concept of a 
conventional goal, i.e. a goal with a neutralized agent's intention.  
Accordingly, (&%hasPurpose ?THING ?FORMULA) means that the instance of 
&%Physical ?THING has, as its purpose, the &%Proposition expressed by 
?FORMULA.  Note that there is an important difference in meaning between 
the &%Predicates &%hasPurpose and &%result.  Although the second argument 
of the latter can satisfy the second argument of the former, 
a conventional goal is an expected and desired outcome, while a result 
may be neither expected nor desired.  For example, a machine process may 
have outcomes but no goals, aimless wandering may have an outcome but no 
goal; a learning process may have goals with no outcomes, and so on.")

(instance hasPurposeForAgent TernaryPredicate)
(domain hasPurposeForAgent 1 Physical)
(domain hasPurposeForAgent 2 Formula)
(domain hasPurposeForAgent 3 Agent)
(documentation hasPurposeForAgent "Expresses a cognitive attitude of an 
agent with respect to a particular instance of Physical.  More precisely, 
(&%hasPurposeForAgent ?THING ?FORMULA ?AGENT) means that the purpose of 
?THING for ?AGENT is the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA.  Very complex 
issues are involved here.  In particular, the rules of inference of the 
first order predicate calculus are not truth-preserving for the second 
argument position of this &%Predicate.")

(=>
   (hasPurpose ?THING ?PURPOSE)
   (exists (?AGENT)
      (hasPurposeForAgent ?THING ?PURPOSE ?AGENT)))

(instance hasSkill BinaryPredicate)
(instance hasSkill AsymmetricRelation)
(domainSubclass hasSkill 1 Process)
(domain hasSkill 2 Agent)
(documentation hasSkill "Similar to the &%capability &%Predicate 
with the additional restriction that the ability be practised/
demonstrated to some measurable degree.")

(=>
   (hasSkill ?PROC ?AGENT)
   (capability ?PROC agent ?AGENT))

(instance holdsRight BinaryPredicate)
(instance holdsRight AsymmetricRelation)
(domainSubclass holdsRight 1 Process)
(domain holdsRight 2 CognitiveAgent)
(documentation holdsRight "Expresses a relationship between a subclass 
of &%Process and a &%CognitiveAgent whereby the &%CognitiveAgent has 
the right to perform instances of the &%Process type specified, 
i.e. to be an &%agent of instances of the &%Process type.")

(=>
    (holdsRight ?PROCESS ?AGENT)
    (capability ?PROCESS agent ?AGENT))

(instance confersRight TernaryPredicate)
(domainSubclass confersRight 1 Process)
(domain confersRight 2 Entity)
(domain confersRight 3 CognitiveAgent)
(documentation confersRight "Expresses the relationship between a subclass 
of &%Process, an &%Entity, and a &%CognitiveAgent when the &%Entity 
authorizes the &%CognitiveAgent to perform instances of the &%Process type 
specified, i.e. to be an &%agent of instances of the &%Process type.")

(=>
   (confersRight ?PROCESS ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)
   (holdsRight ?PROCESS ?AGENT2))

(instance holdsObligation BinaryPredicate)
(instance holdsObligation AsymmetricRelation)
(domainSubclass holdsObligation 1 Process)
(domain holdsObligation 2 CognitiveAgent)
(relatedInternalConcept holdsObligation holdsRight)
(documentation holdsObligation "Expresses a relationship between a 
subclass of &%Process and a &%CognitiveAgent whereby the &%CognitiveAgent 
has the obligation to perform instances of the &%Process type specified, 
i.e. to be an &%agent of instances of the &%Process type.")

(=>
    (holdsObligation ?PROCESS ?AGENT)
    (capability ?PROCESS agent ?AGENT))

(instance confersObligation TernaryPredicate)
(domainSubclass confersObligation 1 Process)
(domain confersObligation 2 Entity)
(domain confersObligation 3 CognitiveAgent)
(relatedInternalConcept confersObligation confersRight)
(documentation confersObligation "Expresses the relationship between a 
subclass of &%Process, an &%Entity, and a &%CognitiveAgent when the 
&%Entity obligates the &%CognitiveAgent to perform instances of the &%Process 
type specified, i.e. to be an &%agent of instances of the &%Process type.")

(=>
   (confersObligation ?PROCESS ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)
   (holdsObligation ?PROCESS ?AGENT2))

(instance located PartialOrderingRelation)
(subrelation located partlyLocated)
(domain located 1 Physical)
(domain located 2 Object)
(relatedInternalConcept located time)
(documentation located "A very general predicate.  (&%located 
?PHYS ?OBJ) means that ?PHYS is situated at ?OBJ, in some sense.  The 
&%Predicates &%located and &%time are spatial and temporal 
predicates, respectively.")

(=>
   (located ?OBJ ?REGION)
   (forall (?SUBOBJ)
      (=>
         (part ?SUBOBJ ?OBJ)
         (located ?SUBOBJ ?REGION))))

(instance partlyLocated SpatialRelation)
(instance partlyLocated ReflexiveRelation)
(instance partlyLocated BinaryPredicate)
(domain partlyLocated 1 Object)
(domain partlyLocated 2 Region)
(documentation partlyLocated "The predicate of partial localization.  
For example, Istanbul is partly located in Asia.  Note that this is the 
most basic localization relation:  &%located and &%exactlyLocated 
are both subrelations of &%partlyLocated.") 

(=>
   (partlyLocated ?OBJ ?REGION)
   (exists (?SUBOBJ)
      (and
         (part ?SUBOBJ ?OBJ)
         (exactlyLocated ?SUBOBJ ?REGION))))

(subrelation exactlyLocated located)
(documentation exactlyLocated "The actual, minimal location of an 
Object.  This is a subrelation of the more general Predicate 
&%located.")

(=>
   (exactlyLocated ?OBJ ?REGION)
   (not
      (exists (?OTHEROBJ)
         (and
            (exactlyLocated ?OTHEROBJ ?REGION)
            (not
               (equal ?OTHEROBJ ?OBJ))))))


(instance between SpatialRelation)
(instance between TernaryPredicate)
(domain between 1 Object)
(domain between 2 Object)
(domain between 3 Object)
(documentation between "(between ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) means that ?OBJ2 is 
spatially located between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3.  Note that this implies that 
?OBJ2 is directly between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3, i.e. the projections of ?OBJ1 
and ?OBJ3 overlap with ?OBJ2.")

(instance traverses SpatialRelation)
(domain traverses 1 Object)
(domain traverses 2 Object)
(documentation traverses "(&%traverses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 
crosses or extends across ?OBJ2.  Note that &%crosses and 
&%penetrates are subrelations of &%traverses.")

(=>
   (traverses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
   (or
      (crosses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
      (penetrates ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))

(subrelation crosses traverses)
(instance crosses AsymmetricRelation)
(instance crosses TransitiveRelation)
(disjointRelation crosses connected)
(documentation crosses "(crosses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that 
&%Object ?OBJ1 &%traverses Object ?OBJ2, without being &%connected 
to it.")

(subrelation penetrates traverses)
(subrelation penetrates meetsSpatially)
(instance penetrates AsymmetricRelation)
(instance penetrates IntransitiveRelation)
(documentation penetrates "(penetrates ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that 
?OBJ1 is &%connected to ?OBJ2 along at least one whole dimension (length, 
width or depth).") 

(instance WhereFn BinaryFunction)
(instance WhereFn SpatialRelation)
(domain WhereFn 1 Physical)
(domain WhereFn 2 TimePoint)
(range WhereFn Region)
(relatedInternalConcept WhereFn WhenFn)
(documentation WhereFn "Maps an &%Object and a &%TimePoint at which the 
&%Object exists to the &%Region where the &%Object existed at that 
&%TimePoint.")

(<=>
   (equal (WhereFn ?THING ?TIME) ?REGION)
   (holdsDuring ?TIME (exactlyLocated ?THING ?REGION)))

(instance possesses BinaryPredicate)
(instance possesses AsymmetricRelation)
(domain possesses 1 Agent)
(domain possesses 2 Object)
(documentation possesses "&%Relation that holds between an &%Agent and 
an &%Object when the &%Agent has ownership of the &%Object.")

(=>
   (possesses ?PERSON ?OBJ)
   (exists (?TYPE)
      (and
         (holdsRight ?PERSON ?TYPE)
         (forall (?PROCESS)
            (=>
               (instance ?PROCESS ?TYPE)
               (patient ?PROCESS ?OBJ))))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?TIME TimePosition)
      (holdsDuring ?TIME (possesses ?AGENT1 ?OBJ))
      (holdsDuring ?TIME (possesses ?AGENT2 ?OBJ)))
   (equal ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2))

(instance PropertyFn UnaryFunction)
(domain PropertyFn 1 Agent)
(range PropertyFn Set)
(documentation PropertyFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Agent to the &%Set of &%Property owned by the &%Agent.")

(<=> 
   (instance ?OBJ (PropertyFn ?PERSON))
   (possesses ?PERSON ?OBJ))

(instance precondition BinaryPredicate)
(instance precondition AsymmetricRelation)
(instance precondition TransitiveRelation)
(domainSubclass precondition 1 Process)
(domainSubclass precondition 2 Process)
(documentation precondition "A very general &%Predicate.  (&%precondition 
?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that ?PROC2 can exist or be true only if 
?PROC1 exists or is true.  At some point, this &%Predicate should 
probably be broken up into more specific &%Predicates with more 
restrictive &%domain restrictions.")

(instance inhibits BinaryPredicate)
(instance inhibits IrreflexiveRelation)
(domainSubclass inhibits 1 Process)
(domainSubclass inhibits 2 Process)
(documentation inhibits "A very general &%Predicate.  (&%inhibits 
?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that the &%Process ?PROC1 inhibits or hinders 
the occurrence of the &%Process ?PROC2.  For example, obstructing an 
object inhibits moving it.  Note that this is a relation between types 
of &%Processes, not between instances.")

(instance prevents BinaryPredicate)
(instance prevents IrreflexiveRelation)
(domainSubclass prevents 1 Process)
(domainSubclass prevents 2 Process)
(relatedInternalConcept prevents inhibits)
(documentation prevents "A very general &%Predicate.  (&%prevents ?PROC1 
?PROC2) means that ?PROC1 prevents the occurrence of ?PROC2.  In other 
words, if ?PROC1 is occurring in a particular time and place, ?PROC2 
cannot occur at the same time and place.  For example, innoculating 
prevents contracting disease.  Note that this is a relation between types 
of &%Processes, not between instances.") 

(instance refers BinaryPredicate)
(domain refers 1 Physical)
(domain refers 2 Entity)
(documentation refers "(&%refers ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 
mentions or includes a reference to ?OBJ2. Note that &%refers is 
more general in meaning than &%represents, because presumably something 
can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing.  
For example, an article whose topic is a recent change in the price of 
oil may refer to many other things, e.g. the general state of the economy, 
the weather in California, the prospect of global warming, the options 
for alternative energy sources, the stock prices of various oil companies, 
etc.")

(instance represents BinaryPredicate)
(domain represents 1 Physical)
(domain represents 2 Entity)
(subrelation represents refers)
(documentation represents "A very general semiotics &%Predicate.  
(&%represents ?THING ?ENTITY) means that ?THING in some way indicates, 
expresses, connotes, pictures, describes, etc. ?ENTITY.  The &%Predicates 
&%containsInformation and &%realization are subrelations of &%represents.  
Note that &%represents is a subrelation of &%refers, since something can 
represent something else only if it refers to this other thing.") 

(instance representsForAgent TernaryPredicate)
(domain representsForAgent 1 Physical)
(domain representsForAgent 2 Entity)
(domain representsForAgent 3 Agent)
(documentation representsForAgent "A very general predicate.  
(&%representsForAgent ?THING ?ENTITY ?AGENT) means that the ?AGENT 
chooses to use the &%instance of &%Physical ?THING to 'stand for' 
?ENTITY.")

(=>
   (representsForAgent ?REP ?ENTITY ?AGENT)
   (represents ?REP ?ENTITY))

(instance representsInLanguage TernaryPredicate)
(domain representsInLanguage 1 Physical)
(domain representsInLanguage 2 Entity)
(domain representsInLanguage 3 Language)
(documentation representsInLanguage "A very general predicate.  
(&%representsInLanguage ?THING ?ENTITY ?LANGUAGE) means that the 
&%instance of &%Physical ?THING stands for ?ENTITY in the language 
?LANGUAGE.")

(=>
   (representsInLanguage ?REP ?ENTITY ?LANGUAGE)
   (exists (?AGENT)
      (representsForAgent ?REP ?ENTITY ?AGENT)))

(subrelation equivalentContentClass subsumesContentClass)
(instance equivalentContentClass EquivalenceRelation)
(domainSubclass equivalentContentClass 1 ContentBearingObject)
(domainSubclass equivalentContentClass 2 ContentBearingObject)
(documentation equivalentContentClass "A &%BinaryPredicate that relates two 
subclasses of &%ContentBearingObject.  (&%equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 
?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1 is 
also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2, and vice versa.  An example 
would be the relationship between English and Russian editions of Agatha 
Christie's 'Murder on the Orient Express'.  Note that 
(&%equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) implies (&%subsumesContentClass 
?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) and (&%subsumesContentClass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1).")

(<=>
   (and
      (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
      (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1))
   (equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2))

(instance subsumesContentClass BinaryPredicate)
(instance subsumesContentClass PartialOrderingRelation)
(domainSubclass subsumesContentClass 1 ContentBearingObject)
(domainSubclass subsumesContentClass 2 ContentBearingObject)
(documentation subsumesContentClass "A &%BinaryPredicate that relates two 
subclasses of &%ContentBearingObject.  (&%subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 
?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2 is 
also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1.  Examples include the 
relationship between a poem and one of its stanzas or between a book and 
one of its chapters.  Note that this is a relation between subclasses of 
&%ContentBearingObject, rather than instances.  If one wants to relate 
instances, the &%Predicate &%subsumesContentInstance can be used.  Note 
that &%subsumesContentClass is needed in many cases.  Consider, for 
example, the relation between the King James edition of the Bible and its 
Book of Genesis.  This relation holds for every copy of this edition and 
not just for a single instance.")

(<=>
   (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
   (forall (?INFO ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?OBJ1 ?CLASS1)
            (instance ?OBJ2 ?CLASS2)
            (containsInformation ?OBJ2 ?INFO))
         (containsInformation ?OBJ1 ?INFO))))

(subrelation equivalentContentInstance subsumesContentInstance)
(instance equivalentContentInstance EquivalenceRelation)
(domain equivalentContentInstance 1 ContentBearingObject)
(domain equivalentContentInstance 2 ContentBearingObject)
(relatedInternalConcept equivalentContentInstance equivalentContentClass)
(documentation equivalentContentInstance "A &%BinaryPredicate relating two 
instances of &%ContentBearingObject.  (&%equivalentContentInstance 
?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the content expressed by ?OBJ1 is identical to 
the content expressed by ?OBJ2.  An example would be the relationship 
between a handwritten draft of a letter to one's lawyer and a typed 
copy of the same letter.  Note that (&%equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 
?OBJ2) implies (&%subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and 
(&%subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ2 ?OBJ2).")

(<=>
   (and
      (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
      (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1))
   (equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))

(instance subsumesContentInstance BinaryPredicate)
(instance subsumesContentInstance PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain subsumesContentInstance 1 ContentBearingObject)
(domain subsumesContentInstance 2 ContentBearingObject)
(relatedInternalConcept subsumesContentInstance subsumesContentClass)
(documentation subsumesContentInstance "A &%BinaryPredicate relating two 
instances of &%ContentBearingObject.  (&%subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) 
means that the content expressed by ?OBJ2 is part of the content expressed 
by ?OBJ1.  An example is the relationship between a handwritten poem and 
one of its stanzas.  Note that this is a relation between instances, 
rather than &%Classes.  If one wants to assert a content relationship 
between &%Classes, e.g. between the version of an intellectual work and a 
part of that work, the relation &%subsumesContentClass should be used.")

(<=>
   (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
   (forall (?INFO)
      (=>
         (containsInformation ?OBJ2 ?INFO)
         (containsInformation ?OBJ1 ?INFO))))

(subrelation realization represents)
(instance realization AsymmetricRelation)
(domain realization 1 Process)
(domain realization 2 Proposition)
(relatedInternalConcept realization equivalentContentInstance)
(relatedInternalConcept realization containsInformation)
(documentation realization "A subrelation of &%represents.  
(&%realization ?PROCESS ?PROP) means that ?PROCESS is a Process which 
expresses the content of ?PROP. Examples include a particular musical 
performance, which realizes the content of a musical score, or the 
reading of a poem.")

(=>
   (realization ?PROCESS ?PROP)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (instance ?OBJ ContentBearingObject)
         (containsInformation ?OBJ ?PROP))))

(instance expressedInLanguage BinaryPredicate)
(instance expressedInLanguage AsymmetricRelation)
(domain expressedInLanguage 1 LinguisticExpression)
(domain expressedInLanguage 2 Language)
(documentation expressedInLanguage "(&%expressedInLanguage ?EXPRESS ?LANG) 
means that ?EXPRESS is expressed in &%Language ?LANG.")

(<=> 
	(expressedInLanguage ?EXPRESS ?LANGUAGE) 
	(exists (?PROP) 
		(representsInLanguage ?EXPRESS ?PROP ?LANGUAGE)))

(instance subProposition BinaryPredicate)
(instance subProposition TransitiveRelation)
(instance subProposition IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain subProposition 1 Proposition)
(domain subProposition 2 Proposition)
(documentation subProposition "(&%subProposition ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that 
?PROP1 is a &%Proposition which is a proper part of the &%Proposition ?PROP2.  
In other words, &%subProposition is the analogue of &%properPart for chunks 
of abstract content.")

(=>
   (subProposition ?PROP1 ?PROP2)
   (forall (?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
      (=>
         (and
            (containsInformation ?OBJ1 ?PROP1)
            (containsInformation ?OBJ2 ?PROP2))
         (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1))))

(subrelation subPlan subProposition)
(instance subPlan TransitiveRelation)
(instance subPlan IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain subPlan 1 Plan)
(domain subPlan 2 Plan)
(documentation subPlan "(&%subPlan ?PLAN1 ?PLAN2) means that ?PLAN1 
is a &%Plan which is a proper part of ?PLAN2.  This relation is generally 
used to relate a supporting &%Plan to the overall &%Plan in a particular 
context.")

(instance uses BinaryPredicate)
(instance uses AsymmetricRelation)
(domain uses 1 Object)
(domain uses 2 Agent)
(documentation uses "(&%uses ?OBJECT AGENT) means that ?OBJECT is used by 
?AGENT as an instrument in an unspecified &%Process.  This &%Predicate, 
as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the &%CaseRoles 
&%agent and &%instrument.")

(=>
     (uses ?OBJ ?AGENT)
     (exists (?PROC)
          (and
               (agent ?PROC ?AGENT)
               (instrument ?PROC ?OBJ))))

;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;  NUMERIC FUNCTIONS   ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'STRUCTURAL ONTOLOGY'
;; INCLUDES 'BASE ONTOLOGY'

(instance MultiplicationFn AssociativeFunction)
(instance MultiplicationFn CommutativeFunction)
(instance MultiplicationFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(domain MultiplicationFn 1 Quantity)
(domain MultiplicationFn 2 Quantity)
(range MultiplicationFn Quantity)
(documentation MultiplicationFn "If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers, 
then (&%MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical product 
of these numbers.")

(instance AdditionFn AssociativeFunction)
(instance AdditionFn CommutativeFunction)
(instance AdditionFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(domain AdditionFn 1 Quantity)
(domain AdditionFn 2 Quantity)
(range AdditionFn Quantity)
(documentation AdditionFn "If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers, then 
(&%AdditionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical sum of these 
numbers.")
 
(instance SubtractionFn AssociativeFunction)
(instance SubtractionFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(domain SubtractionFn 1 Quantity)
(domain SubtractionFn 2 Quantity)
(range SubtractionFn Quantity)
(documentation SubtractionFn "If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers, 
then (&%SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical difference 
between ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2, i.e. ?NUMBER1 minus ?NUMBER2.  An 
exception occurs when ?NUMBER1 is equal to 0, in which case 
(&%SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the negation of ?NUMBER2.")

(instance DivisionFn AssociativeFunction)
(instance DivisionFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(domain DivisionFn 1 Quantity)
(domain DivisionFn 2 Quantity)
(range DivisionFn Quantity)
(documentation DivisionFn "If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers, then 
(&%DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the result of dividing ?NUMBER1 by 
?NUMBER2.  An exception occurs when ?NUMBER1 = 1, in which case 
(&%DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the reciprocal of ?NUMBER2.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RationalNumber)
   (exists (?INT1 ?INT2)
      (and
         (instance ?INT1 Integer)
         (instance ?INT2 Integer)
         (equal ?NUMBER (DivisionFn ?INT1 ?INT2)))))

(instance AbsoluteValueFn UnaryFunction)
(domain AbsoluteValueFn 1 RealNumber)
(range AbsoluteValueFn PositiveRealNumber)
(documentation AbsoluteValueFn "The value of (&%AbsoluteValueFn ?NUMBER) 
is the absolute value of the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.")

(<=>
     (equal (AbsoluteValueFn ?NUMBER1) ?NUMBER2)
     (or 
         (and 
              (instance ?NUMBER1 PositiveInteger)
              (equal ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2))     
         (and 
              (instance ?NUMBER1 NegativeInteger)
              (equal ?NUMBER2 (SubtractionFn 0 ?NUMBER1)))))

(instance ArcCosineFn UnaryFunction)
(inverse ArcCosineFn CosineFn)
(domain ArcCosineFn 1 RealNumber)
(range ArcCosineFn PlaneAngleMeasure)
(documentation ArcCosineFn "(&%ArcCosineFn ?NUMBER) returns the arc 
cosine of the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.  It is the &%inverse of &%CosineFn.")

(instance ArcSineFn UnaryFunction)
(inverse ArcSineFn SineFn)
(domain ArcSineFn 1 RealNumber)
(range ArcSineFn PlaneAngleMeasure)
(documentation ArcSineFn "(&%ArcSineFn ?NUMBER) returns the arc sine of 
the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.  It is the &%inverse of &%SineFn.")

(instance ArcTangentFn UnaryFunction)
(inverse ArcTangentFn TangentFn)
(domain ArcTangentFn 1 RealNumber)
(range ArcTangentFn PlaneAngleMeasure)
(documentation ArcTangentFn "(&%ArcTangentFn ?NUMBER) returns the arc 
tangent of the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.  It is the &%inverse of &%TangentFn.")

(instance CeilingFn UnaryFunction)
(domain CeilingFn 1 RealNumber)
(range CeilingFn Integer)
(documentation CeilingFn "(&%CeilingFn ?NUMBER) returns the smallest 
&%Integer greater than or equal to the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.")

(=>
   (equal (CeilingFn ?NUMBER) ?INT)
   (not
      (exists (?OTHERINT)
         (and
            (instance ?OTHERINT Integer)
            (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?OTHERINT ?NUMBER)
            (lessThan ?OTHERINT ?INT)))))

(instance CosineFn UnaryFunction)
(domain CosineFn 1 PlaneAngleMeasure)
(range CosineFn RealNumber)
(documentation CosineFn "(&%CosineFn ?DEGREE) returns the cosine of the 
&%PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE.  The cosine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the 
side next to ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle.")

(instance DenominatorFn UnaryFunction)
(domain DenominatorFn 1 RealNumber)
(range DenominatorFn Integer)
(documentation DenominatorFn "(&%DenominatorFn ?NUMBER) returns the 
denominator of the canonical reduced form of the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.")

(instance ExponentiationFn BinaryFunction)
(instance ExponentiationFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(domain ExponentiationFn 1 Quantity)
(domain ExponentiationFn 2 Integer)
(range ExponentiationFn Quantity)
(documentation ExponentiationFn "(&%ExponentiationFn ?NUMBER ?INT) returns 
the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER raised to the power of the &%Integer ?INT.")

(instance FloorFn UnaryFunction)
(domain FloorFn 1 RealNumber)
(range FloorFn Integer)
(documentation FloorFn "(&%FloorFn ?NUMBER) returns the largest &%Integer 
less than or equal to the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.")

(=>
   (equal (FloorFn ?NUMBER) ?INT)
   (not
      (exists (?OTHERINT)
         (and
            (instance ?OTHERINT Integer)
            (lessThanOrEqualTo ?OTHERINT ?NUMBER)
            (greaterThan ?OTHERINT ?INT)))))

(instance GreatestCommonDivisorFn Function)
(instance GreatestCommonDivisorFn VariableArityRelation)
(range GreatestCommonDivisorFn Integer)
(documentation GreatestCommonDivisorFn "(&%GreatestCommonDivisorFn 
?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) returns the greatest common divisor of 
?NUMBER1 through ?NUMBER.")

(instance ImaginaryPartFn UnaryFunction)
(domain ImaginaryPartFn 1 ComplexNumber)
(range ImaginaryPartFn ImaginaryNumber)
(documentation ImaginaryPartFn "(&%ImaginaryPartFn ?NUMBER) returns 
the part of ?NUMBER that has the square root of -1 as its factor.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER ComplexNumber)
   (exists (?PART1 ?PART2)
      (and
         (equal ?PART1 (RealNumberFn ?NUMBER))
         (equal ?PART2 (ImaginaryPartFn ?NUMBER)))))

(instance IntegerSquareRootFn UnaryFunction)
(domain IntegerSquareRootFn 1 RealNumber)
(range IntegerSquareRootFn NonnegativeInteger)
(documentation IntegerSquareRootFn "(&%IntegerSquareRootFn ?NUMBER) 
returns the integer square root of ?NUMBER.")

(instance LeastCommonMultipleFn Function)     
(instance LeastCommonMultipleFn VariableArityRelation)
(range LeastCommonMultipleFn Integer)
(documentation LeastCommonMultipleFn "(&%LeastCommonMultipleFn 
?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) returns the least common multiple of 
?NUMBER1 through ?NUMBER.")

(instance LogFn BinaryFunction)
(domain LogFn 1 RealNumber)
(domain LogFn 2 PositiveInteger)
(range LogFn RealNumber)
(documentation LogFn "(LogFn ?NUMBER ?INT) returns the logarithm of the 
&%RealNumber ?NUMBER in the base denoted by the &%Integer ?INT.")

(instance MaxFn AssociativeFunction)
(instance MaxFn CommutativeFunction)
(instance MaxFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(domain MaxFn 1 Quantity)
(domain MaxFn 2 Quantity)
(range MaxFn Quantity)
(documentation MaxFn "(&%MaxFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the largest of 
?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2.  In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2, 
&%MaxFn returns one of its arguments.")

(=>
   (equal (MaxFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) ?NUMBER)
   (or
      (and
         (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER1)
         (greaterThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2))
      (and
         (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER2)
         (greaterThan ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))
      (and
         (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER1)
         (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER2))))

(instance MinFn AssociativeFunction)
(instance MinFn CommutativeFunction)
(instance MinFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(domain MinFn 1 Quantity)
(domain MinFn 2 Quantity)
(range MinFn Quantity)
(documentation MinFn "(&%MinFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the smallest of 
?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2.  In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2, 
&%MinFn returns one of its arguments.")

(=>
   (equal (MinFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) ?NUMBER)
   (or
      (and
         (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER1)
         (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2))
      (and
         (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER2)
         (lessThan ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))
      (and
         (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER1)
         (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER2))))

(instance NumeratorFn UnaryFunction)
(domain NumeratorFn 1 RealNumber)
(range NumeratorFn Integer)
(documentation NumeratorFn "(&%NumeratorFn ?NUMBER) returns the numerator 
of the canonical reduced form ?NUMBER.")

(instance Pi RealNumber)
(documentation Pi "&%Pi is the &%RealNumber that 
is the ratio of the perimeter of a circle to its diameter.  It is 
approximately equal to 3.141592653589793.")

(instance NumberE RealNumber)
(documentation NumberE "&%NumberE is the &%RealNumber that is the base for 
natural logarithms.  It is approximately equal to 2.718282.")

(instance RationalNumberFn UnaryFunction)
(domain RationalNumberFn 1 Number)
(range RationalNumberFn RationalNumber)
(documentation RationalNumberFn "(&%RationalNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns 
the rational representation of ?NUMBER.")

(instance RealNumberFn UnaryFunction)
(domain RealNumberFn 1 Number)
(range RealNumberFn RealNumber)
(documentation RealNumberFn "(RealNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns the part of 
?NUMBER that is a &%RealNumber.")

(instance ReciprocalFn UnaryFunction)
(instance ReciprocalFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(domain ReciprocalFn 1 Quantity)
(range ReciprocalFn Quantity)
(documentation ReciprocalFn "(ReciprocalFn ?NUMBER) is the reciprocal 
element of ?NUMBER with respect to the multiplication operator 
(&%MultiplicationFn), i.e. 1/?NUMBER.  Not all numbers have a reciprocal 
element.  For example the number 0 does not.  If a number ?NUMBER has a 
reciprocal ?RECIP, then the product of ?NUMBER and ?RECIP will be 
1, e.g. 3*1/3 = 1.  The reciprocal of an element is &%equal to 
applying the &%ExponentiationFn function to the element to the power 
-1.")

(equal (ReciprocalFn ?NUMBER)
       (ExponentiationFn ?NUMBER -1))

(equal 1 (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER (ReciprocalFn ?NUMBER)))

(instance RemainderFn BinaryFunction)
(instance RemainderFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(domain RemainderFn 1 Quantity)
(domain RemainderFn 2 Quantity)
(range RemainderFn Quantity)
(documentation RemainderFn "(RemainderFn ?NUMBER ?DIVISOR) is the 
remainder of the number ?NUMBER divided by the number ?DIVISOR.  
The result has the same sign as ?DIVISOR.")

(<=>
   (equal (RemainderFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) ?NUMBER)
   (equal (AdditionFn (MultiplicationFn (FloorFn (DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)) ?NUMBER2) ?NUMBER) ?NUMBER1))

(=>
   (equal (RemainderFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) ?NUMBER)
   (equal (SignumFn ?NUMBER2) (SignumFn ?NUMBER)))


(=>
	(instance ?NUMBER EvenInteger)
	(equal (RemainderFn ?NUMBER 2) 0))

(=>
	(instance ?NUMBER OddInteger)
	(equal (RemainderFn ?NUMBER 2) 1))

(=>
   (instance ?PRIME PrimeNumber)
   (forall (?NUMBER)
      (=>
         (equal (RemainderFn ?PRIME ?NUMBER) 0)
         (or
            (equal ?NUMBER 1)
            (equal ?NUMBER ?PRIME)))))

(instance RoundFn UnaryFunction)
(instance RoundFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(domain RoundFn 1 Quantity)
(range RoundFn Quantity)
(documentation RoundFn "(&%RoundFn ?NUMBER) is the &%Integer closest 
to ?NUMBER on the number line.  If ?NUMBER is halfway between two 
&%Integers (for example 3.5), it denotes the larger &%Integer.")

(=>
   (equal (RoundFn ?NUMBER1) ?NUMBER2)
   (or
      (=>
         (lessThan (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 (FloorFn ?NUMBER1)) .5)
         (equal ?NUMBER2 (FloorFn ?NUMBER1)))
      (=>
         (greaterThanOrEqualTo (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 (FloorFn ?NUMBER1)) .5)
         (equal ?NUMBER2 (CeilingFn ?NUMBER1)))))
         
(instance SignumFn UnaryFunction)
(domain SignumFn 1 RealNumber)
(range SignumFn Integer)
(documentation SignumFn "(SignumFn ?NUMBER) denotes the sign of ?NUMBER.  
This is one of the following values:  -1, 1, or 0.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER NonnegativeRealNumber)
   (or
      (equal (SignumFn ?NUMBER) 1)
      (equal (SignumFn ?NUMBER) 0)))

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER PositiveRealNumber)
   (equal (SignumFn ?NUMBER) 1))

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER NegativeRealNumber)
   (equal (SignumFn ?NUMBER) -1))

(instance SineFn UnaryFunction)
(domain SineFn 1 PlaneAngleMeasure)
(range SineFn RealNumber)
(documentation SineFn "(&%SineFn ?DEGREE) is the sine of the 
&%PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE.  The sine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side 
opposite ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle.")

(instance SquareRootFn UnaryFunction)
(domain SquareRootFn 1 RealNumber)
(range SquareRootFn Number)
(documentation SquareRootFn "(SquareRootFn ?NUMBER) is the principal 
square root of ?NUMBER.")

(=>
   (equal (SquareRootFn ?NUMBER1) ?NUMBER2)
   (equal (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER2) ?NUMBER1))

(instance TangentFn UnaryFunction)
(domain TangentFn 1 PlaneAngleMeasure)
(range TangentFn RealNumber)
(documentation TangentFn "(&%TangentFn ?DEGREE) is the tangent of the 
&%PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE.  The tangent of ?DEGREE is the ratio of 
the side opposite ?DEGREE to the side next to ?DEGREE in a right-angled 
triangle.")

(equal (TangentFn ?DEGREE) (DivisionFn (SineFn ?DEGREE) (CosineFn ?DEGREE)))

(instance IdentityFn UnaryFunction)
(domain IdentityFn 1 Entity)
(range IdentityFn Entity)
(documentation IdentityFn "The value of the identity function is 
just its argument.")

(equal (IdentityFn ?INST) ?INST)

(instance identityElement BinaryPredicate)
(instance identityElement AsymmetricRelation)
(domain identityElement 1 BinaryFunction)
(domain identityElement 2 Entity)
(documentation identityElement "An object ?ID is the identity element 
for BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION just in case, for every instance ?INST, 
applying ?FUNCTION to ?INST and ?ID results in ?INST.")

(=>
   (identityElement ?FUNCTION ?ID)
   (forall (?INST)
      (=>
         (instance ?INST (DomainFn ?FUNCTION))
         (equal (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION ?ID ?INST) ?INST))))

(identityElement MultiplicationFn 1)
(identityElement AdditionFn 0)
(identityElement SubtractionFn 0)
(identityElement DivisionFn 1)

(instance SuccessorFn UnaryFunction)
(domain SuccessorFn 1 Integer)
(range SuccessorFn Integer)
(documentation SuccessorFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Integer to 
its successor, e.g. the successor of 5 is 6.")

(=>
   (equal (SuccessorFn ?INT1) (SuccessorFn ?INT2))
   (equal ?INT1 ?INT2))

(=>
   (instance ?INT Integer)
   (lessThan ?INT (SuccessorFn ?INT)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?INT1 Integer)
      (instance ?INT2 Integer))
   (not
      (and
         (lessThan ?INT1 ?INT2)
         (lessThan ?INT2 (SuccessorFn ?INT1)))))

(=>
   (instance ?INT Integer)
   (equal ?INT (SuccessorFn (PredecessorFn ?INT))))

(=>
   (instance ?INT Integer)
   (equal ?INT (PredecessorFn (SuccessorFn ?INT))))

(instance PredecessorFn UnaryFunction)
(domain PredecessorFn 1 Integer)
(range PredecessorFn Integer)
(documentation PredecessorFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Integer to 
its predecessor, e.g. the predecessor of 5 is 4.")

(=>
   (equal (PredecessorFn ?INT1) (PredecessorFn ?INT2))
   (equal ?INT1 ?INT2))

(=>
   (instance ?INT Integer)
   (greaterThan ?INT (PredecessorFn ?INT)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?INT1 Integer)
      (instance ?INT2 Integer))
   (not
      (and
         (lessThan ?INT2 ?INT1)
         (lessThan (PredecessorFn ?INT1) ?INT2))))

;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;     SET/CLASS THEORY      ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'STRUCTURAL ONTOLOGY'
;; INCLUDES 'BASE ONTOLOGY'

;; The following part of the ontology covers set-theoretic predicates 
;; and functions.  Most of the content here is taken from the kif-sets 
;; ontology (available on the Ontolingua server).

(subrelation subset subclass)
(domain subset 1 Set)
(domain subset 2 Set)
(documentation subset "(subset ?SET1 ?SET2) is true just in case the 
&%elements of the &%Set ?SET1 are also &%elements of the &%Set ?SET2.")

(=> 
   (subset ?SUBSET ?SET)
   (forall (?ELEMENT)
      (=> 
         (element ?ELEMENT ?SUBSET)
         (element ?ELEMENT ?SET))))

(instance element BinaryPredicate)
(instance element AsymmetricRelation)
(instance element IntransitiveRelation)
(subrelation element instance)
(domain element 1 Entity)
(domain element 2 Set)
(documentation element "(element ?ENTITY ?SET) is true just in case 
?ENTITY is contained in the &%Set ?SET.  An &%Entity can be an &%element 
of another &%Entity only if the latter is a &%Set.")

(=>
   (forall (?ELEMENT)
         (<=>
            (element ?ELEMENT ?SET1)
            (element ?ELEMENT ?SET2)))
   (equal ?SET1 ?SET2))

(instance UnionFn BinaryFunction)
(domain UnionFn 1 Class)
(domain UnionFn 2 Class)
(range UnionFn Class)
(documentation UnionFn "A &%BinaryFunction that maps two &%Classes to 
the union of these &%Classes.  An object is an instance of the union of 
two &%Classes just in case it is an instance of either &%Class.")

(<=> 
   (instance ?ENTITY (UnionFn ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2))
   (or 
      (instance ?ENTITY ?CLASS1)
      (instance ?ENTITY ?CLASS2)))

(instance IntersectionFn BinaryFunction)
(domain IntersectionFn 1 Class)
(domain IntersectionFn 2 Class)
(range IntersectionFn Class)
(documentation IntersectionFn "A &%BinaryFunction that maps two 
%Classes to the intersection of these &%Classes.  An object is an instance 
of the intersection of two &%Classes just in case it is an instance of 
both of those &%Classes.")

(<=> 
   (instance ?ENTITY (IntersectionFn ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2))
   (and 
      (instance ?ENTITY ?CLASS1)
      (instance ?ENTITY ?CLASS2)))

(instance RelativeComplementFn BinaryFunction)
(domain RelativeComplementFn 1 Class)
(domain RelativeComplementFn 2 Class)
(range RelativeComplementFn Class)
(documentation RelativeComplementFn "A &%BinaryFunction that maps two 
&%Classes to the difference between these &%Classes.  More precisely, 
the relative complement of one class C1 relative to another C2 consists 
of the instances of C1 that are instances of the &%ComplementFn of C2.")

(equal (RelativeComplementFn ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
       (IntersectionFn ?CLASS1 (ComplementFn ?CLASS2)))

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER ImaginaryNumber)
   (instance ?NUMBER (RelativeComplementFn Number RealNumber)))

(instance ComplementFn UnaryFunction)
(domain ComplementFn 1 Class)
(range ComplementFn Class)
(documentation ComplementFn "The complement of a given &%Class C is the 
&%Class of all things that are not instances of C.  In other words, an 
object is an instance of the complement of a &%Class C just in case it 
is not an instance of C.")

(<=> 
   (instance ?ENTITY (ComplementFn ?CLASS))
   (not 
      (instance ?ENTITY ?CLASS)))

(instance GeneralizedUnionFn UnaryFunction)
(domainSubclass GeneralizedUnionFn 1 Class)
(range GeneralizedUnionFn Class)
(documentation GeneralizedUnionFn "A &%UnaryFunction that takes a &%Class 
of &%Classes as its single argument and returns a &%Class which is the 
merge of all of the &%Classes in the original &%Class, i.e. the &%Class 
containing just those instances which are instances of an instance of the 
original &%Class.")

(<=> 
   (instance ?ENTITY (GeneralizedUnionFn ?SUPERCLASS))
   (exists (?CLASS)
      (and
         (instance ?CLASS ?SUPERCLASS)
         (instance ?ENTITY ?CLASS))))

(instance GeneralizedIntersectionFn UnaryFunction)
(domainSubclass GeneralizedIntersectionFn 1 Class)
(range GeneralizedIntersectionFn Class)
(documentation GeneralizedIntersectionFn "A &%UnaryFunction that takes a 
&%Class of &%Classes as its single argument and returns a &%Class which 
is the intersection of all of the &%Classes in the original &%Class, i.e. 
the &%Class containing just those instances which are instances of all 
instances of the original &%Class.")

(<=> 
   (instance ?ENTITY (GeneralizedIntersectionFn ?SUPERCLASS))
   (forall (?CLASS)
         (=>
            (instance ?CLASS ?SUPERCLASS)
            (instance ?ENTITY ?CLASS))))

(instance CardinalityFn UnaryFunction)
(instance CardinalityFn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain CardinalityFn 1 (UnionFn Class Collection))
(domain CardinalityFn 2 Number)
(documentation CardinalityFn "(CardinalityFn ?CLASS) returns the 
number of instances in the &%Class or &%Collection ?CLASS.")

(instance NullSet Set)
(documentation NullSet "The &%Set that contains no instances.")

(equal NullSet (ComplementFn Entity))

(subclass FiniteSet Set)
(documentation FiniteSet "A &%Set containing a finite number of elements.")

(=>
   (instance ?SET FiniteSet)
   (exists (?NUMBER)
      (and
         (instance ?NUMBER NonnegativeInteger)
         (equal ?NUMBER (CardinalityFn ?SET)))))

(subclass PairwiseDisjointClass Class)
(documentation PairwiseDisjointClass "A &%Class of &%Classes is a 
&%PairwiseDisjointClass just in case every instance of the &%Class 
is either &%equal to or &%disjoint from every other instance of the 
&%Class.")

(=>
   (instance ?SUPERCLASS PairwiseDisjointClass)
   (forall (?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?CLASS1 ?SUPERCLASS)
            (instance ?CLASS2 ?SUPERCLASS))
         (or
            (equal ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
            (disjoint ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)))))

(subclass MutuallyDisjointClass Class)
(documentation MutuallyDisjointClass "A &%Class of &%Classes is a 
&%MutuallyDisjointClass just in case there exists no instance of an 
instance of the original &%Class which is an instance of all of the 
instances of the original &%Class.")

(=>
   (instance ?CLASS MutuallyDisjointClass)
   (equal (GeneralizedIntersectionFn ?CLASS) NullSet))

(instance KappaFn BinaryFunction)
(domain KappaFn 1 SymbolicString)
(domain KappaFn 2 Formula)
(range KappaFn Class)
(documentation KappaFn "A class-forming operator that takes two 
arguments:  a variable and a formula containing at least one unbound 
occurrence of the variable.  The result of applying &%KappaFn to a 
variable and a formula is the &%Class of things that satisfy the formula.  
For example, we can denote the &%Class of prime numbers that are less 
than 100 with the following expression:  (KappaFn ?NUMBER 
(and (instance ?NUMBER PrimeNumber) (lessThan ?NUMBER 100))).  Note that 
the use of this function is discouraged, since there is currently no 
axiomatic support for it.")

;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;  GRAPH THEORY   ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

(subclass Graph Abstract)
(documentation Graph "The &%Class of graphs, where a graph is understood 
to be a set of &%GraphNodes connected by &%GraphArcs.  Note that this 
&%Class includes only connected graphs, i.e. graphs in which there is a 
&%GraphPath between any two &%GraphNodes.  Note too that every &%Graph 
is assumed to contain at least two &%GraphArcs and three &%GraphNodes.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GRAPH Graph)
      (instance ?NODE1 GraphNode)
      (instance ?NODE2 GraphNode)
      (graphPart ?NODE1 ?GRAPH)
      (graphPart ?NODE2 ?GRAPH)
      (not (equal ?NODE1 ?NODE2)))
   (exists (?ARC ?PATH)
      (or
         (links ?NODE1 ?NODE2 ?ARC)
         (and
            (subGraph ?PATH ?GRAPH)
            (instance ?PATH GraphPath)
            (or
               (and
                  (equal (BeginNodeFn ?PATH) ?NODE1)
                  (equal (EndNodeFn ?PATH) ?NODE2))
               (and
                  (equal (BeginNodeFn ?PATH) ?NODE2)
                  (equal (EndNodeFn ?PATH) ?NODE1)))))))

(=>
   (instance ?GRAPH Graph)
   (exists (?NODE1 ?NODE2 ?NODE3 ?ARC1 ?ARC2)
      (and
         (graphPart ?NODE1 ?GRAPH)
         (graphPart ?NODE2 ?GRAPH)
         (graphPart ?NODE3 ?GRAPH)
         (graphPart ?ARC1 ?GRAPH)
         (graphPart ?ARC2 ?GRAPH)
         (links ?ARC1 ?NODE1 ?NODE2)
         (links ?ARC2 ?NODE2 ?NODE3)
         (not (equal ?NODE1 ?NODE2))
         (not (equal ?NODE2 ?NODE3))
	   (not (equal ?NODE1 ?NODE3))
         (not (equal ?ARC1 ?ARC2)))))

(subclass DirectedGraph Graph)
(documentation DirectedGraph "The &%Class of directed graphs.  A 
directed graph is a &%Graph in which all &%GraphArcs
have direction, i.e. every &%GraphArc has an initial node (see 
&%InitialNodeFn) and a terminal node (see &%TerminalNodeFn).")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GRAPH DirectedGraph)
      (instance ?ARC GraphArc)
      (graphPart ?ARC ?GRAPH))
   (exists (?NODE1 ?NODE2)
      (and
         (equal (InitialNodeFn ?ARC) ?NODE1)
         (equal (TerminalNodeFn ?ARC) ?NODE2))))

(subclass Tree Graph)
(documentation Tree "A Tree is a &%DirectedGraph that has no 
&%GraphLoops.")

(=>
   (instance ?GRAPH Tree)
   (not (exists (?LOOP)
      (and
         (instance ?LOOP GraphLoop)
         (graphPart ?LOOP ?GRAPH)))))

(subclass GraphPath DirectedGraph)
(documentation GraphPath "Informally, a single, directed route between 
two &%GraphNodes in a &%Graph.  Formally, a &%DirectedGraph that is a 
&%subGraph of the original &%Graph and such that no two &%GraphArcs in 
the &%DirectedGraph have the same intial node (see &%InitialNodeFn) or 
the same terminal node (see &%TerminalNodeFn).")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GRAPH GraphPath)
      (instance ?ARC GraphArc)
      (graphPart ?ARC ?GRAPH))
   (=>
      (equal (InitialNodeFn ?ARC) ?NODE)
      (not (exists (?OTHER)
         (and
            (equal (InitialNodeFn ?OTHER) ?NODE)
            (not (equal ?OTHER ?ARC)))))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GRAPH GraphPath)
      (instance ?ARC GraphArc)
      (graphPart ?ARC ?GRAPH))
   (=>
      (equal (TerminalNodeFn ?ARC) ?NODE)
      (not (exists (?OTHER)
         (and
            (equal (TerminalNodeFn ?OTHER) ?NODE)
            (not (equal ?OTHER ?ARC)))))))

(subclass GraphCircuit GraphPath)
(documentation GraphCircuit "A &%GraphPath that begins (see 
&%BeginNodeFn) and ends (see &%EndNodeFn) at the same 
&%GraphNode.")

(<=>
   (instance ?GRAPH GraphCircuit)
   (exists (?NODE)
      (and
         (equal (BeginNodeFn ?GRAPH) ?NODE)
         (equal (EndNodeFn ?GRAPH) ?NODE))))

(subclass MultiGraph Graph)
(documentation MultiGraph "The &%Class of multigraphs.  A multigraph 
is a &%Graph containing at least one pair of &%GraphNodes that are 
connected by more than one &%GraphArc.")

(<=>
   (instance ?GRAPH MultiGraph)
   (exists (?ARC1 ?ARC2 ?NODE1 ?NODE2)
      (and
         (graphPart ?ARC1 ?GRAPH)
         (graphPart ?ARC2 ?GRAPH)
         (graphPart ?NODE1 ?GRAPH)
         (graphPart ?NODE2 ?GRAPH)
         (links ?NODE1 ?NODE2 ?ARC1)
         (links ?NODE1 ?NODE2 ?ARC2)
         (not (equal ?ARC1 ?ARC2)))))

(subclass PseudoGraph Graph)
(documentation PseudoGraph "The &%Class of pseudographs.  A pseudograph 
is a &%Graph containing at least one &%GraphLoop.")

(<=>
   (instance ?GRAPH PseudoGraph)
   (exists (?LOOP)
      (and
         (instance ?LOOP GraphLoop)
         (graphPart ?LOOP ?GRAPH))))

(subclass GraphElement Abstract)
(disjoint GraphElement Graph)
(partition GraphElement GraphNode GraphArc)
(documentation GraphElement "Noncompositional parts of &%Graphs.  
These parts are restricted to &%GraphNodes and &%GraphArcs.")

(=>
   (instance ?PART GraphElement)
   (exists (?GRAPH)
      (and
         (instance ?GRAPH Graph)
         (graphPart ?PART ?GRAPH))))

(subclass GraphNode GraphElement)
(documentation GraphNode "&%Graphs are comprised of &%GraphNodes 
and &%GraphArcs.  Every &%GraphNode is linked by a &%GraphArc.")

(=>
   (instance ?NODE GraphNode)
   (exists (?OTHER ?ARC)
      (links ?NODE ?OTHER ?ARC)))

(subclass GraphArc GraphElement)
(documentation GraphArc "&%Graphs are comprised of &%GraphNodes 
and &%GraphArcs.  Every &%GraphArc links two &%GraphNodes.")

(=>
   (instance ?ARC GraphArc)
   (exists (?NODE1 ?NODE2)
      (links ?NODE1 ?NODE2 ?ARC)))

(subclass GraphLoop GraphArc)
(documentation GraphLoop "A &%GraphArc in which a &%GraphNode is 
linked to itself.")

(<=>
   (instance ?LOOP GraphLoop)
   (exists (?NODE)
      (links ?NODE ?NODE ?LOOP)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal (InitialNodeFn ?ARC) ?NODE)
      (equal (TerminalNodeFn ?ARC) ?NODE))
   (instance ?ARC GraphLoop))

(instance links TernaryPredicate)
(domain links 1 GraphNode)
(domain links 2 GraphNode)
(domain links 3 GraphArc)
(documentation links "a &%TernaryPredicate that specifies the 
&%GraphArc connecting two &%GraphNodes.")

(=>
   (links ?NODE1 ?NODE2 ?ARC)
   (links ?NODE2 ?NODE1 ?ARC))

(instance graphPart BinaryPredicate)
(instance graphPart AsymmetricRelation)
(instance graphPart IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain graphPart 1 GraphElement)
(domain graphPart 2 Graph)
(documentation graphPart "A basic relation for &%Graphs and their 
parts.  (&%graphPart ?PART ?GRAPH) means that ?PART is a &%GraphArc 
or &%GraphNode of the &%Graph ?GRAPH.")

(instance subGraph BinaryPredicate)
(instance subGraph ReflexiveRelation)
(instance subGraph TransitiveRelation)
(domain subGraph 1 Graph)
(domain subGraph 2 Graph)
(documentation subGraph "The relation between two &%Graphs when one 
&%Graph is a part of the other.  (&%subGraph ?GRAPH1 ?GRAPH2) means 
that ?GRAPH1 is a part of ?GRAPH2.")

(=>
   (and
      (subGraph ?GRAPH1 ?GRAPH2)
      (graphPart ?ELEMENT ?GRAPH1))
   (graphPart ?ELEMENT ?GRAPH2))

(instance pathLength BinaryPredicate)
(instance pathLength AsymmetricRelation)
(instance pathLength IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain pathLength 1 GraphPath)
(domain pathLength 2 PositiveInteger)
(documentation pathLength "A &%BinaryPredicate that specifies the 
length (in number of &%GraphNodes) of a &%GraphPath.
(&%pathLength ?PATH ?NUMBER) means that there are ?NUMBER nodes in 
the &%GraphPath ?PATH.")

(instance InitialNodeFn UnaryFunction)
(domain InitialNodeFn 1 GraphArc)
(range InitialNodeFn GraphNode)
(documentation InitialNodeFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a 
&%GraphArc to the initial node of the &%GraphArc.  Note
that this is a partial function.  In particular, the function is 
undefined for &%GraphArcs that are not part of a &%DirectedGraph.")

(instance TerminalNodeFn UnaryFunction)
(domain TerminalNodeFn 1 GraphArc)
(range TerminalNodeFn GraphNode)
(documentation TerminalNodeFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a 
&%GraphArc to the terminal node of the &%GraphArc.  Note that this 
is a partial function.  In particular, the function is undefined 
for &%GraphArcs that are not part of a &%DirectedGraph.")

(instance BeginNodeFn UnaryFunction)
(domain BeginNodeFn 1 GraphPath)
(range BeginNodeFn GraphNode)  
(relatedInternalConcept BeginNodeFn InitialNodeFn)
(documentation BeginNodeFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%GraphPath 
to the &%GraphNode that is the beginning of the &%GraphPath.  Note that, 
unlike &%InitialNodeFn (which relates a &%GraphArc to a &%GraphNode),  
&%BeginNodeFn is a total function - every &%GraphPath has a beginning.")

(instance EndNodeFn UnaryFunction)
(domain EndNodeFn 1 GraphPath)
(range EndNodeFn GraphNode) 
(relatedInternalConcept EndNodeFn TerminalNodeFn)
(documentation EndNodeFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%GraphPath 
to the &%GraphNode that is the end of the &%GraphPath.  Note that, unlike 
&%TerminalNodeFn (which relates a &%GraphArc to a &%GraphNode),  
&%EndNodeFn is a total function - every &%GraphPath has a end.")

(instance arcWeight BinaryPredicate)
(domain arcWeight 1 GraphArc)
(domain arcWeight 2 RealNumber)
(documentation arcWeight "This predicate indicates the value of a 
&%GraphArc in a &%Graph.  This could map to the length of a road in 
a road network or the flow rate of a pipe in a plumbing system.")

(instance PathWeightFn UnaryFunction)
(domain PathWeightFn 1 GraphPath)
(range PathWeightFn RealNumber)
(documentation PathWeightFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a 
&%GraphPath to the sum of the &%arcWeights on the &%GraphArcs in 
the &%GraphPath.")

(=>
   (and
      (equal (PathWeightFn ?PATH) ?SUM)
      (subGraph ?SUBPATH ?PATH)
      (graphPart ?ARC1 ?PATH)
      (arcWeight ?ARC1 ?NUMBER1)
      (forall (?ARC2)
         (=>
            (graphPart ?ARC2 ?PATH)
            (or
               (graphPart ?ARC2 ?SUBPATH)
               (equal ?ARC2 ?ARC1)))))
   (equal ?SUM (AdditionFn (PathWeightFn ?SUBPATH) ?NUMBER1)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal (PathWeightFn ?PATH) ?SUM)
      (graphPart ?ARC1 ?PATH)
      (graphPart ?ARC2 ?PATH)
      (arcWeight ?ARC1 ?NUMBER1)
      (arcWeight ?ARC2 ?NUMBER2) 
      (forall (?ARC3)
         (=>
            (graphPart ?ARC3 ?PATH)
            (or
               (equal ?ARC3 ?ARC1)
               (equal ?ARC3 ?ARC2)))))
   (equal (PathWeightFn ?PATH) (AdditionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)))

(instance MinimalWeightedPathFn BinaryFunction)
(domain MinimalWeightedPathFn 1 GraphNode)
(domain MinimalWeightedPathFn 2 GraphNode)
(range MinimalWeightedPathFn GraphPath)
(documentation MinimalWeightedPathFn "This &%BinaryFunction assigns two 
&%GraphNodes to the &%GraphPath with the smallest sum of weighted arcs 
between the two &%GraphNodes.")

(=>
   (equal (MinimalWeightedPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2) ?PATH)
   (instance ?PATH (GraphPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal (MinimalWeightedPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2) ?PATH)
      (equal (PathWeightFn ?PATH) ?NUMBER))
   (forall (?PATH2)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?PATH2 (GraphPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2))
            (equal (PathWeightFn ?PATH2) ?NUMBER2))
         (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))))

(instance MaximalWeightedPathFn BinaryFunction)
(domain MaximalWeightedPathFn 1 GraphNode)
(domain MaximalWeightedPathFn 2 GraphNode)
(range MaximalWeightedPathFn GraphPath)
(documentation MaximalWeightedPathFn "This &%BinaryFunction assigns two 
&%GraphNodes to the &%GraphPath with the largest sum of weighted arcs 
between the two &%GraphNodes.")

(=>
   (equal (MaximalWeightedPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2) ?PATH)
   (instance ?PATH (GraphPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal (MaximalWeightedPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2) ?PATH)
      (equal (PathWeightFn ?PATH) ?NUMBER))
   (forall (?PATH2)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?PATH2 (GraphPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2))
            (equal (PathWeightFn ?PATH2) ?NUMBER2))
         (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))))

(instance GraphPathFn BinaryFunction)
(domain GraphPathFn 1 GraphNode)
(domain GraphPathFn 2 GraphNode)
(rangeSubclass GraphPathFn GraphPath)
(documentation GraphPathFn "A &%BinaryFunction that maps two &%GraphNodes 
to the &%Class of &%GraphPaths between those two nodes.  Note that the two 
&%GraphNodes must belong to the same &%Graph.")

(=>
   (and
      (graphPart ?PATH ?GRAPH)
      (not (instance ?GRAPH DirectedGraph)))
   (<=>
      (equal (GraphPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2) ?PATH)
      (equal (GraphPathFn ?NODE2 ?NODE1) ?PATH)))

(instance CutSetFn UnaryFunction)
(domain CutSetFn 1 Graph)
(rangeSubclass CutSetFn GraphPath)
(documentation CutSetFn "A &%UnaryFunction that assigns a &%Graph the 
&%Class of &%GraphPaths that partition the graph into two separate 
graphs if cut.  There may be more than one cutset for a given graph.")

(instance MinimalCutSetFn UnaryFunction)
(domain MinimalCutSetFn 1 Graph)
(rangeSubclass MinimalCutSetFn GraphPath)
(relatedInternalConcept MinimalCutSetFn CutSetFn)
(documentation MinimalCutSetFn "A &%UnaryFunction that assigns a &%Graph 
the &%Class of &%GraphPaths which comprise cutsets for the &%Graph and 
which have the least number of &%GraphArcs.")

(subclass (MinimalCutSetFn ?GRAPH) (CutSetFn ?GRAPH))

(=>
   (equal (MinimalCutSetFn ?GRAPH) ?PATHCLASS)
   (exists (?NUMBER)
      (forall (?PATH)
         (=>
            (instance ?PATH ?PATHCLASS)
            (pathLength ?PATH ?NUMBER)))))

(not (exists (?PATH1 ?PATH2)
   (and
      (instance ?PATH1 (CutSetFn ?GRAPH))
      (instance ?PATH2 (MinimalCutSetFn ?GRAPH))
      (pathLength ?PATH1 ?NUMBER1)
      (pathLength ?PATH2 ?NUMBER2)
      (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2))))

;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;  UNITS OF MEASURE   ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'NUMERIC FUNCTIONS'

;; This section was originally based on the relations in the Quantities 
;; ontology (developed by ITBM-CNR) and the units of measure in the 
;; "Standard Units" and "Standard Dimensions" ontologies on the Ontolingua 
;; server.  This content has been extensively revised by Helena Sofia Pinto 
;; of the Instituto Superior Tecnico in Portugal.  The sources for these 
;; revisions were: 
;; - Barry Taylor, NIST Special Publication 811, Guide for the Use of the
;;   International System of Units (SI), 1995.
;; - Encyclopaedia Britannica (on-line version at http://www.britannica.com)

(subclass UnitOfMeasure PhysicalQuantity)
(documentation UnitOfMeasure "A standard of measurement for some dimension. 
For example, the &%Meter is a &%UnitOfMeasure for the dimension of length, 
as is the &%Inch.  There is no intrinsic property of a &%UnitOfMeasure that 
makes it primitive or fundamental; rather, a system of units (e.g. 
&%SystemeInternationalUnit) defines a set of orthogonal dimensions and 
assigns units for each.") 

(subclass SystemeInternationalUnit UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation SystemeInternationalUnit "The &%Class of Systeme 
International (SI) units.")

(subclass LengthMeasure ConstantQuantity)
(documentation LengthMeasure "The &%Class of &%ConstantQuantities relating 
to length.")

(subclass MassMeasure ConstantQuantity)
(documentation MassMeasure "The &%Class of &%ConstantQuantities relating 
to the amount of matter in an &%Object.")

(subclass AreaMeasure ConstantQuantity)
(documentation AreaMeasure "Measures of the amount of space in two 
dimensions.")

(subclass VolumeMeasure ConstantQuantity)
(documentation VolumeMeasure "Measures of the amount of space in three 
dimensions.")

(subclass TemperatureMeasure ConstantQuantity)
(documentation TemperatureMeasure "Measures of temperature.  
In scientific circles, the temperature of something is understood as the 
average velocity of the atoms or molecules that make up the thing.")

(subclass CurrencyMeasure ConstantQuantity)
(documentation CurrencyMeasure "Includes all standard measures of monetary 
value, including &%UnitedStatesDollar, &%UnitedStatesCent, Lire, Yen, etc.")

(subclass AngleMeasure ConstantQuantity)
(documentation AngleMeasure "The value of an angle in a plane or in a 
solid.")

(subclass PlaneAngleMeasure AngleMeasure)
(documentation PlaneAngleMeasure "The value of an angle in a plane.")

(subclass SolidAngleMeasure AngleMeasure)
(disjoint SolidAngleMeasure PlaneAngleMeasure)
(documentation SolidAngleMeasure "The value of an angle in a solid.")

(instance MeasureFn BinaryFunction)
(domain MeasureFn 1 RealNumber)
(domain MeasureFn 2 UnitOfMeasure)
(range MeasureFn ConstantQuantity)
(documentation MeasureFn "This &%BinaryFunction maps a &%RealNumber and 
a &%UnitOfMeasure to that &%Number of units.  It is used for expressing 
&%ConstantQuantities.  For example, the concept of three meters is 
represented as (&%MeasureFn 3 &%Meter).")

(=>
   (and
      (equal (MeasureFn ?NUMBER ?UNIT) ?QUANT)
      (instance ?UNIT ?QUANTTYPE)
      (not (equal ?QUANTTYPE UnitOfMeasure)))
   (instance ?QUANT ?QUANTTYPE))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?FUNCTION RelationExtendedToQuantities)
      (instance ?FUNCTION BinaryFunction)
      (instance ?NUMBER1 RealNumber)
      (instance ?NUMBER2 RealNumber)
      (equal (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) ?VALUE))
   (forall (?UNIT)
      (=>
         (instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
         (equal (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION 
                   (MeasureFn ?NUMBER1 ?UNIT) 
                   (MeasureFn ?NUMBER2 ?UNIT)) 
                (MeasureFn ?VALUE ?UNIT)))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REL RelationExtendedToQuantities)
      (instance ?REL BinaryRelation)
      (instance ?NUMBER1 RealNumber)
      (instance ?NUMBER2 RealNumber)
      (holds ?REL ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2))
   (forall (?UNIT)
      (=>
         (instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
         (holds ?REL (MeasureFn ?NUMBER1 ?UNIT) (MeasureFn ?NUMBER2 ?UNIT)))))

(instance KiloFn UnaryFunction)
(domain KiloFn 1 UnitOfMeasure)
(range KiloFn PhysicalQuantity)
(documentation KiloFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into 
1,000 units of the &%UnitOfMeasure.  For example, (&%KiloFn &%Gram) is 
1,000 &%Grams.")

(equal
	(KiloFn ?UNIT)
	(MeasureFn 1000 ?UNIT))

(instance MegaFn UnaryFunction)
(domain MegaFn 1 UnitOfMeasure)
(range MegaFn PhysicalQuantity)
(documentation MegaFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into 
1,000,000 units of the &%UnitOfMeasure.  For example, (&%KiloFn &%Hertz) 
is 1,000,000 &%Hertz.")

(equal
	(MegaFn ?UNIT)
	(MeasureFn 1000000 ?UNIT))

(instance GigaFn UnaryFunction)
(domain GigaFn 1 UnitOfMeasure)
(range GigaFn PhysicalQuantity)
(documentation GigaFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into 
1,000,000,000 units of the &%UnitOfMeasure.  For example, (&%GigaFn &%Hertz) 
is 1,000,000,000 &%Hertz.")

(equal
	(GigaFn ?UNIT)
	(MeasureFn 1000000000 ?UNIT))

(instance TeraFn UnaryFunction)
(domain TeraFn 1 UnitOfMeasure)
(range TeraFn PhysicalQuantity)
(documentation TeraFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure 
into 1,000,000,000,000 units of the &%UnitOfMeasure.  For example, 
(&%TeraFn &%Hertz) is 1,000,000,000,000 &%Hertz.")

(equal
	(TeraFn ?UNIT)
	(MeasureFn 1000000000000 ?UNIT))

(instance MilliFn UnaryFunction)
(domain MilliFn 1 UnitOfMeasure)
(range MilliFn PhysicalQuantity)
(documentation MilliFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into 
.001 units of the &%UnitOfMeasure.  For example, (&%MilliFn &%Ampere) is 
.001 &%Amperes.")

(equal
	(MilliFn ?UNIT)
	(MeasureFn .001 ?UNIT))

(instance MicroFn UnaryFunction)
(domain MicroFn 1 UnitOfMeasure)
(range MicroFn PhysicalQuantity)
(documentation MicroFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into 
.000001 units of the &%UnitOfMeasure.  For example, (&%MicroFn &%Meter) is 
.000001 &%Meters.")

(equal
	(MicroFn ?UNIT)
	(MeasureFn .000001 ?UNIT))

(instance NanoFn UnaryFunction)
(domain NanoFn 1 UnitOfMeasure)
(range NanoFn PhysicalQuantity)
(documentation NanoFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into 
.000000001 units of the &%UnitOfMeasure.  For example, (&%MicroFn &%SecondDuration) 
is .000000001 &%SecondDurations.")

(equal
	(NanoFn ?UNIT)
	(MeasureFn .000000001 ?UNIT))

(instance PicoFn UnaryFunction)
(domain PicoFn 1 UnitOfMeasure)
(range PicoFn PhysicalQuantity)
(documentation PicoFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into 
.000000000001 units of the &%UnitOfMeasure.  For example, (&%PicoFn 
&%Ampere) is .000000000001 &%Amperes.")

(equal
	(PicoFn ?UNIT)
	(MeasureFn .000000000001 ?UNIT))

(instance IntervalFn BinaryFunction)
(domain IntervalFn 1 ConstantQuantity)
(domain IntervalFn 2 ConstantQuantity)
(range IntervalFn ConstantQuantity)
(relatedInternalConcept IntervalFn RecurrentTimeIntervalFn)
(documentation IntervalFn "A &%BinaryFunction that maps two &%ConstantQuantities 
to the &%ConstantQuantity that is an interval from the first &%ConstantQuantity 
to the second &%ConstantQuantity.  For example, (&%IntervalFn (&%MeasureFn 8 &%Meter) 
(&%MeasureFn 14 &%Meter)) would return the &%ConstantQuantity of being between 8 and 
14 meters in length.") 

(instance RecurrentTimeIntervalFn TemporalRelation)
(instance RecurrentTimeIntervalFn BinaryFunction)
(domainSubclass RecurrentTimeIntervalFn 1 TimeInterval)
(domainSubclass RecurrentTimeIntervalFn 2 TimeInterval)
(rangeSubclass RecurrentTimeIntervalFn TimeInterval)
(documentation RecurrentTimeIntervalFn "A function that is useful for generating 
recurring time intervals.  For example, (&%RecurrentTimeIntervalFn (&%HourFn 6 &%Day)  
(&%HourFn 12 &%Day)) returns the &%Class of &%TimeIntervals beginning at 6 in the 
morning and ending at 12 noon.  For another example, (&%RecurrentTimeInterval 
&%Saturday &%Sunday) returns the &%Class of all weekends.  For still another example, 
(&%RecurrentTimeInterval &%June &%August) returns the &%Class containing the academic 
summer period.")

(instance MagnitudeFn UnaryFunction)
(domain MagnitudeFn  1 ConstantQuantity)
(range MagnitudeFn RealNumber)
(documentation MagnitudeFn "The magnitude of a &%ConstantQuantity is the 
numeric value for the quantity.  In other words, &%MagnitudeFn converts 
a &%ConstantQuantity with an associated &%UnitOfMeasure into an ordinary 
&%RealNumber.  For example, the magnitude of the &%ConstantQuantity 2 
&%Kilometers is the &%RealNumber 2.   Note that the magnitude of a 
quantity in a given unit times that unit is equal to the original 
quantity.")

(equal (MagnitudeFn (MeasureFn ?NUMBER ?UNIT)) ?NUMBER)

(instance DensityFn BinaryFunction)
(domain DensityFn 1 MassMeasure)
(domain DensityFn 2 VolumeMeasure)
(range DensityFn FunctionQuantity)
(documentation DensityFn "&%DensityFn maps an instance of &%MassMeasure 
and an instance of &%VolumeMeasure to the density represented by this 
proportion of mass and volume.  For example, (&%DensityFn (&%MeasureFn 3 &%Gram) 
(&%MeasureFn 1 &%Liter)) represents the density of 3 grams per liter.")

(instance SpeedFn BinaryFunction)
(domain SpeedFn 1 LengthMeasure)
(domain SpeedFn 2 TimeDuration)
(range SpeedFn FunctionQuantity)
(documentation SpeedFn "Maps an instance of &%LengthMeasure and an instance of 
&%TimeDuration to the speed represented by this proportion of distance and time.  
For example, (&%SpeedFn (&%MeasureFn 55 &%Mile)(&%MeasureFn 1 &%HourDuration)) 
represents the velocity of 55 miles per hour.")

(instance VelocityFn QuaternaryFunction)
(domain VelocityFn 1 LengthMeasure)
(domain VelocityFn 2 TimeDuration)
(domain VelocityFn 3 Region)
(domain VelocityFn 4 DirectionalAttribute)
(range VelocityFn FunctionQuantity)
(documentation VelocityFn "Specifies the velocity of an object, i.e. the speed 
and the direction of the speed.  For example (&%VelocityFn (&%MeasureFn 55 &%Mile) 
(&%MeasureFn 2 &%HourDuration) ?REFERENCE &%North) denotes the velocity of 55 miles 
per hour North of the given reference point ?REFERENCE.")

(=>
   (measure ?OBJECT (VelocityFn ?DISTANCE ?TIME ?REF ?DIRECTION))
   (measure ?OBJECT (SpeedFn ?DISTANCE ?TIME)))


;; Now the units of measure:

;; First base units for the SI system. No conversion functions are
;; provided for these units. 

;; Length Base Unit

(instance Meter LengthMeasure)
(instance Meter SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Meter "SI &%LengthMeasure.  Symbol:  m. It is one of the
base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the &%Meter 
is the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time 
interval of 1/299792458 of a &%SecondDuration.")

;; Mass Base Unit

(instance Gram MassMeasure)
(instance Gram SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Gram "Submultiple of kilogram.  Symbol: g. 
1 kilogram = 1000 &%Grams.")

;; Time Base Unit

(instance SecondDuration TimeDuration)
(instance SecondDuration SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation SecondDuration "SI &%TimeDuration.  Symbol: s. 
It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as 
follows: the &%SecondDuration is the duration of 9192631770 periods of 
the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine 
levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom.")

;; Electric Current Base Unit

(instance Ampere FunctionQuantity)
(instance Ampere SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Ampere "SI electric current measure.  Symbol: A. It is 
one of the base units in SI. It is defined as follows: the &%Ampere is 
that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel 
conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and 
placed 1 &%Meter apart in a vacuum, would produce between these conductors 
a force equal to 2*10^(-7) &%Newton per &%Meter of length.") 

;; Thermodynamic Temperature Base Unit

(instance KelvinDegree TemperatureMeasure)
(instance KelvinDegree SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation KelvinDegree "SI &%TemperatureMeasure.  Symbol: K. 
It is one of the base units in SI (it is also a unit in the ITS system). 
Kelvin differs from the Celsius scale in that the triple point of water 
is defined to be 273.16 &%KelvinDegrees while it is 0 &%CelsiusDegrees.  
The magnitudes of intervals in the two scales are the same.  By definition 
the conversion constant is 273.15.")

;; Amount Of Substance Base Unit

(instance Mole MassMeasure)
(instance Mole SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Mole "SI amount of substance unit. symbol: mol. It is one 
of the base units in SI. It is defined as follows:  the &%Mole is the 
amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities 
as there are atoms in 0.012 &%Kilograms of carbon 12.  Note that, when this 
&%UnitOfMeasure is used, the elementary entities must be specified - they 
may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, etc. or groups of such 
particles.")

;; Luminosity Intensity Base Unit

(instance Candela FunctionQuantity)
(instance Candela SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Candela "SI luminosity intensity measure.  Symbol: cd. 
It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as 
follows:  the &%Candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, 
of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540*10^12 
&%Hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 
&%Watt per &%Steradian.")

(instance Liter VolumeMeasure)
(instance Liter UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Liter "Unit of volume in the metric system.  It is currently 
defined to be equal to one cubic decimeter (0.001 cubic meter).  Symbol: l.")

(instance Centimeter LengthMeasure)
(instance Centimeter UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Centimeter "Submultiple of &%Meter.  Symbol: cm. It is 
the 100th part of a &%Meter")

(equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Centimeter)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 0.01) Meter))

;; What follows are derived SI units with special names and symbols
;; (multiples and submultiples are together since they represent 
;; quantities of the same kind).

;; Plane angle unit

(instance Radian PlaneAngleMeasure)
(instance Radian SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Radian "SI plane angle measure.  Symbol: rad.  It is the 
angle of a circle subtended by an arc equal in length to the circle's 
radius. Another definition is:  the plane angle between two radii of a 
circle which cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the 
radius.  &%Radian = m/m = 1.")

;; Solid angle unit

(instance Steradian SolidAngleMeasure)
(instance Steradian SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Steradian "SI solid angle measure.  Symbol: sr.  It is 
the solid angle of a sphere subtended by a portion of the surface whose 
area is equal to the square of the sphere's radius.  Another definition 
is: the solid angle which, having its vertex in the center of the sphere, 
cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square 
with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere.  &%Steradian = 
m^2/m^2 = 1.")

;; Frequency units

(instance Hertz TimeDependentQuantity)
(instance Hertz SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Hertz "SI frequency measure.  Symbol: Hz. It is the 
number of cycles per second.  &%Hertz = s^(-1).  Note that &%Hertz 
does not have a conversion function.")

; Force Unit

(instance Newton FunctionQuantity)
(instance Newton SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Newton "SI force measure.  Symbol: N. It is that force 
which gives to a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 &%Meter per 
&%SecondDuration.  &%Newton = m*kg*s^(-2).")

; Pressure unit

(instance Pascal FunctionQuantity)
(instance Pascal SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Pascal "SI pressure measure.  Symbol:Pa. It is the 
pressure of one &%Newton per square &%Meter.  &%Pascal = N/m^2 
= m^(-1)*kg*s^(-2).")

; Energy Unit

(instance Joule FunctionQuantity)
(instance Joule SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Joule "SI energy measure.  Symbol: J.  It is the work 
done when the point of application of 1 &%Newton is displaced a distance 
of 1 &%Meter in the direction of the force.  &%Joule = N*m = 
m^2*kg*s^(-2).")

; Power Units

(instance Watt FunctionQuantity)
(instance Watt SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Watt "SI power measure.  Symbol: W.  A &%UnitOfMeasure 
that measures power, i.e. energy produced or expended divided by 
&%TimeDuration. It is the power which gives rise to the production 
of energy (or work) at the rate of one &%Joule per &%SecondDuration.  
&%Watt = J/s = m^2*kg*s^(-3).")

;;; Note: According to SI one should not use the expression "per unit of." 

; Electric Charge Units

(instance Coulomb TimeDependentQuantity)
(instance Coulomb SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Coulomb "SI electric charge measure.  Symbol: C. It is 
the quantity of electric charge transported through a cross section of 
a conductor in an electric circuit during each &%SecondDuration by a 
current of 1 &%Ampere.  Coulomb = s*A.")

; Electric Potential Units

(instance Volt FunctionQuantity)
(instance Volt SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Volt "SI electric potential measure.  Symbol: V.  It is 
the difference of electric potential between two points of a conducting 
wire carrying a constant current of 1 &%Ampere, when the power dissipated 
between these points is equal to 1 &%Watt.  &%Volt = W/A = 
m^2*kg*s^(-3)*A^(-1).")

; Capacitance Units

(instance Farad FunctionQuantity)
(instance  Farad SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Farad "SI capacitance measure.  Symbol: F.  It is the 
capacitance of a capacitator between the plates of which there appears 
a difference of potential of 1 &%Volt when it is charged by a quantity 
of electricity equal to 1 Coulomb.  &%Farad = C/V = 
m^(-2)*kg(-1)*s^4*A^2.")

;Electric Resistance Units

(instance Ohm FunctionQuantity)
(instance Ohm SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Ohm "SI electric resistance measure. It is the electric
resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant difference 
of potential of 1 &%Volt, applied between these two points,
produces in this conductor a current of 1 &%Ampere, this conductor not
being the force of any electromotive force.  &%Ohm = V/A = 
m^2*kg*s^(-3)*A^(-2).")

; Electric Conductance Units

(instance Siemens FunctionQuantity)
(instance Siemens SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Siemens "SI electric conductance measure.  Symbol:  S.  
In the case of direct current, the conductance in &%Siemens is the 
reciprocal of the resistance in &%Ohms; in the case of alternating current, 
it is the reciprocal of the impedance in ohms.  siemens = A/V = 
m^(-2)*kg(-1)*s^(3)*A^2.")

; Magnetic Flux Units

(instance Weber FunctionQuantity)
(instance  Weber SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Weber "SI magnetic flux measure.  Symbol: Wb. It is the 
magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, produces in it an
electromotive force of 1 &%Volt as it is reduced to zero at a uniform
rate in 1 &%SecondDuration.  &%Weber = V*s = m^2*kg*s^(-2)*A^(-1)." )

; Magnetic Flux Density Units

(instance Tesla FunctionQuantity)
(instance Tesla SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Tesla "SI magnetic flux density measure.  Symbol:  T.
One &%Tesla equals one &%Weber per square &%Meter.  &%Tesla = Wb/m^2 = 
kg*s^(-2)*A^(-1).")

; Inductance Units

(instance Henry FunctionQuantity)
(instance Henry SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Henry "SI inductance measure.  Symbol: H.  One &%Henry 
is equivalent to one &%Volt divided by one &%Ampere per &%SecondDuration. 
If a current changing at the rate of one &%Ampere per &%SecondDuration 
induces an electromotive force of one &%Volt, the circuit has an 
inductance of one &%Henry.  &%Henry = Wb/A = m^2*kg*s^(-2)*A^(-2).")

; Celsius Temperature unit

(instance CelsiusDegree TemperatureMeasure)
(instance CelsiusDegree SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation CelsiusDegree "A &%TemperatureMeasure.  The freezing point 
and the boiling point of water are, respectively, 0 &%CelsiusDegrees and 100 
&%CelsiusDegrees.")

(equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER CelsiusDegree)
        (MeasureFn (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER 273.15) KelvinDegree))

(equal 
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER CelsiusDegree)
        (MeasureFn (DivisionFn (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER 32) 1.8) FahrenheitDegree))

; Luminous Flux Units

(instance Lumen FunctionQuantity)
(instance Lumen SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Lumen "SI luminous flux measure.  Symbol: lm.  It is the 
amount streaming outward through one solid angle of 1 &%Steradian from a 
uniform point source having an intensity of one &%Candela.  &%Lumen = 
cd*sr = cd * 1.")

; Illuminance Units

(instance Lux FunctionQuantity)
(instance Lux SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Lux "SI illuminance measure.  Symbol: lx.  It is the 
amount of illumination provided when one &%Lumen is evenly distributed 
over an area of 1 square &%Meter. This is also equivalent to the 
illumination that would exist on a surface all points of which are one 
&%Meter from a point source of one &%Candela.  &%Lux = lm/m^2 = 
m^(-2)*cd.")

; Activity Units

(instance Becquerel TimeDependentQuantity)
(instance Becquerel SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Becquerel "SI activity measure.  Symbol: Bq.  It measures 
the amount of radioactivity contained in a given sample of matter. It is 
that quantity of a radioactive element in which there is one atomic 
disintegration per &%SecondDuration.  &%Becquerel = s^(-1).")

; Absorbed Dose Units

(instance Gray FunctionQuantity)
(instance Gray SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Gray "SI absorbed dose measure.  Symbol: Gy.  It measures 
the dose of radiation absorbed in living tissue. It is equal approximately 
to the absorbed dose delivered when the energy per unit mass imparted to
matter by ionizing radiation is 1 &%Joule per kilogram.  &%Gray = J/kg 
= m^2*s^(-2).")

; Dose Equivalent Units

(instance Sievert FunctionQuantity)
(instance Sievert SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Sievert "SI dose equivalent measure.  Symbol: Sv.  It is 
a unit of biologic dose of ionizing radiation.  The &%Sievert makes it 
possible to normalize doses of different types of radiation. It takes 
into account the relative biologic effectiveness of ionizing radiation, 
since each form of such radiation--e.g., X rays, gamma rays, neutrons--
has a slightly different effect on living tissue for a given absorbed 
dose. The dose equivalent of a given type of radiation (in &%Sievert) is 
the dose of the radiation in &%Gray multiplied by a quality factor that 
is based on the relative biologic effectiveness of the radiation. 
Accordingly, one &%Sievert is generally defined as the amount of radiation 
roughly equivalent in biologic effectiveness to one &%Gray of gamma 
radiation.  &%Sievert = J/kg = m^2*s^(-2)")

; Units that are accepted for -use- with SI

(instance DayDuration TimeDuration)
(instance DayDuration UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation DayDuration "Time unit. 1 day = 24 hours.")

(equal
	(MeasureFn ?NUMBER DayDuration)
	(MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 24) HourDuration))

(instance HourDuration TimeDuration)
(instance HourDuration UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation HourDuration "Time unit. 1 hour = 60 minutes.")

(equal
	(MeasureFn ?NUMBER HourDuration)
	(MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 60) MinuteDuration))

(instance MinuteDuration TimeDuration)
(instance MinuteDuration UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation MinuteDuration "Time unit. 1 minute = 60 seconds. ")

(equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER MinuteDuration)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 60) SecondDuration))

(instance WeekDuration TimeDuration)
(instance WeekDuration UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation WeekDuration "Time unit.  A week's duration is seven days.")

(equal
   (MeasureFn ?NUMBER WeekDuration)
   (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 7) DayDuration))

(instance YearDuration TimeDuration)
(instance YearDuration UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation YearDuration "Time unit. one calendar year. 1 year =
365 days = 31536000 seconds.")

(equal
	(MeasureFn ?NUMBER YearDuration)
	(MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 365) DayDuration))

;; What follows are units that are also accepted for use with SI.  The 
;; SI equivalents for these units are obtained experimentally.

(instance Amu MassMeasure)
(instance Amu UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Amu "Atomic mass unit.  Symbol: u. It is the mass of 
the twelfth part of an atom of the Carbon 12 isotope.")

(equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Amu)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 1.6605402E-24) Gram)) 

(instance ElectronVolt FunctionQuantity)
(instance ElectronVolt UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation ElectronVolt "The &%ElectronVolt is an energy measure.  
Symbol: eV.  It is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing 
through a potential difference of 1 &%Volt in a vacuum.")

(equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER ElectronVolt)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 1.60217733E-19) Joule))

;; The following units have been temporarily accepted for use with 
;; SI units.

(instance Angstrom LengthMeasure)
(instance Angstrom UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Angstrom "The &%Angstrom is a &%LengthMeasure. 
1 &%Angstrom = 10^(-10) m")

(equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Angstrom)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 1.0E-10) Meter))

;; The following units are unacceptable in SI but are part of other 
;; systems of measurement that are widely used.

;; More Length units

(instance Foot LengthMeasure)
(instance Foot UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Foot "English length unit of feet.")

(equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Foot)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 0.3048) Meter))

(instance Inch LengthMeasure)
(instance Inch UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Inch "English length unit of inches.")

(equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Inch)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 0.0254) Meter))

(instance Mile LengthMeasure)
(instance Mile UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Mile "English length unit of miles.")

(equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Mile)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 1609.344) Meter))

;; More Volume units

(instance UnitedStatesGallon VolumeMeasure)
(instance UnitedStatesGallon UnitOfMeasure)
(relatedInternalConcept UnitedStatesGallon UnitedKingdomGallon)
(documentation UnitedStatesGallon "Unit of volume commonly used in the 
United States.")

(equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER UnitedStatesGallon)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 3.785411784) Liter)) 

(instance Quart VolumeMeasure)
(instance Quart UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Quart "English unit of volume equal to 1/4 of a 
&%UnitedStatesGallon.") 

(equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Quart)
        (MeasureFn (DivisionFn ?NUMBER 4) UnitedStatesGallon)) 

(instance Pint VolumeMeasure)
(instance Pint UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Pint "English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a 
&%Quart.") 

(equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Pint)
        (MeasureFn (DivisionFn ?NUMBER 2) Quart)) 

(instance Cup VolumeMeasure)
(instance Cup UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Cup "English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a 
&%Pint.") 

(equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Cup)
        (MeasureFn (DivisionFn ?NUMBER 2) Pint))
 
(instance Ounce VolumeMeasure)
(instance Ounce UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Ounce "English unit of volume equal to 1/8 of a 
&%Cup.") 

(equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Ounce)
        (MeasureFn (DivisionFn ?NUMBER 8) Cup)) 

(instance UnitedKingdomGallon VolumeMeasure)
(instance UnitedKingdomGallon UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation UnitedKingdomGallon "Unit of volume commonly used in the 
United Kingdom.")

(equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER UnitedKingdomGallon)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 4.54609) Liter)) 

;; More Mass units

(instance AtomGram MassMeasure)
(instance AtomGram UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation AtomGram "&%MassMeasure that is also known as the gram-atom.  
Defined as the mass in grams of 1 &%Mole of pure substance.  For example, 
1 &%AtomGram of Carbon 12 will be 12 &%Grams of pure Carbon 12.  2 &%AtomGrams 
of the same substance will be 24 &%Grams of it.  This is an unusual unit in 
that it is essentially 1 &%Mole of 'stuff' measured in grams, so that the 
actual value (i.e. mass) depends on the type of substance.")

(instance PoundMass MassMeasure)
(instance PoundMass UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation PoundMass "English mass unit of pounds.")

(equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER PoundMass)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 453.59237) Gram))

(instance Slug MassMeasure)
(instance Slug UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Slug "English mass unit of slugs.")

(equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Slug)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 14593.90) Gram))

;; More Temperature units

(instance RankineDegree TemperatureMeasure)
(instance RankineDegree UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation RankineDegree "A &%TemperatureMeasure.  Note 
that 0 &%RankineDegrees is the same as the absolute zero (i.e. 0 
&%KelvinDegrees).")

(equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Rankine)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 1.8) Kelvin))

(instance FahrenheitDegree TemperatureMeasure)
(instance FahrenheitDegree UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation FahrenheitDegree "A &%TemperatureMeasure that is commonly 
used in the United States.  On the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point 
of water is 32 &%FahrenheitDegrees, and the boiling point of water is 
212 &%FahrenheitDegrees.")

;; More Force units

(instance PoundForce FunctionQuantity)
(instance PoundForce UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation PoundForce "English pound of force. The conversion
factor depends on the local value of the acceleration of free fall. A
mean value is used in the conversion axiom associated with this 
constant.")

(equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER PoundForce)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 4.448222) Newton))

;; More Energy units

(instance Calorie FunctionQuantity)
(instance Calorie UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Calorie "A &%Calorie is an energy measure.")

(equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Calorie)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 4.1868) Joule))

(instance BritishThermalUnit FunctionQuantity)
(instance BritishThermalUnit UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation BritishThermalUnit "An energy measure.")

(equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER BritishThermalUnit)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 1055.05585262) Joule))

;; More plane angle units

(instance AngularDegree PlaneAngleMeasure)
(instance AngularDegree UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation AngularDegree "A plane angle measure.")

(equal
	(MeasureFn ?NUMBER AngularDegree)
	(MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER (DivisionFn Pi 180)) Radian))

; Other interesting units of measure

; Currency units

(instance UnitedStatesDollar CurrencyMeasure)
(instance UnitedStatesDollar UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation UnitedStatesDollar "A currency measure.")

(instance UnitedStatesCent CurrencyMeasure)
(instance UnitedStatesCent UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation UnitedStatesCent "A currency measure.  1 &%UnitedStatesCent is 
equal to .01 &%UnitedStatesDollars.")

(equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER UnitedStatesCent)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER .01) UnitedStatesDollar))

(instance EuroDollar CurrencyMeasure)
(instance EuroDollar UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation EuroDollar "A currency measure of most European Union countries.  
It is based on the &%UnitedStatesDollar.")

(instance EuroCent CurrencyMeasure)
(instance EuroCent UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation EuroCent "A currency measure.  1 &%EuroCent is equal to .01 
&%EuroDollars.")  

(equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER EuroCent)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER .01) EuroDollar))

; Information units

(subclass InformationMeasure ConstantQuantity)
(documentation InformationMeasure "Measures of the amount of information.  
Includes &%Bit, &%Byte, and multiples of these, e.g. &%KiloByte and 
&%MegaByte.")

(instance Bit InformationMeasure)
(instance Bit UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Bit "One &%Bit of information.  A one or a zero.")

(instance Byte InformationMeasure)
(instance Byte UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Byte "One &%Byte of information.  A &%Byte is eight 
&%Bits.")

(equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Byte)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 8) Bit))

(instance KiloByte InformationMeasure)
(instance KiloByte UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation KiloByte "One &%KiloByte (KB) of information.  One 
&%KiloByte is 1024 &%Bytes.  Note that this sense of 'kilo' is 
different from the one accepted in the SI system.")

(equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER KiloByte)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 1024) Byte))

(instance MegaByte InformationMeasure)
(instance MegaByte UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation MegaByte "One &%MegaByte (MB) of information.  One 
&%MegaByte is 1024 &%KiloBytes.  Note that this sense of 'mega' is 
different from the one accepted in the SI system.")

(equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER MegaByte)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 1024) KiloByte))

;; The following content was inspired by the Quantities ontology 
;; developed by ITBM-CNR.

(instance measure BinaryPredicate)
(instance measure AsymmetricRelation)
(domain measure 1 Object)
(domain measure 2 PhysicalQuantity)
(documentation measure "A very general &%Predicate for asserting that a 
particular &%Object is measured by a particular &%ConstantQuantity.  
In general, the second argument of this &%Predicate will be an instance 
of the &%Function &%MeasureFn.")

(instance age SingleValuedRelation)
(subrelation age measure)
(domain age 2 TimeDuration)
(documentation age "Simply relates an &%Object to a &%ConstantQuantity 
specifying the age of the &%Object.")

(subrelation length measure)
(domain length 2 LengthMeasure)
(documentation length "&%BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure 
of an &%Object from one point to another point along its surface.")

(instance width SingleValuedRelation)
(subrelation width length)
(documentation width "&%BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure 
of an &%Object from side to side at its widest span.")

(subrelation diameter width)
(documentation diameter "&%BinaryPredicate that is used to state the 
measure of a circular &%Object from side to side.")

(instance height SingleValuedRelation)
(subrelation height length)
(documentation height "&%BinaryPredicate that is used to state the &%length
between an &%Object from its highest point to sea level.  Note that this 
&%Predicate can be used to specify, for example, the height of geographic 
features, e.g. mountains, the altitude of aircraft, and the orbit of satellites 
around the Earth.") 

(instance distance SingleValuedRelation)
(instance distance SpatialRelation)
(instance distance TernaryPredicate)
(domain distance 1 Physical)
(domain distance 2 Physical)
(domain distance 3 LengthMeasure)
(documentation distance "(&%distance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?QUANT) means that the 
shortest distance between the two objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 is ?QUANT.")

(instance larger BinaryPredicate)
(instance larger SpatialRelation)
(instance larger TransitiveRelation)
(instance larger IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain larger 1 Object)
(domain larger 2 Object)
(documentation larger "(&%larger ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) simply means that ?OBJ1 is 
larger, with respect to all &%LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2.")

(=>
   (larger ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
   (forall (?QUANT1 ?QUANT2)
      (=>
         (and
            (measure ?OBJ1 (MeasureFn ?QUANT1 LengthMeasure))
            (measure ?OBJ2 (MeasureFn ?QUANT2 LengthMeasure)))
         (greaterThan ?QUANT1 ?QUANT2))))

(instance smaller BinaryPredicate)
(instance smaller SpatialRelation)
(instance smaller TransitiveRelation)
(instance smaller IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain smaller 1 Object)
(domain smaller 2 Object)
(inverse smaller larger)
(documentation smaller "(&%smaller ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) simply means that ?OBJ1 
is smaller, with respect to all &%LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2.")

(instance monetaryValue SingleValuedRelation)
(subrelation monetaryValue measure)
(domain monetaryValue 2 CurrencyMeasure)
(documentation monetaryValue "A &%BinaryPredicate that associates an 
&%Object with its value expressed as an instance of &%CurrencyMeasure.")

(instance WealthFn UnaryFunction)
(domain WealthFn 1 Agent)
(range WealthFn CurrencyMeasure)
(documentation WealthFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Agent to a &%CurrencyMeasure specifying the value of the property owned by the &%Agent.  Note that this &%Function is generally used in conjunction with the &%Function &%PropertyFn, e.g. (&%WealthFn (&%PropertyFn BillGates)) would return the monetary value of the sum of Bill Gates' holdings.") 

(<=>
   (equal (WealthFn ?PERSON) ?AMOUNT)
   (monetaryValue (PropertyFn ?PERSON) ?AMOUNT))

;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; TEMPORAL CONCEPTS ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'STRUCTURAL ONTOLOGY'
;; INCLUDES 'BASE ONTOLOGY'

;; The first part of this section contains definitions relations involving 
;; temporal notions.  Most of these definitions and axioms were derived from 
;; James Allen's work.  This part of the section was extensively revised on 
;; the basis of comments from Pat Hayes.  The second part of this section 
;; is an attempt to incorporate the Simple-Time ontology from the 
;; Ontolingua server into the SUMO.

(instance PositiveInfinity TimePoint)
(documentation PositiveInfinity "The &%TimePoint that is after 
all other &%TimePoints.")

(=> 
   (and 
      (instance ?POINT TimePoint) 
      (not (equal ?POINT PositiveInfinity)))
   (before ?POINT PositiveInfinity))

(=> 	
   (and 	
      (instance ?POINT TimePoint) 
      (not (equal ?POINT PositiveInfinity)))
   (exists (?OTHERPOINT) 
      (temporallyBetween ?POINT ?OTHERPOINT PositiveInfinity)))

(instance NegativeInfinity TimePoint)
(documentation NegativeInfinity "The &%TimePoint that is before 
all other &%TimePoints.")

(=> 
   (and 
      (instance ?POINT TimePoint) 
      (not (equal ?POINT NegativeInfinity)))
    (before NegativeInfinity ?POINT))

(=> 	
   (and 	
      (instance ?POINT TimePoint) 
      (not (equal ?POINT NegativeInfinity)))
   (exists (?OTHERPOINT) 
      (temporallyBetween NegativeInfinity ?OTHERPOINT ?POINT)))

(instance duration BinaryPredicate)
(instance duration AsymmetricRelation)
(domain duration 1 TimePosition)
(domain duration 2 TimeDuration)
(documentation duration "(&%duration ?POS ?TIME) means that the 
duration of the &%TimePosition ?POS is ?TIME.  Note that this 
&%Predicate can be used in conjunction with the &%Function &%WhenFn 
to specify the duration of any instance of &%Physical.")

(=>
   (instance ?INTERVAL TimeInterval)
   (exists (?DURATION)
      (duration ?INTERVAL ?DURATION)))

(=>
   (instance ?POINT TimePoint)
   (not
      (exists (?DURATION)
         (duration ?POINT ?DURATION))))

(instance frequency BinaryPredicate)
(instance frequency AsymmetricRelation)
(domainSubclass frequency 1 Process)
(domain frequency 2 TimeDuration)
(documentation frequency "(frequency ?PROC ?TIME) means that the 
&%Process type of ?PROC recurs after every interval of ?TIME.")

(=>
   (frequency ?PROC ?TIME1)
   (forall (?TIME2)
      (=>
         (duration ?TIME2 ?TIME1)
         (exists (?POSITION)
            (and
               (temporalPart ?POSITION ?TIME2)
               (holdsDuring ?POSITION (exists (?INST) (instance ?INST ?PROC))))))))

(instance temporalPart BinaryPredicate)
(instance temporalPart AsymmetricRelation)
(domain temporalPart 1 TimePosition)
(domain temporalPart 2 TimePosition)
(documentation temporalPart "(&%temporalPart ?POS1 ?POS2) 
means that &%TimePosition ?POS1 is part of &%TimePosition ?POS2.")

(=>
   (instance ?POINT TimePoint)
   (exists (?INTERVAL)
      (and
         (instance ?INTERVAL TimeInterval)
         (temporalPart ?POINT ?INTERVAL))))

(=>
   (instance ?INTERVAL TimeInterval)
   (exists (?POINT)
      (and
         (instance ?POINT TimePoint)
         (temporalPart ?POINT ?INTERVAL))))

(=>
   (and
      (holdsDuring ?TIME1 ?SITUATION)
      (temporalPart ?TIME2 ?TIME1))
   (holdsDuring ?TIME2 ?SITUATION))

(=>
   (and
      (holdsDuring ?INTERVAL (holds ?REL ?INST1 ?INST2))
      (instance ?INST1 Physical)
      (instance ?INST2 Physical))
   (and
      (time ?INST1 ?INTERVAL)
      (time ?INST2 ?INTERVAL)))

(<=>
   (temporalPart ?POS (WhenFn ?THING))
   (time ?THING ?POS))

(instance BeginFn TemporalRelation)
(instance BeginFn UnaryFunction)
(domain BeginFn 1 TimeInterval)
(range BeginFn TimePoint)
(documentation BeginFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimeInterval to 
the &%TimePoint at which the interval begins.")

(=>
   (equal (BeginFn ?INTERVAL) ?POINT)
   (forall (?OTHERPOINT)
      (=>
         (and
            (temporalPart ?OTHERPOINT ?INTERVAL)
            (not (equal ?OTHERPOINT ?POINT)))
         (before ?POINT ?OTHERPOINT))))

(=>
   (origin ?PROCESS ?OBJ)
   (located (WhereFn ?PROCESS (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PROCESS))) (WhereFn ?OBJ (BeginFn (WhenFn ?OBJ)))))

(instance EndFn TemporalRelation)
(instance EndFn UnaryFunction)
(domain EndFn 1 TimeInterval)
(range EndFn TimePoint)
(documentation EndFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimeInterval to 
the &%TimePoint at which the interval ends.")

(=>
   (equal (EndFn ?INTERVAL) ?POINT)
   (forall (?OTHERPOINT)
      (=>
         (and
            (temporalPart ?OTHERPOINT ?INTERVAL)
            (not (equal ?OTHERPOINT ?POINT)))
         (before ?OTHERPOINT ?POINT))))

(instance starts BinaryPredicate)
(instance starts TemporalRelation)
(instance starts TransitiveRelation)
(instance starts IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain starts 1 TimeInterval)
(domain starts 2 TimeInterval)
(documentation starts "(&%starts ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that 
?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both &%TimeIntervals that have the same 
initial &%TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL1 ends before ?INTERVAL2.")

(<=> 
   (starts ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)
   (and 
      (equal
         (BeginFn ?INTERVAL1)
	   (BeginFn ?INTERVAL2))
      (before
         (EndFn ?INTERVAL1)
  	   (EndFn ?INTERVAL2))))

(instance finishes BinaryPredicate)
(instance finishes TemporalRelation)
(instance finishes TransitiveRelation)
(instance finishes IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain finishes 1 TimeInterval)
(domain finishes 2 TimeInterval)
(documentation finishes "(&%finishes ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that 
?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both &%TimeIntervals that have the same 
ending &%TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL2 begins before ?INTERVAL1.")

(<=>
   (finishes ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)
   (and
      (before
         (BeginFn ?INTERVAL2)
         (BeginFn ?INTERVAL1))
      (equal
         (EndFn ?INTERVAL2)
         (EndFn ?INTERVAL1))))

(instance before TemporalRelation)
(instance before IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance before TransitiveRelation)
(subrelation before beforeOrEqual)
(relatedInternalConcept before earlier)
(domain before 1 TimePoint)
(domain before 2 TimePoint)
(documentation before "(&%before ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 
precedes ?POINT2 on the universal timeline.")

;; An Object exists (and, hence, retains its identity) over time, i.e., 
;; an object exists at every point over some interval of time.

(=> 
    (instance ?OBJ Object)
    (exists (?TIME1 ?TIME2)
       (and 
          (instance ?TIME1 TimePoint) 
          (instance ?TIME2 TimePoint) 
          (before ?TIME1 ?TIME2)
          (forall (?TIME)
             (=> 
	         (and 
		     (beforeOrEqual ?TIME1 ?TIME) 
                 (beforeOrEqual ?TIME ?TIME2))
               (time ?OBJ ?TIME))))))

(=>
   (result ?PROC ?OBJ)
   (forall (?TIME)
      (=>
         (before ?TIME (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PROC)))
         (not
            (time ?OBJ ?TIME)))))

(instance beforeOrEqual BinaryPredicate)
(instance beforeOrEqual PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain beforeOrEqual 1 TimePoint)
(domain beforeOrEqual 2 TimePoint)
(documentation beforeOrEqual "(&%beforeOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 
is identical with ?POINT2 or occurs before it on the universal timeline.")

(=> 
   (beforeOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2)
   (or 
       (before ?POINT1 ?POINT2) 
       (equal ?POINT1 ?POINT2)))

(instance temporallyBetween TemporalRelation)
(instance temporallyBetween TernaryPredicate)
(subrelation temporallyBetween temporallyBetweenOrEqual)
(domain temporallyBetween 1 TimePoint)
(domain temporallyBetween 2 TimePoint)
(domain temporallyBetween 3 TimePoint)
(documentation temporallyBetween "(&%temporallyBetween ?POINT1 ?POINT2 
?POINT3) means that the &%TimePoint ?POINT2 is between the &%TimePoints 
?POINT1 and ?POINT3, i.e. ?POINT1 is before ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before 
?POINT3.")

(<=>
   (temporallyBetween ?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?POINT3)
   (and
      (before ?POINT1 ?POINT2)
      (before ?POINT2 ?POINT3))) 

(instance temporallyBetweenOrEqual TemporalRelation)
(instance temporallyBetweenOrEqual TernaryPredicate)
(domain temporallyBetweenOrEqual 1 TimePoint)
(domain temporallyBetweenOrEqual 2 TimePoint)
(domain temporallyBetweenOrEqual 3 TimePoint)
(documentation temporallyBetweenOrEqual "(&%temporallyBetweenOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2 
?POINT3) means that the &%TimePoint ?POINT1 is before or equal to the 
&%TimePoint ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before or equal to the &%TimePoint 
?POINT3.")

(<=>
   (temporallyBetweenOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?POINT3)
   (and
      (beforeOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2)
      (beforeOrEqual ?POINT2 ?POINT3)))

(<=>
   (and
      (time ?PHYS ?TIME)
      (instance ?TIME TimePoint))
   (temporallyBetweenOrEqual (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PHYS)) ?TIME (EndFn (WhenFn ?PHYS))))

(instance overlapsTemporally BinaryPredicate)
(instance overlapsTemporally TemporalRelation)
(instance overlapsTemporally PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain overlapsTemporally 1 TimeInterval)
(domain overlapsTemporally 2 TimeInterval)
(documentation overlapsTemporally "(&%overlapsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 
?INTERVAL2) means that the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 subsumes the 
&%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2, i.e. the starting point of ?INTERVAL2 is 
equal to or after the starting point of ?INTERVAL1 and the ending 
point of ?INTERVAL2 is equal to or before the ending point of ?INTERVAL1.")

(<=>
   (overlapsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)
   (or 
      (equal ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)
      (during ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)
      (starts ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)
      (finishes ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REL SpatialRelation)
      (holds ?REL ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
   (overlapsTemporally (WhenFn ?OBJ1) (WhenFn ?OBJ2)))

(instance during TemporalRelation)
(instance during TransitiveRelation)
(instance during IrreflexiveRelation)
(subrelation during overlapsTemporally)
(domain during 1 TimeInterval)
(domain during 2 TimeInterval)
(documentation during "(&%during ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that 
?INTERVAL1 starts after and ends before ?INTERVAL2.") 

(=> 
   (during ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)
   (and 
      (before (EndFn ?INTERVAL1) (EndFn ?INTERVAL2))
      (before (BeginFn ?INTERVAL2) (BeginFn ?INTERVAL1))))

(instance meetsTemporally BinaryPredicate)
(instance meetsTemporally TemporalRelation)
(instance meetsTemporally AsymmetricRelation)
(instance meetsTemporally IntransitiveRelation)
(domain meetsTemporally 1 TimeInterval)
(domain meetsTemporally 2 TimeInterval)
(documentation meetsTemporally "(&%meetsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) 
means that the terminal point of the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 is the 
initial point of the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2.")

(<=> 
   (meetsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)
   (equal 
      (EndFn ?INTERVAL1)
      (BeginFn ?INTERVAL2)))

(=>
  (and
    (equal
      (BeginFn ?INTERVAL1)
      (BeginFn ?INTERVAL2))
    (equal
      (EndFn ?INTERVAL1)
      (EndFn ?INTERVAL2)))
    (equal ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2))

(instance earlier BinaryPredicate)
(instance earlier TemporalRelation)
(instance earlier TransitiveRelation)
(instance earlier IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain earlier 1 TimeInterval)
(domain earlier 2 TimeInterval)
(documentation earlier "(earlier INTERVAL1 INTERVAL2) means that 
INTERVAL1 ends before INTERVAL2 begins.")

(<=>
    (earlier ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)
    (before (EndFn ?INTERVAL1) (BeginFn ?INTERVAL2)))

(instance cooccur BinaryPredicate)
(instance cooccur TemporalRelation)
(instance cooccur EquivalenceRelation)
(domain cooccur 1 Physical)
(domain cooccur 2 Physical)
(documentation cooccur "(&%cooccur ?THING1 ?THING2) means that the 
&%Object or &%Process ?THING1 occurs at the same time as, together with, 
or jointly with the &%Object or &%Process ?THING2.  This covers the 
following temporal relations:  is co-incident with, is concurrent with, 
is contemporaneous with, and is concomitant with.")

(<=>
   (cooccur ?PHYS1 ?PHYS2)
   (equal (WhenFn ?PHYS1) (WhenFn ?PHYS2))) 

;; The following functions generate &%TimeIntervals.

(instance TimeIntervalFn BinaryFunction)
(instance TimeIntervalFn TemporalRelation)
(domain TimeIntervalFn 1 TimePoint)
(domain TimeIntervalFn 2 TimePoint)
(range TimeIntervalFn TimeInterval)
(documentation TimeIntervalFn "A &%BinaryFunction that takes two &%TimePoints 
as arguments and returns the &%TimeInterval defined by these two &%TimePoints.  
Note that the first &%TimePoint must occur earlier than the second &%TimePoint.")

(=>
   (equal (TimeIntervalFn ?POINT1 ?POINT2) ?INTERVAL)
   (and
      (equal (BeginFn ?INTERVAL) ?POINT1)
      (equal (EndFn ?INTERVAL) ?POINT2)))

(=>
   (equal (TimeIntervalFn ?POINT1 ?POINT2) ?INTERVAL)
   (forall (?POINT)
      (<=>
         (temporallyBetweenOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT ?POINT2)
         (temporalPart ?POINT ?INTERVAL))))

(instance WhenFn TemporalRelation)
(instance WhenFn UnaryFunction)
(domain WhenFn 1 Physical)
(range WhenFn TimeInterval)
(documentation WhenFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Object or 
&%Process to the exact &%TimeInterval during which it exists.  Note 
that, for every &%TimePoint ?TIME outside of the &%TimeInterval 
(WhenFn ?THING), (time ?THING ?TIME) does not hold.")

(before (BeginFn (WhenFn ?THING)) (EndFn (WhenFn ?THING)))

(instance PastFn TemporalRelation)
(instance PastFn UnaryFunction)
(domain PastFn 1 TimePosition)
(range PastFn TimeInterval)
(documentation PastFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimePosition 
to the &%TimeInterval that meets it and that begins at 
&%NegativeInfinity.")

(meetsTemporally (PastFn (WhenFn ?THING)) (WhenFn ?THING))

(equal (PastFn (WhenFn ?PROCESS)) (TimeIntervalFn NegativeInfinity (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PROCESS))))

(instance ImmediatePastFn TemporalRelation)
(instance ImmediatePastFn UnaryFunction)
(domain ImmediatePastFn 1 TimePosition)
(range ImmediatePastFn TimeInterval)
(documentation ImmediatePastFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a 
&%TimePosition to a short, indeterminate &%TimeInterval that 
immediately precedes the &%TimePosition.")

(finishes (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?THING)) (PastFn (WhenFn ?THING)))

(=>
     (and
          (resource ?PROC ?OBJ)
          (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?PROC)) (measure ?OBJ ?QUANT1))
          (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?PROC)) (measure ?OBJ ?QUANT2)))
     (greaterThan ?QUANT1 ?QUANT2)) 

(instance FutureFn TemporalRelation)
(instance FutureFn UnaryFunction)
(domain FutureFn 1 TimePosition)
(range FutureFn TimeInterval)
(documentation FutureFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimePosition 
to the &%TimeInterval which it meets and which ends at 
&%PositiveInfinity.")

(meetsTemporally (WhenFn ?THING) (FutureFn (WhenFn ?THING)))

(equal (FutureFn (WhenFn ?PROCESS)) (TimeIntervalFn (EndFn (WhenFn ?PROCESS)) PositiveInfinity))

(instance ImmediateFutureFn TemporalRelation)
(instance ImmediateFutureFn UnaryFunction)
(domain ImmediateFutureFn 1 TimePosition)
(range ImmediateFutureFn TimeInterval)
(documentation ImmediateFutureFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a 
&%TimePosition to a short, indeterminate &%TimeInterval that 
immediately follows the &%TimePosition.")

(starts (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?THING)) (FutureFn (WhenFn ?THING)))

;; The following definitions and axioms (down to the next section break) 
;; cover the content in the Simple-Time ontology on the Ontolingua server.

(instance date BinaryPredicate)
(instance date SingleValuedRelation)
(instance date AsymmetricRelation)
(domain date 1 Physical)
(domain date 2 Day)
(subrelation date time)
(documentation date "A &%BinaryPredicate that specifies a 
&%TimePosition in absolute calendar time, at the resolution 
of one day, for a particular &%Object or &%Process.")

(instance YearFn TemporalRelation)
(instance YearFn UnaryFunction)
(domain YearFn 1 Integer)
(rangeSubclass YearFn Year)
(documentation YearFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a number to the corresponding calendar 
&%Year.  For example, (&%YearFn 1912) returns the &%Class containing just one instance, 
the year of 1912.  As might be expected, positive integers return years in the Common Era, 
while negative integers return years in B.C.E.  Note that this function returns a &%Class 
as a value.  The reason for this is that the related functions, viz. &%MonthFn, &%DayFn, 
&%HourFn, &%MinuteFn, and &%SecondFn, are used to generate both specific &%TimeIntervals 
and recurrent intervals, and the only way to do this is to make the domains and ranges of 
these functions classes rather than individuals.")

(instance MonthFn TemporalRelation)
(instance MonthFn BinaryFunction)
(domainSubclass MonthFn 1 Month)
(domainSubclass MonthFn 2 Year)
(rangeSubclass MonthFn Month)
(documentation MonthFn "A &%BinaryFunction that maps a subclass of &%Month and a 
subclass of &%Year to the class containing the &%Months corresponding to thos &%Years. 
For example (&%MonthFn &%January (&%YearFn 1912)) is the class containing the eighth 
&%Month, i.e. August, of the &%Year 1912.  For another example, (&%MonthFn &%August 
&%Year) is equal to &%August, the class of all months of August.  Note that this function 
returns a &%Class as a value.  The reason for this is that the related functions, viz. 
DayFn, HourFn, MinuteFn, and SecondFn, are used to generate both specific &%TimeIntervals 
and recurrent intervals, and the only way to do this is to make the domains and ranges of 
these functions classes rather than individuals.")

(instance DayFn TemporalRelation)
(instance DayFn BinaryFunction)
(domain DayFn 1 PositiveRealNumber)
(domainSubclass DayFn 2 Month)
(rangeSubclass DayFn Day)
(documentation DayFn "A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a &%PositiveRealNumber and 
a subclass of &%Months to the &%Days within each &%Month corresponding to that 
&%PositiveRealNumber.  For example, (&%DayFn 16 &%August) is the &%Class of all 
sixteenth days of August.  For another example, (&%DayFn 9 &%Month) would return 
the class of all ninth days of any month.  For still another example, (&%DayFn 18 
(&%MonthFn 8 (YearFn 1912))) denotes the 18th day of August 1912.")

(=>
   (instance ?DAY (DayFn ?NUMBER ?MONTH))
   (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER 31)) 

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DAY1 (DayFn ?NUMBER1 ?MONTH))
      (instance ?DAY2 (DayFn ?NUMBER2 ?MONTH))
      (equal (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1) 1))
   (meetsTemporally ?DAY1 ?DAY2))

(instance HourFn TemporalRelation)
(instance HourFn BinaryFunction)
(domain HourFn 1 PositiveRealNumber)
(domainSubclass HourFn 2 Day)
(rangeSubclass HourFn Hour)
(documentation HourFn "A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a &%PositiveRealNumber and 
a subclass of &%Days to the &%Hours within each &%Day corresponding to that 
&%PositiveRealNumber.  For example, (&%HourFn 12 &%Thursday) is the &%Class of all 
instances of noon Thursday.  For another example, (&%HourFn 24 &%Day) would return 
the class of all instances of midnight.  For still another example, (&%HourFn 14 
(&%DayFn 18 (&%MonthFn 8 (YearFn 1912)))) denotes 2 PM on the 18th day of August 
1912.")

(=>
   (instance ?HOUR (HourFn ?NUMBER ?DAY))
   (lessThan ?NUMBER 24))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?HOUR1 (HourFn ?NUMBER1 ?DAY))
      (instance ?HOUR2 (HourFn ?NUMBER2 ?DAY))
      (equal (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1) 1))
   (meetsTemporally ?HOUR1 ?HOUR2))

(instance MinuteFn TemporalRelation)
(instance MinuteFn BinaryFunction)
(domain MinuteFn 1 PositiveRealNumber)
(domainSubclass MinuteFn 2 Hour)
(rangeSubclass MinuteFn Minute)
(documentation MinuteFn "A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a &%PositiveRealNumber and 
a subclass of &%Hours to the &%Minutes within each &%Hour corresponding to that 
&%PositiveRealNumber.  For example, (&%MinuteFn 30 (&%HourFn 17 &%Day)) is the &%Class 
of all 5:30's in the afternoon.  For another example, (&%MinuteFn 15 &%Hour) would return 
the class of all instances of quarter past the hour.  For still another example, 
(&%MinuteFn 15 (&%HourFn 14 (&%DayFn 18 (&%MonthFn 8 (YearFn 1912))))) denotes 15 
minutes after 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912.")

(=>
   (instance ?MINUTE (MinuteFn ?NUMBER ?HOUR))
   (lessThan ?NUMBER 60)) 

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MINUTE1 (MinuteFn ?NUMBER1 ?HOUR))
      (instance ?MINUTE2 (MinuteFn ?NUMBER2 ?HOUR))
      (equal (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1) 1))
   (meetsTemporally ?MINUTE1 ?MINUTE2))

(instance SecondFn TemporalRelation)
(instance SecondFn BinaryFunction)
(domain SecondFn 1 PositiveRealNumber)
(domainSubclass SecondFn 2 Minute)
(rangeSubclass SecondFn Second)
(documentation SecondFn "A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a &%PositiveRealNumber and a 
subclass of &%Minutes to the &%Seconds within each &%Minute corresponding to that 
&%PositiveRealNumber.  For example, (&%SecondFn 4 (&%MinuteFn 5 &%Hour)) is the &%Class 
of all fourth &%Seconds of every fifth &%Minute of every hour.  For another example, 
(&%SecondFn 8 &%Minute) would return the eighth second of every minute.  For still 
another example, (&%SecondFn 9 (&%MinuteFn 15 (&%HourFn 14 (&%DayFn 18 (&%MonthFn 8 
(YearFn 1912)))))) denotes 9 seconds and 15 minutes after 2 PM on the 18th day of 
August 1912.")

(=>
   (instance ?SECOND (SecondFn ?NUMBER ?MINUTE))
   (lessThan ?NUMBER 60)) 

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SECOND1 (SecondFn ?NUMBER1 ?MINUTE))
      (instance ?SECOND2 (SecondFn ?NUMBER2 ?MINUTE))
      (equal (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1) 1))
   (meetsTemporally ?SECOND1 ?SECOND2))

(subclass Year TimeInterval)
(relatedInternalConcept Year YearFn)
(relatedInternalConcept Year YearDuration)
(documentation Year "The &%Class of all calendar &%Years.")

(=>
   (instance ?YEAR Year)
   (duration ?YEAR YearDuration))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?YEAR1 Year)
      (instance ?YEAR2 Year)
      (equal (SubtractionFn ?YEAR2 ?YEAR1) 1))
   (meetsTemporally ?YEAR1 ?YEAR2))

(subclass LeapYear Year)
(documentation LeapYear "The &%Class of all leap years.  These are years 
which are either (i.) evenly divisible by 4 and not by 100 or (ii.) evenly 
divisible by 400 (this latter case is known as a leap century).")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?LEAP LeapYear)
      (equal ?LEAP (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Year)))
   (or
      (and
         (equal (RemainderFn ?NUMBER 4) 0)
         (not (equal (RemainderFn ?NUMBER 100) 0)))
      (equal (RemainderFn ?NUMBER 400) 0)))

(subclass Month TimeInterval)
(relatedInternalConcept Month MonthFn)
(documentation Month "The &%Class of all calendar &%Months.")

(subclass January Month)
(documentation January "The &%Class of all &%Months which are January.")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH January)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 31 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal ?MONTH1 (MonthFn January ?YEAR))
      (equal ?MONTH2 (MonthFn February ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass February Month)
(documentation February "The &%Class of all &%Months which are February.")

(=>
   (and
      (equal (MonthFn February ?YEAR) ?MONTH)
      (not (instance ?YEAR LeapYear)))
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 28 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal (MonthFn February ?YEAR) ?MONTH)
      (instance ?YEAR LeapYear))
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 29 DayDuration))) 

(=>
   (and
      (equal ?MONTH1 (MonthFn February ?YEAR))
      (equal ?MONTH2 (MonthFn March ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass March Month)
(documentation March "The &%Class of all &%Months which are March.")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH March)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 31 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal ?MONTH1 (MonthFn March ?YEAR))
      (equal ?MONTH2 (MonthFn April ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass April Month)
(documentation April "The &%Class of all &%Months which are April.")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH April)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 30 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal ?MONTH1 (MonthFn April ?YEAR))
      (equal ?MONTH2 (MonthFn May ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass May Month)
(documentation May "The &%Class of all &%Months which are May.")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH May)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 31 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal ?MONTH1 (MonthFn May ?YEAR))
      (equal ?MONTH2 (MonthFn June ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass June Month)
(documentation June "The &%Class of all &%Months which are June.")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH June)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 30 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal ?MONTH1 (MonthFn June ?YEAR))
      (equal ?MONTH2 (MonthFn July ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass July Month)
(documentation July "The &%Class of all &%Months which are July.")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH July)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 31 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal ?MONTH1 (MonthFn July ?YEAR))
      (equal ?MONTH2 (MonthFn August ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass August Month)
(documentation August "The &%Class of all &%Months which are August.")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH August)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 31 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal ?MONTH1 (MonthFn August ?YEAR))
      (equal ?MONTH2 (MonthFn September ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass September Month)
(documentation September "The &%Class of all &%Months which are September.")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH September)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 30 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal ?MONTH1 (MonthFn September ?YEAR))
      (equal ?MONTH2 (MonthFn October ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass October Month)
(documentation October "The &%Class of all &%Months which are October.")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH October)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 31 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal ?MONTH1 (MonthFn October ?YEAR))
      (equal ?MONTH2 (MonthFn November ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass November Month)
(documentation November "The &%Class of all &%Months which are November.")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH November)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 30 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal ?MONTH1 (MonthFn November ?YEAR))
      (equal ?MONTH2 (MonthFn December ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass December Month)
(documentation December "The &%Class of all &%Months which are December.")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH December)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 31 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal ?MONTH1 (MonthFn December ?YEAR1))
      (equal ?MONTH2 (MonthFn January ?YEAR2))
      (meetsTemporally ?YEAR1 ?YEAR2))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass Day TimeInterval)
(relatedInternalConcept Day DayFn)
(relatedInternalConcept Day DayDuration)
(documentation Day "The &%Class of all calendar &%Days.")

(=>
   (instance ?DAY Day)
   (duration ?DAY DayDuration))

(subclass Monday Day)
(documentation Monday "The &%Class of all calendar Mondays.")

(subclass Tuesday Day)
(documentation Tuesday "The &%Class of all calendar Tuesdays.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DAY1 Monday)
      (instance ?DAY2 Tuesday)
      (instance ?WEEK Week)
      (temporalPart ?DAY1 ?WEEK)
      (temporalPart ?DAY2 ?WEEK))
   (meetsTemporally ?DAY1 ?DAY2))

(subclass Wednesday Day)
(documentation Wednesday "The &%Class of all calendar Wednesdays.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DAY1 Tuesday)
      (instance ?DAY2 Wednesday)
      (instance ?WEEK Week)
      (temporalPart ?DAY1 ?WEEK)
      (temporalPart ?DAY2 ?WEEK))
   (meetsTemporally ?DAY1 ?DAY2))

(subclass Thursday Day)
(documentation Thursday "The &%Class of all calendar Thursdays.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DAY1 Wednesday)
      (instance ?DAY2 Thursday)
      (instance ?WEEK Week)
      (temporalPart ?DAY1 ?WEEK)
      (temporalPart ?DAY2 ?WEEK))
   (meetsTemporally ?DAY1 ?DAY2))

(subclass Friday Day)
(documentation Friday "The &%Class of all calendar Fridays.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DAY1 Thursday)
      (instance ?DAY2 Friday)
      (instance ?WEEK Week)
      (temporalPart ?DAY1 ?WEEK)
      (temporalPart ?DAY2 ?WEEK))
   (meetsTemporally ?DAY1 ?DAY2))

(subclass Saturday Day)
(documentation Saturday "The &%Class of all calendar Saturdays.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DAY1 Friday)
      (instance ?DAY2 Saturday)
      (instance ?WEEK Week)
      (temporalPart ?DAY1 ?WEEK)
      (temporalPart ?DAY2 ?WEEK))
   (meetsTemporally ?DAY1 ?DAY2))

(subclass Sunday Day)
(documentation Sunday "The &%Class of all calendar Sundays.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DAY1 Saturday)
      (instance ?DAY2 Sunday)
      (instance ?WEEK Week)
      (temporalPart ?DAY1 ?WEEK)
      (temporalPart ?DAY2 ?WEEK))
   (meetsTemporally ?DAY1 ?DAY2))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DAY1 Sunday)
      (instance ?DAY2 Monday)
      (instance ?WEEK1 Week)
      (instance ?WEEK2 Week)
      (temporalPart ?DAY1 ?WEEK1)
      (temporalPart ?DAY2 ?WEEK2)
      (meetsTemporally ?WEEK1 ?WEEK2))
   (meetsTemporally ?DAY1 ?DAY2))

(subclass Week TimeInterval)
(documentation Week "The &%Class of all calendar weeks.")

(=>
   (instance ?WEEK Week)
   (duration ?WEEK WeekDuration))

(subclass Hour TimeInterval)
(relatedInternalConcept Hour HourFn)
(relatedInternalConcept Hour HourDuration)
(documentation Hour "The &%Class of all clock &%Hours.")

(=>
   (instance ?HOUR Hour)
   (duration ?HOUR HourDuration))

(subclass Minute TimeInterval)
(relatedInternalConcept Minute MinuteFn)
(relatedInternalConcept Minute MinuteDuration)
(documentation Minute "The &%Class of all clock &%Minutes.")

(=>
   (instance ?MINUTE Minute)
   (duration ?MINUTE MinuteDuration))

(subclass Second TimeInterval)
(relatedInternalConcept Second SecondDuration)
(relatedInternalConcept Second SecondFn)
(documentation Second "The &%Class of all clock &%Seconds.")

(=>
   (instance ?SECOND Second)
   (duration ?SECOND SecondDuration))

(instance TemporalCompositionFn TemporalRelation)
(instance TemporalCompositionFn BinaryFunction)
(domain TemporalCompositionFn 1 TimeInterval)
(domainSubclass TemporalCompositionFn 2 TimeInterval)
(rangeSubclass TemporalCompositionFn TimeInterval)
(documentation TemporalCompositionFn "The basic &%Function for expressing 
the composition of larger &%TimeIntervals out of smaller &%TimeIntervals.  
For example, if &%ThisSeptember is an &%instance of &%September, 
(&%TemporalCompositionFn &%ThisSeptember &%Day) denotes the &%Class of 
consecutive days that make up &%ThisSeptember.  Note that one can obtain 
the number of instances of this &%Class by using the function &%CardinalityFn.")

(=>
   (equal (TemporalCompositionFn ?INTERVAL ?INTERVAL-TYPE) ?CLASS)
   (forall (?TIME1 ?TIME2)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?TIME1 ?INTERVAL-TYPE)
            (instance ?TIME2 ?CLASS))
         (exists (?DURATION)
            (and 
               (duration ?TIME1 ?DURATION)
               (duration ?TIME2 ?DURATION))))))

(=>
   (equal (TemporalCompositionFn ?INTERVAL ?INTERVAL-TYPE) ?CLASS)
   (forall (?TIME1 ?TIME2)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?TIME1 ?CLASS)
            (instance ?TIME2 ?CLASS)
            (not (equal ?TIME1 ?TIME2)))
         (or
            (meetsTemporally ?TIME1 ?TIME2)
            (meetsTemporally ?TIME2 ?TIME1)
            (earlier ?TIME1 ?TIME2)
            (earlier ?TIME2 ?TIME1)))))

(=>
   (equal (TemporalCompositionFn ?INTERVAL ?INTERVAL-TYPE) ?CLASS)
   (exists (?TIME)
      (and
         (instance ?TIME ?CLASS)
         (starts ?TIME ?INTERVAL))))

(=>
   (equal (TemporalCompositionFn ?INTERVAL ?INTERVAL-TYPE) ?CLASS)
   (exists (?TIME)
      (and
         (instance ?TIME ?CLASS)
         (finishes ?TIME ?INTERVAL))))

(=>
   (equal (TemporalCompositionFn ?INTERVAL ?INTERVAL-TYPE) ?CLASS)
   (forall (?TIME1)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?TIME1 ?CLASS)
            (not (finishes ?TIME1 ?INTERVAL)))
         (exists (?TIME2)
            (and
               (instance ?TIME2 ?CLASS)
               (meetsTemporally ?TIME1 ?TIME2))))))

(=>
   (equal (TemporalCompositionFn ?INTERVAL ?INTERVAL-TYPE) ?CLASS)
   (forall (?TIME1)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?TIME1 ?CLASS)
            (not (starts ?TIME1 ?INTERVAL)))
         (exists (?TIME2)
            (and
               (instance ?TIME2 ?CLASS)
               (meetsTemporally ?TIME2 ?TIME1))))))

(=>
   (equal (TemporalCompositionFn ?INTERVAL ?INTERVAL-TYPE) ?CLASS)
   (forall (?TIME)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?TIME TimePoint)
            (temporalPart ?TIME ?INTERVAL))
         (exists (?INSTANCE)
            (and
               (instance ?INSTANCE ?CLASS)
               (temporalPart ?TIME ?INSTANCE)))))) 

(=>
   (instance ?YEAR Year)
   (equal (CardinalityFn (TemporalCompositionFn ?YEAR &%Month)) 12))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MONTH Month)
      (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn ?NUMBER DayDuration)))
   (equal (CardinalityFn (TemporalCompositionFn ?MONTH &%Day)) ?NUMBER))

(=>
   (instance ?WEEK Week)
   (equal (CardinalityFn (TemporalCompositionFn ?WEEK &%Day)) 7))

(=>
   (instance ?DAY Day)
   (equal (CardinalityFn (TemporalCompositionFn ?DAY &%Hour)) 24))

(=>
   (instance ?HOUR Hour)
   (equal (CardinalityFn (TemporalCompositionFn ?HOUR &%Minute)) 60))

(=>
   (instance ?MINUTE Minute)
   (equal (CardinalityFn (TemporalCompositionFn ?MINUTE &%Second)) 60))


;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; MEREOTOPOLOGY ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'STRUCTURAL ONTOLOGY'
;; INCLUDES 'BASE ONTOLOGY'

;; Most of this content is taken from Barry Smith's and Nicola Guarino's 
;; papers on the subject.

(instance connected BinaryPredicate)
(instance connected SpatialRelation)
(instance connected ReflexiveRelation)
(instance connected SymmetricRelation)
(domain connected 1 Object)
(domain connected 2 Object)
(documentation connected "(connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 
&%meetsSpatially ?OBJ2 or that ?OBJ1 &%overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2.")

(=>
     (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
     (or
          (meetsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
          (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))

(<=> 
	(instance ?OBJ SelfConnectedObject)
	(forall (?PART1 ?PART2)
		(=> 
			(equal ?OBJ (MereologicalSumFn ?PART1 ?PART2))
			(connected ?PART1 ?PART2))))

(instance connects SpatialRelation)
(instance connects TernaryPredicate)
(domain connects 1 SelfConnectedObject)
(domain connects 2 SelfConnectedObject)
(domain connects 3 SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation connects "The relationship between three things, when one of 
the three things connects the other two.  More formally, (&%connects ?OBJ1 
?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) means that (&%connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and (&%connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ3) 
and not (&%connected ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3).")

(<=>
   (connects ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3)
   (and
      (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
      (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ3)
      (not
         (connected ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3))))

(subrelation meetsSpatially connected)
(disjointRelation meetsSpatially overlapsSpatially)
(documentation meetsSpatially "(&%meetsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that 
?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 are &%connected but that neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 
&%overlapsSpatially the other.")

(subrelation overlapsSpatially connected)
(documentation overlapsSpatially "(&%overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means 
that the &%Objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have some parts in common.  This is a 
reflexive and symmetric (but not transitive) relation.")

(<=>
	(overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
     	(exists (?OBJ3)
          	(and
               	(part ?OBJ3 ?OBJ1)
               	(part ?OBJ3 ?OBJ2))))

(=>
     (forall (?OBJ3)
          (=>
               (part ?OBJ3 ?OBJ1)
               (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ3 ?OBJ2)))
     (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))

(=>
   (partlyLocated ?OBJ ?REGION)
   (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ ?REGION))

(=>
   (and
      (member ?OBJ1 ?COLL)
      (member ?OBJ2 ?COLL))
   (not
         (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REL CaseRole)
      (holds ?REL ?PROCESS ?OBJ))
   (exists (?TIME)
      (overlapsSpatially (WhereFn ?PROCESS ?TIME) ?OBJ)))

(instance overlapsPartially SymmetricRelation)
(instance overlapsPartially IrreflexiveRelation)
(subrelation overlapsPartially overlapsSpatially)
(documentation overlapsPartially "(&%overlapsPartially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means 
that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have part(s) in common, but neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 
is a &%part of the other.")

(<=>
   (overlapsPartially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
      (and
         (not (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
         (not (part ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1))
         (exists (?OBJ3)
            (and
               (part ?OBJ3 ?OBJ1)
               (part ?OBJ3 ?OBJ2)))))

(instance superficialPart BinaryPredicate)
(instance superficialPart SpatialRelation)
(subrelation superficialPart part)
(documentation superficialPart "(&%superficialPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) 
means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 that has no interior parts of its own 
(or, intuitively, that only overlaps those parts of ?OBJ2 that are 
externally connected with the mereological complement of ?OBJ2). This too 
is a transitive relation closed under &%MereologicalSumFn and 
&%MereologicalProductFn.")

(=> 
	(superficialPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
	(and
		(not
			(interiorPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
		(not
			(exists (?OBJ3)
				(interiorPart ?OBJ3 ?OBJ1)))))

(subrelation surface superficialPart)
(domain surface 1 SelfConnectedObject)
(domain surface 2 SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation surface "(&%surface ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 
is a maximally connected &%superficialPart of ?OBJ2.  Note that some 
&%SelfConnectedObjects have more than one surface, e.g. a hollow 
object like a tennis ball has both an inner and an outer surface.")

(=> 
   (surface ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
   (forall (?OBJ3)
      (=>
	   (superficialPart ?OBJ3 ?OBJ2)
	   (part ?OBJ3 ?OBJ1))))

(subrelation interiorPart part)
(documentation interiorPart "(&%interiorPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means 
that ?OBJ1 is part ?OBJ2 and there is no overlap between ?OBJ1 and 
any &%superficialPart ?OBJ2.")

(<=>
	(interiorPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
     	(forall (?PART)
               	(=> 
                    	(superficialPart ?PART ?OBJ2)
                    	(not
                         	(overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?PART)))))

(instance MereologicalSumFn SpatialRelation)
(instance MereologicalSumFn BinaryFunction)
(domain MereologicalSumFn 1 Object)
(domain MereologicalSumFn 2 Object)
(range MereologicalSumFn Object)
(relatedInternalConcept MereologicalSumFn MereologicalProductFn)
(relatedInternalConcept MereologicalSumFn MereologicalDifferenceFn)
(documentation MereologicalSumFn "(&%MereologicalSumFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) 
denotes the &%Object consisting of the parts which belong to either 
?OBJ1 or ?OBJ2.") 

(=>
     (equal ?OBJ3 (MereologicalSumFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
     (forall (?PART)
	       (<=>
	            (part ?PART ?OBJ3)
		      (or
	  	           (part ?PART ?OBJ1)
			     (part ?PART ?OBJ2)))))

(instance MereologicalProductFn SpatialRelation)
(instance MereologicalProductFn BinaryFunction)
(domain MereologicalProductFn 1 Object)
(domain MereologicalProductFn 2 Object)
(range MereologicalProductFn Object)
(relatedInternalConcept MereologicalProductFn MereologicalDifferenceFn)
(documentation MereologicalProductFn "(&%MereologicalProductFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) 
denotes the &%Object consisting of the parts which belong to both ?OBJ1 
and ?OBJ2.") 

(=>
     (equal ?OBJ3 (MereologicalProductFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
     (forall (?PART)
	       (<=>
	            (part ?PART ?OBJ3)
		      (and
	  	           (part ?PART ?OBJ1)
			     (part ?PART ?OBJ2)))))

(instance MereologicalDifferenceFn SpatialRelation)
(instance MereologicalDifferenceFn BinaryFunction)
(domain MereologicalDifferenceFn 1 Object)
(domain MereologicalDifferenceFn 2 Object)
(range MereologicalDifferenceFn Object)
(documentation MereologicalDifferenceFn "(&%MereologicalDifferenceFn ?OBJ1 
?OBJ2) denotes the &%Object consisting of the parts which belong to ?OBJ1 
and not to ?OBJ2.") 

(=>
     (equal ?OBJ3 (MereologicalDifferenceFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
     (forall (?PART)
	       (<=>
	            (part ?PART ?OBJ3)
		      (and
	  	           (part ?PART ?OBJ1)
                       (not
			          (part ?PART ?OBJ2))))))
	  
;; What follows is an alignment of Casati and Varzi's formal theory of 
;; holes with the SUMO.

(instance hole BinaryPredicate)
(instance hole SpatialRelation)
(instance hole AsymmetricRelation)
(domain hole 1 Hole)
(domain hole 2 SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation hole "(&%hole ?HOLE ?OBJ) means that ?HOLE is a 
&%Hole in ?OBJ.  A &%Hole is a fillable body located at the 
&%surface an &%Object.")

(subclass Hole Region)
(subclass Hole SelfConnectedObject)
(relatedInternalConcept Hole hole)
(documentation Hole "A hole is an immaterial body located at the surface 
of an &%Object.  Since every &%Hole is ontologically dependent on its host 
(i.e., the object in which it is a hole), being a &%Hole is defined as 
being a &%hole in something.  Note that two &%Holes may occupy the same 
region, or part of the same region, without sharing any parts.")

(<=> 
	(instance ?HOLE Hole)
	(exists (?OBJ)
		(hole ?HOLE ?OBJ)))

(=> 
	(hole ?HOLE ?OBJ)
      (not 
		(instance ?OBJ Hole)))

(=> 
	(hole ?HOLE ?OBJ)
          (not 
		 (overlapsSpatially ?HOLE ?OBJ)))

;; Any two hosts of a hole have a common proper part that entirely hosts 
;; the hole. 

(=> 
	(and 
		(hole ?HOLE ?OBJ1)
            (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ2))
      (exists (?OBJ3)
             (and 
			(properPart ?OBJ3 (MereologicalProductFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
                  (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ3))))

;; A common host of two holes hosts all parts of the sum of those holes.

(=> 
	(and 
		(hole ?HOLE1 ?OBJ)
      	(hole ?HOLE2 ?OBJ))
     	(forall (?HOLE3)
        	(=> 
			(part ?HOLE3 (MereologicalSumFn ?HOLE1 ?HOLE2))
                  (hole ?HOLE3 ?OBJ))))

;; Any object that includes the host of a hole is a host of that hole, 
;; unless its parts also include parts of that very hole.

(=> 
	(and 
		(hole ?HOLE ?OBJ1)
            (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
      (or
		(overlapsSpatially ?HOLE ?OBJ2)
            (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ2)))

;; Overlapping holes have overlapping hosts.

(=> 
	(and 
		(hole ?HOLE1 ?OBJ1)
            (hole ?HOLE2 ?OBJ2)
            (overlapsSpatially ?HOLE1 ?HOLE2))
      (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))

;; No hole is atomic 
            
(=> 
	(instance ?HOLE1 Hole)
      (exists (?HOLE2)
      	(properPart ?HOLE2 ?HOLE1)))

;; Topological Definitions

;; Definition of 'PrincipalHostFn'

(instance PrincipalHostFn SpatialRelation)
(instance PrincipalHostFn UnaryFunction)
(domain PrincipalHostFn 1 Hole)
(range PrincipalHostFn Object)
(documentation PrincipalHostFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%Hole to 
the &%Object which is its principal host.  The principle host of a &%Hole 
is its maximally connected host (a notion taken here to be defined only 
when the argument is a hole).")

(=>
     (equal ?OBJ1 (PrincipalHostFn ?HOLE))
     (forall (?OBJ2)
		(<=> 
			(overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1)
			(exists (?OBJ3)
				(and 
					(hole ?HOLE ?OBJ3)
				      (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3))))))

;; Holes are connected with their hosts.

(=> 
	(hole ?HOLE ?OBJ)
      (connected ?HOLE ?OBJ))

;; No hole can have a proper part that is externally connected 
;; with exactly the same things as the hole itself.

(=> 
	(and 
		(instance ?HOLE1 Hole)
            (properPart ?HOLE2 ?HOLE1))
      (exists (?OBJ)
            (and 
			(meetsSpatially ?HOLE1 ?OBJ)
                  (not 
				(meetsSpatially ?HOLE2 ?OBJ)))))

(instance fills BinaryPredicate)
(instance fills SpatialRelation)
(instance fills AsymmetricRelation)
(subrelation fills completelyFills)
(subrelation fills properlyFills)
(domain fills 1 Object)
(domain fills 2 Hole)
(relatedInternalConcept fills Fillable)
(documentation fills "Holes can be filled.  (&%fills ?OBJ ?HOLE) 
means that the &%Object ?OBJ fills the &%Hole ?HOLE.  Note that 
&%fills here means perfectly filled.")
 
(instance Fillable ShapeProperty)
(documentation Fillable "Something is &%Fillable if it can be filled by 
something else.  Note that 'filled' here means perfectly filled.")

(=>
   (exists (?TIME)
      (holdsDuring ?TIME
         (fills ?OBJ ?HOLE)))
     (attribute ?HOLE Fillable))

;; Something is fillable just in case it is part of a hole; i.e., 
;; fillability is an exclusive property of holes and their parts.

(<=> 
	(attribute ?HOLE1 Fillable)
       	(exists (?HOLE2)
        	(and 
			(instance ?HOLE2 Hole)
                  (part ?HOLE1 ?HOLE2))))

(instance completelyFills BinaryPredicate)
(instance completelyFills SpatialRelation)
(instance completelyFills AsymmetricRelation)
(subrelation completelyFills partiallyFills)
(documentation completelyFills "(&%completelyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) 
means that some &%part of the &%Object ?OBJ fills the &%Hole ?HOLE.  
Note that if (&%completelyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (&%part 
?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (&%completelyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE).")

(=> 
	(completelyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE)
	(exists (?OBJ2)
		(and 
			(part ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1)
			(fills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE))))

(instance partiallyFills BinaryPredicate)
(instance partiallyFills SpatialRelation)
(instance partiallyFills AsymmetricRelation)
(domain partiallyFills 1 Object)
(domain partiallyFills 2 Hole)
(documentation partiallyFills "(&%partiallyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that 
?OBJ &%completelyFills some part of ?HOLE. Note that if (&%partiallyFills 
?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (&%part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (&%partiallyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE). 
Note too that a partial filler need not be wholly inside a hole (it may 
stick out), which means that every complete filler also qualifies as 
(is a limit case of) a partial one.")

(=> 
	(partiallyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE1)
	(exists (?HOLE2)
		(and 
			(part ?HOLE2 ?HOLE1)
			(completelyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE2))))

(instance properlyFills BinaryPredicate)
(instance properlyFills SpatialRelation)
(instance properlyFills AsymmetricRelation)
(subrelation properlyFills partiallyFills)
(domain properlyFills 1 Object)
(domain properlyFills 2 Hole)
(documentation properlyFills "(&%properlyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) 
means that ?HOLE is properly (though perhaps incompletely) filled by 
?OBJ, i.e. some part of ?HOLE is perfectly filled by ?OBJ.  Note that 
&%properlyFills is the dual of &%completelyFills, and is so 
related to &%partiallyFills that ?OBJ &%properlyFills ?HOLE just in 
case ?OBJ &%partiallyFills every part of ?HOLE.  (Thus, every perfect 
filler is both complete and proper in this sense).")

(=> 
	(properlyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE1)
	(exists (?HOLE2)
		(and 
			(part ?HOLE2 ?HOLE1)
			(fills ?OBJ ?HOLE2))))

;; Perfect fillers and fillable entities have no parts in common (rather, 
;; they may occupy the same spatial region).

(=> 
	(and 
		(fills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE)
           	(attribute ?OBJ2 Fillable))
      (not 
		(overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))

;; A complete filler of (a part of) a hole is connected with everything 
;; with which (that part of) the hole itself is connected.

(=> 
   (completelyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE)
      (forall (?OBJ2)
   	   (=> 
	      (connected ?OBJ2 ?HOLE)
            (connected ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1))))

;; Every hole is connected with everything with which a proper filler 
;; of the hole is connected. 

(=> 
	(and 
		(properlyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE)
          	(connected ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1))
     	(connected ?HOLE ?OBJ2))

;; A perfect filler of (a part of) a hole completely fills every proper 
;; part of (that part of) that hole.

(=> 
	(and 
		(fills ?OBJ ?HOLE1)
            (properPart ?HOLE2 ?HOLE1))
     	(completelyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE2))

;; Every proper part of a perfect filler of (a part of) a hole properly 
;; fills (that part of) that hole.

(=> 
	(and 
		(fills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE)
            (properPart ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1))
     	(properlyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE))

(instance SkinFn SpatialRelation)
(instance SkinFn UnaryFunction)
(domain SkinFn 1 Hole)
(range SkinFn Object)
(documentation SkinFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%Hole to the skin 
of the &%Hole.  The skin of a &%Hole is the fusion of those superficial 
parts (see &%superficialPart) of the &%Hole's principal host (see 
&%PrincipalHostFn) with which the &%Hole is externally connected.")

(=>
     (equal ?OBJ1 (SkinFn ?HOLE))
     (forall (?OBJ2)
		(<=> 
			(overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1)
			(exists (?OBJ3)
				(and 
				      (superficialPart ?OBJ3 (PrincipalHostFn ?HOLE))
				      (meetsSpatially ?HOLE ?OBJ3)
				      (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3))))))

;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;    PROCESSES    ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'TEMPORAL CONCEPTS'
;; INCLUDES 'OBJECTS'
;; INCLUDES 'QUALITIES'

(instance subProcess BinaryPredicate)
(instance subProcess PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain subProcess 1 Process)
(domain subProcess 2 Process)
(documentation subProcess "(&%subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC) means that ?SUBPROC 
is a subprocess of ?PROC.  A subprocess is here understood as a temporally 
distinguished part (proper or not) of a &%Process.")

(=>
   (subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC)
      (or
         (equal (WhenFn ?SUBPROC) (WhenFn ?PROC))
         (during (WhenFn ?SUBPROC) (WhenFn ?PROC))))

(=>
   (subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC)
   (forall (?REGION)
      (=>
         (located ?PROC ?REGION)
         (located ?SUBPROC ?REGION))))

;; Each temporal part of a Process exists at some timepoint.

(=> 
	(and 
            (instance ?PROC Process)
            (subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC))
     	(exists (?TIME)
      	    (time ?SUBPROC ?TIME)))
        
;; The following formulas cover the hierarchy of &%Classes under 
;; &%BiologicalProcess.

(subclass BiologicalProcess InternalChange)
(documentation BiologicalProcess "A &%Process embodied in an &%Organism.")

(=>
   (instance ?PROC BiologicalProcess)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (instance ?OBJ Organism)
         (located ?PROC ?OBJ))))

(subclass PhysiologicProcess BiologicalProcess)
(documentation PhysiologicProcess "A normal process of an &%Organism 
or part of an &%Organism.")

(subclass OrganismProcess PhysiologicProcess)
(documentation OrganismProcess "A physiologic function of the 
&%Organism as a whole, of multiple organ systems or of multiple 
&%Organs or &%Tissues.")

(subclass Birth OrganismProcess)
(documentation Birth "The &%Process of being born.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?BIRTH Birth)
      (experiencer ?BIRTH ?AGENT))
   (exists (?DEATH)
      (and
         (instance ?DEATH Death)
         (experiencer ?DEATH ?AGENT))))

(subclass Death OrganismProcess)
(documentation Death "The &%Process of dying.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DEATH Death)
      (experiencer ?DEATH ?AGENT))
   (holdsDuring (FutureFn (WhenFn ?DEATH)) (attribute ?AGENT Dead)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DEATH Death)
      (instance ?BIRTH Birth)
      (experiencer ?DEATH ?AGENT)
      (experiencer ?BIRTH ?AGENT))
   (exists (?TIME)
      (and
         (meetsTemporally (WhenFn ?BIRTH) ?TIME)
         (meetsTemporally ?TIME (WhenFn ?DEATH))
         (holdsDuring ?TIME (attribute ?AGENT Living)))))

(subclass Breathing OrganismProcess)
(documentation Breathing "The &%Process of respiration, by which oxygen 
is made available to an &%Animal.  This covers processes of inhalation, 
exhalation, and alternations between the two.")

(subclass Ingesting OrganismProcess)
(documentation Ingesting "The &%Process by which &%Food is 
incorporated into an &%Animal.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ACT Ingesting)
      (patient ?ACT ?FOOD))
   (instance ?FOOD Food))

(subclass Eating Ingesting)
(documentation Eating "The &%Process by which solid &%Food is 
incorporated into an &%Animal.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ACT Eating)
      (patient ?ACT ?FOOD))
   (attribute ?FOOD Solid))

(subclass Drinking Ingesting)
(documentation Drinking "The &%Process by which liquid &%Food, i.e. 
&%Beverages, are incorporated into an &%Animal.")

(subclass Growth OrganismProcess)
(documentation Growth "The &%Process of biological development in which 
an &%Organism or part of an &%Organism changes its form or its size.")

(subclass Replication OrganismProcess)
(documentation Replication "The &%Process of biological reproduction.  
This can be either a sexual or an asexual process.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REP Replication)
      (agent ?REP ?PARENT)
      (result ?REP ?CHILD))
   (parent ?CHILD ?PARENT)) 

(subclass SexualReproduction Replication)
(disjoint SexualReproduction AsexualReproduction)
(documentation SexualReproduction "Sexual &%Processes of biological 
reproduction.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REP SexualReproduction)
      (result ?REP ?ORGANISM)) 
   (not (exists (?MOTHER ?FATHER)
      (and
         (mother ?ORGANISM ?MOTHER)
         (father ?ORGANISM ?FATHER))))) 

(subclass AsexualReproduction Replication)
(documentation AsexualReproduction "Asexual &%Processes of biological 
reproduction.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REP AsexualReproduction)
      (result ?REP ?ORGANISM)) 
   (not (exists (?PARENT1 ?PARENT2)
      (and
         (parent ?ORGANISM ?PARENT1)
         (parent ?ORGANISM ?PARENT2)
         (not (equal ?PARENT1 ?PARENT2)))))) 

(subclass PsychologicalProcess BiologicalProcess)
(documentation PsychologicalProcess "A &%BiologicalProcess which takes place in 
the mind or brain of an &%Organism and which may be manifested in the behavior 
of the &%Organism.")

(=>
    (instance ?PROCESS PsychologicalProcess)
    (exists (?ANIMAL)
        (and
            (instance ?ANIMAL Animal)
            (experiencer ?PROCESS ?ANIMAL))))

(subclass OrganOrTissueProcess PhysiologicProcess)
(disjoint OrganOrTissueProcess OrganismProcess)
(documentation OrganOrTissueProcess "A &%PhysiologicProcess of a 
particular &%Organ or &%Tissue.")

(=>
    (instance ?PROC OrganOrTissueProcess)
    (exists (?THING)
        (and
            (located ?PROC ?THING)
            (or
                (instance ?THING Organ)
                (instance ?THING Tissue)))))

(subclass PathologicProcess BiologicalProcess)
(disjoint PathologicProcess PhysiologicProcess)
(documentation PathologicProcess "A disordered process, activity, or 
state of the &%Organism as a whole, of a body system or systems, or of 
multiple &%Organs or &%Tissues. Included here are normal responses to a 
negative stimulus as well as patholologic conditions or states that are 
less specific than a disease. Pathologic functions frequently have 
systemic effects.")

(subclass Injuring PathologicProcess)
(subclass Injuring Damaging)
(documentation Injuring "The process of creating a traumatic wound or 
injury.  Since &%Injuring is not possible without some biologic function 
of the organism being injured, it is a subclass of &%BiologicalProcess.")

(=>
    (instance ?INJ Injuring)
    (exists (?STRUCT)
        (and
            (instance ?STRUCT AnatomicalStructure)
            (patient ?INJ ?STRUCT))))

(<=>
   (instance ?INJ Injuring)
   (and
      (instance ?INJ Damaging)
      (patient ?INJ Organism)))

(subclass Poisoning Injuring)
(documentation Poisoning "A &%Poisoning is caused by an external 
substance.  Since &%Poisoning is not possible without some biologic 
function which affects the &%Organism being injured, it is a subclass 
of &%BiologicalProcess.")

(=>
    (instance ?POISON Poisoning)
    (exists (?THING)
        (and
            (patient ?POISON ?THING)
            (or
                (instance ?THING Organism)
                (instance ?THING AnatomicalStructure)))))

(=>
    (instance ?POISON Poisoning)
    (exists (?SUBSTANCE)
        (and
		(instance ?SUBSTANCE BiologicallyActiveSubstance)
            (instrument ?POISON ?SUBSTANCE))))

(subclass IntentionalProcess Process)
(documentation IntentionalProcess "A &%Process that is 
deliberately set in motion by a &%CognitiveAgent.") 

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PROC IntentionalProcess)
      (agent ?PROC ?AGENT))
   (and
      (instance ?AGENT CognitiveAgent)
      (exists (?PURP)
         (hasPurposeForAgent ?PROC ?PURP ?AGENT))))

(=>
   (instance ?PROC IntentionalProcess)
   (exists (?AGENT)
      (and
         (instance ?AGENT CognitiveAgent)
         (agent ?PROC ?AGENT))))

(subclass IntentionalPsychologicalProcess IntentionalProcess)
(subclass IntentionalPsychologicalProcess PsychologicalProcess)
(documentation IntentionalPsychologicalProcess "An &%IntentionalProcess that 
can be realized entirely within the mind or brain of an &%Organism.  Thus, 
for example, &%Reasoning is a subclass of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcess, 
because one can reason simply by exercising one's mind/brain.  On the other 
hand, &%RecreationOrExercise is not a subclass of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcess,
because many instances of &%RecreationOrExercise necessarily have &%subProcesses 
of &%BodyMotion.")

(subclass RecreationOrExercise IntentionalProcess)
(documentation RecreationOrExercise "A &%Process that is carried out for 
the purpose of recreation or exercise.")

(subclass OrganizationalProcess IntentionalProcess)
(documentation OrganizationalProcess "An &%IntentionalProcess that 
is carried out within or by an &%Organization.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ACT OrganizationalProcess)
      (agent ?ACT ?AGENT))
   (or
      (instance ?AGENT Organization)
      (exists (?ORG)
         (and
            (instance ?ORG Organization)
            (member ?AGENT ?ORG)))))

(subclass EducationalProcess OrganizationalProcess)
(documentation EducationalProcess "Any &%Process which occurs in an 
organizational setting and which is intended to result in &%Learning.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?EDUCATION EducationalProcess)
      (patient ?EDUCATION ?PERSON))
   (hasPurpose ?EDUCATION (exists (?LEARN) 
                             (and 
                                (instance ?LEARN Learning) 
                                (patient ?LEARN ?PERSON)))))

(subclass ReligiousProcess OrganizationalProcess)
(documentation ReligiousProcess "An &%OrganizationalProcess that is 
carried out within or by a &%ReligiousOrganization.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ACT ReligiousProcess)
      (agent ?ACT ?AGENT))
   (or
      (instance ?AGENT ReligiousOrganization)
      (exists (?ORG)
         (and
            (member ?AGENT ?ORG)
            (instance ?ORG ReligiousOrganization)))))

(subclass Graduation OrganizationalProcess)
(documentation Graduation "The &%IntentionalProcess of graduating 
from an &%EducationalOrganization.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GRAD Graduation)
      (instance ?ORG EducationalOrganization)
      (agent ?GRAD ?ORG)
      (patient ?GRAD ?PERSON))
   (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?GRAD)) (not (member ?PERSON ?ORG))))

(subclass Matriculation OrganizationalProcess)
(disjoint Matriculation Graduation)
(documentation Graduation "The &%IntentionalProcess of joining an 
&%EducationalOrganization as a student.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MAT Matriculation)
      (instance ?ORG EducationalOrganization)
      (agent ?GRAD ?ORG)
      (patient ?GRAD ?PERSON))
   (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?MAT)) (member ?PERSON ?ORG)))

(subclass PoliticalProcess OrganizationalProcess)
(documentation PoliticalProcess "An &%OrganizationalProcess carried 
out by officially constituted governments or with the aim of overthrowing 
or modifying such a government.") 

(=>
   (instance ?PROC PoliticalProcess)
   (exists (?GOV)
      (and
         (instance ?GOV Government)
         (or
            (agent ?PROC ?GOV)
            (patient ?PROC ?GOV)))))

(subclass MilitaryProcess PoliticalProcess)
(documentation MilitaryProcess "Any &%Process that is carried out by a 
military organization.  Note that this class covers &%Processes, e.g. 
military operations, that are the result of careful planning, as well as 
those which are unscripted.")

(subclass RegulatoryProcess OrganizationalProcess)
(documentation RegulatoryProcess "an &%OrganizationalProcess whose aim is 
the enforcement of rules or regulations.")

(subclass Managing OrganizationalProcess)
(documentation Managing "&%OrganizationalProcesses that involve overseeing 
the activities of others.")

(subclass Hiring OrganizationalProcess)
(documentation Hiring "&%OrganizationalProcesses where someone is made an 
employee of an &%Organization.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?HIRE Hiring)
      (instance ?ORG Organization)
      (agent ?HIRE ?ORG)
      (patient ?HIRE ?PERSON))
   (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?HIRE)) (employs ?ORG ?PERSON)))

(subclass TerminatingEmployment OrganizationalProcess)
(disjoint TerminatingEmployment Hiring)
(documentation TerminatingEmployment "&%OrganizationalProcesses where someone 
ceases to be an employee of an &%Organization.  Note that this covers being 
laid off, being fired, and voluntarily leaving a job.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?FIRE TerminatingEmployment)
      (instance ?ORG Organization)
      (agent ?FIRE ?ORG)
      (patient ?FIRE ?PERSON))
   (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?FIRE)) (not (employs ?ORG ?PERSON))))

(subclass Planning IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Planning "Specifying a set of actions in order to meet a 
set of goals or objectives.")

(subclass QuantityChange InternalChange)
(partition QuantityChange Increasing Decreasing)
(documentation QuantityChange "Any &%InternalChange where a &%PhysicalQuantity 
associated with the &%patient is altered.")

(subclass Increasing QuantityChange)
(relatedInternalConcept Increasing Putting)
(documentation Increasing "Any &%QuantityChange where the &%PhysicalQuantity 
is increased.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?INCREASE Increasing)
      (patient ?INCREASE ?OBJ))
   (exists (?UNIT ?QUANT1 ?QUANT2)
   	(and
         (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?INCREASE)) (equal (MeasureFn ?OBJ ?UNIT) ?QUANT1))
	   (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?INCREASE)) (equal (MeasureFn ?OBJ ?UNIT) ?QUANT2))
	   (greaterThan ?QUANT2 ?QUANT1))))

(subclass Heating Increasing)
(disjoint Heating Cooling)
(documentation Heating "Any &%Increasing &%Process where the &%PhysicalQuantity 
increased is a &%TemperatureMeasure.") 

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?HEAT Heating)
      (patient ?HEAT ?OBJ))
   (exists (?UNIT ?QUANT1 ?QUANT2)
   	(and
         (instance ?UNIT TemperatureMeasure)
         (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?HEAT)) (equal (MeasureFn ?OBJ ?UNIT) ?QUANT1))
	   (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?HEAT)) (equal (MeasureFn ?OBJ ?UNIT) ?QUANT2))
	   (greaterThan ?QUANT2 ?QUANT1))))

(subclass Decreasing QuantityChange)
(relatedInternalConcept Decreasing Removing)
(documentation Decreasing "Any &%QuantityChange where the &%PhysicalQuantity 
is decreased.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DECREASE Decreasing)
      (patient ?DECREASE ?OBJ))
   (exists (?UNIT ?QUANT1 ?QUANT2)
   	(and
         (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?DECREASE)) (equal (MeasureFn ?OBJ ?UNIT) ?QUANT1))
	   (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?DECREASE)) (equal (MeasureFn ?OBJ ?UNIT) ?QUANT2))
	   (lessThan ?QUANT2 ?QUANT1)))) 

(subclass Cooling Decreasing)
(documentation Cooling "Any &%Decreasing &%Process where the &%PhysicalQuantity 
decreased is a &%TemperatureMeasure.") 

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?COOL Cooling)
      (patient ?COOL ?OBJ))
   (exists (?UNIT ?QUANT1 ?QUANT2)
   	(and
         (instance ?UNIT TemperatureMeasure)
         (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?COOL)) (equal (MeasureFn ?OBJ ?UNIT) ?QUANT1))
	   (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?COOL)) (equal (MeasureFn ?OBJ ?UNIT) ?QUANT2))
	   (lessThan ?QUANT2 ?QUANT1)))) 

(subclass Motion Process)
(documentation Motion "Any &%Process of movement.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MOTION Motion)
      (patient ?MOTION ?OBJ)
      (origin ?MOTION ?PLACE))
   (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?MOTION)) (located ?OBJ ?PLACE)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MOTION Motion)
      (patient ?MOTION ?OBJ)
      (destination ?MOTION ?PLACE))
   (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?MOTION)) (located ?OBJ ?PLACE)))

(instance path CaseRole)
(domain path 1 Motion)
(domain path 2 Region)
(documentation path "(&%path ?MOTION ?PATH) means that ?PATH is a route 
along which ?MOTION occurs.  For example, Highway 101 is the path in the 
following proposition:  the car drove up Highway 101.")

(=>
   (and
      (path ?PROCESS ?PATH1)
      (origin ?PROCESS ?SOURCE)
      (destination ?PROCESS ?DEST)
      (length ?PATH1 ?MEASURE1)
      (not
         (exists (?PATH2 ?MEASURE2)
            (and
               (path ?PROCESS ?PATH2)
               (origin ?PROCESS ?ORIGIN)
               (destination ?PROCESS ?DEST)
               (length ?PATH2 ?MEASURE2)
               (lessThan ?MEASURE2 ?MEASURE1)))))
   (forall (?OBJ)
      (=>
         (part ?OBJ ?PATH1)
         (between ?SOURCE ?OBJ ?DEST))))

(subclass BodyMotion Motion)
(documentation BodyMotion "Any &%Motion where the &%agent is an &%Organism 
and the &%patient is a &%BodyPart.")

(=>
   (instance ?MOTION BodyMotion)
   (exists (?OBJ ?AGENT)
      (and
         (instance ?OBJ BodyPart)
         (patient ?MOTION ?OBJ)
         (instance ?AGENT Organism)
         (agent ?MOTION ?AGENT))))

(subclass Walking BodyMotion)
(documentation Walking "Any &%BodyMotion which is accomplished by 
means of the legs of an &%Organism on land for the purpose of moving 
from one point to another.") 

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?WALK Walking)
      (agent ?WALK ?AGENT))
   (exists (?AREA)
      (and
         (instance ?AREA LandArea)
         (located ?AGENT ?AREA))))

(subclass Swimming BodyMotion)
(documentation Swimming "Any deliberate and controlled &%BodyMotion 
through water that is accomplished by an &%Organism.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SWIM Swimming)
      (agent ?SWIM ?AGENT))
   (exists (?AREA)
      (and
         (instance ?AREA WaterArea)
         (located ?AGENT ?AREA))))

(subclass Dancing BodyMotion)
(documentation Dancing "Any &%BodyMotion of &%Humans which is 
deliberately coordinated with music.")

(subclass DirectionChange Motion)
(documentation DirectionChange "The act of changing the direction in 
which the &%patient of the act is oriented.")

(=>
   (instance ?PROC DirectionChange)
   (exists (?ATTR)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTR DirectionalAttribute)
         (or
            (and
               (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?PROC)) (attribute ?PROC ?ATTR))
               (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?PROC)) (not (attribute ?PROC ?ATTR))))
            (and
               (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?PROC)) (attribute ?PROC ?ATTR))
               (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?PROC)) (not (attribute ?PROC ?ATTR))))))))

(subclass Transfer Motion)
(documentation Transfer "Any &%instance of &%Motion where the &%agent 
of the &%Motion and the &%patient of the &%Motion are not the same 
thing.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?TRANSFER Transfer)
      (agent ?TRANSFER ?AGENT)
      (patient ?TRANSFER ?PATIENT))
   (not
      (equal ?AGENT ?PATIENT)))

(subclass Removing Transfer)
(documentation Removing "The &%Class of &%Processes where something is 
taken away from a location.  Note that the thing removed and the location 
are specified with the &%CaseRoles &%patient and &%origin, respectively.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REMOVE Removing)
      (origin ?REMOVE ?PLACE)
      (patient ?REMOVE ?OBJ))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?REMOVE)) (located ?OBJ ?PLACE))
      (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?REMOVE)) (not (located ?OBJ ?PLACE)))))

(subclass Uncovering Removing) 
(disjoint Uncovering Covering) 
(documentation Uncovering "The &%Class of &%Removing processes where the &%agent 
uncovers the &%patient, either completely or only partially.") 

(subclass Putting Transfer)
(documentation Putting "The &%Class of &%Processes where something is put 
in a location.  Note that the location is specified with the &%CaseRole 
&%destination.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PUT Putting)
      (destination ?PUT ?PLACE)
      (patient ?PUT ?OBJ))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?PUT)) (not (located ?OBJ ?PLACE)))
      (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?PUT)) (located ?OBJ ?PLACE))))

(subclass Covering Putting) 
(documentation Covering "The &%Class of &%Putting processes where the &%agent 
covers the &%patient, either completely or only partially, with something 
else.") 

(subclass Substituting Transfer)
(subclass Substituting DualObjectProcess)
(documentation Substituting "The &%Class of &%Transfers where one thing is 
replaced with something else.")

(=>
   (instance ?SUB Substituting)
   (exists (?PUT ?REMOVE ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?PLACE)
      (and
         (instance ?PUT Putting)
         (instance ?REMOVE Removing)
         (subProcess ?PUT ?SUB)
         (subProcess ?REMOVE ?SUB)
         (patient ?REMOVE ?OBJ1)
         (origin ?REMOVE ?PLACE)
         (patient ?PUT ?OBJ2)
         (destination ?PUT ?PLACE)
         (not (equal ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))))

(subclass Impelling Transfer)
(documentation Impelling "The &%subclass of &%Transfer where the &%patient 
travels through space by means of a sudden, forceful event.  Some examples 
would be shooting, throwing, tossing, etc.")

(subclass Shooting Impelling)
(documentation Shooting "The &%subclass of &%Impelling where the &%patient 
is a projectile that is fired through the air by means of some sort of 
&%Device.")

(subclass Touching Transfer)
(documentation Touching "Any &%Transfer where two &%Objects are 
brought into immediate physical contact with one another.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?TOUCH Touching)
      (agent ?TOUCH ?OBJ1)
      (patient ?TOUCH ?OBJ2))
   (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?TOUCH)) (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))

(subclass Impacting Touching)
(documentation Impacting "Any &%Touching where something comes into 
sudden, forceful, physical contact with something else.  Some examples 
would be striking, knocking, whipping etc.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?IMPACT Impacting)
      (patient ?IMPACT ?OBJ))
   (exists (?IMPEL)
      (and
         (instance ?IMPEL Impelling)
         (patient ?IMPEL ?OBJ)
         (earlier (WhenFn ?IMPEL) (WhenFn ?IMPACT)))))

(subclass Transportation Motion)
(relatedInternalConcept Transportation TransportationDevice)
(documentation Transportation "&%Motion from one point to another by means 
of a &%TransportationDevice.")

(=>
   (instance ?TRANS Transportation)
   (exists (?DEVICE)
         (and
            (instance ?DEVICE TransportationDevice)
            (instrument ?TRANS ?DEVICE))))

(subclass Guiding IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Guiding "Any &%IntentionalProcess where the &%agent tries to 
direct the movements of another &%Object, whether an &%Agent or not.")

(subclass Steering Guiding)
(documentation Steering "Controlling the direction and/or speed of a 
&%TransportationDevice.  This includes navigating a ship, driving a car 
or truck, operating a train, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?STEER Steering)
   (exists (?VEHICLE)
      (and
         (instance ?VEHICLE TransportationDevice)
         (patient ?STEER ?VEHICLE))))

(subclass ChangeOfPossession SocialInteraction)
(relatedInternalConcept ChangeOfPossession possesses)
(documentation ChangeOfPossession "The &%Class of &%Processes where 
ownership of something is transferred from one &%Agent to another.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?CHANGE ChangeOfPossession)
      (patient ?CHANGE ?OBJ)
      (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?CHANGE)) (possesses ?AGENT1 ?OBJ))
      (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?CHANGE)) (possesses ?AGENT2 ?OBJ)))
   (not
      (equal ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)))

(subclass Giving ChangeOfPossession)
(documentation Giving "The &%subclass of &%ChangeOfPossession where the 
&%agent gives the &%destination something.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GIVE Giving)
      (agent ?GIVE ?AGENT1)
      (destination ?GIVE ?AGENT2)
      (instance ?AGENT2 Agent)
      (patient ?GIVE ?OBJ))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?GIVE)) (possesses ?AGENT1 ?OBJ))
      (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?GIVE)) (possesses ?AGENT2 ?OBJ))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GIVE Giving)
      (agent ?GIVE ?AGENT1)
      (destination ?GIVE ?AGENT2)
      (instance ?AGENT2 Agent)
      (patient ?GIVE ?OBJ))
   (exists (?GET)
      (and
         (instance ?GET Getting)
         (agent ?GET ?AGENT2)
         (origin ?GET ?AGENT1)
         (patient ?GET ?OBJ))))

(subclass UnilateralGiving Giving)
(documentation UnilateralGiving "Any instance of &%Giving that is not part 
of a &%Transaction.  In other words, any instance of &%Giving where nothing 
is received in return.  Some examples of &%UnilateralGiving are:  honorary 
awards, gifts, and financial grants.")

(=>
   (instance ?GIVE UnilateralGiving)
   (not
      (exists (?TRANS)
         (and
            (instance ?TRANS Transaction)
            (subProcess ?GIVE ?TRANS)))))

(subclass Lending Giving)
(documentation Lending "The &%subclass of &%Giving &%Processes where 
the &%agent gives the &%destination something for a limited period of 
time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with 
interest).")

(<=>
   (and
      (instance ?BORROW Borrowing)
      (agent ?BORROW ?AGENT1)
      (origin ?BORROW ?AGENT2)
      (patient ?BORROW ?OBJECT))
   (and 
      (instance ?LEND Lending)
      (agent ?LEND ?AGENT2)
      (destination ?LEND ?AGENT1)
      (patient ?LEND ?OBJECT)))

(subclass Getting ChangeOfPossession)
(documentation Getting "The &%subclass of &%ChangeOfPossession where the
&%agent gets something.  Note that the source from which something is 
obtained is specified with the &%origin &%CaseRole.")

(subclass UnilateralGetting Getting)
(relatedInternalConcept UnilateralGetting UnilateralGiving)
(documentation UnilateralGetting "Any instance of &%Getting that is not part 
of a &%Transaction.  In other words, any instance of &%Getting where nothing 
is given in return.  Some examples of &%UnilateralGetting are:  appropriating, 
commandeering, stealing, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?GET UnilateralGetting)
   (not
      (exists (?TRANS)
         (and
            (instance ?TRANS Transaction)
            (subProcess ?GET ?TRANS)))))

(subclass Borrowing Getting)
(documentation Borrowing "The &%subclass of &%Getting &%Processes where 
the &%agent gets something for a limited period of time with the expectation 
that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest).")

(subclass Transaction ChangeOfPossession)
(subclass Transaction DualObjectProcess)
(documentation Transaction "The &%subclass of &%ChangeOfPossession where 
something is exchanged for something else.")

(=>
   (instance ?TRANS Transaction)
   (exists (?AGENT1 ?AGENT2 ?GIVE1 ?GIVE2 ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
      (and
         (instance ?GIVE1 Giving)
         (instance ?GIVE2 Giving)
	   (subProcess ?GIVE1 ?TRANS)
   	   (subProcess ?GIVE2 ?TRANS)
         (agent ?GIVE1 ?AGENT1)
         (agent ?GIVE2 ?AGENT2)
         (patient ?GIVE1 ?OBJ1)
         (patient ?GIVE2 ?OBJ2)
         (destination ?GIVE1 ?AGENT2)
         (destination ?GIVE2 ?AGENT1)
         (not
            (equal ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2))
         (not
            (equal ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))))

(subclass FinancialTransaction Transaction)
(documentation FinancialTransaction "A &%Transaction where an instance 
of &%CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for something else.")

(=>
   (instance ?TRANS FinancialTransaction)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (patient ?TRANS ?OBJ)
         (instance ?OBJ Currency))))

(subclass Betting FinancialTransaction)
(documentation Betting "A &%FinancialTransaction where an instance of 
&%CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for the possibility of winning a larger 
instance of &%CurrencyMeasure within the context of some sort of 
&%Game.")

(subclass Buying FinancialTransaction)
(relatedInternalConcept Buying Selling)
(documentation Buying "A &%FinancialTransaction in which an instance of 
&%CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for an instance of &%Physical.")

(subclass Selling FinancialTransaction)
(documentation Selling "A &%FinancialTransaction in which an instance of 
&%Physical is exchanged for an instance of &%CurrencyMeasure.")

(<=>
   (and
      (instance ?BUY Buying)
      (agent ?BUY ?AGENT1)
      (origin ?BUY ?AGENT2)
      (patient ?BUY ?OBJECT))
   (and 
      (instance ?SELL Selling)
      (agent ?SELL ?AGENT2)
      (destination ?SELL ?AGENT1)
      (patient ?SELL ?OBJECT)))

(subclass Learning IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Learning "The &%Class of &%Processes which relate to the 
acquisition of information.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?LEARN Learning)
      (agent ?LEARN ?AGENT))
   (instance ?AGENT CognitiveAgent))

(=>
   (holdsDuring ?TIME
      (exists (?LEARN)
         (and
            (instance ?LEARN Learning)
            (agent ?LEARN ?AGENT)
            (patient ?LEARN ?PROP))))
   (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn ?TIME)
      (believes ?AGENT ?PROP)))

(subclass Classifying IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Classifying "The &%Class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses 
which involve attaching a name or category to a thing or set of things.  
Note that &%Classifying is distinguished from &%Learning by the fact 
that the latter covers the acquisition by a &%CognitiveAgent of any 
&%Proposition, while the former involves the assignment of a label 
or category.")

(subclass Reasoning IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Reasoning "The &%Class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses 
which involve concluding, on the basis of either deductive or inductive 
evidence, that a particular &%Proposition or &%Sentence is true.")

(=>
   (instance ?AGENT CognitiveAgent)
   (capability Reasoning agent ?AGENT))

(subclass Selecting IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Selecting "The &%Class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses 
which involve opting for one or more &%Entity out of a larger set of &%Entities.")

(subclass Comparing IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(subclass Comparing DualObjectProcess)
(documentation Comparing "The &%Class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses 
which involve comparing, relating, contrasting, etc. the properties of 
two or more &%Entities.")

(subclass Calculating IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Calculating "&%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve 
the consideration and/or manipulation of instances of &%Quantity.")

(subclass Measuring Calculating)
(documentation Measuring "The &%Class of &%Calculating &%Processes where 
the aim is to determine the &%PhysicalQuantity of some aspect of the &%patient.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MEAS Measuring)
      (agent ?MEAS ?AGENT)
      (patient ?MEAS ?OBJ))
   (exists (?QUANT ?UNIT)
      (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?MEAS))
         (knows ?AGENT (measure ?OBJ (MeasureFn ?QUANT ?UNIT))))))

(subclass Counting Calculating)
(documentation Counting "Enumerating something.  The &%Class of &%Calculating 
&%Processes where the aim is to determine the &%Number corresponding to the 
&%patient.") 

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?COUNT Counting)
      (agent ?COUNT ?AGENT)
      (patient ?COUNT ?ENTITY))
   (exists (?NUMBER)
      (knows ?AGENT (equal (CardinalityFn ?ENTITY) ?NUMBER))))

(subclass Predicting IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Predicting "The &%Class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses 
which involve the formulation of a &%Proposition about a state of affairs 
which might be realized in the future.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PREDICT Predicting)
      (patient ?PREDICT ?FORMULA))
   (exists (?TIME)
      (and
         (holdsDuring ?TIME ?FORMULA)
         (or
            (before ?TIME (WhenFn ?PREDICT))
            (earlier ?TIME (WhenFn ?PREDICT))))))

(subclass Remembering PsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Remembering "The &%Class of &%PsychologicalProcesses which 
involve the recollection of prior experiences and/or of knowledge 
which was previously acquired.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REMEMBER Remembering)
      (patient ?REMEMBER ?FORMULA))
   (exists (?TIME)
      (and
         (holdsDuring ?TIME ?FORMULA)
         (or
            (before (WhenFn ?REMEMBER) ?TIME)
            (earlier (WhenFn ?REMEMBER) ?TIME)))))

(subclass Keeping IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Keeping "The &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent 
keeps something in a particular location for an extended period of time.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?KEEP Keeping)
      (agent ?KEEP ?AGENT)
      (patient ?KEEP ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PUT)
      (and
         (instance ?PUT Putting)
         (agent ?PUT ?AGENT)
         (patient ?PUT ?OBJ)
         (earlier (WhenFn ?PUT) (WhenFn ?KEEP)))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?KEEP Keeping)
      (patient ?KEEP ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PLACE)
      (forall (?TIME)
         (=>
            (temporalPart ?TIME (WhenFn ?KEEP))
            (holdsDuring ?TIME (located ?OBJ ?PLACE))))))

(subclass Confining Keeping)
(documentation Confining "The &%Class of &%Keeping &%Processes where the 
&%patient is &%Human and is kept against his/her will.  This covers 
imprisonment, being jailed, held in custody, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?CONFINE Confining)
   (exists (?HUMAN)
      (and
         (instance ?HUMAN Human)
         (patient ?CONFINE ?HUMAN))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?CONFINE Confining)
      (patient ?CONFINE ?PERSON))
   (not (desires ?PERSON (patient ?CONFINE ?PERSON))))

(subclass Maintaining IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Maintaining "The &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent 
cares for or maintains the &%Object.")

(subclass Repairing IntentionalProcess)
(relatedInternalConcept Repairing Maintaining)
(documentation Repairing "The &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent 
makes a modification or series of modifications to an &%Object that is not 
functioning as intended so that it works properly.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REPAIR Repairing)
      (patient ?REPAIR ?OBJ))
   (exists (?DAMAGE)
      (and
         (instance ?DAMAGE Damaging)
         (patient ?DAMAGE ?OBJ)
         (earlier (WhenFn ?DAMAGE) (WhenFn ?REPAIR)))))

(subclass TherapeuticProcess Repairing)
(documentation TherapeuticProcess "A &%Process that is carried out 
for the purpose of curing, improving or reducing the pain associated 
with a &%DiseaseOrSyndrome.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PROC TherapeuticProcess) 
      (patient ?PROC ?BIO))
   (or
      (instance ?BIO Organism)
      (exists (?ORG)
         (and
            (instance ?ORG Organism)
            (part ?BIO ?ORG)))))

(subclass Surgery TherapeuticProcess)
(documentation Surgery "Any &%TherapeuticProcess that involves making an 
incision in the &%Animal that is the &%patient of the &%TherapeuticProcess.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ACT Surgery)
      (patient ?ACT ?ANIMAL))
   (exists (?SUBACT)
      (and
         (instance ?SUBACT Cutting)
         (instance ?ANIMAL Animal)
         (patient ?ANIMAL ?CUTTING)
         (subProcess ?SUBACT ?ACT))))

(subclass Damaging InternalChange)
(disjoint Damaging Repairing)
(documentation Damaging "The &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent 
brings about a situation where the &%patient no longer functions normally 
or as intended.")

(subclass Destruction Damaging)
(documentation Destruction "The &%subclass of &%Damagings in which 
the &%patient (or an essential element of the &%patient) is destroyed.  
Note that the difference between this concept and its superclass is solely 
one of extent.")

(<=>
   (instance ?PROCESS Destruction)
   (exists (?PATIENT)
      (and 
         (patient ?PROCESS ?PATIENT)
         (time ?PATIENT (ImmediatePastFn(WhenFn ?PROCESS))) 
         (not 
            (time ?PATIENT (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?PROCESS)))))))

(subclass Killing Destruction)
(documentation Killing "The &%subclass of &%Destruction in which the 
death of an &%Organism is caused by an &%Organism.  Note that in cases 
of suicide the &%Organism would be the same in both cases.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?KILL Killing)
      (agent ?KILL ?AGENT)
      (patient ?KILL ?PATIENT))
   (and
      (instance ?AGENT Organism)
      (instance ?PATIENT Organism)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?KILL Killing)
      (patient ?KILL ?PATIENT))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?KILL)) (attribute ?PATIENT Living))
      (holdsDuring (FutureFn (WhenFn ?KILL)) (attribute ?PATIENT Dead))))

(subclass Poking IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Poking "The &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent
pierces the surface of the &%Object with an &%instrument.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?POKE Poking)
      (agent ?POKE ?AGENT)
      (patient ?POKE ?OBJ)
      (instrument ?POKE ?INST))
   (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?POKE) (connects ?INST ?AGENT ?OBJ)))

(subclass Cutting Poking)
(documentation Cutting "The &%subclass of &%Poking &%Processes which 
involve a sharp &%instrument.") 

(subclass Attaching DualObjectProcess)
(disjoint Attaching Detaching)
(relatedInternalConcept Attaching Putting)
(documentation Attaching "A &%Process where one &%Object becomes attached 
to another &%Object.  Note that this differs from &%Putting in that two 
things which are attached may already be in the same location.")

(=>
   (and 
      (instance ?ATTACH Attaching)
      (patient ?ATTACH ?OBJ1)
      (patient ?ATTACH ?OBJ2))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?ATTACH)) (not (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))
      (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?ATTACH)) (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))) 

(subclass Detaching DualObjectProcess)
(documentation Detaching "A &%Process where the &%agent detaches one thing 
from something else.  Note that this is different from &%Removing in that 
neither of the two things which are detached may be removed from the location 
where it was attached.") 

 (=>
   (and 
      (instance ?DETACH Detaching)
      (patient ?DETACH ?OBJ1)
      (patient ?DETACH ?OBJ2))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?DETACH)) (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
      (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?DETACH)) (not (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))))

(subclass Combining DualObjectProcess)
(documentation Combining "A &%Process where two or more things are combined 
into a single thing.")

(<=>
   (and 
      (instance ?COMBINE Combining)
      (resource ?COMBINE ?OBJ1)
      (result ?COMBINE ?OBJ2))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?COMBINE)) (not (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))
      (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?COMBINE)) (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))))

(subclass Separating DualObjectProcess)
(disjoint Separating Combining)
(documentation Separating "A &%Process where something is disassembled 
into (some of) its parts.")

(subclass ChemicalProcess InternalChange) 
(documentation ChemicalProcess "A &%ChemicalProcess occurs whenever 
chemical compounds (&%CompoundSubstances) are formed or decomposed.  
For example, reactants disappear as chemical change occurs, and products 
appear as chemical change occurs.  In a chemical change a chemical 
reaction takes place.  Catalysts in a &%ChemicalProcess may speed up the 
reaction, but aren't themselves produced or consumed.  Examples: rusting of 
iron and the decomposition of water, induced by an electric current, to 
gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen.") 

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PROC ChemicalProcess)
      (or
         (resource ?PROC ?STUFF)
         (result ?PROC ?STUFF)))
   (instance ?STUFF PureSubstance))
   
(subclass ChemicalSynthesis ChemicalProcess)
(subclass ChemicalSynthesis Combining) 
(documentation ChemicalSynthesis "The &%Class of &%ChemicalProcesses in 
which a &%CompoundSubstance is formed from simpler reactants.") 

(=>
   (and
      (resource ?PROC ?SUBSTANCE1)
      (result ?PROC ?SUBSTANCE2)
      (instance ?SUBSTANCE1 ElementalSubstance)
      (instance ?SUBSTANCE2 CompoundSubstance))
   (instance ?PROC ChemicalSynthesis))

(<=> 
   (instance ?COMPOUND CompoundSubstance) 
   (exists (?ELEMENT1 ?ELEMENT2 ?PROCESS) 
      (and 
         (instance ?ELEMENT1 ElementalSubstance) 
         (instance ?ELEMENT2 ElementalSubstance) 
         (not (equal ?ELEMENT1 ?ELEMENT2)) 
 	   (instance ?PROCESS ChemicalSynthesis)
         (resource ?PROCESS ?ELEMENT1)
         (resource ?PROCESS ?ELEMENT2)
         (result ?PROCESS ?COMPOUND))))

(subclass ChemicalDecomposition ChemicalProcess) 
(subclass ChemicalDecomposition Separating)
(documentation ChemicalDecomposition "The &%Class of &%ChemicalProcesses 
in which a &%CompoundSubstance breaks down into simpler products.")

(=>
   (and
      (resource ?PROC ?SUBSTANCE1)
      (result ?PROC ?SUBSTANCE2)
      (instance ?SUBSTANCE1 CompoundSubstance)
      (instance ?SUBSTANCE2 ElementalSubstance))
   (instance ?PROC ChemicalDecomposition))

(subclass Combustion ChemicalDecomposition)
(documentation Combustion "The &%Class of &%ChemicalProcesses in which an &%Object 
reacts with oxygen and gives off heat.  This includes all &%Processes in which 
something is burning.")

(=>
   (instance ?COMBUSTION Combustion)
   (exists (?HEAT ?LIGHT)
      (and
         (instance ?HEAT Heating)
         (instance ?LIGHT RadiatingLight)
         (subProcess ?HEAT ?COMBUSTION)
         (subProcess ?LIGHT ?COMBUSTION))))

(subclass InternalChange Process)
(documentation InternalChange "&%Processes which involve altering an internal 
property of an &%Object, e.g. the shape of the &%Object, its coloring, its 
structure, etc.  &%Processes that are not instances of this class include 
changes that only affect the relationship to other objects, e.g. changes in 
spatial or temporal location.") 

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?CHANGE InternalChange)
      (patient ?CHANGE ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PROPERTY)
      (or
         (and
            (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?CHANGE)) (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY))
            (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?CHANGE)) (not (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY))))
         (and
            (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?CHANGE)) (not (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY)))
            (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?CHANGE)) (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY))))))

(subclass SurfaceChange InternalChange)
(documentation SurfaceChange "&%Processes which involve altering 
the properties that apply to the surface of an &%Object.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ALT SurfaceChange)
      (patient ?ALT ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PART ?PROPERTY)
      (and
         (superficialPart ?PART ?OBJ)
         (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?ALT)) (attribute ?PART ?PROPERTY))
         (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?ALT)) (not (attribute ?PART ?PROPERTY)))))) 

(subclass ShapeChange Process) 
(documentation ShapeChange "The &%Process of changing the shape of an &%Object.") 

(=> 
   (and 
      (instance ?ALT ShapeChange) 
      (patient ?ALT ?OBJ)) 
   (exists (?PROPERTY) 
      (and 
         (instance ?PROPERTY ShapeAttribute) 
         (or 
            (and 
               (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?ALT)) (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY)) 
               (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?ALT)) (not (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY)))) 
            (and 
               (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?ALT)) (not (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY))) 
               (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?ALT)) (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY))))))) 

(subclass Coloring SurfaceChange)
(documentation Coloring "The &%subclass of &%SurfaceChange where a 
&%ColorAttribute of the &%patient is altered.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?COLORING Coloring)
      (patient ?COLORING ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PROPERTY)
      (and
         (instance ?PROPERTY ColorAttribute)
         (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?COLORING)) (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY))
         (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?COLORING)) (not (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY)))))) 

(subclass ContentDevelopment IntentionalProcess)
(documentation ContentDevelopment "A &%subclass of &%IntentionalProcess in 
which content is modified, its form is altered or it is created anew.")

(=>
   (instance ?DEVELOP ContentDevelopment)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (instance ?OBJ ContentBearingObject)
         (patient ?DEVELOP ?OBJ))))

(subclass Reading ContentDevelopment)
(documentation Reading "A &%subclass of &%ContentDevelopment in which 
content is converted from a written form into a spoken or mental representation.")

(=>
   (instance ?READ Reading)
   (exists (?TEXT ?PROP)
      (and
         (instance ?TEXT Text)
         (containsInformation ?TEXT ?PROP)
         (realization ?READ ?PROP))))

(subclass Writing ContentDevelopment)
(documentation Writing "A &%subclass of &%ContentDevelopment in which 
content is converted from one form (e.g. uttered, written or represented 
mentally) into a written form.  Note that this class covers both 
transcription and original creation of written &%Texts.")

(subclass Encoding Writing)
(documentation Encoding "Converting a document or message into a formal 
language or into a code that can be understood only by a relatively small 
body of &%Agents.  Generally speaking, this hinders wide dissemination of 
the content in the original document or message.")

(subclass Decoding Writing)
(disjoint Decoding Encoding)
(documentation Decoding "Converting a document or message that has previously 
been encoded (see &%Encoding) into a &%Language that can be understood by a 
relatively large number of speakers.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DECODE Decoding)
      (patient ?DECODE ?DOC1)) 
   (exists (?ENCODE ?DOC2 ?TIME)
      (and
         (containsInformation ?DOC2 ?PROP)
         (containsInformation ?DOC1 ?PROP)
 	   (temporalPart ?TIME (PastFn (WhenFn ?DECODE))) 
         (holdsDuring ?TIME 
            (and
               (instance ?ENCODE Encoding) 
               (patient ?ENCODE ?DOC2))))))

(subclass Wetting Combining)
(documentation Wetting "The &%Class of &%Processes where a &%Liquid is 
added to an &%Object.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?WET Wetting)
      (patient ?WET ?OBJ))
   (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?WET))
      (or
         (attribute ?OBJ Wet)
         (attribute ?OBJ Damp))))

(=>
   (instance ?WET Wetting)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (attribute ?OBJ Liquid)
         (patient ?WET ?OBJ))))

(subclass Drying Separating)
(documentation Drying "The &%Class of &%Processes where a &%Liquid is removed 
from an &%Object.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DRY Drying)
      (patient ?DRY ?OBJ))
   (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?DRY))
      (attribute ?OBJ Dry)))

(subclass Creation InternalChange)
(relatedInternalConcept Creation Destruction)
(documentation Creation "The &%subclass of &%Process in which 
something is created.  Note that the thing created is specified 
with the &%result &%CaseRole.")

(=>
   (instance ?ACTION Creation)
   (exists (?RESULT)
      (result ?ACTION ?RESULT)))

(<=>
   (instance ?PROCESS Creation)
   (exists (?PATIENT)
      (and 
         (patient ?PROCESS ?PATIENT)
         (time ?PATIENT (ImmediateFutureFn(WhenFn ?PROCESS))) 
         (not 
            (time ?PATIENT (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?PROCESS)))))))

(subclass Making Creation)
(subclass Making IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Making "The &%subclass of &%Creation in which an individual 
&%Artifact or a type of &%Artifact is made.")

(=>
   (instance ?MAKE Making)
   (exists (?ARTIFACT)
      (and
         (instance ?ARTIFACT Artifact)
         (result ?MAKE ?ARTIFACT))))

(subclass Constructing Making)
(documentation Constructing "The &%subclass of &%Making in which a 
&%StationaryArtifact is built.")

(<=>
   (exists (?BUILD)
      (and
         (instance ?BUILD Constructing)
         (result ?BUILD ?ARTIFACT)))
   (instance ?ARTIFACT StationaryArtifact))

(subclass Manufacture Making)
(documentation Manufacture "The &%Making of &%Artifacts on a mass 
scale.")

(subclass Publication Manufacture)
(documentation Publication "The &%Manufacture of &%Texts.  Note that 
there is no implication that the &%Texts are distributed.  Such 
distribution, when it occurs, is an instance of &%Dissemination.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PUB Publication)
      (patient ?PUB ?TEXT))
   (subclass ?TEXT Text))

(subclass Cooking Making)
(documentation Cooking "The &%Making of an &%instance of &%Food.")

(=>
   (instance ?COOK Cooking)
   (exists (?FOOD)
      (and
         (instance ?FOOD Food)
         (result ?COOK ?FOOD))))
         
(subclass Searching IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Searching "Any &%Process where the aim is to find 
something, whether it be information (i.e. a &%Proposition) or an 
&%Object.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SEARCH Searching)
      (agent ?SEARCH ?AGENT)
      (patient ?SEARCH ?ENTITY))
   (inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?ENTITY))

(subclass Pursuing Searching)
(documentation Pursuing "The &%subclass of &%Searching where the thing 
sought is an &%Object.  Some examples would be hunting, shopping, 
trawling, and stalking.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PURSUE Pursuing)
      (agent ?PURSUE ?AGENT)
      (patient ?PURSUE ?OBJ))
   (holdsDuring ?PURSUE (wants ?AGENT ?OBJ)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PURSUE Pursuing)
      (agent ?PURSUE ?AGENT)
      (patient ?PURSUE ?OBJ))
   (holdsDuring ?PURSUE (not (possesses ?AGENT ?OBJ))))

(subclass Investigating Searching)
(documentation Investigating "The &%subclass of &%Searching where the 
thing sought is a piece of information (i.e. a &%Proposition denoted by 
a &%Formula).") 

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?INVESTIGATE Investigating)
      (patient ?INVESTIGATE ?PROP))
   (instance ?PROP Formula))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?INVESTIGATE Investigating)
      (agent ?INVESTIGATE ?AGENT)
      (patient ?INVESTIGATE ?PROP))
   (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?INVESTIGATE) (not (knows ?AGENT ?PROP))))

(subclass DiagnosticProcess Investigating)
(documentation DiagnosticProcess "A &%Process that is carried out for 
the purpose of determining the nature of a &%DiseaseOrSyndrome.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PROC DiagnosticProcess)
      (agent ?PROC ?AGENT))
   (exists (?CAUSE)
      (hasPurposeForAgent ?PROC (knows ?AGENT (causes ?CAUSE ?PROC)) ?AGENT)))

(subclass SocialInteraction IntentionalProcess)
(documentation SocialInteraction "The &%subclass of 
&%IntentionalProcess that involves interactions between 
&%CognitiveAgents.")

(=>
   (instance ?INTERACTION SocialInteraction)
   (exists (?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)
      (and
         (agent ?INTERACTION ?AGENT1)
         (agent ?INTERACTION ?AGENT2)
         (not
            (equal ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)))))

(subclass Pretending SocialInteraction)
(documentation Pretending "Any &%SocialInteraction where a 
&%CognitiveAgent or &%Group of &%CognitiveAgents attempts to make 
another &%CognitiveAgent or &%Group of &%CognitiveAgents believe 
something that is false.  This covers deceit, affectation, 
impersonation, and entertainment productions, to give just a few 
examples.")

(=>
   (instance ?PRETEND Pretending)
   (exists (?PERSON ?PROP)
      (and
         (hasPurpose ?PRETEND (believes ?PERSON ?PROP))
         (true ?PROP True))))

(subclass Communication SocialInteraction)
(documentation Communication "A &%SocialInteraction that involves 
the transfer of information between two or more &%CognitiveAgents 
via a &%ContentBearingObject.")

(=>
   (instance ?COMMUNICATE Communication)
   (exists (?OBJ ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)
      (and
         (instance ?OBJ ContentBearingObject)
         (patient ?COMMUNICATE ?OBJ)
         (instance ?AGENT1 CognitiveAgent)
         (agent ?COMMUNICATE ?AGENT1)
         (instance ?AGENT2 CognitiveAgent)
         (destination ?COMMUNICATE ?AGENT2))))

(subclass Disseminating Communication)
(documentation Disseminating "Any &%Communication that involves a 
single &%agent and many &%destinations.  This covers the release 
of a published book, broadcasting, a theatrical performance, giving 
orders to assembled troops, delivering a public lecture, etc.")

(subclass Advertising Disseminating)
(documentation Advertising "A &%Disseminating whose purpose is to 
promote the sale of an &%Object represented in a &%Text or &%Icon 
(the advertisement).")

(=>
   (instance ?ADVERT Advertising)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (refers ?ADVERT ?OBJ)
         (hasPurpose ?ADVERT (exists (?SALE) (and (instance ?SALE Selling) (patient ?SALE ?OBJ)))))))

(subclass Stating Communication)
(documentation Stating "Instances of this &%Class commit a sender to some truth. 
Example: John concluded that Peter was not present, and predicted that he would 
arrive soon.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?STATE Stating)
      (agent ?STATE ?AGENT)
      (patient ?STATE ?FORMULA))
   (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?STATE) (believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA)))
   
(subclass Directing Communication)
(documentation Directing "Instances of this &%Class urge some further action 
among the receivers.  Example: The 5th Battalion requested air support from 
the 3rd Bomber Group.") 

(subclass Ordering Directing)
(documentation Ordering "A &%Directing in which the receiver is 
commanded to realize the content of a &%ContentBearingObject.  Orders 
are injunctions, the disobedience of which involves sanctions, or 
which express an obligation upon the part of the orderee.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ORDER Ordering)
      (patient ?ORDER ?FORMULA))
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Obligation))

(subclass Requesting Directing)
(documentation Requesting "A request expresses a desire by the &%agent of the 
request that the &%destination of the request perform some future action.") 

(subclass Questioning Directing)
(documentation Questioning "A request for information.")

(subclass Committing Communication)
(documentation Committing "Instances of this &%Class commit the sender to some 
future course. Example: Bob promised Susan that he would be home by 11pm.") 

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?COMMIT Committing)
      (patient ?COMMIT ?FORMULA))
   (modalAttribute ?COMMIT Promise))

(subclass Expressing Communication)
(documentation Expressing "Instances of this &%Class express a state of the sender. 
Example: Jane thanked Barbara for the present she had given her.")

(subclass Declaring Communication)
(documentation Declaring "The &%Class of &%Communications that effect an 
institutional alteration when performed by competent authority.  Some 
examples are nominating, marrying, and excommunicating.")

(subclass Cooperation SocialInteraction)
(documentation Cooperation "The &%subclass of &%SocialInteraction where 
the participants involved work together for the achievement of a common 
goal.")

(=>
   (instance ?COOPERATE Cooperation)
   (exists (?PURP)
      (forall (?AGENT)
         (=>
            (agent ?COOPERATE ?AGENT)
            (hasPurposeForAgent ?COOPERATE ?PURP ?AGENT)))))

(subclass Meeting SocialInteraction)
(documentation Meeting "The coming together of two or more 
&%CognitiveAgents for the purpose of &%Communication.  This covers informal 
meetings, e.g. visits with family members, and formal meetings, e.g. a board 
of directors meeting.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MEET Meeting)
      (agent ?MEET ?AGENT1)
      (agent ?MEET ?AGENT2))
   (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?MEET) (orientation ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2 Near)))

(=>
   (instance ?MEET Meeting)
   (exists (?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)
      (and
         (agent ?MEET ?AGENT1)
         (agent ?MEET ?AGENT2)
         (hasPurpose ?MEET (exists (?COMM) (and (instance ?COMM Communication) (agent ?COMM ?AGENT1) (agent ?COMM ?AGENT2)))))))
 
(subclass Contest SocialInteraction)
(documentation Contest "A &%SocialInteraction where the &%agent and 
&%patient are &%CognitiveAgents who are trying to defeat one another.  
Note that this concept is often applied in a metaphorical sense in natural 
language, when we speak, e.g., of the struggle of plants for space or 
sunlight, or of bacteria for food resources in some environment.")

(=>
   (instance ?CONTEST Contest)
   (exists (?AGENT1 ?AGENT2 ?PURP1 ?PURP2)
      (and
         (agent ?CONTEST ?AGENT1)
         (agent ?CONTEST ?AGENT2)
         (hasPurposeForAgent ?CONTEST ?PURP1 ?AGENT1)
         (hasPurposeForAgent ?CONTEST ?PURP2 ?AGENT2)
         (not
            (equal ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2))
         (not
            (equal ?PURP1 ?PURP2)))))

(subclass ViolentContest Contest)
(documentation ViolentContest "A &%Contest where one participant attempts to 
physically injure another participant.")

(subclass War ViolentContest)
(documentation War "A military confrontation between two or more 
&%Nations or &%Organizations whose members are &%Nations.  As the 
corresponding axiom specifies, a &%War is made up of &%Battles.")

(=>
   (instance ?WAR War)
   (exists (?BATTLE)
      (and
         (instance ?BATTLE Battle)
         (subProcess ?BATTLE ?WAR))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?WAR War)
      (agent ?WAR ?AGENT))
   (or
      (instance ?AGENT Nation)
      (and
         (instance ?AGENT Organization)
         (forall (?MEMBER)
            (=>
               (member ?MEMBER ?AGENT)
               (instance ?MEMBER Nation))))))

(subclass Battle ViolentContest)
(documentation Battle "A &%ViolentContest between two or more military 
units within the context of a war.  Note that this does not cover the 
metaphorical sense of 'battle', which simply means a struggle of some 
sort.  This sense should be represented with the more general concept of 
&%Contest.")

(=>
   (instance ?BATTLE Battle)
   (exists (?WAR)
      (and
         (instance ?WAR War)
         (subProcess ?BATTLE ?WAR))))

(=>
   (instance ?BATTLE Battle)
   (exists (?ATTACK)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTACK ViolentContest)
         (subProcess ?ATTACK ?BATTLE))))

(subclass Game Contest)
(subclass Game RecreationOrExercise)
(documentation Game "A &%Contest whose purpose is the 
enjoyment/stimulation of the participants or spectators of the &%Game.")

(subclass Sport Game)
(documentation Sport "A &%Game which requires some degree of physical 
exercion from the participants of the game.")

(subclass LegalAction Contest)
(documentation LegalAction "Any &%Process where a &%CognitiveAgent seeks 
to obtain something from another &%CognitiveAgent through a court of law.")

(subclass Maneuver IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Maneuver "An intentional move or play within a &%Contest.  
In many cases, a &%Maneuver is part of a strategy for winning the 
larger &%Contest of which the &%Maneuver is a part.")

(=>
   (instance ?MOVE Maneuver)
   (exists (?CONTEST)
      (and
         (instance ?CONTEST Contest)
         (subProcess ?MOVE ?CONTEST))))

(subclass Perception PsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Perception "Sensing some aspect of the material world.  
Note that the &%agent of this sensing is assumed to be an &%Animal.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PERCEPT Perception)
      (agent ?PERCEPT ?AGENT))
   (instance ?AGENT Animal))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PERCEPT Perception)
      (agent ?PERCEPT ?AGENT)
      (patient ?PERCEPT ?OBJECT))
   (notices ?AGENT ?OBJECT))

(=>
   (instance ?AGENT SentientAgent)
   (capability Perception experiencer ?AGENT))

(subclass Seeing Perception)
(documentation Seeing "The &%subclass of &%Perception in which the 
sensing is done by an ocular &%Organ.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SEE Seeing)
      (agent ?SEE ?AGENT)
      (patient ?SEE ?OBJ))
   (and
      (attribute ?OBJ Illuminated)
      (exists (?PROP)
         (and
            (instance ?PROP ColorAttribute)
            (knows ?AGENT (attribute ?OBJ ?PROP))))))
   
(subclass Smelling Perception)
(documentation Smelling "The &%subclass of &%Perception in which the 
sensing is done by an olefactory &%Organ.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SMELL Smelling)
      (patient ?SMELL ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PROP)
      (and
         (instance ?PROP OlfactoryAttribute)
         (attribute ?OBJ ?PROP))))

(subclass Tasting Perception)
(documentation Tasting "The &%subclass of &%Perception in which the 
sensing is done by of an &%Organ which can discriminate various tastes.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?TASTE Tasting)
      (patient ?TASTE ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PROP)
      (and
         (instance ?PROP TasteAttribute)
         (attribute ?OBJ ?PROP))))

(subclass Hearing Perception)
(documentation Hearing "The &%subclass of &%Perception in which the 
sensing is done by an auditory &%Organ.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?HEAR Hearing)
      (patient ?HEAR ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PROP)
      (and
         (instance ?PROP SoundAttribute)
         (attribute ?OBJ ?PROP))))

(subclass TactilePerception Perception)
(documentation TactilePerception "The &%subclass of &%Perception in which 
the sensing is done by &%Touching.  Note that &%Touching need not involve 
&%TactilePerception.  For example, a person who has lost all sensation in 
both of his legs would have no &%TactilePerception of anything his legs 
were &%Touching.")

(=>
   (instance ?TACTILE TactilePerception)
   (exists (?TOUCH)
      (and
         (instance ?TOUCH Touching)
         (subProcess ?TOUCH ?TACTILE))))

(subclass Radiating Motion) 
(documentation Radiating "Processes in which some form of radiation, 
e.g. radio waves, light waves, electrical energy, etc., is given off 
or absorbed by something else.")

(subclass RadiatingLight Radiating)
(documentation RadiatingLight "The &%subclass of &%Radiating in which 
light is given off or absorbed.  Some examples include blinking, flashing, 
and glittering.")

(<=>
   (exists (?EMIT)
      (and
         (instance ?EMIT RadiatingLight)
         (patient ?EMIT ?REGION)
         (instance ?REGION Region)))
   (attribute ?REGION Illuminated))

(subclass RadiatingSound Radiating)
(documentation RadiatingSound "The &%subclass of &%Radiating in which 
sound waves are given off or absorbed.  Some examples include creaking, 
roaring, and whistling.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?EMIT RadiatingSound)
      (agent ?EMIT ?SOUND))
   (exists (?PROP)
      (and
         (instance ?PROP SoundAttribute)
         (attribute ?SOUND ?PROP))))

(subclass Music RadiatingSound)
(documentation Music "The &%subclass of &%RadiatingSound where the 
sound is intended to be melodic and is produced deliberately.")  

(subclass StateChange InternalChange)
(documentation StateChange "Any &%Process where the &%PhysicalState 
of &%part of the &%patient of the &%Process changes.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PROCESS StateChange)
      (patient ?PROCESS ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PART ?STATE1 ?STATE2)
      (and
         (part ?PART ?OBJ)
         (instance ?STATE1 PhysicalState)
         (instance ?STATE2 PhysicalState)
         (not (equal ?STATE1 ?STATE2))
         (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?PROCESS)) (attribute ?PART ?STATE1))
         (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?FREEZE)) (attribute ?PART ?STATE2)))))

(subclass Melting StateChange)
(documentation Melting "The &%Class of &%Processes where an &%Object is 
heated and converted from a &%Solid to a &%Liquid.")

(=>
   (instance ?MELT Melting)
   (exists (?HEAT)
      (and
         (instance ?HEAT Heating)
         (subProcess ?HEAT ?MELT))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MELT Melting)
      (patient ?MELT ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PART)
      (and
         (part ?PART ?OBJ)
         (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?MELT)) (attribute ?PART Solid))
         (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?MELT)) (attribute ?PART Liquid)))))

(subclass Boiling StateChange)
(documentation Boiling "The &%Class of &%Processes where an &%Object is 
heated and converted from a &%Liquid to a &%Gas.")

(=>
   (instance ?BOIL Boiling)
   (exists (?HEAT)
      (and
         (instance ?HEAT Heating)
         (subProcess ?HEAT ?BOIL))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?BOIL Boiling)
      (patient ?BOIL ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PART)
      (and
         (part ?PART ?OBJ)
         (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?BOIL)) (attribute ?PART Liquid))
         (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?BOIL)) (attribute ?PART Gas)))))

(subclass Condensing StateChange)
(documentation Condensing "The &%Class of &%Processes where an &%Object is 
cooled and converted from a &%Gas to a &%Liquid.")

(=>
   (instance ?COND Condensing)
   (exists (?COOL)
      (and
         (instance ?COOL Cooling)
         (subProcess ?COOL ?COND))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?COND Condensing)
      (patient ?COND ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PART)
      (and
         (part ?PART ?OBJ)
         (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?COND)) (attribute ?PART Gas))
         (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?COND)) (attribute ?PART Liquid)))))

(subclass Freezing StateChange)
(documentation Freezing "The &%Class of &%Processes where an &%Object is 
cooled and converted from a &%Liquid to a &%Solid.")

(=>
   (instance ?FREEZE Freezing)
   (exists (?COOL)
      (and
         (instance ?COOL Cooling)
         (subProcess ?COOL ?FREEZE))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?FREEZE Freezing)
      (patient ?FREEZE ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PART)
      (and
         (part ?PART ?OBJ)
         (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?FREEZE)) (attribute ?PART Liquid))
         (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?FREEZE)) (attribute ?PART Solid)))))



;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;    OBJECTS    ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'MEREOTOPOLOGY'
;; INCLUDES 'PROCESSES'
;; INCLUDES 'QUALITIES'

(subclass AstronomicalBody Region)
(disjoint AstronomicalBody GeographicArea)
(documentation AstronomicalBody "The &%Class of all astronomical 
objects of significant size.  It includes &%SelfConnectedObjects 
like planets, stars, and asteroids, as well as &%Collections like 
nebulae, galaxies, and constellations.  Note that the planet Earth 
is an &%AstronomicalBody, but every &%Region of Earth is a 
&%GeographicArea.")

(subclass GeographicArea Region)
(partition GeographicArea WaterArea LandArea)
(documentation GeographicArea "A geographic location, generally having 
definite boundaries.  Note that this differs from its immediate superclass 
&%Region in that a &%GeographicArea is a three-dimensional &%Region of the 
earth.  Accordingly, all astronomical objects other than earth and all 
one-dimensional and two-dimensional &%Regions are not classed under 
&%GeographicArea.") 

(subclass GeopoliticalArea GeographicArea)
(subclass GeopoliticalArea Agent)
(documentation GeopoliticalArea "Any &%GeographicArea which is associated 
with some sort of political structure.  This class includes &%Lands, 
&%Cities, districts of cities, counties, etc.  Note that the identity 
of a &%GeopoliticalArea may remain constant after a change in borders.")

(subclass WaterArea GeographicArea)
(documentation WaterArea "A body which is made up predominantly of water, 
e.g. rivers, lakes, oceans, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?AREA WaterArea)
   (exists (?BED ?HOLE ?WATER)
      (and
         (equal (PrincipalHostFn ?HOLE) ?BED)
         (instance ?WATER Water)
         (properlyFills ?WATER ?HOLE)
         (equal (MereologicalSumFn ?BED ?WATER) ?AREA))))

(subclass SaltWaterArea WaterArea)
(disjoint SaltWaterArea FreshWaterArea)
(documentation SaltWaterArea "A &%WaterArea whose &%Water is saline, e.g. 
oceans and seas.")

(subclass FreshWaterArea WaterArea)
(documentation FreshWaterArea "A &%WaterArea whose &%Water is not saline, 
e.g. most rivers and lakes.")

(subclass StreamWaterArea WaterArea)
(disjoint StreamWaterArea StaticWaterArea)
(documentation StreamWaterArea "A relatively narrow &%WaterArea where the 
water flows constantly and in the same direction, e.g. a river, a stream, 
etc.")

(subclass StaticWaterArea WaterArea)
(documentation StaticWaterArea "A &%WaterArea in which water does not flow 
constantly or in the same direction, e.g. most lakes and ponds.")

(subclass LandArea GeographicArea)
(documentation LandArea "An area which is predominantly solid ground, 
e.g. a &%Nation, a mountain, a desert, etc.  Note that a &%LandArea may 
contain some relatively small &%WaterAreas.  For example, Australia is 
a &%LandArea even though it contains various rivers and lakes.")

(=>
   (instance ?LAND1 LandArea)
   (exists (?LAND2)
      (and
         (part ?LAND1 ?LAND2)
         (or
            (instance ?LAND2 Continent)
            (instance ?LAND2 Island)))))

(subclass Continent LandArea)
(documentation Continent "One of the seven largest &%LandAreas on earth.")

(equal (CardinalityFn Continent) 7)

(subclass Island LandArea)
(documentation Island "A &%LandArea that is completely surrounded by a &%WaterArea.")

(=>
   (instance ?ISLAND Island)
   (not
      (exists (?AREA ?PART1 ?PART2)
         (and
            (instance ?AREA LandArea)
            (part ?PART1 ?ISLAND)
            (part ?PART2 ?AREA)
            (not 
               (part ?ISLAND ?AREA))
            (not
               (part ?AREA ?ISLAND))
            (connected ?PART1 ?PART2)))))
 
(subclass Nation GeopoliticalArea)
(subclass Nation LandArea)
(documentation Nation "The broadest &%GeopoliticalArea, i.e. &%Nations are 
&%GeopoliticalAreas that are not part of any other overarching and 
comprehensive governance structure (excepting commonwealths and other sorts 
of loose international organizations.")

(subclass StateOrProvince GeopoliticalArea)
(subclass StateOrProvince LandArea)
(documentation StateOrProvince "Administrative subdivisions of a 
&%Nation that are broader than any other political subdivisions that 
may exist.  This &%Class includes the states of the United States, as 
well as the provinces of Canada and European countries.")

(=>
   (instance ?STATE StateOrProvince)
   (exists (?LAND)
      (and
         (instance ?LAND Nation)
         (properPart ?STATE ?LAND))))

(subclass Address LandArea)
(documentation Address "A &%LandArea of relatively small size.  This 
concept represents the state of 'being at an address'.")

(subclass City GeopoliticalArea)
(subclass City LandArea)
(documentation City "A &%LandArea of relatively small size, inhabited 
by a community of people, and having some sort of political structure.  
Note that this class includes both large cities and small settlements 
like towns, villages, hamlets, etc.")

(subclass Water CompoundSubstance)
(documentation Water "The &%Class of samples of the compound H20.  Note 
that this &%Class covers both pure and impure &%Water.")

(subclass Mineral Mixture)
(documentation Mineral " Any of various naturally occurring homogeneous substances (such as stone, coal, salt, sulfur, sand, petroleum), or synthetic substances having the chemical composition and crystalline form and properties of a naturally occurring mineral.")

(instance developmentalForm BinaryPredicate)
(instance developmentalForm AsymmetricRelation)
(instance developmentalForm TransitiveRelation)
(domain developmentalForm 1 (UnionFn Organism AnatomicalStructure))
(domain developmentalForm 2 DevelopmentalAttribute)
(documentation developmentalForm "(&%developmentalForm ?OBJECT ?FORM) 
means that ?FORM is an earlier stage in the individual maturation of 
?OBJECT.  For example, tadpole and caterpillar are &%developmentalForms 
of frogs and butterflies, respectively.")

(subclass OrganicObject CorpuscularObject)
(partition OrganicObject Organism AnatomicalStructure)
(documentation OrganicObject "This class encompasses &%Organisms, 
&%CorpuscularObjects that are parts of &%Organisms, i.e. &%BodyParts, 
and &%CorpuscularObjects that are nonintentionally produced by 
&%Organisms, e.g. &%ReproductiveBodies.")

(subclass Organism OrganicObject)
(subclass Organism Agent)
(partition Organism Animal Plant Microorganism)
(documentation Organism "Generally, a living individual, including all 
&%Plants and &%Animals.")

(=>
   (instance ?ORGANISM Organism)
   (exists (?BIRTH)
      (and
         (instance ?BIRTH Birth)
         (experiencer ?BIRTH ?ORGANISM))))

(instance inhabits BinaryPredicate)
(instance inhabits AsymmetricRelation)
(domain inhabits 1 Organism)
(domain inhabits 2 Object)
(documentation inhabits "A very basic notion of living within something 
else.  (&%inhabits ?ORGANISM ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is the residence, 
nest, home, etc. of ?ORGANISM.")

(instance parent BinaryPredicate)
(subrelation parent familyRelation)
(instance parent AsymmetricRelation)
(instance parent IntransitiveRelation)
(domain parent 1 Organism)
(domain parent 2 Organism)
(documentation parent "The general relationship of parenthood.  
(&%parent ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?PARENT is a biological parent 
of ?CHILD.")

(=>
   (parent ?CHILD ?PARENT)
   (before (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PARENT)) (BeginFn (WhenFn ?CHILD))))

(=>
   (and
      (parent ?CHILD ?PARENT)
      (subclass ?CLASS Organism)
      (instance ?PARENT ?CLASS))
   (instance ?CHILD ?CLASS))

(=>
   (parent ?CHILD ?PARENT)
   (or
      (mother ?CHILD ?PARENT)
      (father ?CHILD ?PARENT)))

(=>
   (instance ?ORGANISM Organism)
   (exists (?PARENT)
      (parent ?ORGANISM ?PARENT)))

(instance mother SingleValuedRelation)
(subrelation mother parent)
(domain mother 1 Organism)
(domain mother 2 Organism)
(documentation mother "The general relationship of motherhood.  
(&%mother ?CHILD ?MOTHER) means that ?MOTHER is the biological mother 
of ?CHILD.")

(=>
   (mother ?CHILD ?MOTHER)
   (attribute ?MOTHER Female))

(instance father SingleValuedRelation)
(subrelation father parent)
(domain father 1 Organism)
(domain father 2 Organism)
(documentation father "The general relationship of fatherhood.  
(&%father ?CHILD ?FATHER) means that ?FATHER is the biological father
of ?CHILD.")

(=>
   (father ?CHILD ?FATHER)
   (attribute ?FATHER Male))

(instance sibling BinaryPredicate)
(subrelation sibling familyRelation)
(instance sibling SymmetricRelation)
(instance sibling IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain sibling 1 Organism)
(domain sibling 2 Organism)
(documentation sibling "The relationship between two &%Organisms that 
have the same &%mother and &%father.  Note that this relationship does 
not hold between half-brothers, half-sisters, etc.")

(<=>
   (sibling ?ANIMAL1 ?ANIMAL2)
   (exists (?FATHER ?MOTHER)
      (and
         (father ?ANIMAL1 ?FATHER)
         (father ?ANIMAL2 ?FATHER)
         (mother ?ANIMAL1 ?MOTHER)
         (mother ?ANIMAL2 ?MOTHER))))

;; The following formulas incorporate the content in the Natural-Kinds 
;; ontology developed by ITBM-CNR.  This content is essentially a set of 
;; high-level biological categories.

(subclass Plant Organism)
(documentation Plant "An &%Organism having cellulose cell walls, growing 
by synthesis of &%Substances, generally distinguished by the presence of 
chlorophyll, and lacking the power of locomotion.")

(subclass FloweringPlant Plant)
(documentation FloweringPlant "A &%Plant that produces seeds and flowers.  
This class includes trees, shrubs, herbs, and flowers.")

(subclass NonFloweringPlant Plant)
(disjoint NonFloweringPlant FloweringPlant)
(disjointDecomposition NonFloweringPlant Alga Fern Fungus Moss)
(documentation NonFloweringPlant "A &%Plant that reproduces with spores and 
does not produce flowers.")

(subclass Alga NonFloweringPlant)
(documentation Alga "A chiefly aquatic plant that contains chlorophyll, 
but does not form embryos during development and lacks vascular tissue.")

(=>
	(instance ?ALGA Alga)
	(exists (?WATER)
		(and
			(inhabits ?ALGA ?WATER)
			(instance ?WATER Water))))

(subclass Fungus NonFloweringPlant)
(documentation Fungus "A eukaryotic &%Organism characterized by the 
absence of chlorophyll and the presence of rigid cell walls. Included 
here are both slime molds and true fungi such as yeasts, molds, mildews, 
and mushrooms.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?FUNGUS Fungus)
		(inhabits ?FUNGUS ?OBJ))
	(instance ?OBJ Organism))

(subclass Moss NonFloweringPlant)
(documentation Moss "A &%NonFloweringPlant without true roots and little 
if any vascular tissue.")

(subclass Fern NonFloweringPlant)
(documentation Fern "A &%NonFloweringPlant that contains vascular tissue.  
This class includes true ferns, as well as horsetails, club mosses, and 
whisk ferns.")

(subclass Animal Organism)
(documentation Animal "An &%Organism with eukaryotic &%Cells, and lacking 
stiff cell walls, plastids, and photosynthetic pigments.")

(subclass Microorganism Organism)
(documentation Microorganism "An &%Organism that can be seen only with 
the aid of a microscope.")

(subclass Bacterium Microorganism)
(documentation Bacterium "A small, typically one-celled, prokaryotic 
&%Microorganism.")

(=>
   (instance ?BACTERIUM Bacterium)
   (exists (?CELL1)
      (and
         (component ?CELL1 ?BACTERIUM)
         (instance ?CELL1 Cell)
         (forall (?CELL2)
            (=>
               (and
                  (component ?CELL2 ?BACTERIUM)
                  (instance ?CELL2 Cell))
               (equal ?CELL1 ?CELL2))))))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?BACTERIUM Bacterium)
		(inhabits ?BACTERIUM ?OBJ))
	(instance ?OBJ Organism))

(subclass Virus Microorganism)
(documentation Virus "An &%Organism consisting of a core of a single 
nucleic acid enclosed in a protective coat of protein. A virus may replicate 
only inside a host living cell. A virus exhibits some but not all of the 
usual characteristics of living things.")

(=>
   (instance ?VIRUS Virus)
   (exists (?MOL1)
      (and
         (component ?MOL1 ?VIRUS)
         (instance ?MOL1 Molecule)
         (forall (?MOL2)
            (=>
               (and
                  (component ?MOL2 ?VIRUS)
                  (instance ?MOL2 Molecule))
               (equal ?MOL1 ?MOL2))))))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?VIRUS Virus)
		(inhabits ?VIRUS ?OBJ))
	(instance ?OBJ Organism))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?VIRUS Virus)
		(instance ?PROC Replication)
		(agent ?PROC ?VIRUS))
	(exists (?CELL)
		(and
			(located ?PROC ?CELL)
			(instance ?CELL Cell))))
			 
(subclass Vertebrate Animal)
(documentation Vertebrate "An &%Animal which has a spinal column.")

(subclass Invertebrate Animal)
(disjoint Invertebrate Vertebrate)
(disjointDecomposition Invertebrate Worm Mollusk Arthropod)
(documentation Invertebrate "An &%Animal which has no spinal column.")

(subclass Worm Invertebrate)
(documentation Worm "Long, narrow, soft-bodied &%Invertebrates.")

(subclass Mollusk Invertebrate)
(documentation Mollusk "Soft-bodied &%Invertebrate that is usually 
contained in a shell.  Includes oysters, clams, mussels, snails, slugs, 
octopi, and squid.")

(subclass Arthropod Invertebrate)
(disjointDecomposition Arthropod Arachnid Myriapod Insect Crustacean)
(documentation Arthropod "A &%Class of &%Invertebrate that includes 
&%Arachnids and &%Insects.")

(subclass Arachnid Arthropod)
(documentation Arachnid "A &%Class of &%Arthropods that includes 
ticks and spiders.")

(subclass Myriapod Arthropod)
(documentation Myriapod "A &%Class of &%Arthropods that includes 
centipedes and millipedes.")

(subclass Insect Arthropod)
(documentation Insect "A &%Class of small &%Arthropods that are 
air-breathing and that are distinguished by appearance.")

(subclass Crustacean Arthropod)
(documentation Crustacean "A &%Class of &%Arthropods that mainly dwells 
in water and has a segmented body and a chitinous exoskeleton.  Includes 
lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles.")

(subclass ColdBloodedVertebrate Vertebrate)
(disjointDecomposition ColdBloodedVertebrate Amphibian Fish Reptile)
(documentation ColdBloodedVertebrate "&%Vertebrates whose body temperature 
is not internally regulated.") 

(subclass WarmBloodedVertebrate Vertebrate)
(disjoint WarmBloodedVertebrate ColdBloodedVertebrate)
(documentation WarmBloodedVertebrate "&%Vertebrates whose body temperature 
is internally regulated.")

(subclass Amphibian ColdBloodedVertebrate)
(documentation Amphibian "A cold-blooded, smooth-skinned &%Vertebrate 
which characteristically hatches as an aquatic larva, breathing by 
gills.  When mature, the &%Amphibian breathes with &%Lungs.")

(subclass Bird WarmBloodedVertebrate)
(disjoint Bird Mammal)
(documentation Bird "A &%Vertebrate having a constant body temperature 
and characterized by the presence of feathers.")

(subclass Fish ColdBloodedVertebrate)
(documentation Fish "A cold-blooded aquatic &%Vertebrate characterized by 
fins and breathing by gills. Included here are &%Fish having either a bony 
skeleton, such as a perch, or a cartilaginous skeleton, such as a shark.  
Also included are those &%Fish lacking a jaw, such as a lamprey or 
hagfish.")

(=>
	(instance ?FISH Fish)
	(exists (?WATER)
		(and
			(inhabits ?FISH ?WATER)
			(instance ?WATER Water))))

(subclass Mammal WarmBloodedVertebrate)
(disjointDecomposition Mammal AquaticMammal HoofedMammal Marsupial Rodent Primate)
(documentation Mammal "A &%Vertebrate having a constant body temperature 
and characterized by the presence of hair, mammary glands, and sweat 
glands.")

(subclass AquaticMammal Mammal)
(documentation AquaticMammal "The &%Class of &%Mammals that dwell chiefly 
in the water.  Includes whales, dolphins, manatees, seals, and walruses.")

(subclass HoofedMammal Mammal)
(documentation HoofedMammal "The &%Class of &%Mammals with hooves.  
Includes horses, cows, sheep, pigs, antelope, etc.")

(subclass Marsupial Mammal)
(documentation Marsupial "The &%Class of &%Mammals which have a pouch for 
their young.")

(subclass Carnivore Mammal)
(documentation Carnivore "The &%Class of flesh-eating &%Mammals.  Members 
of this &%Class typically have four or five claws on each paw.  Includes 
cats, dogs, bears, racoons, and skunks.")

(subclass Canine Carnivore)
(disjoint Canine Feline)
(documentation Canine "The &%Class of &%Carnivores with completely 
separable toes, nonretractable claws, and long muzzles.")

(subclass Feline Carnivore)
(documentation Feline "The &%Class of &%Carnivores with completely
separable toes, nonretractable claws, slim bodies, and rounded heads.")

(subclass Rodent Mammal)
(documentation Rodent "The &%Class of &%Mammals with one or two pairs 
of incisors for gnawing.  Includes rats, mice, guinea pigs, and 
rabbits.")

(subclass Primate Mammal)
(disjointDecomposition Primate Ape Monkey Hominid)
(documentation Primate "The &%Class of &%Mammals which are 
&%Primates.")

(subclass Ape Primate)
(documentation Ape "Various &%Primates with no tails or only short 
tails.")

(subclass Monkey Primate)
(documentation Monkey "Various &%Primates with relatively long 
tails.")

(subclass Hominid Primate)
(documentation Hominid "Includes &%Humans and relatively recent 
ancestors of &%Humans.")

(subclass Human Hominid)
(subclass Human CognitiveAgent)
(documentation Human "Modern man, the only remaining species of the Homo 
genus.")

(subclass Reptile ColdBloodedVertebrate)
(documentation Reptile "A &%ColdBloodedVertebrate having an external 
covering of scales or horny plates.  &%Reptiles breathe by means of 
&%Lungs and generally lay eggs.")

;; The following formulas cover biologically related &%Classes under 
;; &%Substance.

(subclass BiologicallyActiveSubstance Substance)
(documentation BiologicallyActiveSubstance "A &%Substance that is 
capable of inducing a change in the structure or functioning of an 
&%Organism.  This &%Class includes &%Substances used in the treatment, 
diagnosis, prevention or analysis of normal and abnormal body function.  
This &%Class also includes &%Substances that occur naturally in the body 
and are administered therapeutically.  Finally, &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance 
includes &%Nutrients, most drugs of abuse, and agents that require special 
handling because of their toxicity.")

(subclass Nutrient BiologicallyActiveSubstance)
(subclass Nutrient CompoundSubstance)
(disjointDecomposition Nutrient Protein Carbohydrate Vitamin)
(documentation Nutrient "A &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance produced or 
required by an &%Organism, of primary interest because of its role in the 
biologic functioning of the &%Organism.")

(subclass Protein Nutrient)
(documentation Protein "A &%Nutrient made up of amino acids joined by 
peptide bonds.")

(subclass Enzyme Protein)
(documentation Enzyme "A complex &%Protein that is produced by living 
cells and which catalyzes specific biochemical reactions. There are six 
main types of enzymes:  oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, 
lyases, isomerases, and ligases.")

(subclass Carbohydrate Nutrient)
(documentation Carbohydrate "An element of living cells and a source of 
energy for &%Animals.  This class includes both simple &%Carbohydrates, 
i.e. sugars, and complex &%Carbohydrates, i.e. starches.")

(subclass Vitamin Nutrient)
(documentation Vitamin "A &%Nutrient present in natural products or made 
synthetically, which is essential in the diet of &%Humans and other higher 
&%Animals.  Included here are &%Vitamin precursors and provitamins.")

(subclass BodySubstance Mixture)
(documentation BodySubstance "Extracellular material and mixtures of 
cells and extracellular material that are produced, excreted or accreted 
by an &%Organism.  Included here are &%Substances such as saliva, dental 
enamel, sweat, and gastric acid.")

(subclass Hormone BodySubstance)
(subclass Hormone BiologicallyActiveSubstance)
(documentation Hormone "In &%Animals, a chemical secreted by an 
endocrine gland whose products are released into the circulating fluid.  
&%Plant hormones or synthetic hormones which are used only to alter or 
control various physiologic processes, e.g., reproductive control agents, 
are assigned to the &%Class &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance. &%Hormones act as 
chemical messengers and regulate various physiologic processes such as 
growth, reproduction, metabolism, etc.  They usually fall into two broad 
categories, viz. steroid hormones and peptide hormones.")

(subclass Blood BodySubstance)
(documentation Blood "A fluid present in &%Animals that transports 
&%Nutrients to and waste products away from various &%BodyParts.")

(subclass ToxicOrganism Organism)
(documentation ToxicOrganism "The &%Class of &%Organisms which are 
poisonous to other &%Organisms.")

(=>
   (instance ?ORGANISM ToxicOrganism)
   (exists (?SUBSTANCE)
      (and 
         (instance ?SUBSTANCE BiologicallyActiveSubstance)
         (part ?SUBSTANCE ?ORGANISM))))

(subclass Food SelfConnectedObject)
(disjointDecomposition Food Meat FruitOrVegetable Beverage)
(documentation Food "Any &%SelfConnectedObject containing &%Nutrients, 
such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, that can be ingested by a 
living &%Animal and metabolized into energy and body tissue.")

(=>
    (instance ?FOOD Food)
    (exists (?NUTRIENT)
        (and
            (instance ?NUTRIENT Nutrient)
            (part ?NUTRIENT ?FOOD))))

(=>
   (instance ?FOOD Food)
   (forall (?PART1)
      (=>
         (part ?PART1 ?FOOD)
         (exists (?PART2 ?ANIMAL)
            (and
               (part ?PART1 ?PART2)
               (part ?PART2 ?ANIMAL)
               (instance ?ANIMAL Animal))))))

(subclass Meat Food)
(documentation Meat "Any &%Food which was originally part of an 
&%Animal and is not ingested by drinking, including eggs and animal 
blood that is eaten as food.  Note that this class covers both raw 
meat and meat that has been prepared in some way, e.g. by cooking.  
Note too that preparations involving &%Meat and &%FruitOrVegetable 
are classed directly under &%Food.")

(=>
   (instance ?MEAT Meat)
   (forall (?PART)
      (=>
         (part ?PART ?MEAT)
         (exists (?SUBPART ?TIME ?ANIMAL)
            (and
               (part ?SUBPART ?PART)
               (holdsDuring ?TIME (and (instance ?ANIMAL Animal) (part ?SUBPART ?ANIMAL))))))))

(subclass FruitOrVegetable Food)
(subclass FruitOrVegetable BodyPart)
(documentation FruitOrVegetable "Any fruit or vegetable, i.e. a 
&%Food that was originally part of a &%Plant and is not ingested 
by drinking, including nuts, grains, beans, etc.  Note that 
preparations involving more than one &%FruitOrVegetable or 
something that is not a &%FruitOrVegetable are not classed under 
&%FruitOrVegetable.  For example, a salad is not considered to be 
a &%FruitOrVegetable because most salads contain more than one kind 
of vegetable, and zucchini cooked in lard would not be a &%FruitOrVegetable 
because it contains an &%Animal product.") 

(=>
   (instance ?VEG FruitOrVegetable)
   (forall (?PART)
      (=>
         (part ?PART ?VEG)
         (exists (?SUBPART ?TIME ?PLANT)
            (and
               (part ?SUBPART ?PART)
               (holdsDuring ?TIME (and (instance ?PLANT Plant) (part ?SUBPART ?PLANT))))))))

(subclass Beverage Food)
(documentation Beverage "Any &%Food that is ingested by &%Drinking.  
Note that this class is disjoint with the other subclasses of &%Food, 
i.e. &%Meat and &%FruitOrVegetable.")

(=>
   (instance ?BEV Beverage)
   (attribute ?BEV Liquid))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DRINK Drinking)
      (patient ?DRINK ?BEV))
   (instance ?BEV Beverage))

(subclass AnatomicalStructure OrganicObject)
(disjoint AnatomicalStructure Organism)
(documentation AnatomicalStructure "A normal or pathological part 
of the anatomy or structural organization of an &%Organism.  This 
class covers &%BodyParts, as well as structures that are given off 
by &%Organisms, e.g. &%ReproductiveBodies.")

(=>
    (instance ?ANAT AnatomicalStructure)
    (exists (?ORGANISM)
        (and
            (instance ?ORGANISM Organism)
            (part ?ANAT ?ORGANISM))))

(=>
    (instance ?PART AnatomicalStructure)
    (exists (?CELL)
        (and
            (instance ?CELL Cell)
            (part ?CELL ?PART))))

(subclass ReproductiveBody AnatomicalStructure)
(documentation ReproductiveBody "Reproductive structure of &%Organisms.  
Consists of an &%Embryonic &%Object and a nutritive/protective envelope.  
Note that this class includes seeds, spores, and &%FruitOrVegetables, as 
well as the eggs produced by &%Animals.")

(subclass BodyPart AnatomicalStructure)
(documentation BodyPart "A collection of &%Cells and &%Tissues which 
are localized to a specific area of an &%Organism and which are not 
pathological. The instances of this &%Class range from gross structures 
to small components of complex &%Organs.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PART BodyPart)
      (part ?PART ?ORGANISM))
   (not
      (exists (?PROC)
         (and
            (instance ?PROC PathologicProcess)
            (result ?PROC ?PART)))))

(subclass BodyCovering BodyPart)
(documentation BodyCovering "Any &%BodyPart which is a covering of another 
&%BodyPart or of an entire &%Organism.  This would include the rinds of 
&%FruitOrVegetables and the skins of &%Animals.")

(=>
   (instance ?COVER BodyCovering)
   (exists (?BODY)
      (and
         (superficialPart ?COVER ?BODY)
         (or
            (instance ?BODY Organism)
            (instance ?BODY BodyPart)))))

(subclass BodyJunction BodyPart)
(documentation BodyJunction "The place where two &%BodyParts 
meet or connect.")

(=>
    (instance ?JUNCT BodyJunction)
    (exists (?STRUCT)
        (and
            (instance ?STRUCT BodyPart)
            (component ?JUNCT ?STRUCT))))

(=>
    (instance ?JUNCT BodyJunction)
    (exists (?STRUCT1 ?STRUCT2)
        (and
            (connected ?JUNCT ?STRUCT1)
	      (connected ?JUNCT ?STRUCT2)
            (instance ?STRUCT1 BodyPart)
            (instance ?STRUCT2 BodyPart)
            (not
                (equal ?STRUCT1 ?STRUCT2))))) 

(subclass BodyVessel BodyPart)
(documentation BodyVessel "Any tube-like structure which occurs naturally in 
an &%Organism and through which a &%BodySubstance can circulate.")

(subclass Cell BodyPart)
(documentation Cell "The fundamental structural and functional unit of 
living &%Organisms.")

(subclass Organ BodyPart)
(documentation Organ "A somewhat independent &%BodyPart that performs a 
specialized function.")

(=>
   (instance ?ORGAN Organ)
   (exists (?PURP)
      (hasPurpose ?ORGAN ?PURP)))

(subclass Gland Organ)
(documentation Gland "An &%Organ that removes &%Substances from the &%Blood, 
alters them in some way, and then releases them.")

(subclass Tissue BodySubstance)
(disjointDecomposition Tissue Bone Muscle FatTissue)
(documentation Tissue "An aggregation of similarly specialized &%Cells 
and the associated intercellular substance. &%Tissues are relatively 
non-localized in comparison to &%BodyParts, &%Organs or &%Organ components.  
The main features of &%Tissues are self-connectivity (see 
&%SelfConnectedObject) and being a homogeneous mass (all parts in the 
same granularity are instances of &%Tissue as well).")

(=>
    (instance ?STUFF Tissue)
    (exists (?PART)
        (and
            (instance ?PART Cell)
            (part ?PART ?STUFF))))

(=>
    (instance ?STUFF Tissue)
    (exists (?ORGANISM)
        (and
            (instance ?ORGANISM Organism)
            (part ?STUFF ?ORGANISM))))

(subclass Bone Tissue)
(documentation Bone "Rigid &%Tissue composed largely of calcium that makes up 
the skeleton of &%Vertebrates.  Note that this &%Class also includes teeth.")

(=>
   (instance ?BONE Bone)
   (exists (?VERT)
      (and
         (instance ?VERT Vertebrate)
         (part ?BONE ?VERT))))

(subclass Muscle Tissue)
(documentation Muscle "Nonrigid &%Tissue appearing only in &%Animals and 
composed largely of contractile cells.")

(subclass FatTissue Tissue)
(documentation FatTissue "Nonrigid &%Tissue that is composed largely of 
fat cells.")

(subclass Noun Word)
(partition Word Noun Verb Adjective Adverb Particle)
(documentation Noun "One of the parts of speech.  The &%Class of &%Words 
that conventionally denote &%Objects.")

(subclass Verb Word)
(documentation Verb "One of the parts of speech.  The &%Class of &%Words 
that conventionally denote &%Processes.")

(subclass Adjective Word)
(documentation Adjective "One of the parts of speech.  The &%Class of 
&%Words that conventionally denote &%Attributes of &%Objects.")

(subclass Adverb Word)
(documentation Adverb "One of the parts of speech.  The &%Class of &%Words 
that conventionally denote &%Attributes of &%Processes.")

(subclass Particle Word)
(documentation Particle "An umbrella &%Class for any &%Word that does not 
fit into the other subclasses of &%Word.  A &%Particle is generally a small 
term that serves a grammatical or logical function, e.g. 'and', 'of', 
'since', etc.  At some point, this class might be broken up into the 
subclasses 'Connective', 'Preposition', etc.")

(subclass Morpheme LinguisticExpression)
(documentation Morpheme "Part of a &%Word which cannot be subdivided 
and which expresses a meaning.")

(=>
   (instance ?MORPH Morpheme)
   (not
      (exists (?OTHERMORPH)
         (and
            (instance ?OTHERMORPH Morpheme)
            (part ?OTHERMORPH ?MORPH)
            (not (equal ?OTHERMORPH ?MORPH))))))

(=>
   (instance ?MORPH Morpheme)
   (exists (?WORD)
         (and
            (instance ?WORD Word)
            (part ?MORPH ?WORD))))

(=>
    (instance ?WORD Word)
    (exists (?PART)
        (and
            (part ?PART ?WORD)
            (instance ?PART Morpheme)))) 

(subclass Phrase LinguisticExpression)
(disjointDecomposition Phrase VerbPhrase NounPhrase PrepositionalPhrase)
(documentation Phrase "A set of &%Words in a &%Language which form a unit, 
i.e. express a meaning in the &%Language.")

(=>
    (instance ?PHRASE Phrase)
    (exists (?PART1 ?PART2)
        (and
            (part ?PART1 ?PHRASE)
	      (part ?PART2 ?PHRASE)
            (instance ?PART1 Word)
	      (instance ?PART2 Word)
            (not (equal ?PART1 ?PART2)))))

(subclass VerbPhrase Phrase)
(documentation VerbPhrase "A &%Phrase that has the same function as a 
&%Verb.")

(subclass NounPhrase Phrase)
(disjoint NounPhrase VerbPhrase)
(documentation NounPhrase "A &%Phrase that has the same function as a 
&%Noun.")

(=>
    (instance ?SENTENCE Sentence)
    (exists (?PHRASE1 ?PHRASE2)
        (and
           (instance ?PHRASE1 NounPhrase)
           (instance ?PHRASE2 VerbPhrase)
           (part ?PHRASE1 ?SENTENCE)
           (part ?PHRASE2 ?SENTENCE))))

(subclass PrepositionalPhrase Phrase)
(documentation PrepositionalPhrase "A &%Phrase that begins with a 
preposition and that functions as an &%Adjective or an &%Adverb.")

(subclass Text LinguisticExpression)
(subclass Text Artifact)
(documentation Text "A &%Phrase, &%Sentence or set of &%Sentences 
that perform a specific function related to &%Communication, e.g. 
express a discourse about a particular topic.")

(=>
    (instance ?TEXT Text)
    (exists (?PART1 ?PART2)
        (and
            (part ?PART1 ?TEXT)
	      (part ?PART2 ?TEXT)
            (instance ?PART1 Sentence)
	      (instance ?PART2 Sentence)
            (not (equal ?PART1 ?PART2)))))

(=>
   (instance ?TEXT Text)
   (exists (?WRITE)
      (and
         (instance ?WRITE Writing)
         (result ?WRITE ?TEXT))))

(instance authors BinaryPredicate)
(instance authors AsymmetricRelation)
(domain authors 1 Agent)
(domainSubclass authors 2 Text)
(documentation authors "(&%authors ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is 
creatively responsible for ?TEXT.  For example, Agatha Christie is 
author of Murder_on_the_Orient_Express.")  

(=>
     (authors ?AGENT ?TEXT)
     (exists (?PROCESS ?INSTANCE)
          (and
               (agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT)
               (instance ?INSTANCE ?TEXT)
               (result ?PROCESS ?TEXT))))

(instance editor BinaryPredicate)
(instance editor AsymmetricRelation)
(domain editor 1 Agent)
(domainSubclass editor 2 Text)
(documentation editor "(&%editor ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is 
an editor of ?TEXT.")  

(instance publishes BinaryPredicate)
(instance publishes AsymmetricRelation)
(domain publishes 1 Organization)
(domainSubclass publishes 2 Text)
(documentation publishes "(&%publishes ?ORG ?TEXT) means that ?ORG 
publishes ?TEXT.  For example, Bantam Books publishes Agatha Christie's 
Murder_on_the_Orient_Express.") 

(<=>
   (publishes ?ORG ?TEXT)
   (exists (?PUB)
      (and
         (instance ?PUB Publication)
         (agent ?PUB ?ORG)
         (patient ?PUB ?TEXT))))

(instance EditionFn BinaryFunction)
(domainSubclass EditionFn 1 ContentBearingObject)
(domain EditionFn 2 PositiveInteger)
(rangeSubclass EditionFn ContentBearingObject)
(documentation EditionFn "A &%BinaryFunction that maps a type of text 
(e.g. Agatha Christie's Murder_on_the_Orient_Express) and a number 
to the edition of the text type corresponding to the number.")

(=>
   (and
      (equal (EditionFn ?TEXT ?INT1) ?EDITION1)
      (equal (EditionFn ?TEXT ?INT2) ?EDITION2)
      (greaterThan ?INT2 ?INT1)
      (instance ?PUB1 Publication)
      (instance ?PUB2 Publication)
      (patient ?PUB1 ?EDITION1)
      (patient ?PUB2 ?EDITION2)
      (date ?PUB1 ?DATE1)
      (date ?PUB2 ?DATE2))
   (before (EndFn ?DATE1) (EndFn ?DATE2)))

(=>
   (equal (EditionFn ?TEXT1 ?NUMBER) ?TEXT2)
   (subsumesContentClass ?TEXT1 ?TEXT2))

(instance SeriesVolumeFn BinaryFunction)
(domainSubclass SeriesVolumeFn 1 Series)
(domain SeriesVolumeFn 2 PositiveInteger)
(rangeSubclass SeriesVolumeFn Text)
(documentation SeriesVolumeFn "A &%BinaryFunction that maps a type of &%Series 
(e.g. the Encyclopedia_Britannica or the Popular_Mechanics periodical) and a 
number to the volumes of the text type designated by the number.")

(=>
   (and
      (subclass ?TEXT Periodical)
      (equal (SeriesVolumeFn ?TEXT ?INT1) ?VOLUME1)
      (equal (SeriesVolumeFn ?TEXT ?INT2) ?VOLUME2)
      (greaterThan ?INT2 ?INT1)
      (instance ?PUB1 Publication)
      (instance ?PUB2 Publication)
      (patient ?PUB1 ?VOLUME1)
      (patient ?PUB2 ?VOLUME2)
      (date ?PUB1 ?DATE1)
      (date ?PUB2 ?DATE2))
   (before (EndFn ?DATE1) (EndFn ?DATE2)))

(=>
   (equal (SeriesVolumeFn ?SERIES ?NUMBER) ?VOLUME)
   (subsumesContentClass ?SERIES ?VOLUME))

(instance PeriodicalIssueFn BinaryFunction)
(domainSubclass PeriodicalIssueFn 1 Periodical)
(domain PeriodicalIssueFn 2 PositiveInteger)
(rangeSubclass PeriodicalIssueFn Periodical)
(documentation PeriodicalIssueFn "A &%BinaryFunction that maps a subclass of 
&%Periodical and a number to all of the issues of the &%Periodical corresponding 
to the number.") 

(=>
   (equal (PeriodicalIssueFn ?PERIODICAL ?NUMBER) ?ISSUE)
   (subsumesContentClass ?PERIODICAL ?ISSUE))

(subclass Book Text)
(documentation Book "A &%Text that has pages and is bound.")

(subclass Summary Text)
(documentation Summary "A short &%Text that is a summary of another, 
longer &%Text.")

(=>
   (instance ?TEXT Summary)
   (exists (?TEXT2)
      (and
         (instance ?TEXT2 Text)
         (subsumesContentInstance ?TEXT2 ?TEXT))))

(subclass Series ContentBearingObject)
(documentation Series "A &%ContentBearingObject consisting of multiple 
self-contained units.  Some examples are an encyclopedia containing a couple 
dozen volumes, a television series made up of many dozens of episodes, a 
film serial, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?SERIES Series)
   (exists (?BOOK1 ?BOOK2)
      (and
         (instance ?BOOK1 Book)
         (instance ?BOOK2 Book)
         (subsumesContentInstance ?SERIES ?BOOK1)
         (subsumesContentInstance ?SERIES ?BOOK2)
         (not (equal ?BOOK1 ?BOOK2)))))

(subclass Periodical Series)
(documentation Periodical "A &%Series whose elements are published separately 
and on a periodic basis.")

(subclass Article Text)
(documentation Article "An article in a &%Book or &%Series.") 

(=>
   (instance ?ARTICLE Article)
   (exists (?BOOK)
      (and
         (instance ?BOOK Book)
         (subsumesContentInstance ?BOOK ?ARTICLE))))

(subclass Certificate Text)
(documentation Certificate "A &%Text that confers a right or obligation 
on the holder of the &%Certificate.  Note that the right or obligation 
need not be a legal one, as in the case of an academic diploma that grants 
certain privileges in the professional world.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DOC Certificate)
      (possesses ?AGENT ?DOC))
   (exists (?PROC)
      (or
         (confersRight ?PROC ?DOC ?AGENT)
         (confersObligation ?PROC ?DOC ?AGENT))))

(subclass Patent Certificate)
(documentation Patent "A &%Certificate that expresses the content of an 
invention that has been accorded legal protection by a governemental 
entity.")

(subclass Molecule CompoundSubstance)
(documentation Molecule "A molecule is the smallest unit of matter of a 
&%CompoundSubstance that retains all the physical and chemical properties 
of that substance, e.g., Ne, H2, H2O.  A molecule is two or more &%Atoms 
linked by a chemical bond.")

(=>
   (instance ?MOLE Molecule)
   (exists (?ATOM1 ?ATOM2)
      (and
         (instance ?ATOM1 Atom)
         (instance ?ATOM2 Atom)
         (part ?ATOM1 ?MOLE)
         (part ?ATOM2 ?MOLE)
         (not
            (equal ?ATOM1 ?ATOM2)))))

(subclass Artifact CorpuscularObject)
(documentation Artifact "A &%CorpuscularObject that is the product of an 
&%IntentionalProcess.")

(=>
   (instance ?ARTIFACT Artifact)
   (exists (?MAKING)
      (and
         (instance ?PROCESS Making)
         (result ?MAKING ?ARTIFACT))))

(subclass Product Artifact)
(documentation Product "An &%Artifact that is produced by &%Manufacture and 
that is intended to be sold.")

(=>
   (instance ?PRODUCT Product)
   (exists (?MANUFACTURE)
      (and
         (instance ?MANUFACTURE Manufacture)
         (result ?MANUFACTURE ?PRODUCT))))

(instance version BinaryPredicate)
(instance version AsymmetricRelation)
(instance version TransitiveRelation)
(domainSubclass version 1 Artifact)
(domainSubclass version 2 Artifact)
(documentation version "Some &%Artifacts have a life cycle with discrete 
stages or versions.  (&%version ARTIFACT1 ARTIFACT2) means that ARTIFACT1 
is a version of ARTIFACT2.  Note that this &%Predicate relates subclasses of 
&%Artifact and not instances.")

(=>
    (version ?ARTIFACT1 ?ARTIFACT2)
    (subclass ?ARTIFACT1 ?ARTIFACT2))

;; The following part of the ontology will eventually encompass all 
;; artifacts.  For the time being, it is mostly restricted to the content 
;; of the Ontolingua ontology component-assemblies, which covers the types 
;; of elements used to construct engineering systems.

(subclass StationaryArtifact Artifact)
(documentation StationaryArtifact "A &%StationaryArtifact is an &%Artifact 
that has a fixed spatial location.  Most instances of this &%Class are 
architectural works, e.g. the Eiffel Tower, the Great Pyramids, office towers, 
single-family houses, etc.")

(=>
    (instance ?ARTIFACT StationaryArtifact)
    (exists (?PLACE)
       (forall (?TIME)
          (=>
             (and
                (beforeOrEqual ?TIME (EndFn (WhenFn ?ARTIFACT)))
                (beforeOrEqual (BeginFn (WhenFn ?ARTIFACT)) ?TIME))
             (equal (WhereFn ?ARTIFACT ?TIME) ?PLACE)))))

(subclass Building StationaryArtifact)
(documentation Building "The Class of &%StationaryArtifacts which are 
intended to house &%Humans and their activities.")

(=>
   (instance ?BUILDING Building)
   (exists (?HUMAN)
      (and
         (instance ?HUMAN Human)
         (or
            (inhabits ?HUMAN ?BUILDING)
            (exists (?ACT)
               (and
                  (agent ?ACT ?HUMAN)
                  (located ?ACT ?BUILDING)))))))

(subclass Room StationaryArtifact)
(disjoint Room Building)
(documentation Room "A &%properPart of a &%Building which is separated from 
the exterior of the &%Building and/or other &%Rooms of the &%Building by walls. 
Some &%Rooms may have a specific purpose, e.g. sleeping, bathing, cooking, 
entertainment, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?ROOM Room)
   (exists (?BUILD)
      (and
         (instance ?BUILD Building)
         (properPart ?ROOM ?BUILD))))

(subclass ArtWork Artifact)
(documentation ArtWork "&%Artifacts that are created primarily for 
aesthetic appreciation.  Note that this &%Class does not include 
most examples of architecture, which belong under &%StationaryArtifact.")

(subclass Fabric Artifact)
(disjoint Fabric StationaryArtifact)
(documentation Fabric "&%Artifacts that are created by weaving together 
natural or synthetic fibers or by treating the skins of certain sorts of 
&%Animals.  Note that this &%Class includes articles that are created by 
stitching together various types of fabrics, e.g. bedspreads.  On the other 
hand, &%Clothing is not a &%subclass of &%Fabric, because many clothing items 
contain elements that are not fabrics.")

(subclass Clothing Artifact)
(disjoint Clothing StationaryArtifact)
(documentation Clothing "&%Artifact made out of fabrics and possibly other 
materials that are used to cover the bodies of &%Humans.")

(=>
   (instance ?CLOTHING Clothing)
   (exists (?FABRIC)
      (and
         (instance ?FABRIC Fabric)
         (part ?FABRIC ?CLOTHING))))

(subclass Device Artifact)
(documentation Device "A &%Device is an &%Artifact whose purpose is to 
serve as an &%instrument in a specific type of task.")

(=>
   (instance ?DEVICE Device)
   (exists (?PROC)
      (and
         (subclass ?PROC Process)
         (capability ?PROC instrument ?DEVICE))))

(=>
   (instance ?DEVICE Device)
   (exists (?PROC)
      (and
         (subclass ?PROC Process)
         (hasPurpose ?DEVICE (capability ?PROC instrument ?DEVICE)))))

(subclass MusicalInstrument Device)
(documentation MusicalInstrument "A &%Device which is manipulated by a &%Human 
and whose purpose is to produce &%Music.")

(=>
   (instance ?INSTRUMENT MusicalInstrument)
   (capability Music instrument ?DEVICE))

(subclass TransportationDevice Device)
(documentation TransportationDevice "A &%TransportationDevice is a &%Device 
which serves as the &%instrument in a &%Transportation &%Process which carries 
the &%patient of the &%Process from one point to another.")

(=>
   (instance ?DEVICE TransportationDevice)
   (capability Transportation instrument ?DEVICE))

(subclass Weapon Device)
(documentation Weapon "The &%Class of &%Devices that are designed 
primarily to damage or destroy &%Humans/&%Animals, &%StationaryArtifacts or 
the places inhabited by &%Humans/&%Animals.")

(=>
   (instance ?WEAPON Weapon)
   (capability Damaging instrument ?WEAPON))

(=>
   (instance ?WEAPON Weapon)
   (hasPurpose ?WEAPON (exists (?DEST ?PATIENT) 
                          (and 
	 			     (instance ?DEST Damaging)
                             (patient ?DEST ?PATIENT)
                             (or
                                (instance ?PATIENT StationaryArtifact)
                                (instance ?PATIENT Animal)
                                (exists (?ANIMAL)
                                   (and 
                                      (instance ?ANIMAL Animal)
                                      (inhabits ?ANIMAL ?PATIENT))))))))
                                         
(subclass Machine Device)
(documentation Machine "&%Machines are &%Devices that that have a 
well-defined &%resource and &%result and that automatically convert 
the &%resource into the &%result.")

(=>
   (instance ?MACHINE Machine)
   (forall (?PROC)
      (=>
         (instrument ?PROC ?MACHINE)
         (exists (?RESOURCE ?RESULT)
            (and
               (resource ?PROC ?RESOURCE)
               (result ?PROC ?RESULT))))))

(subclass EngineeringComponent Device)
(documentation EngineeringComponent "A fundamental concept that applies 
in many engineering domains.  An &%EngineeringComponent is an element of 
a &%Device that is a physically whole object, such as one might 
see listed as standard parts in a catalog.  The main difference betweeen 
&%EngineeringComponents and arbitrary globs of matter is that 
&%EngineeringComponents are object-like in a modeling sense.  Thus, an 
&%EngineeringComponent is not an arbtrary subregion, but a part of a 
system with a stable identity.")

(=>
   (instance ?COMP EngineeringComponent)
   (exists (?DEVICE)
      (and
         (instance ?DEVICE Device)
         (component ?COMP ?DEVICE))))

(subrelation engineeringSubcomponent properPart)
(domain engineeringSubcomponent 1 EngineeringComponent)
(domain engineeringSubcomponent 2 EngineeringComponent)
(documentation engineeringSubcomponent "(&%engineeringSubcomponent ?SUB 
?SUPER) means that the &%EngineeringComponent ?SUB is structurally a 
&%properPart ?SUPER.  This relation is an &%AsymmetricRelation, since 
two &%EngineeringComponents cannot be subcomponents of each other.")

(instance connectedEngineeringComponents SymmetricRelation)
(instance connectedEngineeringComponents IrreflexiveRelation)
(subrelation connectedEngineeringComponents connected)
(domain connectedEngineeringComponents 1 EngineeringComponent)
(domain connectedEngineeringComponents 2 EngineeringComponent)
(documentation connectedEngineeringComponents "This is the most general 
connection relation between &%EngineeringComponents.  If 
(&%connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2), then neither ?COMP1 nor 
?COMP2 can be an &%engineeringSubcomponent of the other.  The relation 
&%connectedEngineeringComponents is a &%SymmetricRelation; there is no 
information in the direction of connection between two components.  It is 
also an &%IrreflexiveRelation; no &%EngineeringComponent bears this relation 
to itself.  Note that this relation does not associate a name or type 
with the connection.")

(=>
   (connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2)
   (and
      (not
         (engineeringSubcomponent ?COMP1 ?COMP2))
      (not
         (engineeringSubcomponent ?COMP2 ?COMP1))))

(=> 
   (connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2)
   (not 
      (or 
         (instance ?COMP1 EngineeringConnection) 
         (instance ?COMP2 EngineeringConnection))))

(<=>
   (connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2)
   (exists (?CONNECTION)
      (connectsEngineeringComponents ?CONNECTION ?COMP1 ?COMP2))) 
         
(subclass EngineeringConnection EngineeringComponent)
(documentation EngineeringConnection "An &%EngineeringConnection is an 
&%EngineeringComponent that represents a connection relationship between 
two other &%EngineeringComponents.  It is a reification of the 
&%Predicate &%connectedEngineeringComponents.  That means that whenever 
this &%Predicate holds between two &%EngineeringComponents, there exists an 
&%EngineeringConnection.  The practical reason for reifying a relationship 
is to be able to attach other information about it. For example, one
might want to say that a particular connection is associated with some 
shared parameters, or that it is of a particular type.  
&%EngineeringConnections are &%EngineeringComponents and can therefore be 
an &%engineeringSubcomponent of other &%EngineeringComponents.  However, 
to provide for modular regularity in component systems, 
&%EngineeringConnections cannot be connected.  For each pair of 
&%EngineeringComponents related by &%connectedEngineeringComponents, there 
exists at least one &%EngineeringConnection.  However, that object may not 
be unique, and the same &%EngineeringConnection may be associated with 
several pairs of &%EngineeringComponents.")

(=>
   (instance ?CONNECTION EngineeringConnection)
   (exists (?COMP1 ?COMP2)
      (connectsEngineeringComponents ?CONNECTION ?COMP1 ?COMP2)))

(subrelation connectsEngineeringComponents connects)
(domain connectsEngineeringComponents 1 EngineeringConnection)
(domain connectsEngineeringComponents 2 EngineeringComponent)
(domain connectsEngineeringComponents 3 EngineeringComponent)
(documentation connectsEngineeringComponents "&%connectsEngineeringComponents 
is a &%TernaryPredicate that maps from an &%EngineeringConnection to the 
&%EngineeringComponents it connects.  Since &%EngineeringComponents cannot 
be connected to themselves and there cannot be an &%EngineeringConnection 
without a &%connectedEngineeringComponents &%Predicate, the second and third 
arguments of any &%connectsEngineeringComponents relationship will always be 
distinct for any given first argument.")

;; This following part contains definitions and axioms relating to social 
;; groups and the relations between them. 

(subclass Group Collection) 
(subclass Group Agent) 
(documentation Group "A &%Collection of &%Agents, e.g. a flock 
of sheep, a herd of goats, or the local Boy Scout troop.") 

(=> 
   (and 
      (instance ?GROUP Group) 
      (member ?MEMB ?GROUP)) 
   (instance ?MEMB Agent)) 

(subclass AgeGroup Group) 
(documentation AgeGroup "A &%Group whose &%members all have the same &%age.")
 
(=> 
   (instance ?GROUP AgeGroup) 
   (forall (?MEMB1 ?MEMB2 ?AGE1 ?AGE2) 
      (=> 
         (and 
            (member ?MEMB1 ?GROUP) 
            (member ?MEMB2 ?GROUP) 
            (age ?MEMB1 ?AGE1) 
            (age ?MEMB2 ?AGE2)) 
         (equal ?AGE1 ?AGE2)))) 

(subclass FamilyGroup Group) 
(documentation FamilyGroup "A &%Group whose &%members bear 
&%familyRelations to one another.")
 
(=> 
   (instance ?GROUP FamilyGroup) 
   (forall (?MEMB1 ?MEMB2) 
      (=> 
         (and 
            (member ?MEMB1 ?GROUP) 
            (member ?MEMB2 ?GROUP)) 
         (familyRelation ?MEMB1 ?MEMB2)))) 

(instance familyRelation BinaryPredicate)
(instance familyRelation EquivalenceRelation) 
(domain familyRelation 1 Organism) 
(domain familyRelation 2 Organism) 
(documentation familyRelation "A very general &%Predicate for biological 
relationships. (&%familyRelation ?ORGANISM1 ?ORGANISM2) means that 
?ORGANISM1 and ?ORGANISM2 are biologically derived from a common ancestor.") 

(=> 
   (familyRelation ?ORGANISM1 ?ORGANISM2) 
   (exists (?ORGANISM3) 
      (and 
         (familyRelation ?ORGANISM3 ?ORGANISM1) 
         (familyRelation ?ORGANISM3 ?ORGANISM2)))) 

(subclass EthnicGroup Group) 
(documentation EthnicGroup "A &%Group whose &%members originate from 
the same &%GeographicArea or share the same &%Language and/or cultural 
practices.") 

(subclass OrganizationUnit CognitiveAgent) 
(documentation OrganizationUnit "An organization, division or department 
within an organization. For example, the Shell Corporation, the accounting 
department at Shell, etc. would all be instances of &%OrganizationUnit. 
The continued existence of an &%OrganizationUnit is not dependent on any of 
its members, locations, or facilities. Note that, unlike &%Organization, an 
&%OrganizationUnit may have no members.")
 
(subclass Organization Group) 
(documentation Organization "An &%Organization is a corporate or similar 
institution, distinguished from other &%Agents. The &%members of an 
&%Organization typically have a common purpose or function. Note that 
parts of &%Organizations should not be included here, unless they are 
&%subOrganizations of an &%Organization.") 

(instance OrganizationFn UnaryFunction)
(domain OrganizationFn 1 OrganizationUnit)
(range OrganizationFn Organization)
(documentation OrganizationFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%OrganizationUnit, 
the notion of an organization which is independent of its members, locations, 
and facilities, to the corresponding &%Organization, i.e. the &%Group of &%Humans 
who are &%members of the &%Organization.  Note that this is a partial function, 
since there are many cases of organizations which are legal entities but which 
lack any members.")

(=>
   (and
      (equal (OrganizationFn ?UNIT) ?ORG)
      (instance ?ATTR NormativeAttribute))
   (<=>
      (modalAttribute ?UNIT ?ATTR)
      (modalAttribute ?ORG ?ATTR)))

(instance employs BinaryPredicate)
(domain employs 1 Organization)
(domain employs 2 CognitiveAgent)
(documentation employs "(&%employs ?ORG ?PERSON) means that ?ORG has 
hired ?PERSON and currently retains ?PERSON, on a salaried or 
contractual basis, to provide services in exchange for monetary 
compensation.")

(=>
   (employs ?ORG ?PERSON)
   (member ?PERSON ?ORG))

(subclass Corporation Organization) 
(documentation Corporation "An &%Organization that provides products and/or 
services for a fee with the aim of making a profit.")

(subclass PoliticalOrganization Organization)
(documentation PoliticalOrganization "An &%Organization that is a &%Government, 
a &%subOrganizations of a &%Government, or an &%Organization that is attempting 
to bring about some sort of political change.")

(=>
   (instance ?POL PoliticalOrganization)
   (exists (?PROC)
      (and
         (instance ?PROC PoliticalProcess)
         (agent ?PROC ?POL)))) 

(subclass Government PoliticalOrganization) 
(documentation Government "The ruling body of a &%Nation or one of the 
&%subOrganizations of the ruling body of a &%Nation.") 

(subclass EducationalOrganization Organization) 
(documentation EducationalOrganization "A &%EducationalOrganization is 
an institution of learning. Some examples are public and private K-12 
schools, and colleges and universities.") 

(subclass ReligiousOrganization Organization) 
(subclass ReligiousOrganization BeliefGroup)
(documentation ReligiousOrganization "An &%Organization whose members 
share a set of religious beliefs.") 

(subrelation subOrganizations subCollection) 
(domain subOrganizations 1 Organization) 
(domain subOrganizations 2 Organization) 
(documentation subOrganizations "(&%subOrganizations ?ORG1 ?ORG2) means 
that ?ORG1 is an &%Organization which is a proper part of the 
&%Organization ?ORG2.") 

(subclass Position CognitiveAgent) 
(relatedInternalConcept Position occupiesPosition) 
(documentation Position "A formal position of reponsibility within an 
&%Organization. Examples of &%Positions include president, laboratory 
director, senior researcher, sales representative, etc.") 

(instance occupiesPosition TernaryPredicate) 
(domain occupiesPosition 1 Human) 
(domain occupiesPosition 2 Position) 
(domain occupiesPosition 3 Organization) 
(documentation occupiesPosition "(&%occupiesPosition ?PERSON ?POSITION ?ORG) 
means that ?PERSON holds the &%Position ?POSITION at &%Organization ?ORG. 
For example, (&%occupiesPosition &%TomSmith &%ResearchDirector 
&%AcmeLaboratory) means that &%TomSmith is a research director at Acme Labs.") 

(=> 
   (occupiesPosition ?PERSON ?POSITION ?ORG) 
   (employs ?ORG ?PERSON)) 

(instance citizen BinaryPredicate)
(instance citizen AsymmetricRelation) 
(domain citizen 1 Human) 
(domain citizen 2 Nation) 
(documentation citizen "(&%citizen ?PERSON ?NATION) means that the 
&%Human ?PERSON is a citizen of &%Nation ?NATION.") 

;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;   QUALITIES   ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'MEREOTOPOLOGY'
;; INCLUDES 'PROCESSES'
;; INCLUDES 'OBJECTS'

(subclass FieldOfStudy Proposition)
(documentation FieldOfStudy "An academic or applied discipline with 
recognized experts and with a core of accepted theory or practice.  Note 
that &%FieldOfStudy is a &%subclass of &%Proposition, because a 
&%FieldOfStudy is understood to be a body of abstract, informational 
content, with varying degrees of certainty attached to each element of 
this content.")  

(subclass Procedure Proposition)
(documentation Procedure "A sequence-dependent specification.  Some 
examples are &%ComputerPrograms, finite-state machines, cooking recipes, 
musical scores, conference schedules, driving directions, and the scripts 
of plays and movies.")

(subclass ComputerProgram Procedure)
(documentation ComputerProgram "A set of instructions in a computer 
programming language that can be executed by a computer.")

(subclass Plan Procedure)
(documentation Plan "A specification of a sequence of &%Processes which 
is intended to satisfy a specified purpose at some future time.")

(=>
    (and
       (instance ?PLAN Plan)
       (instance ?OBJ ContentBearingObject)
       (containsInformation ?OBJ ?PLAN))
    (exists (?PLANNING)
       (and
          (instance ?PLANNING Planning)
          (result ?PLANNING ?OBJ))))

(=>
    (instance ?PLAN Plan)
    (exists (?PURP)
        (hasPurpose ?PLAN ?PURP)))

(instance orientation SpatialRelation)
(instance orientation TernaryPredicate)
(domain orientation 1 Object)
(domain orientation 2 Object)
(domain orientation 3 PositionalAttribute)
(documentation orientation "A general &%Predicate for indicating how two 
&%Objects are oriented with respect to one another.  For example, 
(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 North) means that ?OBJ1 is north of ?OBJ2, and 
(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Vertical) means that ?OBJ1 is positioned 
vertically with respect to ?OBJ2.")

(<=>
  (between ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3)
  (and
    (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 Left)
    (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ3 Left)))

(=>
   (and
      (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?ATTR1)
      (contraryAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2))
   (not
      (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?ATTR2)))

(instance direction CaseRole)
(domain direction 1 Process)
(domain direction 2 DirectionalAttribute)
(documentation direction "(&%direction ?PROC ?ATTR) means that the 
&%Process ?PROC is moving in the direction ?ATTR.  For example, one 
would use this &%Predicate to represent the fact that Max is moving 
&%North.")

(=>
   (holdsDuring ?TIME (direction ?PROC ?ATTR1))
   (forall (?ATTR2)
      (=>
         (holdsDuring ?TIME (direction ?PROC ?ATTR2))
         (equal ?ATTR2 ?ATTR1))))

(instance faces BinaryPredicate)
(domain faces 1 Object)
(domain faces 2 DirectionalAttribute)
(documentation faces "(&%faces ?OBJ ?DIRECTION) means that the front of 
?OBJ (see &%FrontFn) is positioned towards the compass direction ?DIRECTION.  
More precisely, it means that if a line were extended from the center of 
?DIRECTION, the line would intersect with the front of ?OBJ before it 
intersected with its back (see &%BackFn).")

(=>
   (holdsDuring ?TIME (faces ?PROC ?ATTR1))
   (forall (?ATTR2)
      (=>
         (holdsDuring ?TIME (faces ?PROC ?ATTR2))
         (equal ?ATTR2 ?ATTR1))))

(subclass TruthValue RelationalAttribute)
(documentation TruthValue "The &%Class of truth values, e.g. &%True and 
&%False.  These are &%Attributes of &%Sentences.")

(instance True TruthValue)
(documentation True "The &%TruthValue of being true.")

(instance False TruthValue)
(contraryAttribute False True)
(documentation False "The &%TruthValue of being false.")

(instance TruthFn UnaryFunction)
(domain TruthFn 1 Sentence)
(domain TruthFn 2 TruthValue)
(documentation TruthFn "The function mapping &%Sentences to 
&%TruthValues.")

(subrelation true attribute)
(relatedInternalConcept true TruthFn)
(domain true 1 Sentence)
(domain true 2 TruthValue)
(documentation true "The &%BinaryPredicate that relates a &%Sentence 
to its &%TruthValue.")

(subclass PositionalAttribute RelationalAttribute)
(documentation PositionalAttribute "&%Attributes characterizing the 
orientation of an &%Object, e.g. &%Vertical versus &%Horizontal, &%Left 
versus &%Right etc.")

(subclass DirectionalAttribute PositionalAttribute)
(documentation DirectionalAttribute "The subclass of &%PositionalAttributes 
that concern compass directions.") 

(=>
   (and
      (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?ATTR1)
      (instance ?ATTR1 DirectionalAttribute)
      (instance ?ATTR2 DirectionalAttribute)
      (not
         (equal ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2)))
   (not
      (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?ATTR2)))

(instance North DirectionalAttribute)
(contraryAttribute North South)
(documentation North "The compass direction of &%North.")

(instance South DirectionalAttribute)
(documentation South "The compass direction of &%South.")

(<=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 North)
   (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 South))

(instance East DirectionalAttribute)
(contraryAttribute East West)
(documentation East "The compass direction of &%East.")

(instance West DirectionalAttribute)
(documentation West "The compass direction of &%West.")

(<=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 East)
   (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 West))

(instance Vertical PositionalAttribute)
(documentation Vertical "Attribute used to indicate that an &%Object 
is positioned height-wise with respect to another &%Object.")

(instance Horizontal PositionalAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Horizontal Vertical)
(documentation Horizontal "Attribute used to indicate that an &%Object 
is positioned width-wise with respect to another &%Object.")

(<=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Vertical)
   (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 Horizontal))

(instance Above PositionalAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Above Below)
(documentation Above "This is a &%PositionalAttribute derived from the 
up/down schema and not involving contact.  Note that this means directly 
above, i.e., if one object is &%Above another object, then the projections 
of the two objects overlap.")

(<=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Above)
   (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 Below))

(=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Above)
   (not
      (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))

(instance Below PositionalAttribute)
(documentation Below "This &%PositionalAttribute is derived from the 
up/down schema and may or may not involve contact.  Note that this means 
directly below, i.e., if one object is &%Below another object, then the 
projections of the two objects overlap.")

(=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Below)
   (or
      (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 On)
      (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 Above)))

(instance Adjacent PositionalAttribute)
(documentation Adjacent "Used to assert that an object ?OBJ1 is close 
to, near or abutting ?OBJ2.  This &%PositionalAttribute covers the 
following common sense notions:  adjoins, abuts, is contiguous to, 
is juxtaposed, and is close to.") 

(=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Adjacent)
   (or
      (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Near)
      (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))

(instance Left PositionalAttribute)
(documentation Left "This &%PositionalAttribute is derived from the 
left/right schema.  Note that this means directly to the left, so that, 
if one object is to the left of another, then the projections of the 
two objects overlap.")

(instance Right PositionalAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Right Left)
(documentation Right "This &%PositionalAttribute is derived from the 
left/right schema.  Note that this means directly to the right, so that, 
if one object is to the right of another, then the projections of the 
two objects overlap.")

(<=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Right)
   (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 Left)) 

(instance Near PositionalAttribute)
(documentation Near "The relation of common sense adjacency.  Note that, if 
an object is &%Near another object, then the objects are not &%connected.")

(=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Near)
   (not
      (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))

(=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Near)
   (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 Near))

(instance On PositionalAttribute)
(documentation On "This is used to assert that an object is on top of 
another object, and it is derived from the up/down schema and involves 
contact.")

(=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 On)
   (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))

(=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 On)
   (not
      (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 On)))

(subclass TimeZone RelationalAttribute)
(documentation TimeZone "An &%Attribute which is used to specify coordinates 
in which time measures are uniform, i.e. all time devices are synchronized to 
the same &%TimePositions.")

(instance CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone TimeZone)
(documentation CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone "A &%TimeZone which functions 
as the standard time zone.  It is also known as Zulu time (in the military), 
Greenwich Mean Time, and the Western European time zone.  Note that whenever 
a &%TimeZone is not specified, the &%TimePosition is understood to be with 
respect to the &%CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone.") 

(instance PacificTimeZone TimeZone)
(documentation PacificTimeZone "A &%TimeZone that covers much of the 
western part of the United States.")

(=>
   (equal (RelativeTimeFn ?TIME1 PacificTimeZone) ?TIME2) 
   (equal ?TIME2 (AdditionFn ?TIME1 8)))

(instance MountainTimeZone TimeZone)
(documentation MountainTimeZone "A &%TimeZone that covers much of the 
Rocky Mountain region of the United States.")

(=>
   (equal (RelativeTimeFn ?TIME1 MountainTimeZone) ?TIME2) 
   (equal ?TIME2 (AdditionFn ?TIME1 7)))

(instance CentralTimeZone TimeZone)
(documentation CentralTimeZone "A &%TimeZone that covers much of the 
midwestern United States.")

(=>
   (equal (RelativeTimeFn ?TIME1 CentralTimeZone) ?TIME2) 
   (equal ?TIME2 (AdditionFn ?TIME1 6)))

(instance EasternTimeZone TimeZone)
(documentation EasternTimeZone "A &%TimeZone that covers much of the 
eastern United States.")

(=>
   (equal (RelativeTimeFn ?TIME1 EasternTimeZone) ?TIME2) 
   (equal ?TIME2 (AdditionFn ?TIME1 5)))

(instance RelativeTimeFn BinaryFunction)
(instance RelativeTimeFn TemporalRelation)
(domain RelativeTimeFn 1 TimePosition)
(domain RelativeTimeFn 2 TimeZone)
(range RelativeTimeFn TimePosition)
(documentation RelativeTimeFn "A means of converting &%TimePositions 
between different &%TimeZones.  (&%RelativeTimeFn ?TIME ?ZONE) 
denotes the &%TimePosition in &%CoordinatedUniversalTime that is 
contemporaneous with the &%TimePosition ?TIME in &%TimeZone ?ZONE.  
For example, (&%RelativeTimeFn (&%MeasureFn 14 &%Hour) &%EasternTimeZone) 
would return the value (&%MeasureFn 19 &%Hour).")  

(subclass SocialRole RelationalAttribute) 
(documentation SocialRole "The &%Class of all &%Attributes that 
specify the position or status of a &%CognitiveAgent within an 
&%Organization or other &%Group.")

(=>
   (and
      (attribute ?PERSON ?ATTRIBUTE)
      (instance ?ATTRIBUTE SocialRole))
   (instance ?PERSON CognitiveAgent))

(subclass OccupationalRole SocialRole)
(documentation OccupationalRole "The &%Class of all &%Attributes that 
specify an occupational role of a &%CognitiveAgent.")

(instance Unemployed OccupationalRole)
(documentation Unemployed "The &%Attribute of a &%CognitiveAgent when 
he/she is unemployed.")

(<=>
   (attribute ?PERSON Unemployed)
   (not
      (exists (?ORG)
         (employs ?ORG ?PERSON))))

(subclass NormativeAttribute RelationalAttribute)
(documentation NormativeAttribute "A &%Class containing all of the 
&%Attributes that are specific to judgements about morality, legality, 
aesthetics, etiquette, etc.  In general, these judgements express that 
something ought to be the case.")

(instance modalAttribute BinaryPredicate)
(instance modalAttribute AsymmetricRelation)
(instance modalAttribute IrreflexiveRelation)
(subrelation modalAttribute property)
(domain modalAttribute 1 Formula)
(domain modalAttribute 2 NormativeAttribute)
(documentation modalAttribute "A &%BinaryRelation that is used to state the 
normative force of a &%Proposition.  (&%modalAttribute ?FORMULA ?PROP) means 
that the &%Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA has the &%NormativeAttribute 
?PROP.  For example, (&%modalAttribute (&%exists (?ACT ?OBJ) (&%and 
(&%instance ?ACT &%Giving) (&%agent ?ACT John) (&%patient ?ACT ?OBJ) 
(&%destination ?ACT Tom))) &%Obligation) means that John is obligated to give 
Tom something.")  

(=>
   (and
      (modalAttribute ?FORMULA1 ?PROP)
      (entails ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2))
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA2 ?PROP))

(=>
   (holdsObligation ?PROCESS ?AGENT)
   (modalAttribute (exists (?INSTANCE) 
                     (and 
                        (instance ?INSTANCE ?PROCESS) 
                        (agent ?INSTANCE ?AGENT))) Obligation))

(=>
   (holdsRight ?PROCESS ?AGENT)
   (modalAttribute (exists (?INSTANCE)
                     (and
                        (instance ?INSTANCE ?PROCESS)
                        (agent ?INSTANCE ?AGENT))) Permission))

(subclass ContestAttribute NormativeAttribute)
(documentation ContestAttribute "A &%Class containing all of the 
&%Attributes that are specific to participants in a &%Contest.  Some 
of these &%Attributes are winning, losing, won, lost, struggling, etc.")

(=>
   (and
      (attribute ?ENTITY ?ATTR)
      (instance ?ATTR ContestAttribute))
   (exists (?CONTEST)
      (and
         (instance ?CONTEST Contest)
         (or
            (agent ?CONTEST ?ENTITY)
            (patient ?CONTEST ?ENTITY)))))

(subclass SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute NormativeAttribute)
(documentation SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute "The &%Class of &%NormativeAttributes
which lack an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. the attribution of 
these &%Attributes varies from subject to subject and even with respect to the 
same subject over time.  This &%Class is, generally speaking, only used when 
mapping external knowledge sources to the SUMO.  If a term from such a knowledge 
source seems to lack objective criteria for its attribution, it is assigned to 
this &%Class.")

(instance Permission NormativeAttribute)
(documentation Permission "&%Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that an 
&%Agent is permitted, by some authority, to make true.")

(instance Obligation NormativeAttribute)
(documentation Obligation "&%Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that an 
&%Agent is required, by some authority, to make true.")

(<=>
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Obligation)
   (not (modalAttribute (not ?FORMULA) Permission)))

(=>
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Obligation)
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Permission))

(subAttribute Law Obligation)
(documentation Law "&%Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that are 
required by a government or a branch of the government and that are enforced 
with penalties for noncompliance.  These &%Propositions may be codified as 
legislation or they may be more informal, as in the case of government policy.")

(instance Promise Obligation)
(documentation Promise "&%Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that 
an &%Agent promises to make true.  &%Promises may be implicit or explicit.  
They may be expressed in a written or verbal or gestural manner.")

(subAttribute Contract Promise)
(documentation Contract "&%Attribute that applies to &%Propositions where 
something is promised in return, i.e. a reciprocal promise.") 

(subAttribute PurchaseContract Contract)
(documentation PurchaseContract "A &%Contract between two &%Agents in 
which one &%Agent agrees to render the other some good or service in 
exchange for currency.")

(subAttribute ServiceContract Contract)
(documentation ServiceContract "A &%Contract where an &%Agent agrees to 
perform a service for another &%Agent (usually for a price).")

(subAttribute Warranty ServiceContract)
(documentation Warranty "A &%Contract that states the cirumstances 
under which defects in the product will be corrected for no charge.  
A &%Warranty is usually limited to a length of time that is specified 
in the &%Warranty itself.  A &%Warranty also includes information about 
what is not covered and actions that invalidate the &%Warranty.")

(subAttribute NakedPromise Promise)
(contraryAttribute NakedPromise Contract)
(documentation NakedPromise "A &%Promise where nothing is promised in return, 
i.e. a nudum pactum.")

(subclass PhysicalState InternalAttribute)
(documentation PhysicalState "The physical state of an &%Object.  There 
are three instances of this &%Class:  &%Solid, &%Liquid, and &%Gas.  
Physical changes are not characterized by the transformation of one 
substance into another, but rather by the change of the form (physical 
states) of a given substance. The bending of a piece of copper wire fails 
to change the copper into another substance; crushing a block of ice leaves 
only crushed ice; melting an iron nail yields a substance still called 
iron: these are all accepted as physical changes.")

(instance Solid PhysicalState)
(documentation Solid "An &%Object has the &%Attribute of &%Solid if it 
has a fixed shape and a fixed volume.")

(instance Liquid PhysicalState)
(documentation Liquid "An &%Object has the &%Attribute of &%Liquid if 
it has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape.")

(=> 
   (instance ?X Solution)
   (attribute ?X Liquid)) 

(instance Gas PhysicalState)
(documentation Gas "An &%Object has the &%Attribute of &%Gas if it has 
neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?STATE PhysicalState)
      (part ?PART ?OBJ)
      (holdsDuring ?TIME (attribute ?OBJ ?STATE)))
   (not
      (exists (?OTHERSTATE)
         (and
            (instance ?OTHERSTATE PhysicalState)
            (holdsDuring ?TIME (attribute ?PART ?OTHERSTATE))
            (not (equal ?STATE ?OTHERSTATE))))))

(subclass PerceptualAttribute InternalAttribute)
(documentation PerceptualAttribute "Any &%Attribute whose presence is detected 
by an act of &%Perception.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PERCEPTION Perception)
      (patient ?PERCEPTION ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PROP)
      (and
         (instance ?PROP PerceptualAttribute)
         (attribute ?OBJ ?PROP))))

(subclass TasteAttribute PerceptualAttribute)
(documentation TasteAttribute "The &%Class of &%Attributes relating to 
the taste of &%Objects.")

(=>
   (instance ?OBJ Food)
   (exists (?ATTR)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTR TasteAttribute)
         (attribute ?OBJ ?ATTR))))

(instance Sweet TasteAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Sweet Bitter)
(documentation Sweet "The &%Attribute of &%Objects that are 
sweet-tasting.")

(instance Bitter TasteAttribute)
(documentation Bitter "The &%Attribute of &%Objects that are 
bitter-tasting.")

(subclass OlfactoryAttribute PerceptualAttribute)
(documentation OlfactoryAttribute "The &%Class of properties that are 
detectable by smell.")

(subclass VisualAttribute PerceptualAttribute)
(documentation VisualAttribute "The &%Class of visually discernible 
properties.")

(instance Illuminated VisualAttribute)
(documentation Illuminated "The &%Attribute of &%Regions that are 
illuminated to some degree, i.e. in which some shapes are visually 
discernable.")

(instance Unilluminated VisualAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Unilluminated Illuminated)
(documentation Unilluminated "The &%Attribute of &%Regions that are 
unilluminated, i.e in which no shapes are visually discernable.")

(subclass ColorAttribute VisualAttribute)
(documentation ColorAttribute "The &%Class of &%VisualAttributes 
relating to the color of &%Objects.")

(subclass PrimaryColor ColorAttribute)
(documentation PrimaryColor "Colors which can be blended to form any 
color and which cannot be derived from any other colors.")

(instance Red PrimaryColor)
(contraryAttribute Red Blue)
(contraryAttribute Red Yellow)
(documentation Red "The &%Attribute of redness.")

(instance Blue PrimaryColor)
(contraryAttribute Blue Yellow)
(documentation Blue "The &%Attribute of being blue in color.")

(instance Yellow PrimaryColor)
(documentation Yellow "The &%Attribute of being yellow in color.")

(instance Monochromatic ColorAttribute)
(documentation Monochromatic "An &%Object with this &%Attribute has 
the same color on every part of its surface.")

(=>
   (and
      (attribute ?OBJ Monochromatic)
      (superficialPart ?PART ?OBJ)
      (attribute ?PART ?COLOR)
      (instance ?COLOR PrimaryColor))
   (forall (?ELEMENT)
      (=>
         (superficialPart ?ELEMENT ?OBJ)
         (attribute ?ELEMENT ?COLOR))))

(instance Polychromatic ColorAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Polychromatic Monochromatic)
(documentation Polychromatic "An &%Object with this &%Attribute has 
different colors on different parts of its surface.")

(=>
   (attribute ?OBJ Polychromatic)
   (exists (?PART1 ?PART2 ?COLOR1 ?COLOR2)
      (and
         (superficialPart ?PART1 ?OBJ)
         (superficialPart ?PART2 ?OBJ)
         (attribute ?PART1 ?COLOR1)
         (attribute ?PART2 ?COLOR2)
         (instance ?COLOR1 ColorAttribute)
         (instance ?COLOR2 ColorAttribute)
         (not (equal ?COLOR1 ?COLOR2)))))

(subclass ShapeAttribute InternalAttribute)
(documentation ShapeAttribute "Any &%Attribute that relates to the 
shape of an &%Object.")

(instance Pliable ShapeAttribute)
(documentation Pliable "The shape of an &%Object with this &%Attribute 
can be altered.")

(instance Rigid ShapeAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Rigid Pliable)
(documentation Rigid "The shape of an &%Object with this &%Attribute 
cannot be easily altered.")

(subclass TextureAttribute PerceptualAttribute)
(documentation TextureAttribute "Any &%Attribute that characterizes the 
texture of an &%Object.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ATTRIBUTE TextureAttribute)
      (attribute ?OBJ ?ATTRIBUTE)
      (surface ?SURFACE ?OBJ))
   (attribute ?SURFACE ?ATTRIBUTE))

(instance Smooth TextureAttribute)
(documentation Smooth "An &%Object with this &%Attribute has a smooth 
surface.")

(instance Rough TextureAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Smooth Rough)
(documentation Rough "An &%Object with this &%Attribute has a rough 
surface.")

(subclass SoundAttribute PerceptualAttribute)
(documentation SoundAttribute "Any &%Attribute that characterizes the 
sound made by an &%Object.")

(subclass SaturationAttribute InternalAttribute)
(documentation SaturationAttribute "A &%Class of &%Attributes that specify 
whether there is any &%Liquid in a particular &%Object.")

(instance Dry SaturationAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Dry Damp)
(contraryAttribute Dry Wet)
(documentation Dry "An &%Attribute which indicates that the associated 
&%Object contains no &%Liquid.")

(=>
   (attribute ?OBJ Dry)
   (not
      (exists (?SUBOBJ)
         (and
            (part ?SUBOBJ ?OBJ)
            (attribute ?SUBOBJ Liquid)))))

(instance Damp SaturationAttribute)
(documentation Damp "An &%Attribute which indicates that the associated 
&%Object contains some &%Liquid.")

(instance Wet SaturationAttribute)
(subAttribute Wet Damp)
(documentation Wet "An &%Attribute which indicates that the 
associated &%Object is fully saturated with a &%Liquid, i.e. 
every part of the &%Object has a subpart which is a &%Liquid.")

(=>
   (attribute ?OBJ Wet)
   (forall (?PART)
      (=>
         (part ?PART ?OBJ)
         (exists (?SUBPART)
            (and
               (part ?SUBPART ?PART)
               (attribute ?SUBPART Liquid))))))
         
(subclass BreakabilityAttribute InternalAttribute)
(documentation BreakabilityAttribute "A &%subclass of &%Attributes for 
characterizing the breakability of &%CorpuscularObjects.")

(instance Fragile BreakabilityAttribute)
(documentation Fragile "An &%Attribute which indicates that the 
associated &%Object is very breakable.")

(instance Unbreakable BreakabilityAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Unbreakable Fragile)
(documentation Unbreakable "An &%Attribute which indicates that the 
associated &%Object cannot be broken under ordinary circumstances.")

(subclass BiologicalAttribute InternalAttribute)
(documentation BiologicalAttribute "&%Attributes that apply specifically 
to instances of &%Organism or &%parts of an &%Organism.")

(=>
    (and
        (attribute ?ORG ?ATT)
        (instance ?ATT BiologicalAttribute))
    (instance ?ORG Organism))

(subclass AnimacyAttribute BiologicalAttribute)
(documentation AnimacyAttribute "&%Attributes that indicate whether an 
&%Organism is alive or not.")

(instance Living AnimacyAttribute)
(documentation Living "This &%Attribute applies to &%Organisms that are 
alive.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ORGANISM Organism)
      (agent ?PROCESS ?ORGANISM))
   (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?PROCESS) (attribute ?ORGANISM Living)))

(instance Dead AnimacyAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Dead Living)
(documentation Dead "This &%Attribute applies to &%Organisms that are 
not alive.")

(subclass SexAttribute BiologicalAttribute)
(documentation SexAttribute "&%Attributes that indicate the sex of an 
&%Organism.")

(instance Female SexAttribute)
(documentation Female "An &%Attribute indicating that an &%Organism is 
female in nature.")

(instance Male SexAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Male Female)
(documentation Male "An &%Attribute indicating that an &%Organism is 
male in nature.")

(subclass DevelopmentalAttribute BiologicalAttribute)
(documentation DevelopmentalAttribute "&%Attributes that indicate the 
stage of development of an &%Organism.")

(instance FullyFormed DevelopmentalAttribute)
(documentation FullyFormed "The stage of an &%Organism or an 
&%AnatomicalStructure when it has reached the end of its growth 
phase.")

(=>
   (attribute ?OBJ FullyFormed)
   (exists (?GROWTH)
      (and
         (instance ?GROWTH Growth)
         (experiencer ?GROWTH ?OBJ)
         (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?OBJ)) (attribute ?OBJ NonFullyFormed)))))

(instance NonFullyFormed DevelopmentalAttribute)
(contraryAttribute NonFullyFormed FullyFormed)
(successorAttribute NonFullyFormed FullyFormed)
(documentation NonFullyFormed "The stage of an &%Animal before it is 
&%FullyFormed.")

(instance Larval DevelopmentalAttribute)
(subAttribute Larval NonFullyFormed)
(documentation Larval "Form of most &%Invertebrates, &%Amphibians, and 
&%Fish immediately after they hatch.  This form is fundamentally unlike 
the adult form, and metamorphosis is required to reach the latter form.") 

(instance Embryonic DevelopmentalAttribute)
(subAttribute Embryonic NonFullyFormed)
(successorAttribute Embryonic Fetal)
(documentation Embryonic "The stage of an &%Organism or an 
&%AnatomicalStructure that exists only before the &%Organism is fully 
formed.  &%Mammals, for example, have this &%Attribute only prior to 
their birth.")

(instance Fetal DevelopmentalAttribute)
(subAttribute Fetal NonFullyFormed)
(contraryAttribute Fetal Embryonic)
(documentation Fetal "A &%Vertebrate in the later stage of development before 
its birth has this &%Attribute, which indicates that the main features of the 
&%FullyFormed animal are recognizable.")

(subclass DiseaseOrSyndrome BiologicalAttribute)
(documentation DiseaseOrSyndrome "A &%BiologicalAttribute which qualifies 
something that alters or interferes with a normal process, state or activity 
of an &%Organism.  It is usually characterized by the abnormal functioning of 
one or more of the host's systems, parts, or &%Organs.")

(subclass PsychologicalAttribute BiologicalAttribute)
(partition PsychologicalAttribute StateOfMind TraitAttribute)
(documentation PsychologicalAttribute "&%Attributes that characterize the mental 
or behavioral life of an &%Organism (and perhaps other &%SentientAgents).")

(=>
   (instance ?PROPERTY PsychologicalAttribute)
   (=>
      (holdsDuring ?TIME (attribute ?ORGANISM ?PROPERTY))
      (holdsDuring ?TIME (attribute ?ORGANISM Living))))

(subclass StateOfMind PsychologicalAttribute)
(documentation StateOfMind  "The class &%StateOfMind is distinguished from 
its complement &%TraitAttribute by the fact that instances of the former are 
transient while instances of the latter are persistent features of a creature's behavioral/psychological make-up.")

(subclass EmotionalState StateOfMind)
(documentation EmotionalState "The &%Class of &%Attributes that denote emotional 
states of &%Organisms (and perhaps other &%Agents).  .")

(subclass ConsciousnessAttribute StateOfMind)
(documentation ConsciousnessAttribute "&%Attributes that indicate whether 
an &%Organism is conscious or the qualitative degree of consciousness of 
an &%Organism.")

(subclass Asleep ConsciousnessAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Asleep Unconscious)
(contraryAttribute Asleep Awake)
(documentation Asleep "This &%Attribute applies to &%Organisms that are 
sleeping.")

(subclass Unconscious ConsciousnessAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Unconscious Awake)
(documentation Unconscious "This &%Attribute applies to &%Organisms that 
are unconscious because of a non-natural process, e.g. a blow to the head, 
a drug, etc.  Note that the &%Attribute &%Asleep is used to describe the 
&%ConsciousnessAttribute of an &%Organism that is asleep.")

(subclass Awake ConsciousnessAttribute)
(documentation Awake "This &%Attribute applies to &%Organisms that are 
neither &%Unconscious nor &%Asleep.")

(subclass TraitAttribute PsychologicalAttribute)
(documentation TraitAttribute "&%Attributes that indicate the the 
behavior/personality traits of an &%Organism.")

(instance Aggressive TraitAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Aggressive Docile)
(documentation Aggressive "The &%Attribute of having an aggressive 
disposition.")

(instance Docile TraitAttribute)
(documentation Docile "The &%Attribute of having a docile disposition.")

(subclass PsychologicalDysfunction PsychologicalAttribute)
(subclass PsychologicalDysfunction DiseaseOrSyndrome)
(documentation PsychologicalDysfunction "A clinically significant 
dysfunction whose major manifestation is behavioral or psychological.  
These dysfunctions may have identified or presumed biological etiologies 
or manifestations.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DYSFUNCTION PsychologicalDysfunction)
      (attribute ?AGENT ?DYSFUNCTION))
   (instance ?AGENT SentientAgent))


;;  END FILE